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Dokuz S, Tasdurmazli S, Acar T, Duran GN, Ozdemir C, Ozbey U, Ozbil M, Karadayi S, Bayrak OF, Derman S, Chen JYS, Ozbek T. Evaluation of bacteriophage ϕ11 host recognition protein and its host-binding peptides for diagnosing/targeting Staphylococcus aureus infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2024; 64:107230. [PMID: 38824973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2024.107230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evaluating the potential of using both synthetic and biological products as targeting agents for the diagnosis, imaging, and treatment of infections due to particularly antibiotic-resistant pathogens is important for controlling infections. This study examined the interaction between Gp45, a receptor-binding protein of the ϕ11 lysogenic phage, and its host Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), a common cause of nosocomial infections. METHODS Using molecular dynamics and docking simulations, this study identified the peptides that bind to S. aureus wall teichoic acids via Gp45. It compared the binding affinity of Gp45 and the two highest-scoring peptide sequences (P1 and P3) and their scrambled forms using microscopy, spectroscopy, and ELISA. RESULTS It was found that rGp45 (recombinant Gp45) and chemically synthesised P1 had a higher binding affinity for S. aureus compared with all other peptides, except for Escherichia coli. Furthermore, rGp45 had a capture efficiency of > 86%; P1 had a capture efficiency of > 64%. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that receptor-binding proteins such as rGp45, which provide a critical initiation of the phage life cycle for host adsorption, might play an important role in the diagnosis, imaging, and targeting of bacterial infections. Studying such proteins could accordingly enable the development of effective strategies for controlling infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senanur Dokuz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Semra Tasdurmazli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tayfun Acar
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gizem Nur Duran
- Institute of Biotechnology, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Cilem Ozdemir
- Department of Medical Biology, Health Sciences Institution, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Utku Ozbey
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ozbil
- Institute of Biotechnology, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Sukriye Karadayi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Altınbas University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Omer Faruk Bayrak
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serap Derman
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - John Yu-Shen Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tulin Ozbek
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Chintapula U, Karim SU, Iyer PR, Asokan-Sheeja H, Neupane B, Nazneen F, Dong H, Bai F, Nguyen KT. A novel nanocomposite drug delivery system for SARS-CoV-2 infections. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:3747-3758. [PMID: 39050946 PMCID: PMC11265598 DOI: 10.1039/d4na00361f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
To develop an inhalable drug delivery system, we synthesized poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles with Remdesivir (RDV NPs) as an antiviral agent against SARS-CoV-2 replication and formulated Remdesivir-loaded nanocomposites (RDV NCs) via coating of RDV NPs with novel supramolecular cell-penetrating peptide nanofibers (NFs) to enhance cellular uptake and intracellular drug delivery. RDV NPs and RDV NCs were characterized using variou techniques, including Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), and fluorescent microscopy. The cytotoxicity of RDV NCs was assessed in Vero E6 cells and primary human lung epithelial cells, with no significant cytotoxicity observed up to 1000 μg mL-1 and 48 h. RDV NCs were spherically shaped with a size range of 200-300 nm and a zeta potential of ∼+31 mV as well as indicating the presence of coated nanofibers. Reverse Transcription-quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR), immunofluorescence and plaque assays of SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero E6 treated with RDV NCs showed significantly higher antiviral activities compared to those of free drug and uncoated RDV NPs. RDV NCs exhibited high antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2, and the nanocomposite platform has the potential to be developed into an inhalable drug delivery system for other viral infections in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday Chintapula
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington Arlington TX 76010 USA
| | - Shazeed-Ul Karim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg MS 39406 USA
| | | | - Haritha Asokan-Sheeja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington Arlington TX 76010 USA
| | - Biswas Neupane
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg MS 39406 USA
| | - Farzana Nazneen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg MS 39406 USA
| | - He Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington Arlington TX 76010 USA
| | - Fengwei Bai
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg MS 39406 USA
| | - Kytai T Nguyen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington Arlington TX 76010 USA
