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Hinnekens S, Fickers É, Vervloet G. Effectiveness of the Copenhagen adduction modified position stage 1: EMG measurements and hand-held dynamometer analysis in young and healthy men. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2024; 39:251-257. [PMID: 38876635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2024.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To verify the effectiveness of the use of a modified position of the Copenhagen Adduction (CA) stage 1 compared to the original position. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Laboratory. PARTICIPANTS 31 healthy men aged 23.7 ± 1.9 years with no recent or chronic general pathology. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Differences between EMG amplitudes for the adductor longus (AL), rectus femoris (RF) and semi tendinous (ST) during dynamic contractions and adductor maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MIVC) force values between CA stage 1 standard and modified positions were assessed with either Wilcoxon or paired t-test. RESULTS No significant differences were observed for EMG amplitudes of the AL (p-value = 0.724) and for the RF muscle (p-value = 0.337) and for the adductor force (p-value = 0.361) between the two positions. A significant difference was obtained for the ST (p-value<0.001) mainly explained by the adapted position of the non-dominant leg which unlocked the hip joint and generated less muscle activity in the hamstrings. CONCLUSIONS Muscle activity of the AL muscle and adductor force being similar in both positions, the CA stage 1 modified position could be of interest for rehabilitation after adductor injury or strengthening of the adductors in elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Hinnekens
- Mechatronic, Electrical Energy & Dynamic Systems (MEED), Institute of Mechanics, Materials & Civil Engineering (iMMC), Université catholique de Louvain, Place du Levant 2/L5.04.02, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Élène Fickers
- Faculté des Sciences de la Motricité (FSM), Université catholique de Louvain, Place Pierre de Coubertin 1, 1348, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Grégory Vervloet
- Département des Sciences de la Motricité (ISEK), Haute École Bruxelles-Brabant, Avenue Charles Schaller 91, 1160, Bruxelles (Auderghem), Belgium.
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Warneke K, Lohmann LH. Revisiting the stretch-induced force deficit: A systematic review with multilevel meta-analysis of acute effects. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024:S2095-2546(24)00069-3. [PMID: 38735533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2024.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When recommending avoidance of static stretching prior to athletic performance, authors and practitioners commonly refer to available systematic reviews. However, effect sizes (ES) in previous reviews were extracted in major part from studies lacking control conditions and/or pre-post testing designs. Also, currently available reviews conducted calculations without accounting for multiple study outcomes, with ES: -0.03 to 0.10, which would commonly be classified as trivial. METHODS Since new meta-analytical software and controlled research articles have appeared since 2013, we revisited the available literature and performed a multilevel meta-analysis using robust variance estimation of controlled pre-post trials to provide updated evidence. Furthermore, previous research described reduced electromyography activity-also attributable to fatiguing training routines-as being responsible for decreased subsequent performance. The second part of this study opposed stretching and alternative interventions sufficient to induce general fatigue to examine whether static stretching induces higher performance losses compared to other exercise routines. RESULTS Including 83 studies with more than 400 ES from 2012 participants, our results indicate a significant, small ES for a static stretch-induced maximal strength loss (ES = -0.21, p = 0.003), with high magnitude ES (ES = -0.84, p = 0.004) for stretching durations ≥60 s per bout when compared to passive controls. When opposed to active controls, the maximal strength loss ranges between ES: -0.17 to -0.28, p < 0.001 and 0.040 with mostly no to small heterogeneity. However, stretching did not negatively influence athletic performance in general (when compared to both passive and active controls); in fact, a positive effect on subsequent jumping performance (ES = 0.15, p = 0.006) was found in adults. CONCLUSION Regarding strength testing of isolated muscles (e.g., leg extensions or calf raises), our results confirm previous findings. Nevertheless, since no (or even positive) effects could be found for athletic performance, our results do not support previous recommendations to exclude static stretching from warm-up routines prior to, for example, jumping or sprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Warneke
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz A-8010, Austria; Institute of Sport Science, Alpen-Adria University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt am Wörthersee 9020, Austria.
| | - Lars Hubertus Lohmann
- Institute of Human Movement and Exercise Physiology, University of Jena, Jena 07749, Germany
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Wang C, Che Y, Zhang Y, Guan T, Wang J, Du X. Analysis of pelvic floor muscle electromyography parameters in women with or without sexual dysfunction. Sex Health 2024; 21:SH24026. [PMID: 38743840 DOI: 10.1071/sh24026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Background To investigate the differences in pelvic floor muscle (PFM) electromyography (EMG) parameters between women with or without sexual dysfunction (FSD) and their correlations. Methods Women who voluntarily participated in a questionnaire-based survey on sexual function and underwent PFM EMG in Weifang People's Hospital during the period from March 2021 to December 2021 were retrospectively enrolled. The female sexual (dys)function was measured using the Female Sexual Function Index. Glazer PFM EMG was performed using a Melander instrument (MLD A2 Deluxe). The differences in PFM EMG parameters between women with or without FSD were compared, and the relationships between PFM EMG parameters and FSD were analysed using multiple linear regression models. Results A total of 305 women were enrolled, with 163 in the FSD group and 142 in the non-FSD group. Comparisons of PFM EMG parameters between these two groups revealed that the FSD group had significantly higher peak EMG amplitude during the phasic (flick) contractions and shorter recovery latency during the tonic contractions than the non-FSD group (both P P Conclusions The results of the pelvic floor EMG in this study suggest that the pelvic floor muscles of women with FSD may be more susceptible to fatigue, and may have poorer coordination of their pelvic floor muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Wang
- People's Hospital of Weifang City, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yan Che
- People's Hospital of Weifang City, Weifang, Shandong Province, China; and NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Reproductive Health Drug and Devices, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai, China
| | - Yumei Zhang
- People's Hospital of Weifang City, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Tingfeng Guan
- People's Hospital of Weifang City, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jie Wang
- People's Hospital of Weifang City, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xinying Du
- People's Hospital of Weifang City, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
