1
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Barrientos L, Borja-Lloret M, Casaña JV, Dendooven P, García López J, Hueso-González F, Jiménez-Ramos MC, Pérez-Curbelo J, Ros A, Roser J, Senra C, Viegas R, Llosá G. Gamma-ray sources imaging and test-beam results with MACACO III Compton camera. Phys Med 2024; 117:103199. [PMID: 38142615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2023.103199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hadron therapy is a radiotherapy modality which offers a precise energy deposition to the tumors and a dose reduction to healthy tissue as compared to conventional methods. However, methods for real-time monitoring are required to ensure that the radiation dose is deposited on the target. The IRIS group of IFIC-Valencia developed a Compton camera prototype for this purpose, intending to image the Prompt Gammas emitted by the tissue during irradiation. The system detectors are composed of Lanthanum (III) bromide scintillator crystals coupled to silicon photomultipliers. After an initial characterization in the laboratory, in order to assess the system capabilities for future experiments in proton therapy centers, different tests were carried out in two facilities: PARTREC (Groningen, The Netherlands) and the CNA cyclotron (Sevilla, Spain). Characterization studies performed at PARTREC indicated that the detectors linearity was improved with respect to the previous version and an energy resolution of 5.2 % FWHM at 511 keV was achieved. Moreover, the imaging capabilities of the system were evaluated with a line source of 68Ge and a point-like source of 241Am-9Be. Images at 4.439 MeV were obtained from irradiation of a graphite target with an 18 MeV proton beam at CNA, to perform a study of the system potential to detect shifts at different intensities. In this sense, the system was able to distinguish 1 mm variations in the target position at different beam current intensities for measurement times of 1800 and 600 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Barrientos
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC-UV, Valencia, Spain.
| | - M Borja-Lloret
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC-UV, Valencia, Spain
| | - J V Casaña
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC-UV, Valencia, Spain
| | - P Dendooven
- Particle Therapy Research Center (PARTREC), Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J García López
- Centro Nacional de Aceleradores (Universidad de Sevilla, CSIC and Junta de Andalucía), E-41092 Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - F Hueso-González
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC-UV, Valencia, Spain
| | - M C Jiménez-Ramos
- Centro Nacional de Aceleradores (Universidad de Sevilla, CSIC and Junta de Andalucía), E-41092 Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Física Aplicada II, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - J Pérez-Curbelo
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC-UV, Valencia, Spain
| | - A Ros
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC-UV, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Roser
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC-UV, Valencia, Spain
| | - C Senra
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC-UV, Valencia, Spain
| | - R Viegas
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC-UV, Valencia, Spain
| | - G Llosá
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC-UV, Valencia, Spain.
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2
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Zhang J, Xiao X, Chen Y, Zhang B, Ma X, Ai X, Li J. A Portable Three-Layer Compton Camera for Wide-Energy-Range Gamma-ray Imaging: Design, Simulation and Preliminary Testing. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8951. [PMID: 37960650 PMCID: PMC10647430 DOI: 10.3390/s23218951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: The imaging energy range of a typical Compton camera is limited due to the fact that scattered gamma photons are seldom fully absorbed when the incident energies are above 3 MeV. Further improving the upper energy limit of gamma-ray imaging has important application significance in the active interrogation of special nuclear materials and chemical warfare agents, as well as range verification of proton therapy. (2) Methods: To realize gamma-ray imaging in a wide energy range of 0.3~7 MeV, a principle prototype, named a portable three-layer Compton camera, is developed using the scintillation detector that consists of an silicon photomultiplier array coupled with a Gd3Al2Ga3O12:Ce pixelated scintillator array. Implemented in a list-mode maximum likelihood expectation maximization algorithm, a far-field energy-domain imaging method based on the two interaction events is applied to estimate the initial energy and spatial distribution of gamma-ray sources. The simulation model of the detectors is established based on the Monte Carlo simulation toolkit Geant4. The reconstructed images of a 133Ba, a 137Cs and a 60Co point-like sources have been successfully obtained with our prototype in laboratory tests and compared with simulation studies. (3) Results: The proportion of effective imaging events accounts for about 2%, which allows our prototype to realize the reconstruction of the distribution of a 0.05 μSv/h 137Cs source in 10 s. The angular resolution for resolving two 137Cs point-like sources is 15°. Additional simulated imaging of the 6.13 MeV gamma-rays from 14.1 MeV neutron scattering with water preliminarily demonstrates the imaging capability for high incident energy. (4) Conclusions: We conclude that the prototype has a good imaging performance in a wide energy range (0.3~7 MeV), which shows potential in several MeV gamma-ray imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jinglun Li
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China; (J.Z.); (X.X.); (Y.C.); (B.Z.); (X.M.); (X.A.)