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Akmayan I, Oztav S, Coksu I, Abamor ES, Acar S, Ozbek T. Construction of recombinant Omp25 or EipB protein loaded PLGA nanovaccines for Brucellosis protection. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:395707. [PMID: 38917779 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad5b66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Safe and effective vaccine candidates are needed to address the limitations of existing vaccines against Brucellosis, a disease responsible for substantial economic losses in livestock. The present study aimed to encapsulate recombinant Omp25 and EipB proteins, knowledged antigen properties, into PLGA nanoparticles, characterize synthesized nanoparticles with different methods, and assessed theirin vitro/in vivoimmunostimulatory activities to develop new vaccine candidates. The recombinant Omp25 and EipB proteins produced with recombinant DNA technology were encapsulated into PLGA nanoparticles by double emulsion solvent evaporation technique. The nanoparticles were characterized using FE-SEM, Zeta-sizer, and FT-IR instruments to determine size, morphology, zeta potentials, and polydispersity index values, as well as to analyze functional groups chemically. Additionally, the release profiles and encapsulation efficiencies were assessed using UV-Vis spectroscopy. After loading with recombinant proteins, O-NPs reached sizes of 221.2 ± 5.21 nm, while E-NPs reached sizes of 274.4 ± 9.51 nm. The cumulative release rates of the antigens, monitored until the end of day 14, were determined to be 90.39% for O-NPs and 56.1% for E-NPs. Following the assessment of thein vitrocytotoxicity and immunostimulatory effects of both proteins and nanoparticles on the J774 murine macrophage cells,in vivoimmunization experiments were conducted using concentrations of 16µg ml-1for each protein. Both free antigens and antigen-containing nanoparticles excessively induced humoral immunity by increasing producedBrucella-specific IgG antibody levels for 3 times in contrast to control. Furthermore, it was also demonstrated that vaccine candidates stimulated Th1-mediated cellular immunity as well since they significantly raised IFN-gamma and IL-12 cytokine levels in murine splenocytes rather than IL-4 following to immunization. Additionally, the vaccine candidates conferred higher than 90% protection from the infection according to challenge results. Our findings reveal that PLGA nanoparticles constructed with the encapsulation of recombinant Omp25 or EipB proteins possess great potential to triggerBrucella-specific humoral and cellular immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkgul Akmayan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler, 34220 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sedanur Oztav
- Department of Bioengineering, Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Faculty, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler, 34220 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Irem Coksu
- Department of Bioengineering, Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Faculty, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler, 34220 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emrah Sefik Abamor
- Department of Bioengineering, Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Faculty, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler, 34220 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serap Acar
- Department of Bioengineering, Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Faculty, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler, 34220 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tulin Ozbek
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler, 34220 Istanbul, Turkey
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Arayici PP, Coksu I, Ozbek T, Acar S. Targeted delivery of rifaximin using P6.2-decorated bifunctional PLGA nanoparticles for combating Staphylococcus aureus infections. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2024; 161:213862. [PMID: 38678666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.213862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic resistance makes the treatment of bacterial infections difficult and necessitates the development of alternative strategies. Targeted drug delivery systems are attracting great interest in overcoming the limitations of traditional antibiotics. Here, we aimed for targeted delivery of rifaximin (RFX) by decorating RFX-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) with synthetic P6.2 peptide, which was used as a targeting agent for the first time. Our results showed that encapsulation of RFX into NPs increased its antibacterial activity by improving its solubility and providing controlled release, while P6.2 modification allowed targeting of NPs to S. aureus bacterial cells. A promising therapeutic approach for bacterial infections, these P6.2-conjugated RFX-loaded PLGA NPs (TR-NP) demonstrated potent antibacterial activity against both strains of S. aureus. The antibacterial activity of RFX-loaded PLGA NPs (R-NP) showed significant results with an increase of 8 and 16-fold compared to free RFX against S. aureus and MRSA, respectively. Moreover, the activity of targeted nanoparticles was found to be increased 32 or 16-fold with an MBC value of 0.0078 μg/mL. All nanoparticles were found to be biocompatible at doses where they showed antimicrobial activity. Finally, it revealed that P6.2-conjugated targeted nanoparticles extremely accumulated in S. aureus rather than E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Pelit Arayici
- Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical, Department of Bioengineering, 34210 Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey; Health Biotechnology Joint Research and Application Center of Excellence, 34220 Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Irem Coksu
- Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical, Department of Bioengineering, 34210 Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tulin Ozbek
- Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 34220 Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serap Acar
- Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical, Department of Bioengineering, 34210 Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey
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Rahimnia SM, Saeedi M, Akbari J, Morteza-Semnani K, Hedayatizadeh-Omran A, Yazdian-Robati R. Development, Optimization, and in vitro Evaluation of Silybin-loaded PLGA Nanoparticles and Decoration with 5TR1 Aptamer for Targeted Delivery to Colorectal Cancer Cells. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:141. [PMID: 38898204 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02858-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic agents often lack specificity, intratumoral accumulation, and face drug resistance. Targeted drug delivery systems based on nanoparticles (NPs) mitigate these issues. Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is a well-studied polymer, commonly modified with aptamers (Apts) for cancer diagnosis and therapy. In this study, silybin (SBN), a natural agent with established anticancer properties, was encapsulated into PLGA NPs to control delivery and improve its poor solubility. The field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) showed spherical and uniform morphology of optimum SBN-PLGA NPs with 138.57±1.30nm diameter, 0.202±0.004 polydispersity index (PDI), -16.93±0.45mV zeta potential (ZP), and 70.19±1.63% entrapment efficiency (EE). The results of attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) showed no chemical interaction between formulation components, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms confirmed efficient SBN entrapment in the carrier. Then, the optimum formulation was functionalized with 5TR1 Apt for active targeted delivery of SBN to colorectal cancer (CRC) cells in vitro. The SBN-PLGA-5TR1 nanocomplex released SBN at a sustained and constant rate (zero-order kinetic), favoring passive delivery to acidic CRC environments. The MTT assay demonstrated the highest cytotoxicity of the SBN-PLGA-5TR1 nanocomplex in C26 and HT29 cells and no significant cytotoxicity in normal cells. Apoptosis analysis supported these results, showing early apoptosis induction with SBN-PLGA-5TR1 nanocomplex which indicated this agent could cause programmed death more than necrosis. This study presents the first targeted delivery of SBN to cancer cells using Apts. The SBN-PLGA-5TR1 nanocomplex effectively targeted and suppressed CRC cell proliferation, providing valuable insights into CRC treatment without harmful effects on healthy tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Mobin Rahimnia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Majid Saeedi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre, Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Jafar Akbari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Katayoun Morteza-Semnani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Akbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Non-Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Rezvan Yazdian-Robati
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre, Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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Maged A, Mabrouk M, Nour El-Din HT, Osama L, Badr-Eldin SM, Mahmoud AA. PLGA and PDMS-based in situ forming implants loaded with rosuvastatin and copper-selenium nanoparticles: a promising dual-effect formulation with augmented antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity in breast cancer cells. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1397639. [PMID: 38895619 PMCID: PMC11183308 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1397639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is among the most prevalent tumors worldwide. In this study, in-situ forming implants (ISFIs) containing rosuvastatin calcium were prepared using three types of poly (D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), namely, PLGA 50/50 with ester terminal and PLGA 75/25 with ester or acid terminal. Additionally, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was added in concentrations of 0, 10, 20, and 30% w/v to accelerate matrix formation. The prepared ISFIs were characterized for their rheological behaviors, rate of matrix formation, and in-vitro drug release. All the prepared formulations revealed a Newtonian flow with a matrix formation rate between 0.017 and 0.059 mm/min. Generally, increasing the concentration of PDMS increased the matrix formation rate. The prepared implants' release efficiency values ranged between 46.39 and 89.75%. The ISFI containing PLGA 50/50 with 30% PDMS was selected for further testing, as it has the highest matrix formation rate and a promising release efficiency value. Copper-selenium nanoparticles were prepared with two different particle sizes (560 and 383 nm for CS1 and CS2, respectively) and loaded into the selected formulation to enhance its anticancer activity. The unloaded and loaded implants with rosuvastatin and copper-selenium nanoparticles were evaluated for their antibacterial activity, against Gram-positive and negative microorganisms, and anticancer efficacy, against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. The results confirmed the potency of rosuvastatin calcium against cancer cells and the synergistic effect when loaded with smaller particle sizes of copper-selenium nanoparticles. This formulation holds a considerable potential for efficient breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Maged
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Factory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Mabrouk
- Refractories, Ceramics and Building Materials Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hanzada T. Nour El-Din
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Lamyaa Osama
- Refractories, Ceramics and Building Materials Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa M. Badr-Eldin
- Pharmaceutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azza A. Mahmoud
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, Egypt
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Arvas B, Ucar B, Acar T, Varli HS, Arvas MB, Aydogan F, Yolacan C. Synthesis of novel coumarin-triazole hybrids and first evaluation of the 4-phenyl substituted hybrid loaded PLGA nanoparticles delivery system to the anticancer activity. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:305602. [PMID: 38636487 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad403e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Despite the discovery of many chemotherapeutic drugs that prevent uncontrolled cell division processes in the last century, many studies are still being carried out to develop drugs with higher anticancer efficacy and lower level of side effects. Herein, we designed, synthesized, and characterized six novel coumarin-triazole hybrids, and evaluated for anticancer activity of the one with the highest potential against the breast cancer cell line, MCF-7 and human cervical cancer cell line, human cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa). Compound21which was the coumarin derivative including phenyl substituent with the lowest IC50 value displayed the highest cytotoxicity against the studied cancer cell line. Furthermore, the potential use of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (PLGA NPs) prepared by the emulsifying solvent evaporation method as a platform for a drug delivery system was studied on a selected coumarin derivative21. This coumarin derivative-loaded PLGA NPs were produced with an average size of 225.90 ± 2.96 nm, -16.90 ± 0.85 mV zeta potential, and 4.12 ± 0.90% drug loading capacity. The obtained21-loaded PLGA nanoparticles were analyzed spectroscopically and microscopically with FT-IR, UV-vis, and scanning electron microscopy as well as thermogravimetric analysis, Raman, and x-ray diffraction. Thein vitrorelease of21from the nanoparticles exhibited a controlled release profile just over one month following a burst release in the initial six hours and in addition to this a total release ratio of %50 and %85 were obtained at pH 7.4 and 5.5, respectively.21-loaded PLGA nanoparticles displayed remarkably effective anticancer activity than21. The IC50 values were determined as IC50(21-loaded PLGA nanoparticles): 0.42 ± 0.01 mg ml-1and IC50(free21molecule): 5.74 ± 3.82 mg ml-1against MCF-7 cells, and as IC50(21-loaded PLGA nanoparticles): 0.77 ± 0.12 mg ml-1and IC50(free21molecule): 1.32 ± 0.31 mg ml-1against HeLa cells after the incubation period of 24 h. Our findings indicated that triazole-substituted coumarins may be used as an anticancer agent by integrating them into a polymeric drug delivery system providing improved drug loading and effective controlled drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Busra Arvas
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts & Science, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burcu Ucar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Istanbul Arel University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tayfun Acar
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hanife Sevgi Varli
- Science and Technology Application and Research Center, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts & Science, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Melih Besir Arvas
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Feray Aydogan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts & Science, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cigdem Yolacan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts & Science, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Sevinc Ozdemir N, Belyaev D, Castro MN, Balakin S, Opitz J, Wihadmadyatami H, Anggraeni R, Yucel D, Kenar H, Beshchasna N, Ana ID, Hasirci V. Advances in In Vitro Blood-Air Barrier Models and the Use of Nanoparticles in COVID-19 Research. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2024; 30:82-96. [PMID: 37597193 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2023.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory infections caused by coronaviruses (CoVs) have become a major public health concern in the past two decades as revealed by the emergence of SARS-CoV in 2002, MERS-CoV in 2012, and SARS-CoV-2 in 2019. The most severe clinical phenotypes commonly arise from exacerbation of immune response following the infection of alveolar epithelial cells localized at the pulmonary blood-air barrier. Preclinical rodent models do not adequately represent the essential genetic properties of the barrier, thus necessitating the use of humanized transgenic models. However, existing monolayer cell culture models have so far been unable to mimic the complex lung microenvironment. In this respect, air-liquid interface models, tissue engineered models, and organ-on-a-chip systems, which aim to better imitate the infection site microenvironment and microphysiology, are being developed to replace the commonly used monolayer cell culture models, and their use is becoming more widespread every day. On the contrary, studies on the development of nanoparticles (NPs) that mimic respiratory viruses, and those NPs used in therapy are progressing rapidly. The first part of this review describes in vitro models that mimic the blood-air barrier, the tissue interface that plays a central role in COVID-19 progression. In the second part of the review, NPs mimicking the virus and/or designed to carry therapeutic agents are explained and exemplified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neval Sevinc Ozdemir
- Acibadem University (ACU) Biomaterials A&R Center, Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, ACU Graduate School of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