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Vieira TM, Cerone GL, Bruno M, Bachero-Mena B. Myoelectric manifestations of fatigue of the finger flexor muscles and endurance capacity in experienced versus intermediate climbers during suspension tasks. J Sports Sci 2024; 42:655-664. [PMID: 38794799 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2357470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Climbing is a physically demanding discipline, placing significant loads on the finger flexors. Notwithstanding the documented greater endurance capacity of experienced climbers, the mechanisms explaining these training-induced adaptations remain unknown. We therefore investigate whether two non-competing strategies - muscle adaptation and alternate muscle recruitment - may explain the disparity in endurance capacity in participants with different climbing experience. We analysed high-density surface electromyograms (EMGs) from 38 Advanced and Intermediate climbers, during suspension exercises over three different depths (15, 20, 30 mm) using a half-crimp grip position. From the spatial distribution of changes in MeDian Frequency and Root Mean Square values until failure, we assessed how much and how diffusely the myoelectric manifestations of fatigue took place. Advanced climbers exhibited greater endurance, as evidenced by significantly longer failure time (p < 0.009) and lower changes in MDF values (p < 0.013) for the three grip depths. These changes were confined to a small skin region (nearly 25% of the grid size), centred at variable locations across participants. Moreover, lower MDF changes were significantly associated with longer suspension times. Collectively, our results suggest that muscle adaptation rather than load sharing between and within muscles is more likely to explain the improved endurance in experienced climbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taian Martins Vieira
- Laboratory for Engineering of the Neuromuscular System, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
- PoliToBIOMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giacinto Luigi Cerone
- Laboratory for Engineering of the Neuromuscular System, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
- PoliToBIOMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Martina Bruno
- Laboratory for Engineering of the Neuromuscular System, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Beatriz Bachero-Mena
- Department of Human Movement and Sport Performance, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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Lotti N, Missiroli F, Galofaro E, Tricomi E, Di Domenico D, Semprini M, Casadio M, Brichetto G, De Michieli L, Tacchino A, Masia L. Soft Robotics to Enhance Upper Limb Endurance in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis. Soft Robot 2024; 11:338-346. [PMID: 37870773 DOI: 10.1089/soro.2023.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that affects the central nervous system and can result in various symptoms, including muscle weakness, spasticity, and fatigue, ultimately leading to the deterioration of the musculoskeletal system. However, in recent years, exosuits have emerged as a game-changing solution to assist individuals with MS during their daily activities. These lightweight and affordable wearable robotic devices have gained immense popularity. In our study, we assessed the performance of an elbow exosuit on eight individuals with MS using high-density electromyography to measure biceps muscle activity. The results demonstrated that our prototype significantly reduced muscle effort during both dynamic and isometric tasks while increasing the elbow range of motion. In addition, the exosuit effectively delayed the onset of muscle fatigue, enhancing endurance for people with MS and enabling them to perform heavy duty tasks for a longer period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Lotti
- Medizintechnik Group, Institut für Technische Informatik (ZITI), Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Francesco Missiroli
- Medizintechnik Group, Institut für Technische Informatik (ZITI), Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Elisa Galofaro
- Medizintechnik Group, Institut für Technische Informatik (ZITI), Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Enrica Tricomi
- Medizintechnik Group, Institut für Technische Informatik (ZITI), Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Dario Di Domenico
- Rehab Technologies Lab, Italian Institute of Technology, Genova, Italy
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Marianna Semprini
- Rehab Technologies Lab, Italian Institute of Technology, Genova, Italy
| | - Maura Casadio
- Dipartimento di Informatica, Bioingegneria, Robotica e Ingegneria dei Sistemi (DIBRIS), University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Brichetto
- Scientific Research Area, Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa, Italy
- AISM Rehabilitation Service of Genoa, Italian Multiple Sclerosis Society (AISM), Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Tacchino
- Scientific Research Area, Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Masia
- Medizintechnik Group, Institut für Technische Informatik (ZITI), Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Deutschland
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Huang Z, Cui J, Wang Y, Yu S. Improving wheelchair user sitting posture to alleviate lumbar fatigue: a study utilizing sEMG and pressure sensors. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1380150. [PMID: 38560044 PMCID: PMC10978679 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1380150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The wheelchair is a widely used rehabilitation device, which is indispensable for people with limited mobility. In the process of using a wheelchair, they often face the situation of sitting for a long time, which is easy to cause fatigue of the waist muscles of the user. Therefore, this paper hopes to provide more scientific guidance and suggestions for the daily use of wheelchairs by studying the relationship between the development of muscle fatigue and sitting posture. Methods First, we collected surface Electromyography (sEMG) of human vertical spine muscle and analyzed it in the frequency domain. The obtained Mean Power Frequency (MPF) was used as the dependent variable. Then, the pose information of the human body, including the percentage of pressure points, span, and center of mass as independent variables, was collected by the array of thin film pressure sensors, and analyzed by a multivariate nonlinear regression model. Results When the centroid row coordinate of the cushion pressure point is about 16(range, 7.7-16.9), the cushion pressure area percentage is about 80%(range, 70.8%-89.7%), and the cushion pressure span range is about 27(range, 25-31), the backrest pressure point centroid row coordinate is about 15(range, 9.1-18.2), the backrest pressure area percentage is about 35%(range, 11.8%-38.7%), and the backrest pressure span range is about 16(range, 9-22). At this time, the MPF value of the subjects decreased by a small percentage, and the fatigue development of the muscles was slower. In addition, the pressure area percentage at the seat cushion is a more sensitive independent variable, too large or too small pressure area percentage will easily cause lumbar muscle fatigue. Conclusion The results show that people should sit in the middle and back of the seat cushion when riding the wheelchair, so that the Angle of the hip joint can be in a natural state, and the thigh should fully contact the seat cushion to avoid the weight of the body concentrated on the buttocks; The back should be fully in contact with the back of the wheelchair to reduce the burden on the waist, and the spine posture can be adjusted appropriately according to personal habits, but it is necessary to avoid maintaining a chest sitting position for a long time, which will cause the lumbar spine to be in an unnatural physiological Angle and easily lead to fatigue of the waist muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jianwei Cui