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3
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Ramos López D, Pugliese GMI, Iaselli G, Amoroso N, Gong C, Pascali V, Altieri S, Protti N. Study of Alternative Imaging Methods for In Vivo Boron Neutron Capture Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3582. [PMID: 37509243 PMCID: PMC10377696 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15143582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) is an innovative and highly selective treatment against cancer. Nowadays, in vivo boron dosimetry is an important method to carry out such therapy in clinical environments. In this work, different imaging methods were tested for dosimetry and tumor monitoring in BNCT based on a Compton camera detector. A dedicated dataset was generated through Monte Carlo tools to study the imaging capabilities. We first applied the Maximum Likelihood Expectation Maximization (MLEM) iterative method to study dosimetry tomography. As well, two methods based on morphological filtering and deep learning techniques with Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), respectively, were studied for tumor monitoring. Furthermore, clinical aspects such as the dependence on the boron concentration ratio in image reconstruction and the stretching effect along the detector position axis were analyzed. A simulated spherical gamma source was studied in several conditions (different detector distances and boron concentration ratios) using MLEM. This approach proved the possibility of monitoring the boron dose. Tumor monitoring using the CNN method shows promising results that could be enhanced by increasing the training dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayron Ramos López
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Maria Incoronata Pugliese
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Iaselli
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Amoroso
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Chunhui Gong
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Valeria Pascali
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Saverio Altieri
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Protti
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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4
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Borja-Lloret M, Barrientos L, Bernabéu J, Lacasta C, Muñoz E, Ros A, Roser J, Viegas R, Llosá G. Influence of the background in Compton camera images for proton therapy treatment monitoring. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68:144001. [PMID: 37339665 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ace024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Objective. Background events are one of the most relevant contributions to image degradation in Compton camera imaging for hadron therapy treatment monitoring. A study of the background and its contribution to image degradation is important to define future strategies to reduce the background in the system.Approach. In this simulation study, the percentage of different kinds of events and their contribution to the reconstructed image in a two-layer Compton camera have been evaluated. To this end, GATE v8.2 simulations of a proton beam impinging on a PMMA phantom have been carried out, for different proton beam energies and at different beam intensities.Main results. For a simulated Compton camera made of Lanthanum (III) Bromide monolithic crystals, coincidences caused by neutrons arriving from the phantom are the most common type of background produced by secondary radiations in the Compton camera, causing between 13% and 33% of the detected coincidences, depending on the beam energy. Results also show that random coincidences are a significant cause of image degradation at high beam intensities, and their influence in the reconstructed images is studied for values of the time coincidence windows from 500 ps to 100 ns.Significance. Results indicate the timing capabilities required to retrieve the fall-off position with good precision. Still, the noise observed in the image when no randoms are considered make us consider further background rejection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Borja-Lloret
- Institut de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC-UV, València, Spain
| | - L Barrientos
- Institut de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC-UV, València, Spain
| | - J Bernabéu
- Institut de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC-UV, València, Spain
| | - C Lacasta
- Institut de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC-UV, València, Spain
| | - E Muñoz
- Institut de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC-UV, València, Spain
| | - A Ros
- Institut de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC-UV, València, Spain
| | - J Roser
- Institut de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC-UV, València, Spain
| | - R Viegas
- Institut de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC-UV, València, Spain
| | - G Llosá
- Institut de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC-UV, València, Spain
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5
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Barrientos L, Borja-Lloret M, Casaña J, Hueso-González F, Ros A, Roser J, Senra C, Solaz C, Viegas R, Llosá G. System characterization and performance studies with MACACO III Compton camera. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2023.110922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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6
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Llosá G, Rafecas M. Hybrid PET/Compton-camera imaging: an imager for the next generation. EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL PLUS 2023; 138:214. [PMID: 36911362 PMCID: PMC9990967 DOI: 10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-03805-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Compton cameras can offer advantages over gamma cameras for some applications, since they are well suited for multitracer imaging and for imaging high-energy radiotracers, such as those employed in radionuclide therapy. While in conventional clinical settings state-of-the-art Compton cameras cannot compete with well-established methods such as PET and SPECT, there are specific scenarios in which they can constitute an advantageous alternative. The combination of PET and Compton imaging can benefit from the improved resolution and sensitivity of current PET technology and, at the same time, overcome PET limitations in the use of multiple radiotracers. Such a system can provide simultaneous assessment of different radiotracers under identical conditions and reduce errors associated with physical factors that can change between acquisitions. Advances are being made both in instrumentation developments combining PET and Compton cameras for multimodal or three-gamma imaging systems, and in image reconstruction, addressing the challenges imposed by the combination of the two modalities or the new techniques. This review article summarizes the advances made in Compton cameras for medical imaging and their combination with PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Llosá
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC-UV, Catedrático Beltrán, 2., 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Magdalena Rafecas
- Institute of Medical Engineering (IMT), Universität zu Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
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7
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Yao Z, Xiao Y, Dong M, Deng H. Development of a two-layer dense-pixel LYSO Compton camera prototype for prompt gamma imaging. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68. [PMID: 36657173 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/acb4d8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Objective.Lutetium-yttrium orthosilicate (LYSO)-based Compton camera (CC) has been proposed for prompt gamma imaging due to its high detection efficiency and position resolution. However, very few LYSO CC prototypes have been built and used for practical evaluation. In this study, we built a lightweight dense-pixel silicon photomultiplier-based two-layer LYSO CC prototype for future prompt gamma imaging.Approach.We attempt the first-ever effort to use the double-encoding with the thick light guide and coding circuit structure for 46 × 46 dense-pixel LYSO detectors construction and use pixel segmentation based on centroid mapping to obtain 4232 spectral calibrations. We also present a framework for list-mode projection data acquisition based on the decoding of the time series data obtained by data acquisition card in this study. Finally, the standard source calibration, ring-like22Na source with non-uniform intensity, and mixed point-like source with a wide energy spectrum experiments were implemented to evaluate the resolution metrics and imaging performance of the prototype.Main results.The lateral position resolution of the prototype was 1 mm, and the maximum measurement deviation is 2.5 mm and 5 mm in the depth direction for the scatterer and absorber, respectively. In the experiments, the measured energy resolution was 9.63% @ 1.33 MeV for the scatterer and 10.8% @ 1.33 MeV for the absorber. And the detection efficiency of the prototype for a spherical60Co source with a diameter of 2.8 mm at 10 cm far was 5.7 × 10-3@ 1.33 MeV and the full width at half maximum of the reconstruction was 5.5 mm. Besides, the spatial position offset within 2 mm of the radioactive source at 10 cm can be distinguished.Signification.The developed two-layer dense-pixel LYSO CC contributes to incorporating Compton imaging techniques for prompt gamma detection and multiple energy sources into nuclear medical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyang Yao
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Particle & Radiation Imaging (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongshun Xiao
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Particle & Radiation Imaging (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghao Dong
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Particle & Radiation Imaging (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Deng
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
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8
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A double photon coincidence detection method for medical gamma-ray imaging. BIO-ALGORITHMS AND MED-SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/bioal-2022-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Cascade nuclides emit two or more gamma rays successively through an intermediate state. The coincidence detection of cascade gamma rays provides several advantages in gamma-ray imaging. In this review article, three applications of the double photon coincidence method are reviewed. Double-photon emission imaging with mechanical collimators and Compton double-photon emission imaging can identify radioactive source positions with their angular-resolving detectors, and reduce the crosstalk between nuclides. In addition, a novel method of coincidence Compton imaging is proposed by taking coincidence detection between a Compton event and a photopeak events. Although this type of coincidence Compton imaging cannot specify the location, it can be useful in multi-nuclide Compton imaging.