- ACU Department of Pharmaceutical Basic Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dmitry Belyaev
- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS, Maria-Reiche Straße 2, Dresden, Germany
| | - Manuel Nieto Castro
- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS, Maria-Reiche Straße 2, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sascha Balakin
- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS, Maria-Reiche Straße 2, Dresden, Germany
| | - Joerg Opitz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS, Maria-Reiche Straße 2, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hevi Wihadmadyatami
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Research Collaboration Center for Biomedical Scaffolds, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) and Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM), Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM), Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rahmi Anggraeni
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Research Collaboration Center for Biomedical Scaffolds, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) and Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM), Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Deniz Yucel
- Acibadem University (ACU) Biomaterials A&R Center, Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey
- ACU Graduate Department of Biomaterials, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Histology and Embryology, ACU School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Halime Kenar
- Acibadem University (ACU) Biomaterials A&R Center, Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey
- ACU Graduate Department of Biomaterials, Istanbul, Turkey
- ACU Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Natalia Beshchasna
- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS, Maria-Reiche Straße 2, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ika Dewi Ana
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Research Collaboration Center for Biomedical Scaffolds, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) and Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM), Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- Department of Dental Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM), Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Vasif Hasirci
- Acibadem University (ACU) Biomaterials A&R Center, Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey
- ACU Graduate Department of Biomaterials, Istanbul, Turkey
- ACU Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey
- BIOMATEN, METU Ctr. of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Ankara, Turkey
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Hettiarachchi SD, Kwon YM, Omidi Y, Speth RC. Nanoparticle approaches for the renin-angiotensin system. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16951. [PMID: 37484281 PMCID: PMC10361043 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a hormonal cascade that contributes to several disorders: systemic hypertension, heart failure, kidney disease, and neurodegenerative disease. Activation of the RAS can promote inflammation and fibrosis. Drugs that target the RAS can be classified into 3 categories, AT1 angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and renin inhibitors. The therapeutic efficacy of current RAS-inhibiting drugs is limited by poor penetration across the blood-brain barrier, low bioavailability, and to some extent, short half-lives. Nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery systems (DDSs) are possible emerging alternatives to overcome such limitations. Nanoparticles are ideally 1-100 nm in size and are considered efficient DDSs mainly due to their unique characteristics, including water dispersity, prolonged half-life in blood circulation, smaller size, and biocompatibility. Nano-scale DDSs can reduce the drug dosage frequency and acute toxicity of drugs while enhancing therapeutic success. Different types of nanoparticles, such as chitosan, polymeric, and nanofibers, have been examined in RAS-related studies, especially in hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and COVID-19. In this review article, we summarize the physical and chemical characteristics of each nanoparticle to elaborate on their potential use in RAS-related nano-drug delivery research and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajini D. Hettiarachchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Barry and Judy College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 S University Dr, Davie, FL, 33328 USA
| | - Young M. Kwon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Barry and Judy College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 S University Dr, Davie, FL, 33328 USA
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Barry and Judy College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 S University Dr, Davie, FL, 33328 USA
| | - Robert C. Speth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Barry and Judy College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 S University Dr, Davie, FL, 33328 USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine Georgetown University, 3900 Reservoir Rd. NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