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Remote Measurement and Control, School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Dupuis F, Prud’Homme F, Tougas A, Campeau-Lecours A, Mercier C, Roy JS. The effect of a task-specific training on upper limb performance and kinematics while performing a reaching task in a fatigued state. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297283. [PMID: 38252643 PMCID: PMC10802943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatigue impacts motor performance and upper limb kinematics. It is of interest to study whether it is possible to minimize the potentially detrimental effects of fatigue with prevention programs. OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of task-specific training on upper limb kinematics and motor performance when reaching in a fatigued state. METHODS Thirty healthy participants were recruited (Training group n = 15; Control group n = 15). Both groups took part in two evaluation sessions (Day 1 and Day 5) during which they performed a reaching task (as quickly and accurately as possible) in two conditions (rested and fatigued). During the reaching task, joint kinematics and motor performance (accuracy and speed) were evaluated. The Training group participated in three task-specific training sessions between Day 1 and Day 5; they trained once a day, for three days. The Control group did not perform any training. A three-way non-parametric ANOVA for repeated measures (Nonparametric Analysis of Longitudinal Data; NparLD) was used to assess the impact of the training (Condition [within subject]: rested, fatigued; Day [within subject]: Day 1 vs. Day 5 and Group [between subjects]: Training vs. Control). RESULTS After the training period, the Training group significantly improved their reaching speed compared to the Control group (Day x Group p < .01; Time effect: Training group = p < .01, Control group p = .20). No between-group difference was observed with respect to accuracy. The Training group showed a reduction in contralateral trunk rotation and lateral trunk flexion in Day 2 under the fatigue condition (Group x Day p < .04; Time effect: Training group = p < .01, Control group = p < .59). CONCLUSION After the 3-day training, participants demonstrated improved speed and reduced reliance on trunk compensations to complete the task under fatigue conditions. Task-specific training could help minimizing some effects of fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Dupuis
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (Cirris), Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Félix Prud’Homme
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (Cirris), Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Arielle Tougas
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (Cirris), Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Campeau-Lecours
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (Cirris), Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Catherine Mercier
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (Cirris), Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Sébastien Roy
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (Cirris), Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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Shimura M, Mizumoto A, Xia Y, Shimomura Y. Multipoint surface electromyography measurement using bull's-eye electrodes for wide-area topographic analysis. J Physiol Anthropol 2023; 42:24. [PMID: 37891686 PMCID: PMC10612298 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-023-00342-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surface electromyography (sEMG) is primarily used to analyze individual and neighboring muscle activity. However, using a broader approach can enable simultaneous measurement of multiple muscles, which is essential for understanding muscular coordination. Using the "bull's-eye electrode," which allows bipolar derivation without directional dependence, enables wide-area multipoint sEMG measurements. This study aims to establish a multipoint measurement system and demonstrate its effectiveness and evaluates forearm fatigue and created topographic maps during a grasping task. METHODS Nine healthy adults with no recent arm injuries or illnesses participated in this study. They performed grasping tasks using their dominant hand, while bull's-eye electrodes recorded their muscle activity. To validate the effectiveness of the system, we calculated the root mean squares of muscle activity and entropy, an indicator of muscle activity distribution, and compared them over time. RESULTS The entropy analysis demonstrated a significant time-course effect with increased entropy over time, suggesting increased forearm muscle uniformity, which is possibly indicative of fatigue. Topographic maps visually displayed muscle activity, revealing notable intersubject variations. DISCUSSION Bull's-eye electrodes facilitated the capture of nine homogeneous muscle activity points, enabling the creation of topographic images. The entropy increased progressively, suggesting an adaptive muscle coordination response to fatigue. Despite some limitations, such as inadequate measurement of the forearm muscles' belly, the system is an unconventional measurement method. CONCLUSION This study established a robust system for wide-area multipoint sEMG measurements using a bull's-eye electrode setup. This system effectively evaluates muscle fatigue and provides a comprehensive topographic view of muscle activity. These results mark a significant step towards developing a future multichannel sEMG system with enhanced measurement points and improved wearability. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Chiba University Graduate School of Engineering (acceptance number: R4-12, Acceptance date: November 04, 2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Shimura
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-Cho, Inage-Ku, Chiba City, 2638522, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Mizumoto
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-Cho, Inage-Ku, Chiba City, 2638522, Japan
| | - Yali Xia
- Design Research Institute, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-Cho, Inage-Ku, Chiba City, 2638522, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Shimomura
- Design Research Institute, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-Cho, Inage-Ku, Chiba City, 2638522, Japan
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Kimoto A, Oishi Y, Machida M. A Wireless 2-Channel Layered EMG/NIRS Sensor System for Local Muscular Activity Evaluation. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8394. [PMID: 37896488 PMCID: PMC10610620 DOI: 10.3390/s23208394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
A wireless 2-channel layered sensor system that enables electromyography (EMG) and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measurements at two local positions was developed. The layered sensor consists of a thin silver electrode and a photosensor consisting of a photoemitting diode (LED) or photodiode (PD). The EMG and NIRS signals were simultaneously measured using a pair of electrodes and photosensors for the LED and PD, respectively. Two local muscular activities are presented in detail using layered sensors. In the experiments, EMG and NIRS signals were measured for isometric constant and ramp contractions at each forearm using layered sensors. The results showed that local muscle activity analysis is possible using simultaneous EMG and NIRS signals at each local position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Kimoto
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan (M.M.)