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9
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Sarrut D, Arbor N, Baudier T, Borys D, Etxebeste A, Fuchs H, Gajewski J, Grevillot L, Jan S, Kagadis GC, Kang HG, Kirov A, Kochebina O, Krzemien W, Lomax A, Papadimitroulas P, Pommranz C, Roncali E, Rucinski A, Winterhalter C, Maigne L. The OpenGATE ecosystem for Monte Carlo simulation in medical physics. Phys Med Biol 2022; 67:10.1088/1361-6560/ac8c83. [PMID: 36001985 PMCID: PMC11149651 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac8c83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the ecosystem of GATE, an open-source Monte Carlo toolkit for medical physics. Based on the shoulders of Geant4, the principal modules (geometry, physics, scorers) are described with brief descriptions of some key concepts (Volume, Actors, Digitizer). The main source code repositories are detailed together with the automated compilation and tests processes (Continuous Integration). We then described how the OpenGATE collaboration managed the collaborative development of about one hundred developers during almost 20 years. The impact of GATE on medical physics and cancer research is then summarized, and examples of a few key applications are given. Finally, future development perspectives are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sarrut
- Université de Lyon; CREATIS; CNRS UMR5220; Inserm U1294; INSA-Lyon; Université Lyon 1, Léon Bérard cancer center, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Arbor
- Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, CNRS, UMR7178, F-67037 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas Baudier
- Université de Lyon; CREATIS; CNRS UMR5220; Inserm U1294; INSA-Lyon; Université Lyon 1, Léon Bérard cancer center, Lyon, France
| | - Damian Borys
- Department of Systems Biology and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Ane Etxebeste
- Université de Lyon; CREATIS; CNRS UMR5220; Inserm U1294; INSA-Lyon; Université Lyon 1, Léon Bérard cancer center, Lyon, France
| | - Hermann Fuchs
- MedAustron Ion Therapy Center, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Radiation Oncology, Vienna, Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Jan Gajewski
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Sébastien Jan
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CNRS, CEA, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale (BioMaps), F-91401 Orsay, France
| | - George C Kagadis
- 3DMI Research Group, Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Han Gyu Kang
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Assen Kirov
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer, New York, NY 10021, United States of America
| | - Olga Kochebina
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CNRS, CEA, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale (BioMaps), F-91401 Orsay, France
| | - Wojciech Krzemien
- High Energy Physics Division, National Centre for Nuclear Research, Otwock-Świerk, Poland
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, S. Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
- Centre for Theranostics, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 40 St, 31 501 Krakow, Poland
| | - Antony Lomax
- Center for Proton Therapy, PSI, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Christian Pommranz
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Roentgenweg 13, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Sand 1, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Emilie Roncali
- University of California Davis, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America
| | - Antoni Rucinski
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Carla Winterhalter
- Center for Proton Therapy, PSI, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lydia Maigne
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont, CNRS, UMR 6533, F-63178 Aubière, France
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Takyu S, Yoshida E, Nishikido F, Obata F, Tashima H, Kamada K, Yoshikawa A, Yamaya T. Development of a Two-Layer Staggered GAGG Scatter Detector for Whole Gamma Imaging. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON RADIATION AND PLASMA MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1109/trpms.2021.3131811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sodai Takyu
- Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Eiji Yoshida
- Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Nishikido
- Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Fujino Obata
- Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tashima
- Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | | - Taiga Yamaya
- Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
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11
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Roser J, Barrientos L, Bernabéu J, Borja-Lloret M, Muñoz E, Ros A, Viegas R, Llosá G. Joint image reconstruction algorithm in Compton cameras. Phys Med Biol 2022; 67. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac7b08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective. To demonstrate the benefits of using an joint image reconstruction algorithm based on the List Mode Maximum Likelihood Expectation Maximization that combines events measured in different channels of information of a Compton camera. Approach. Both simulations and experimental data are employed to show the algorithm performance. Main results. The obtained joint images present improved image quality and yield better estimates of displacements of high-energy gamma-ray emitting sources. The algorithm also provides images that are more stable than any individual channel against the noisy convergence that characterizes Maximum Likelihood based algorithms. Significance. The joint reconstruction algorithm can improve the quality and robustness of Compton camera images. It also has high versatility, as it can be easily adapted to any Compton camera geometry. It is thus expected to represent an important step in the optimization of Compton camera imaging.