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Kwiatkowska A, Granicka LH. Anti-Viral Surfaces in the Fight against the Spread of Coronaviruses. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:membranes13050464. [PMID: 37233525 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13050464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This review is conducted against the background of nanotechnology, which provides us with a chance to effectively combat the spread of coronaviruses, and which primarily concerns polyelectrolytes and their usability for obtaining protective function against viruses and as carriers for anti-viral agents, vaccine adjuvants, and, in particular, direct anti-viral activity. This review covers nanomembranes in the form of nano-coatings or nanoparticles built of natural or synthetic polyelectrolytes--either alone or else as nanocomposites for creating an interface with viruses. There are not a wide variety of polyelectrolytes with direct activity against SARS-CoV-2, but materials that are effective in virucidal evaluations against HIV, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV are taken into account as potentially active against SARS-CoV-2. Developing new approaches to materials as interfaces with viruses will continue to be relevant in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Kwiatkowska
- Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Ks. Trojdena 4 St., 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ludomira H Granicka
- Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Ks. Trojdena 4 St., 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
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11
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Chen M, He S, Xiong H, Zhang D, Wang S, Hou W, Zhu X, Wang J, Huang Y, Hong C, Wu Y, Qi R, Zhang T, Yuan Q, Li T, Chen Y, Zhang S, Ge S, Zhang J, Xia N. New discovery of high-affinity SARS-CoV-2 spike S2 protein binding peptide selected by PhIP-Seq. Virol Sin 2022; 37:758-761. [PMID: 35803529 PMCID: PMC9254439 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A peptide Spep-1 targeting S2 of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was selected by PhIP-Seq. Spep-1 showed nanomolar affinity and high specificity to spike protein. S-1 based immunoassay can detect femtomolar spike antigen in spiked serum samples. Spep-1 can be used in future on S2 recognition, virus tracing and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, South Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Shuizhen He
- Xiamen Haicang Hospital, Haiyu Road, Xiamen, 361026, China
| | - Hualong Xiong
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, South Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Dongxu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, South Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Shaojuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, South Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Wangheng Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, South Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, South Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, South Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yang Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, South Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Congming Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, South Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yubin Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, South Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Ruoyao Qi
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, South Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Tianying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, South Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, South Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Tingdong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, South Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, South Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Shiyin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, South Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Shengxiang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, South Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, South Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, South Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, 361102, China
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12
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Curcumin Displays Enhanced Solubility and Antibacterial Activities When Complexed with the Cell Penetrating Peptide pVEC. Int J Pept Res Ther 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-022-10415-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Machine Learning for the Prediction of Antiviral Compounds Targeting Avian Influenza A/H9N2 Viral Proteins. Symmetry (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14061114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza subtype A/H9N2—which infects chickens, reducing egg production by up to 80%—may be transmissible to humans. In humans, this virus is very harmful since it attacks the respiratory system and reproductive tract, replicating in both. Previous attempts to find antiviral candidates capable of inhibiting influenza A/H9N2 transmission were unsuccessful. This study aims to better characterize A/H9N2 to facilitate the discovery of antiviral compounds capable of inhibiting its transmission. The Symmetry of this study is to apply several machine learning methods to perform virtual screening to identify H9N2 antivirus candidates. The parameters used to measure the machine learning model’s quality included accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, balanced accuracy, and receiver operating characteristic score. We found that the extreme gradient boosting method yielded better results in classifying compounds predicted to be suitable antiviral compounds than six other machine learning methods, including logistic regression, k-nearest neighbor analysis, support vector machine, multilayer perceptron, random forest, and gradient boosting. Using this algorithm, we identified 10 candidate synthetic compounds with the highest scores. These high scores predicted that the molecular fingerprint may involve strong bonding characteristics. Thus, we were able to find significant candidates for synthetic H9N2 antivirus compounds and identify the best machine learning method to perform virtual screenings.