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10
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Machado ÁS, da Silva W, Priego-Quesada JI, Carpes FP. Can infrared thermography serve as an alternative to assess cumulative fatigue in women? J Therm Biol 2023; 115:103612. [PMID: 37379651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Muscle fatigue can limit performance both in sports and daily life activities. Consecutive days of exercise without a proper recovery time may elicit cumulative fatigue. Although it has been speculated that skin temperature could serve as an indirect indicator of exercise-induced adaptations, it is unclear if skin temperature measured by infrared thermography (IRT) could be an outcome related to the effects of cumulative fatigue. In this study, we recruited 21 untrained women and induced cumulative fatigue in biceps brachii over two consecutive days of exercise. We measured delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS, using a numeric rate scale), maximal strength (using a dynamometer), and skin temperature (using IRT) in exercise and non-exercise muscles. Cumulative fatigue reduced muscle strength and increased DOMS. Skin temperature in the arm submitted to cumulative fatigue was higher for minimum and mean temperature, being asymmetrical in relation to the control arm. We also observed that the variations in the minimum and mean temperatures correlated with the strength losses. In summary, skin temperature measured by IRT seems promising to help detect cumulative fatigue in untrained women, being useful to explain strength losses. Future studies should provide additional evidence for the potential applications not only in trained participants but also in patients that may not be able to report outcomes of scales or precisely report DOMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Sosa Machado
- Applied Neuromechanics Group, Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil
| | - Willian da Silva
- Applied Neuromechanics Group, Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil
| | - Jose Ignacio Priego-Quesada
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Felipe P Carpes
- Applied Neuromechanics Group, Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil.
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Rani B, Sharma S, Berwal P, Shree R, Dhillon MS. A Novel Wall Touch-Single Limb Stance Exercise for Dynamic Activation o f Gluteus Maximus - A Cross Sectional Study. J Orthop 2023; 41:33-38. [PMID: 37293431 PMCID: PMC10244890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Gluteus maximus (GM) dysfunction is associated with spinal/lower extremity musculoskeletal conditions. Studies on weightbearing GM exercises that can be used earlier in rehabilitation is limited. Utilizing GM isometric contraction and load transmission to thoracolumbar fascia during trunk straightening under unilateral stance, we for the first time describe Wall Touch Single Limb Stance (WT-SLS) exercise. Specific exercise prescription may be rationalised using knowledge of how upper and lower fibres of GM (UGM, LGM) respond during novel WT-SLS. Methodology Surface EMG signals from UGM and LGM were compared among WT-SLS, Step up (SU) and Unilateral wall squat (UWS) in healthy subjects (N = 24). Raw data was normalized and expressed as percentage of maximum voluntary isometric contraction (%MVIC). Relative easiness in performing the exercises was scored using Borg's CR10 scale. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05. Results WT-SLS had the highest %MVIC for both UGM and LGM (p < 0.0001), suggesting maximum activation of GM in healthy adults by our novel exercise. WT-SLS generated more motor unit action potentials, and had significantly greater activity for UGM than LGM (p = 0.0429). Remaining exercises had no differential activation of UGM and LGM. WT-SLS was perceived as only 'slight' exertion. Conclusions WT-SLS depicted the greatest muscle activation, suggesting possible better clinical and functional outcomes considering GM activation and strengthening. UGM was preferentially activated during WT-SLS, but not during SU and UWS. Therefore, targeting GM with our novel exercise may improve gluteal weakness and dysfunction in lumbar radiculopathy, knee ligament injuries; as preventive measure for injury; or for postural correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babina Rani
- Department of Physical & Rehabilitation Medicine (Physiotherapy), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shivam Sharma
- Department of Physical & Rehabilitation Medicine (Physiotherapy), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Prerana Berwal
- Department of Physical & Rehabilitation Medicine (Physiotherapy), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ritu Shree
- Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mandeep S. Dhillon
- Department of Orthopaedics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
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Avila ER, Williams SE, Disselhorst-Klug C. Advances in EMG measurement techniques, analysis procedures, and the impact of muscle mechanics on future requirements for the methodology. J Biomech 2023; 156:111687. [PMID: 37339541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Muscular coordination enables locomotion and interaction with the environment. For more than 50 years electromyography (EMG) has provided insights into the central nervous system control of individual muscles or muscle groups, enabling both fine and gross motor functions. This information is available either at individual motor units (Mus) level or on a more global level from the coordination of different muscles or muscle groups. In particular, non-invasive EMG methods such as surface EMG (sEMG) or, more recently, spatial mapping methods (High-Density EMG - HDsEMG) have found their place in research into biomechanics, sport and exercise, ergonomics, rehabilitation, diagnostics, and increasingly for the control of technical devices. With further technical advances and a growing understanding of the relationship between EMG and movement task execution, it is expected that with time, especially non-invasive EMG methods will become increasingly important in movement sciences. However, while the total number of publications per year on non-invasive EMG methods is growing exponentially, the number of publications on this topic in journals with a scope in movement sciences has stagnated in the last decade. This review paper contextualizes non-invasive EMG development over the last 50 years, highlighting methodological progress. Changes in research topics related to non-invasive EMG were identified. Today non-invasive EMG procedures are increasingly used to control technical devices, where muscle mechanics have a minor influence. In movement science, however, the effect of muscle mechanics on the EMG signal cannot be neglected. This explains why non-invasive EMG's relevance in movement sciences has not developed as expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Romero Avila
- Department of Rehabilitation and Prevention Engineering, Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | - Sybele E Williams
- Department of Rehabilitation and Prevention Engineering, Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | - Catherine Disselhorst-Klug
- Department of Rehabilitation and Prevention Engineering, Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Germany.
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Kimoto A, Fujiyama H, Machida M. A Wireless Multi-Layered EMG/MMG/NIRS Sensor for Muscular Activity Evaluation. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1539. [PMID: 36772579 PMCID: PMC9919115 DOI: 10.3390/s23031539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A wireless multi-layered sensor that allows electromyography (EMG), mechanomyography (MMG) and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measurements to be carried out simultaneously is presented. The multi-layered sensor comprises a thin silver electrode, transparent piezo-film and photosensor. EMG and MMG measurements are performed using the electrode and piezo-film, respectively. NIRS measurements are performed using the photosensor. Muscular activity is then analyzed in detail using the three types of data obtained. In experiments, the EMG, MMG and NIRS signals were measured for isometric ramp contraction at the forearm and cycling exercise of the lateral vastus muscle with stepped increments of the load using the layered sensor. The results showed that it was possible to perform simultaneous EMG, MMG and NIRS measurements at a local position using the proposed sensor. It is suggested that the proposed sensor has the potential to evaluate muscular activity during exercise, although the detection of the anaerobic threshold has not been clearly addressed.