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12
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Kazemi Kozani M, Magiera A. Machine learning-based event recognition in SiFi Compton camera imaging for proton therapy monitoring. Phys Med Biol 2022; 67. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac71f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective. Online monitoring of dose distribution in proton therapy is currently being investigated with the detection of prompt gamma (PG) radiation emitted from a patient during irradiation. The SiPM and scintillation Fiber based Compton Camera (SiFi-CC) setup is being developed for this aim. Approach. A machine learning approach to recognize Compton events is proposed, reconstructing the PG emission profile during proton therapy. The proposed method was verified on pseudo-data generated by a Geant4 simulation for a single proton beam impinging on a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) phantom. Three different models including the boosted decision tree (BDT), multilayer perception (MLP) neural network, and k-nearest neighbour (k-NN) were trained using 10-fold cross-validation and then their performances were assessed using the receiver operating characteristic (ROI) curves. Subsequently, after event selection by the most robust model, a software based on the List-Mode Maximum Likelihood Estimation Maximization (LM-MLEM) algorithm was applied for the reconstruction of the PG emission distribution profile. Main results. It was demonstrated that the BDT model excels in signal/background separation compared to the other two. Furthermore, the reconstructed PG vertex distribution after event selection showed a significant improvement in distal falloff position determination. Significance. A highly satisfactory agreement between the reconstructed distal edge position and that of the simulated Compton events was achieved. It was also shown that a position resolution of 3.5 mm full width at half maximum (FWHM) in distal edge position determination is feasible with the proposed setup.
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13
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Compton imaging for medical applications. Radiol Phys Technol 2022; 15:187-205. [PMID: 35867197 DOI: 10.1007/s12194-022-00666-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Compton imaging exploits inelastic scattering, known as Compton scattering, using a Compton camera consisting of a scatterer detector in the front layer and an absorber detector in the back layer. This method was developed for astronomy, and in recent years, research and development for environmental and medical applications has been actively conducted. Compton imaging can discriminate gamma rays over a wide energy range from several hundred keV to several MeV. Therefore, it is expected to be applied to the simultaneous imaging of multiple nuclides in nuclear medicine and prompt gamma ray imaging for range verification in particle therapy. In addition, multiple gamma coincidence imaging is expected to be realized, which allows the source position to be determined from a single coincidence event using nuclides that emit multiple gamma rays simultaneously, such as nuclides that emit a single gamma ray simultaneously with positron decay. This review introduces various efforts toward the practical application of Compton imaging in the medical field, including in vivo studies, and discusses its prospects.
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Wu C, Zhang S, Li L. An accurate probabilistic model with detector resolution and Doppler broadening correction in list-mode MLEM reconstruction for Compton camera. Phys Med Biol 2022; 67. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac73d2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective. The Compton cameras have been researched for medical applications and radioactive material detection. It is challenging for the Compton camera to realize high-resolution reconstruction when the incident photon energy is below 200 keV. However, multiple kinds of nuclear medical radionuclides are in this energy range, such as 201Tl, 67Ga, 99mTc, and 123I. In this work, we propose an improved probabilistic model with correction of detector energy resolution, detector spatial resolution, and Doppler broadening effect. The proposed model is used for numerical calculation of the system matrix in the list-mode maximum likelihood expectation maximization (LM-MLEM) algorithm. Approach. The model can improve the imaging resolution of LM-MLEM reconstruction by taking Doppler broadening effect into account. It performs well, especially in the following situations: low-energy photon incidence below 200 keV or (and) small distance between scattering and absorbing positions. Main results. Firstly, three main factors that affect the angular resolution of the Compton camera are theoretically analyzed and quantitatively calculated. The results of the analysis indicate the necessity of including the Doppler broadening effect in the model. Secondly, the details and derivation of the proposed probabilistic model are described. Thirdly, both Monte Carlo (MC) simulations and experiments are carried out to verify the performance of the proposed algorithm. The simulations focus on the low-energy reconstruction in which 201Tl (70 keV) and 99mTc (141 keV) are simulated. And the experiments are based on a single-layer Compton camera composed of a Timepix3 detector. Significance. The results of the simulations and the Timepix3-based experiments are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The model improves the Compton imaging resolution when the photon energy is below 200 keV.
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Ma T, Wei Q, Lyu Z, Zhang D, Zhang H, Wang R, Dong J, Liu Y, Yao R, He ZX. Self-Collimating SPECT With Multi-Layer Interspaced Mosaic Detectors. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2021; 40:2152-2169. [PMID: 33852384 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2021.3073288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Conventional single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) relies on mechanical collimation whose resolution and sensitivity are interdependent, the best performance a SPECT system can attain is only a compromise of these two equally desired properties. To simultaneously achieve high resolution and sensitivity, we propose to use sensitive detectors constructed in a multi-layer in ter spaced mosaicdetectors (MATRICES) architecture to accomplish part of the collimation needed. We name this new approach self-collimation. We evaluate three self-collimating SPECT systems and report their imaging performance: 1) A simulated human brain SPECT achieves 3.88% sensitivity, it clearly resolves 0.5-mm and 1.0-mm hot-rod patterns at noise-free and realistic count-levels, respectively; 2) a simulated mouse SPECT achieves 1.25% sensitivity, it clearly resolves 50- [Formula: see text] and 100- [Formula: see text] hot-rod patterns at noise-free and realistic count-levels, respectively; 3) a SPECT prototype achieves 0.14% sensitivity and clearly separates 0.3-mm-diameter point sources of which the center-to-center neighbor distance is also 0.3 mm. Simulated contrast phantom studies show excellent resolution and signal-to-noise performance. The unprecedented system performance demonstrated by these 3 SPECT scanners is a clear manifestation of the superiority of the self-collimating approach over conventional mechanical collimation. It represents a potential paradigm shift in SPECT technology development.