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14
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Zhou H, Ni WJ, Huang W, Wang Z, Cai M, Sun YC. Advances in Pathogenesis, Progression, Potential Targets and Targeted Therapeutic Strategies in SARS-CoV-2-Induced COVID-19. Front Immunol 2022; 13:834942. [PMID: 35450063 PMCID: PMC9016159 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.834942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
As the new year of 2020 approaches, an acute respiratory disease quietly caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), also known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was reported in Wuhan, China. Subsequently, COVID-19 broke out on a global scale and formed a global public health emergency. To date, the destruction that has lasted for more than two years has not stopped and has caused the virus to continuously evolve new mutant strains. SARS-CoV-2 infection has been shown to cause multiple complications and lead to severe disability and death, which has dealt a heavy blow to global development, not only in the medical field but also in social security, economic development, global cooperation and communication. To date, studies on the epidemiology, pathogenic mechanism and pathological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2-induced COVID-19, as well as target confirmation, drug screening, and clinical intervention have achieved remarkable effects. With the continuous efforts of the WHO, governments of various countries, and scientific research and medical personnel, the public’s awareness of COVID-19 is gradually deepening, a variety of prevention methods and detection methods have been implemented, and multiple vaccines and drugs have been developed and urgently marketed. However, these do not appear to have completely stopped the pandemic and ravages of this virus. Meanwhile, research on SARS-CoV-2-induced COVID-19 has also seen some twists and controversies, such as potential drugs and the role of vaccines. In view of the fact that research on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 has been extensive and in depth, this review will systematically update the current understanding of the epidemiology, transmission mechanism, pathological features, potential targets, promising drugs and ongoing clinical trials, which will provide important references and new directions for SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Wei-Jian Ni
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Huang
- The Third People's Hospital of Hefei, The Third Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital, Children's Hospital of Fudan University-Anhui Campus, Hefei, China
| | - Ming Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yan-Cai Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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15
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ACAR T, UÇAR B. Angiotensin(1-7)-Stearic Acid Conjugate: Synthesis and Characterization. JOURNAL OF THE TURKISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SECTION A: CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.1032642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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16
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Debnath SK, Srivastava R. Potential Application of Bionanoparticles to Treat Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Infection. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2021.813847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a contagious virus that spreads exponentially across the world, resulting in serious viral pneumonia. Several companies and researchers have put their tremendous effort into developing novel vaccines or drugs for the complete eradication of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2. Bionanotechnology plays a vital role in designing functionalized biocompatible nanoparticulate systems with higher antiviral capabilities. Thus, several nanocarriers have been explored in designing and delivering drugs and vaccines. This problem can be overcome with the intervention of biomaterials or bionanoparticles. The present review describes the comparative analysis of SARS infection and its associated etiological agents. This review also highlighted some nanoparticles that have been explored in the treatment of COVID-19. However, these carriers elicit several problems once they come in contact with biological systems. Often, the body’s immune system treats these nanocarriers as foreign particles and antigens. In contrast, some bionanoparticles are highlighted here with their potential application in SARS-CoV-2. However, bionanoparticles have demonstrated some drawbacks discussed here with the possible outcomes. The scope of bioinspired nanoparticles is also discussed in detail to explore the new era of research. It is highly essential for the effective delivery of these nanoparticles to the target site. For effective management of SARS-CoV-2, different delivery patterns are also discussed here.
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Tulbah AS, Lee WH. Physicochemical Characteristics and In Vitro Toxicity/Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Activity of Favipiravir Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs). Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:1059. [PMID: 34681283 PMCID: PMC8540419 DOI: 10.3390/ph14101059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The rise of coronavirus (COVID-19) cases worldwide has driven the need to discover and develop novel therapeutics with superior efficacy to treat this disease. This study aims to develop an innovative aerosolized nano-formulation of favipiravir (FPV) as an anti-viral agent against coronavirus infection. The local delivery of FPV nanoparticles (NPs) via nebulization ensures that the drug can reach the site of infection, the lungs. Solid lipid NPs of favipiravir (FPV-SLNs) were formulated utilizing the hot-evaporation method. The physicochemical formulation properties were evaluated using dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The aerosol formulation performance was evaluated using an Andersen Cascade Impactor (ACI) at a flow rate of 15 L/min. The FPV-SLN formulation's in vitro anti-viral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was also evaluated using the SARS-CoV-2 pathogen (hCoV-19/Egypt/NRC-3/2020 isolate). The FPV-SLNs' morphology was defined utilizing transmission electron microscopy, showing an irregular shape. By means of FPV-SLNs' nebulization, a fine particle fraction of 60.2 ± 1.7% was produced with 60.2 ± 1.7%, and this finding suggests that FPV-SLNs were appropriate for inhalation drug delivery with a particle size of 537.6 ± 55.72 nm. Importantly, the FPV-SLNs showed anti-viral activity against SARS-CoV-2 with CC50 and IC50 values of 449.6 and 29.9 µg/mL, respectively. This study suggests that inhaled solid lipid NPs of favipiravir could potentially be used against coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa S. Tulbah
- Pharmaceutics Department, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah 24243, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wing-Hin Lee
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Royal College of Medicine Perak, Universiti Kuala Lumpur (UniKL RCMP), Perak 30450, Malaysia;
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