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Stefanovic F, Ramanarayanan S, Karkera NU, Mujumdar R, Sivaswaamy Mohana P, Hostler D. Rate of change in longitudinal EMG indicates time course of an individual's neuromuscular adaptation in resistance-based muscle training. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2022; 3:981990. [PMID: 36419714 PMCID: PMC9676259 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2022.981990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An individual's long-term neuromuscular adaptation can be measured through time-domain analyses of surface electromyograms (EMG) in regular resistance-based training. The perceived changes in recruitment, such as those measured during muscle fatigue, can subsequently prolong the recovery time in rehabilitation applications. Thus, by developing quantifiable methods for measuring neuromuscular adaptation, adjuvant treatments applied during neurorehabilitation can be improved to reduce recovery times and to increase patient quality of care. This study demonstrates a novel time-domain analysis of long-term changes in EMG captured neuromuscular activity that we aim to use to develop a quantified performance metric for muscle-based intervention training and optimization of an individual. We measure EMG of endurance and hypertrophy-based resistance exercises of healthy participants over 100 days to identify trends in long-term neuromuscular adaptation. Particularly, we show that the rate of EMG amplitude increase (motor recruitment) is dependent on the training modality of an individual. Particularly, EMG decreases over time with repetitive training – but the rate of decrease is different in hypertrophy, endurance, and control exercises. We found that the EMG peak contraction decreases across all subjects, on average, by 8.23 dB during hypertrophy exercise and 10.09 dB for endurance exercises over 100 days of training, while control participants showed negligible change. This represents approximately 2 dB difference EMG activity when comparing endurance and hypertrophy exercises, and >8 dB change when comparing to our control cases. As such, we show that the slope of the long-term EMG activity is related to the resistance-based exercise. We believe this can be used to identify person-specific performance metrics, and to create optimized interventions using a measured performance baseline of an individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Stefanovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Correspondence: Filip Stefanovic
| | - Shilpa Ramanarayanan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Nidhi U. Karkera
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Radhika Mujumdar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Preethi Sivaswaamy Mohana
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - David Hostler
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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Sun J, Liu G, Sun Y, Lin K, Zhou Z, Cai J. Application of Surface Electromyography in Exercise Fatigue: A Review. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 16:893275. [PMID: 36032326 PMCID: PMC9406287 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2022.893275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise fatigue is a common physiological phenomenon in human activities. The occurrence of exercise fatigue can reduce human power output and exercise performance, and increased the risk of sports injuries. As physiological signals that are closely related to human activities, surface electromyography (sEMG) signals have been widely used in exercise fatigue assessment. Great advances have been made in the measurement and interpretation of electromyographic signals recorded on surfaces. It is a practical way to assess exercise fatigue with the use of electromyographic features. With the development of machine learning, the application of sEMG signals in human evaluation has been developed. In this article, we focused on sEMG signal processing, feature extraction, and classification in exercise fatigue. sEMG based multisource information fusion for exercise fatigue was also introduced. Finally, the development trend of exercise fatigue detection is prospected.
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Negro M, Cerullo G, Perna S, Beretta-Piccoli M, Rondanelli M, Liguori G, Cena H, Phillips SM, Cescon C, D’Antona G. Effects of a Single Dose of a Creatine-Based Multi-Ingredient Pre-workout Supplement Compared to Creatine Alone on Performance Fatigability After Resistance Exercise: A Double-Blind Crossover Design Study. Front Nutr 2022; 9:887523. [PMID: 35799580 PMCID: PMC9255897 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.887523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aims to investigate the acute effects of a single oral administration of a creatine-based multi-ingredient pre-workout supplement (MIPS) on performance fatigability and maximal force production after a resistance exercise protocol (REP). Methods Eighteen adult males (age: 23 ± 1 years; body mass: 76.4 ± 1.5 kg; height: 1.77 ± 0.01 m) were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design study. Subjects received a single dose of a MIPS (3 g of creatine, 2 g of arginine, 1 g of glutamine, 1 g of taurine, and 800 mg of β-alanine) or creatine citrate (CC) (3 g of creatine) or a placebo (PLA) in three successive trials 1 week apart. In a randomized order, participants consumed either MIPS, CC, or PLA and performed a REP 2 h later. Before ingestion and immediately after REP, subjects performed isometric contractions of the dominant biceps brachii: two maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs), followed by a 20% MVC for 90 s and a 60% MVC until exhaustion. Surface electromyographic indices of performance fatigability, conduction velocity (CV), and fractal dimension (FD) were obtained from the surface electromyographic signal (sEMG). Time to perform the task (TtT), basal blood lactate (BL), and BL after REP were also measured. Results Following REP, statistically significant (P < 0.05) pre–post mean for ΔTtT between MIPS (−7.06 s) and PLA (+0.222 s), ΔCV slopes (20% MVC) between MIPS (0.0082%) and PLA (−0.0519%) and for ΔCV slopes (60% MVC) between MIPS (0.199%) and PLA (−0.154%) were found. A pairwise comparison analysis showed no statistically significant differences in other variables between groups and condition vs. condition. Conclusion After REP, a creatine-enriched MIPS resulted in greater improvement of sEMG descriptors of performance fatigability and TtT compared with PLA. Conversely, no statistically significant differences in outcomes measured were observed between CC and PLA or MIPS and CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Negro
- Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale nelle Attività Motorie e Sportive (CRIAMS) – Sport Medicine Centre, University of Pavia, Voghera, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cerullo
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - Simone Perna
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir, Bahrain
| | - Matteo Beretta-Piccoli
- Rehabilitation Research Laboratory 2rLab, Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Manno, Switzerland
| | - Mariangela Rondanelli
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Liguori
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - Hellas Cena