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Jacquet M, Marcatili S, Gallin-Martel ML, Bouly JL, Boursier Y, Dauvergne D, Dupont M, Gallin-Martel L, Hérault J, Létang JM, Manéval D, Morel C, Muraz JF, Testa É. A time-of-flight-based reconstruction for real-time prompt-gamma imaging in proton therapy. Phys Med Biol 2021; 66. [PMID: 34020438 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac03ca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We propose a novel prompt-gamma (PG) imaging modality for real-time monitoring in proton therapy: PG time imaging (PGTI). By measuring the time-of-flight (TOF) between a beam monitor and a PG detector, our goal is to reconstruct the PG vertex distribution in 3D. In this paper, a dedicated, non-iterative reconstruction strategy is proposed (PGTI reconstruction). Here, it was resolved under a 1D approximation to measure a proton range shift along the beam direction. In order to show the potential of PGTI in the transverse plane, a second method, based on the calculation of the centre of gravity (COG) of the TIARA pixel detectors' counts was also explored. The feasibility of PGTI was evaluated in two different scenarios. Under the assumption of a 100 ps (rms) time resolution (achievable in single proton regime), MC simulations showed that a millimetric proton range shift is detectable at 2σwith 108incident protons in simplified simulation settings. With the same proton statistics, a potential 2 mm sensitivity (at 2σwith 108incident protons) to beam displacements in the transverse plane was found using the COG method. This level of precision would allow to act in real-time if the treatment does not conform to the treatment plan. A worst case scenario of a 1 ns (rms) TOF resolution was also considered to demonstrate that a degraded timing information can be compensated by increasing the acquisition statistics: in this case, a 2 mm range shift would be detectable at 2σwith 109incident protons. By showing the feasibility of a time-based algorithm for the reconstruction of the PG vertex distribution for a simplified anatomy, this work poses a theoretical basis for the future development of a PG imaging detector based on the measurement of particle TOF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Jacquet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3 UMR 5821, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sara Marcatili
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3 UMR 5821, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Jean-Luc Bouly
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3 UMR 5821, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Denis Dauvergne
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3 UMR 5821, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Laurent Gallin-Martel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3 UMR 5821, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Jean-Michel Létang
- University of Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS, Inserm, CREATIS UMR 5220, U1206, F-69373 Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Jean-François Muraz
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3 UMR 5821, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Étienne Testa
- Univ. Lyon, Univ. Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
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Livingstone J, Dauvergne D, Etxebeste A, Fontana M, Gallin-Martel ML, Huisman B, Létang JM, Marcatili S, Sarrut D, Testa É. Influence of sub-nanosecond time of flight resolution for online range verification in proton therapy using the line-cone reconstruction in Compton imaging. Phys Med Biol 2021; 66. [PMID: 34020434 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac03cb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Online ion range monitoring in hadron therapy can be performed via detection of secondary radiation, such as promptγ-rays, emitted during treatment. The promptγemission profile is correlated with the ion depth-dose profile and can be reconstructed via Compton imaging. The line-cone reconstruction, using the intersection between the primary beam trajectory and the cone reconstructed via a Compton camera, requires negligible computation time compared to iterative algorithms. A recent report hypothesised that time of flight (TOF) based discrimination could improve the precision of theγfall-off position (FOP) measured via line-cone reconstruction, where TOF comprises both the proton transit time from the phantom entrance untilγemission, and the flight time of theγ-ray to the detector. The aim of this study was to implement such a method and investigate the influence of temporal resolution on the precision of the FOP. Monte Carlo simulations of a 160 MeV proton beam incident on a homogeneous PMMA phantom were performed using GATE. The Compton camera consisted of a silicon-based scatterer and CeBr3scintillator absorber. The temporal resolution of the detection system (absorber + beam trigger) was varied between 0.1 and 1.3 ns rms and a TOF-based discrimination method applied to eliminate unlikely solution(s) from the line-cone reconstruction. The FOP was obtained for varying temporal resolutions and its precision obtained from its shift across 100 independentγemission profiles compared to a high statistics reference profile. The optimal temporal resolution for the given camera geometry and 108primary protons was 0.2 ns where a precision of 2.30 ± 0.15 mm (1σ) on the FOP was found. This precision is comparable to current state-of-the-art Compton imaging using iterative reconstruction methods or 1D imaging with mechanically collimated devices, and satisfies the requirement of being smaller than the clinical safety margins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayde Livingstone
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, F-38026 Grenoble, France
| | - Denis Dauvergne
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, F-38026 Grenoble, France
| | - Ane Etxebeste
- University of Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS, Inserm, CREATIS UMR 5220, U1206, F-69373 Lyon, France
| | - Mattia Fontana
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marie-Laure Gallin-Martel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, F-38026 Grenoble, France
| | - Brent Huisman
- University of Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS, Inserm, CREATIS UMR 5220, U1206, F-69373 Lyon, France
| | - Jean Michel Létang
- University of Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS, Inserm, CREATIS UMR 5220, U1206, F-69373 Lyon, France
| | - Sara Marcatili
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, F-38026 Grenoble, France
| | - David Sarrut
- University of Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS, Inserm, CREATIS UMR 5220, U1206, F-69373 Lyon, France
| | - Étienne Testa
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, F-38026 Grenoble, France