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Service, Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Istituti Clinici Scientifici (ICS) Maugeri Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stuart M. Phillips
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Corrado Cescon
- Rehabilitation Research Laboratory 2rLab, Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Manno, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe D’Antona
- Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale nelle Attività Motorie e Sportive (CRIAMS) – Sport Medicine Centre, University of Pavia, Voghera, Italy
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giuseppe D’Antona,
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Deep Learning-Based Surface Nerve Electromyography Data of E-Health Electroacupuncture in Treatment of Peripheral Facial Paralysis. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:8436741. [PMID: 35685899 PMCID: PMC9173966 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8436741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed at exploring the application value of electroacupuncture in the treatment of peripheral facial palsy using surface nerve electromyogram (EMG) image data based on deep learning. The surface nerve EMG recognition model was constructed based on multiview convolutional neural network, and the differences between it and the traditional single-view convolutional neural network were analyzed. Meanwhile, the influence of the multiview aggregation method based on pooling of view and decision fusion on facial recognition accuracy was compared and analyzed. 150 patients with peripheral facial paralysis were randomly divided into the control group (n = 70, basic treatment) and treatment group (n = 80, basic treatment + electroacupuncture). After 4 weeks of treatment, the therapeutic effect was evaluated by surface EMG parameters based on Horsfall-Barratt (H-B) scale and multiview convolutional neural network. The results showed that the face recognition accuracy of multiview convolutional neural networks was significantly higher than that of all single-view convolutional neural networks. The multiview aggregation network proposed in this research had a higher accuracy in facial recognition than the pooling of the view method and decision fusion-based multiview aggregation method. According to the evaluation results of H-B scale, the number of patients who recovered, significantly effective, effective, and ineffective in the control group was 39, 17, 3, and 11, respectively. The number of patients in the treatment group who recovered, significantly effective, effective, and ineffective was 51, 15, 9, and 5, respectively. Total effective rate of patients in the control group was 84.29%, and that of the treatment group was 93.75%, which was significantly higher than the control group (P < 0.05). According to surface EMG assessment results, compared with the control group, the mean root mean square (RMS), median frequency (MF), and mean power frequency (MPF) of the buccal and frontalis muscles in the treatment group increased significantly (P < 0.05). Compared with that before treatment, the mean buccal and frontalis RMS of patients in the control and treatment groups increased significantly after treatment (P < 0.05). In conclusion, electroacupuncture treatment could significantly improve the muscle strength of patients with peripheral facial paralysis.
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The Association between Symmetrical or Asymmetrical High-Arched Feet and Muscle Fatigue in Young Women. Symmetry (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The foot arches are responsible for proper foot loading, optimal force distribution, and transmission throughout the soft tissues. Since the foot arch is an elastic structure, able to adapt to forces transmitted by the foot, it was reported that low arch is related to excessive foot pronation, while high arched foot is more rigid and inflexible. Therefore, it is also probable, that foot arch alterations may change the force transmission via myofascial chains. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of symmetrical and asymmetrical excessive feet arching on muscle fatigue in the distal body parts such as the lower limbs, trunk, and head. Seventy-seven women (25.15 ± 5.97 years old, 62 ± 10 kg, 167 ± 4 cm) were assigned to three groups according to the foot arch index (Group 1—both feet with normal arch, Group 2—one foot with normal arch and the other high-arched, Group 3—both feet with high-arch). The bioelectrical activity of the right and left hamstrings muscles, erector spine, masseter, and temporalis muscle was recorded by sEMG during the isometric contraction lasting for 60 s. The stable intensity of the muscle isometric contraction was kept for all the time during the measurement. Mean frequency difference (%), slope (Hz), and intercept (Hz) values were calculated for muscle fatigue evaluation. No differences were observed in fatigue variables for all evaluated muscles between the right and left side in women with symmetrical foot arches, but in the group with asymmetric foot arches, the higher muscle fatigue on the normal-arched side compared to the high-arched side was noted. Significantly greater values of the semitendinosus—semimembranosus muscle frequency difference was observed on the normal-arched side compared to the high-arched side (p = 0.04; ES = 0.52; −29.5 ± 9.1% vs. −24.9 ± 8.4%). In the group with asymmetric foot arches, a significantly higher value of lumbar erector spinae muscle frequency slope (p = 0.01; ES = 1.32; −0.20 ± 0.04 Hz vs. −0.14 ± 0.05 Hz) and frequency difference (p = 0.04; ES = 0.92; −7.8 ± 3.1% vs. −4.8 ± 3.4%) were observed on the high-arched foot side compared to the side with normal foot arching. The thoracic erector spine muscle frequency slope was significantly larger in women with asymmetrical arches than in those with both feet high-arched (right side: p = 0.01; ES = 1.25; −0.20 ± 0.08 Hz vs. −0.10 ± 0.08 Hz); (left side: p = 0.005; ES = 1,17; −0.19 ± 0.04 Hz vs. −0.13 ± 0.06 Hz) and compared to those with normal feet arches (right side: p = 0.02; ES = 0.58; −0.20 ± 0.08 Hz vs. −0.15 ± 0.09 Hz); (left side: p = 0.005; ES = 0.87; −0.19 ± 0.04 Hz vs. −0.14 ± 0.07 Hz). In the group with asymmetric foot arches, the frequency difference was significantly higher compared to those with both feet high-arched (right side: p = 0.01; ES = 0.87; −15.4 ± 6.8% vs. 10.4 ± 4.3%); (left side: p = 0.01; ES = 0.96; 16.1 ± 6.5% vs. 11.1 ± 3.4%). In the group with asymmetric foot arches, a significantly higher value of the masseter muscle frequency difference was observed on the high-arched side compared to the normal-arched side (p = 0.01; ES = 0.95; 6.91 ± 4.1% vs. 3.62 ± 2.8%). A little increase in the longitudinal arch of the foot, even though such is often not considered as pathological, may cause visible changes in muscle function, demonstrated as elevated signs of muscles fatigue. This study suggests that the consequences of foot high-arching may be present in distal body parts. Any alterations of the foot arch should be considered as a potential foot defect, and due to preventing muscle overloading, some corrective exercises or/and corrective insoles for shoes should be used. It can potentially reduce both foot overload and distant structures overload, which may diminish musculoskeletal system pain and dysfunctions.