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Sarrut D, Bała M, Bardiès M, Bert J, Chauvin M, Chatzipapas K, Dupont M, Etxebeste A, M Fanchon L, Jan S, Kayal G, S Kirov A, Kowalski P, Krzemien W, Labour J, Lenz M, Loudos G, Mehadji B, Ménard L, Morel C, Papadimitroulas P, Rafecas M, Salvadori J, Seiter D, Stockhoff M, Testa E, Trigila C, Pietrzyk U, Vandenberghe S, Verdier MA, Visvikis D, Ziemons K, Zvolský M, Roncali E. Advanced Monte Carlo simulations of emission tomography imaging systems with GATE. Phys Med Biol 2021; 66:10.1088/1361-6560/abf276. [PMID: 33770774 PMCID: PMC10549966 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/abf276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Built on top of the Geant4 toolkit, GATE is collaboratively developed for more than 15 years to design Monte Carlo simulations of nuclear-based imaging systems. It is, in particular, used by researchers and industrials to design, optimize, understand and create innovative emission tomography systems. In this paper, we reviewed the recent developments that have been proposed to simulate modern detectors and provide a comprehensive report on imaging systems that have been simulated and evaluated in GATE. Additionally, some methodological developments that are not specific for imaging but that can improve detector modeling and provide computation time gains, such as Variance Reduction Techniques and Artificial Intelligence integration, are described and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sarrut
- Université de Lyon, CREATIS, CNRS UMR5220, Inserm U1294, INSA-Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | | | - Manuel Bardiès
- Cancer Research Institute of Montpellier, U1194 INSERM/ICM/Montpellier University, 208 Av des Apothicaires, F-34298 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Julien Bert
- LaTIM, INSERM UMR 1101, IBRBS, Faculty of Medicine, Univ Brest, 22 avenue Camille Desmoulins, F-29238, Brest, France
| | - Maxime Chauvin
- CRCT, UMR 1037, INSERM, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Ane Etxebeste
- Université de Lyon, CREATIS, CNRS UMR5220, Inserm U1294, INSA-Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Louise M Fanchon
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, United States of America
| | - Sébastien Jan
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, F-91401, Orsay, France
| | - Gunjan Kayal
- CRCT, UMR 1037, INSERM, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- SCK CEN, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Boeretang 200, Mol 2400, Belgium
| | - Assen S Kirov
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, United States of America
| | - Paweł Kowalski
- High Energy Physics Division, National Centre for Nuclear Research, Otwock-Świerk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Krzemien
- High Energy Physics Division, National Centre for Nuclear Research, Otwock-Świerk, Poland
| | - Joey Labour
- Université de Lyon, CREATIS, CNRS UMR5220, Inserm U1294, INSA-Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Mirjam Lenz
- FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - George Loudos
- Bioemission Technology Solutions (BIOEMTECH), Alexandras Av. 116, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Laurent Ménard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, F-91405 Orsay, France
- Université de Paris, IJCLab, F-91405 Orsay France
| | | | | | - Magdalena Rafecas
- Institute of Medical Engineering, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Julien Salvadori
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Nancyclotep molecular imaging platform, CHRU-Nancy, Université de Lorraine, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Daniel Seiter
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, United States of America
| | - Mariele Stockhoff
- Medical Image and Signal Processing (MEDISIP), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Etienne Testa
- Univ. Lyon, Univ. Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Carlotta Trigila
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 United States of America
| | - Uwe Pietrzyk
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - Marc-Antoine Verdier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, F-91405 Orsay, France
- Université de Paris, IJCLab, F-91405 Orsay France
| | - Dimitris Visvikis
- LaTIM, INSERM UMR 1101, IBRBS, Faculty of Medicine, Univ Brest, 22 avenue Camille Desmoulins, F-29238, Brest, France
| | - Karl Ziemons
- FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Milan Zvolský
- Institute of Medical Engineering, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Emilie Roncali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 United States of America
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Proton range verification with MACACO II Compton camera enhanced by a neural network for event selection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9325. [PMID: 33927324 PMCID: PMC8085220 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88812-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The applicability extent of hadron therapy for tumor treatment is currently limited by the lack of reliable online monitoring techniques. An active topic of investigation is the research of monitoring systems based on the detection of secondary radiation produced during treatment. MACACO, a multi-layer Compton camera based on LaBr3 scintillator crystals and SiPMs, is being developed at IFIC-Valencia for this purpose. This work reports the results obtained from measurements of a 150 MeV proton beam impinging on a PMMA target. A neural network trained on Monte Carlo simulations is used for event selection, increasing the signal to background ratio before image reconstruction. Images of the measured prompt gamma distributions are reconstructed by means of a spectral reconstruction code, through which the 4.439 MeV spectral line is resolved. Images of the emission distribution at this energy are reconstructed, allowing calculation of the distal fall-off and identification of target displacements of 3 mm.
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Max G, Natan K, Stenley R, Tal E, Eran V, Alon O. Design of 4π Directional Radiation Detector based on Compton Scattering Effect. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202125307003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obtaining directional information is required in many applications such as nuclear homeland security, contamination mapping after a nuclear incident and radiological events, or during the decontamination work. However, many directional radiation detectors are based on directional shielding, made of lead or tungsten collimators, introducing two main drawbacks. The first is the size and weight, making those detectors too heavy and irrelevant for utilization in handheld devices, drone mapping, or space applications. The second drawback is the limited field of view, which requires multiple detectors to cover the whole required field of view or machinery to rotate the narrow field of view detector. We propose a novel 4π directional detector based on a segmented hollow cubic detector, which uses the Compton effect interactions with no heavy collimators. The symmetrical cubical design provides both higher efficiency and 4π detection ability. Instead of traditional two types of detectors (scatterer and absorber) structure, we use the same type of detector, based on GAGG(Ce) scintillator coupled to silicon photomultiplier. Additional advantage of the proposed detector obtained by locating the photon sensors inside the detector, behind the scintillators, which improves the radiation hardness required for space applications. Furthermore, such arrangement flattens the temperature variation across the detector, providing better gain stability. The main advantage of the proposed detector is the ability of 4pi radiation detection for high energy gamma-rays without the use of heavy collimators.
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Ros García A, Barrio J, Etxebeste A, García López J, Jiménez-Ramos MC, Lacasta C, Muñoz E, Oliver JF, Roser J, Llosá G. MACACO II test-beam with high energy photons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 65:245027. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/abc5cd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Lecoq P, Morel C, Prior JO, Visvikis D, Gundacker S, Auffray E, Križan P, Turtos RM, Thers D, Charbon E, Varela J, de La Taille C, Rivetti A, Breton D, Pratte JF, Nuyts J, Surti S, Vandenberghe S, Marsden P, Parodi K, Benlloch JM, Benoit M. Roadmap toward the 10 ps time-of-flight PET challenge. Phys Med Biol 2020; 65:21RM01. [PMID: 32434156 PMCID: PMC7721485 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab9500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since the seventies, positron emission tomography (PET) has become an invaluable medical molecular imaging modality with an unprecedented sensitivity at the picomolar level, especially for cancer diagnosis and the monitoring of its response to therapy. More recently, its combination with x-ray computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance (MR) has added high precision anatomic information in fused PET/CT and PET/MR images, thus compensating for the modest intrinsic spatial resolution of PET. Nevertheless, a number of medical challenges call for further improvements in PET sensitivity. These concern in particular new treatment opportunities in the context personalized (also called precision) medicine, such as the need to dynamically track a small number of cells in cancer immunotherapy or stem cells for tissue repair procedures. A better signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the image would allow detecting smaller size tumours together with a better staging of the patients, thus increasing the chances of putting cancer in complete remission. Moreover, there is an increasing demand for reducing the radioactive doses injected to the patients without impairing image quality. There are three ways to improve PET scanner sensitivity: improving detector efficiency, increasing geometrical acceptance of the imaging device and pushing the timing performance of the detectors. Currently, some pre-localization of the electron-positron annihilation along a line-of-response (LOR) given by the detection of a pair of annihilation photons is provided by the detection of the time difference between the two photons, also known as the time-of-flight (TOF) difference of the photons, whose accuracy is given by the coincidence time resolution (CTR). A CTR of about 10 picoseconds FWHM will ultimately allow to obtain a direct 3D volume representation of the activity distribution of a positron emitting radiopharmaceutical, at the millimetre level, thus introducing a quantum leap in PET imaging and quantification and fostering more frequent use of 11C radiopharmaceuticals. The present roadmap article toward the advent of 10 ps TOF-PET addresses the status and current/future challenges along the development of TOF-PET with the objective to reach this mythic 10 ps frontier that will open the door to real-time volume imaging virtually without tomographic inversion. The medical impact and prospects to achieve this technological revolution from the detection and image reconstruction point-of-views, together with a few perspectives beyond the TOF-PET application are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lecoq
- CERN, department EP, Geneva, Switzerland
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Xie Y, Petzoldt J, Janssens G, O'Grady F, Yin L, Bentefour EH, Smeets J, Prieels D, Lustig RA, Lin A, Teo BK. Prompt gamma imaging for the identification of regional proton range deviations due to anatomic change in a heterogeneous region. Br J Radiol 2020; 93:20190619. [PMID: 32960655 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20190619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prompt gamma (PG) imaging has previously been demonstrated for use in proton range verification of a brain treatment with a homogeneous target region. In this study, the feasibility of PG imaging to detect anatomic change within a heterogeneous region is presented. METHODS A prompt gamma camera recorded several fractions of a patient treatment to the base of skull. An evaluation CT revealed a decrease in sinus cavity filling during the treatment course. Comparison of PG profiles between measurement and simulation was performed to investigate range variations between planned and measured pencil beam spot positions. RESULTS For one field, an average over range of 3 mm due to the anatomic change could be detected for a subset of spots traversing the sinus cavity region. The two other fields appeared less impacted by the change but predicted range variations could not be detected. These results were partially consistent with the simulations of the evaluation CT. CONCLUSION We report the first clinical application of PG imaging that detected some of the expected small regional proton range deviations due to anatomic change in a heterogeneous region. However, several limitations exist with the technology that may limit its sensitivity to detect range deviations in heterogeneous regions. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE We report on the first detection of range variations due to anatomic change in a heterogeneous region using PGI. The results confirm the feasibility of using PG-based range verification in highly heterogeneous target regions to identify deviations from the treatment plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhe Xie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Fionnbarr O'Grady
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lingshu Yin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Julien Smeets
- Ion Beam Applications S.A., Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | - Robert A Lustig
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alexander Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Boon-Keng Teo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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The SiFi-CC project – Feasibility study of a scintillation-fiber-based Compton camera for proton therapy monitoring. Phys Med 2020; 76:317-325. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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25
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Roser J, Muñoz E, Barrientos L, Barrio J, Bernabéu J, Borja-Lloret M, Etxebeste A, Llosá G, Ros A, Viegas R, Oliver JF. Image reconstruction for a multi-layer Compton telescope: an analytical model for three interaction events. Phys Med Biol 2020; 65:145005. [PMID: 32330911 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab8cd4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Compton Cameras are electronically collimated photon imagers suitable for sub-MeV to few MeV gamma-ray detection. Such features are desirable to enable in vivo range verification in hadron therapy, through the detection of secondary Prompt Gammas. A major concern with this technique is the poor image quality obtained when the incoming gamma-ray energy is unknown. Compton Cameras with more than two detector planes (multi-layer Compton Cameras) have been proposed as a solution, given that these devices incorporate more signal sequences of interactions to the conventional two interaction events. In particular, three interaction events convey more spectral information as they allow inferring directly the incident gamma-ray energy. A three-layer Compton Telescope based on continuous Lanthanum (III) Bromide crystals coupled to Silicon Photomultipliers is being developed at the IRIS group of IFIC-Valencia. In a previous work we proposed a spectral reconstruction algorithm for two interaction events based on an analytical model for the formation of the signal. To fully exploit the capabilities of our prototype, we present here an