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Sometti D, Semeia L, Baek S, Chen H, Righetti G, Dax J, Kronlage C, Kirchgässner M, Romano A, Heilos J, Staber D, Oppold J, Middelmann T, Braun C, Broser P, Marquetand J. Muscle Fatigue Revisited – Insights From Optically Pumped Magnetometers. Front Physiol 2021; 12:724755. [PMID: 34975515 PMCID: PMC8718712 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.724755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
So far, surface electromyography (sEMG) has been the method of choice to detect and evaluate muscle fatigue. However, recent advancements in non-cryogenic quantum sensors, such as optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs), enable interesting possibilities to flexibly record biomagnetic signals. Yet, a magnetomyographic investigation of muscular fatigue is still missing. Here, we simultaneously used sEMG (4 surface electrode) and OPM-based magnetomyography (OPM-MMG, 4 sensors) to detect muscle fatigue during a 3 × 1-min isometric contractions of the left rectus femoris muscle in 7 healthy participants. Both signals exhibited the characteristic spectral compression distinctive for muscle fatigue. OPM-MMG and sEMG slope values, used to quantify the spectral compression of the signals, were positively correlated, displaying similarity between the techniques. Additionally, the analysis of the different components of the magnetic field vector enabled speculations regarding the propagation of the muscle action potentials (MAPs). Altogether these results show the feasibility of the magnetomyographic approach with OPMs and propose a potential alternative to sEMG for the study of muscle fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Sometti
- Department of Neural Dynamics and Magnetoencephalography, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- MEG-Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, International Max Planck Research School, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Center for Pediatric Clinical Studies, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Semeia
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, International Max Planck Research School, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), IDM/fMEG Center of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sangyeob Baek
- Department of Neural Dynamics and Magnetoencephalography, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- MEG-Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Neural Dynamics and Magnetoencephalography, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- MEG-Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Giulia Righetti
- Department of Neural Dynamics and Magnetoencephalography, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- MEG-Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, International Max Planck Research School, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Center for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Juergen Dax
- Department of Neural Dynamics and Magnetoencephalography, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- MEG-Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cornelius Kronlage
- Department of Epileptology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Milena Kirchgässner
- Department of Epileptology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alyssa Romano
- Department of Epileptology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Johanna Heilos
- Department of Epileptology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Deborah Staber
- Department of Epileptology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia Oppold
- Department of Epileptology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Middelmann
- Department of Biosignals, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Braun
- Department of Neural Dynamics and Magnetoencephalography, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- MEG-Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science (DiPsCo), University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Philip Broser
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Switzerland, Sankt Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Justus Marquetand
- Department of Neural Dynamics and Magnetoencephalography, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- MEG-Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Epileptology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Justus Marquetand,
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K DB, P A K, S R. Automated detection of muscle fatigue conditions from cyclostationary based geometric features of surface electromyography signals. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2021; 25:320-332. [PMID: 34289775 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2021.1955104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, an attempt has been made to develop an automated muscle fatigue detection system using cyclostationary based geometric features of surface electromyography (sEMG) signals. For this purpose, signals are acquired from fifty-eight healthy volunteers under dynamic muscle fatiguing contractions. The sEMG signals are preprocessed and the epochs of signals under nonfatigue and fatigue conditions are considered for the analysis. A computationally effective Fast Fourier transform based accumulation algorithm is adapted to compute the spectral correlation density coefficients. The boundary of spectral density coefficients in the complex plane is obtained using alpha shape method. The geometric features, namely, perimeter, area, circularity, bending energy, eccentricity and inertia are extracted from the shape and the machine learning models based on multilayer perceptron (MLP) and extreme learning machine (ELM) are developed using these biomarkers. The results show that the cyclostationarity increases in fatigue condition. All the extracted features are found to have significant difference in the two conditions. It is found that the ELM model based on prominent features classifies the sEMG signals with a maximum accuracy of 94.09% and F-score of 93.75%. Therefore, the proposed approach appears to be useful for analysing the fatiguing contractions in neuromuscular conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Bharathi K
- Non-Invasive Imaging and Diagnostics Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Group, Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Karthick P A
- Physiological Measurements and Instrumentation Laboratory, Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Ramakrishnan S
- Non-Invasive Imaging and Diagnostics Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Group, Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
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Cerone GL, Botter A, Vieira T, Gazzoni M. Design and Characterization of a Textile Electrode System for the Detection of High-Density sEMG. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2021; 29:1110-1119. [PMID: 34097613 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2021.3086860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Muscle activity monitoring in dynamic conditions is a crucial need in different scenarios, ranging from sport to rehabilitation science and applied physiology. The acquisition of surface electromyographic (sEMG) signals by means of grids of electrodes (High-Density sEMG, HD-sEMG) allows obtaining relevant information on muscle function and recruitment strategies. During dynamic conditions, this possibility demands both a wearable and miniaturized acquisition system and a system of electrodes easy to wear, assuring a stable electrode-skin interface. While recent advancements have been made on the former issue, detection systems specifically designed for dynamic conditions are at best incipient. The aim of this work is to design, characterize, and test a wearable, HD-sEMG detection system based on textile technology. A 32-electrodes, 15 mm inter-electrode distance textile grid was designed and prototyped. The electrical properties of the material constituting the detection system and of the electrode-skin interface were characterized. The quality of sEMG signals was assessed in both static and dynamic contractions. The performance of the textile detection system was comparable to that of conventional systems in terms of stability of the traces, properties of the electrode-skin interface and quality of the collected sEMG signals during quasi-isometric and highly dynamic tasks.