extension of the model for three interaction events. Analytical expressions of the sensitivity and the System Matrix are derived and validated against Monte Carlo simulations. Implemented in a List Mode Maximum Likelihood Expectation Maximization algorithm, the proposed model allows us to obtain four-dimensional (energy and position) images by using exclusively three interaction events. We are able to recover the correct spectrum and spatial distribution of gamma-ray sources when ideal data are employed. However, the uncertainties associated to experimental measurements result in a degradation when real data from complex structures are employed. Incorrect estimation of the incident gamma-ray interaction positions, and missing deposited energy associated with escaping secondaries, have been identified as the causes of such degradation by means of a detailed Monte Carlo study. As expected, our current experimental resolution and efficiency to three interaction events prevents us from correctly recovering complex structures of radioactive sources. However, given the better spectral information conveyed by three interaction events, we expect an improvement of the image quality of conventional Compton imaging when including such events. In this regard, future development includes the incorporation of the model assessed in this work to the two interaction events model in order to allow using simultaneously two and three interaction events in the image reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Roser
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC-CSIC/UVEG), Valencia, Spain
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Nakano T, Sakai M, Torikai K, Suzuki Y, Takeda S, Noda SE, Yamaguchi M, Nagao Y, Kikuchi M, Odaka H, Kamiya T, Kawachi N, Watanabe S, Arakawa K, Takahashi T. Imaging of 99mTc-DMSA and 18F-FDG in humans using a Si/CdTe Compton camera. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 65:05LT01. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab33d8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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27
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Etxebeste A, Dauvergne D, Fontana M, Létang JM, Llosá G, Munoz E, Oliver JF, Testa É, Sarrut D. CCMod: a GATE module for Compton camera imaging simulation. Phys Med Biol 2020; 65:055004. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab6529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Muñoz E, Barrientos L, Bernabéu J, Borja-Lloret M, Llosá G, Ros A, Roser J, Oliver JF. A spectral reconstruction algorithm for two-plane Compton cameras. Phys Med Biol 2020; 65:025011. [PMID: 31739295 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab58ad] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
One factor limiting the current applicability extent of hadron therapy is the lack of a reliable method for real time treatment monitoring. The use of Compton imaging systems as monitors requires the correct reconstruction of the distribution of prompt gamma productions during patient irradiation. In order to extract the maximum information from all the measurable events, we implemented a spectral reconstruction method that assigns to all events a probability of being either partial or total energy depositions. The method, implemented in a list-mode maximum likelihood expectation maximization algorithm, generates a four dimensional image in the joint spatial-spectral domain, in which the voxels containing the emission positions and energies are obtained. The analytical model used for the system response function is also employed to derive an analytical expression for the sensitivity, which is calculated via Monte Carlo integration. The performance of the method is evaluated through reconstruction of various experimental and simulated sources with different spatial and energy distributions. The results show that the proposed method can recover the spectral and spatial information simultaneously, but only under the assumption of ideal measurements. The analysis of the Monte Carlo simulations has led to the identification of two important degradation sources: the mispositioning of the gamma interaction point and the missing energy recorded in the interaction. Both factors are related to the high energy transferred to the recoil electrons, which can travel far from the interaction point and even escape the detector. These effects prevent the direct application of the current method in more realistic scenarios. Nevertheless, experimental point-like sources have been accurately reconstructed and the spatial distributions and spectral emission of complex simulated phantoms can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Muñoz
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC/Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
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Electron-tracking Compton camera imaging of technetium-95m. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208909. [PMID: 30532248 PMCID: PMC6287828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging was conducted using an electron tracking-Compton camera (ETCC), which measures γ-rays with energies in the range of 200-900 keV from 95mTc. 95mTc was produced by the 95Mo(p, n)95mTc reaction on a 95Mo-enriched target. A method for recycling 95Mo-enriched molybdenum trioxide was employed, and the recycled yield of 95Mo was 70%-90%. Images were obtained with the gate of three energies. The results showed that the spatial resolution increases with increasing γ-ray energy, and suggested that the ETCC with high-energy γ-ray emitters such as 95mTc is useful for the medical imaging of deep tissue and organs in the human body.
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Muñoz E, Barrio J, Bernabéu J, Etxebeste A, Lacasta C, Llosá G, Ros A, Roser J, Oliver JF. Study and comparison of different sensitivity models for a two-plane Compton camera. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 63:135004. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aac8cd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Draeger E, Mackin D, Peterson S, Chen H, Avery S, Beddar S, Polf JC. 3D prompt gamma imaging for proton beam range verification. Phys Med Biol 2018; 63:035019. [PMID: 29380750 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aaa203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We tested the ability of a single Compton camera (CC) to produce 3-dimensional (3D) images of prompt gammas (PGs) emitted during the irradiation of a tissue-equivalent plastic phantom with proton pencil beams for clinical doses delivered at clinical dose rates. PG measurements were made with a small prototype CC placed at three different locations along the proton beam path. We evaluated the ability of the CC to produce images at each location for two clinical scenarios: (1) the delivery of a single 2 Gy pencil beam from a hypo-fractionated treatment (~9 × 108 protons), and (2) a single pencil beam from a standard treatment (~1 × 108 protons). Additionally, the data measured at each location were combined to simulate measurements with a larger scale, clinical CC and its ability to image shifts in the Bragg peak (BP) range for both clinical scenarios. With our prototype CC, the location of the distal end of the BP could be seen with the CC placed up to 4 cm proximal or distal to the BP distal falloff. Using the data from the simulated full scale clinical CC, 3D images of the PG emission were produced with the delivery of as few as 1 × 108 protons, and shifts in the proton beam range as small as 2 mm could be detected for delivery of a 2 Gy spot. From these results we conclude that 3D PG imaging for proton range verification under clinical beam delivery conditions is possible with a single CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Draeger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 South Greene St., Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
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