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22
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Fundaró C, Gazzoni M, Pinna GD, Dallocchio C, Rainoldi A, Casale R. Is fatigue a muscular phenomenon in Parkinson's disease? Implications for rehabilitation. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2021; 57:691-700. [PMID: 33947826 DOI: 10.23736/s1973-9087.21.06621-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatigue in Parkinson's Disease (PD) compromises patients' physical activity and poses questions on how to plan correct rehabilitation training. In addition, the relationship between subjective perceived fatigue and fatigue in motor performance is not yet entirely understood. As a consequence, a conclusive interpretation of muscular mechanisms of fatigue in PD has not yet been achieved. Among the various instrumental evaluations for fatigue, multichannel surface electromyography (sEMG) is a recognized tool that permits the study of myoelectric manifestations of fatigue. AIM To assess if muscles in PD show a different myoelectric fatigue pattern compared to the muscles of healthy age-matched subjects. DESIGN Observational controlled study. POPULATION Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease, Hohen &Yahr II and III stage, Parkinsonian Fatigue Scale average score ≥ 2.95, no therapy modification in the 4 weeks preceding the study; exclusion criteria: Mini Mental State Examination ≤ 24, upper limb disease/symptoms that might interfere with sEMG analysis, presence of other fatiguerelated conditions. Twenty patients were selected according to these criteria. Twenty untrained healthy subjects were matched. METHODS All subjects underwent a muscle fatigue protocol and a sEMG analysis of the right biceps brachii muscle during electrically stimulated and voluntary contractions in order to obtain a myoelectric fatigue muscular pattern. The myoelectric pattern is characterized by the modifications of the following sEMG variables: reduction of mean frequency and muscle fibre conduction velocity, increase of average rectified value. RESULTS No statistical differences where observed between groups for sEMG variables and muscular electric behaviour in all contraction conditions (all p> .05). CONCLUSIONS Our results show that parkinsonian muscles does not differ from the muscles of healthy age-matched subjects in developing peripheral myoelectric fatigue. Nevertheless, the role of fatigue perception at rest and particularly during physical activity must be clearly understood in order to further target the rehabilitative approach for fatigued parkinsonian patients and to reduce hypomobility. CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT In rehabilitative terms, these findings allow us to highlight the possibility of performing sustained training with isometric contractions in PD subjects; therefore, fatigue "per se" does not constitute a barrier for the execution of muscular exercises, likewise intensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cira Fundaró
- Neurophysiopathology Unit of Montescano Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCSS, Pavia, Italy -
| | - Marco Gazzoni
- LISiN, Laboratory of Engineering of Neuromuscular System, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Gian Domenico Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Engineering of Montescano Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCSS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Carlo Dallocchio
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medical Area, ASST Pavia, Voghera, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alberto Rainoldi
- Department of Medical Sciences, NeuroMuscularFunction Research Group, School of Exercise & Sport Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Roberto Casale
- OPUSMedica PC&R, Persons, Care & Research, Piacenza, Italy
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Goubault E, Verdugo F, Pelletier J, Traube C, Begon M, Dal Maso F. Exhausting repetitive piano tasks lead to local forearm manifestation of muscle fatigue and negatively affect musical parameters. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8117. [PMID: 33854088 PMCID: PMC8047012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87403-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle fatigue is considered as a risk factor for developing playing-related muscular disorders among professional pianists and could affect musical performance. This study investigated in 50 pianists the effect of fatiguing repetitive piano sequences on the development of forearm muscle fatigue and on piano performance parameters. Results showed signs of myoelectric manifestation of fatigue in the 42-electromyographic bipolar electrodes positioned on the forearm to record finger and wrist flexor and extensor muscles, through a significant non-constant decrease of instantaneous median frequency during two repetitive Digital (right-hand 16-tones sequence) and Chord (right-hand chords sequence) excerpts, with extensor muscles showing greater signs of fatigue than flexor muscles. In addition, muscle fatigue negatively affected key velocity, a central feature of piano sound intensity, in both Digital and Chord excerpts, and note-events, a fundamental aspect of musicians' performance parameter, in the Chord excerpt only. This result highlights that muscle fatigue may alter differently pianists' musical performance according to the characteristics of the piece played.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Goubault
- grid.14848.310000 0001 2292 3357Laboratoire de Simulation et Modélisation du Mouvement, École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l’activité Physique, Université de Montréal, 1700 Rue Jacques-Tétreault, Laval, QC Canada
| | - Felipe Verdugo
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Input Devices and Music Interaction Laboratory, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Music Media and Technology, Schulich School of Music, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.267180.a0000 0001 2168 0285EXPRESSION Team, Université Bretagne-Sud, Vannes, France
| | - Justine Pelletier
- grid.38678.320000 0001 2181 0211Laboratoire Arts vivants et interdisciplinarité, Département de danse, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Caroline Traube
- grid.14848.310000 0001 2292 3357Laboratoire de recherche sur le geste musicien, Faculté de musique, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Mickaël Begon
- grid.14848.310000 0001 2292 3357Laboratoire de Simulation et Modélisation du Mouvement, École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l’activité Physique, Université de Montréal, 1700 Rue Jacques-Tétreault, Laval, QC Canada ,grid.411418.90000 0001 2173 6322Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Fabien Dal Maso
- grid.14848.310000 0001 2292 3357Laboratoire de Simulation et Modélisation du Mouvement, École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l’activité Physique, Université de Montréal, 1700 Rue Jacques-Tétreault, Laval, QC Canada ,Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche sur le cerveau et l’apprentissage, Montréal, QC Canada
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Dupuis F, Sole G, Wassinger C, Bielmann M, Bouyer LJ, Roy JS. Fatigue, induced via repetitive upper-limb motor tasks, influences trunk and shoulder kinematics during an upper limb reaching task in a virtual reality environment. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249403. [PMID: 33831037 PMCID: PMC8031876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efficient shoulder movement depends on the ability of central nervous system to integrate sensory information and to create an appropriate motor command. Various daily encountered factors can potentially compromise the execution of the command, such as fatigue. This study explored how fatigue influences shoulder movements during upper limb reaching. METHODS Forty healthy participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups: Control or Fatigue Group. All participants completed an upper limb reaching task at baseline and post-experimental, during which they reached four targets located at 90° of shoulder abduction, 90° external rotation at 90° abduction, 120° scaption, and 120° flexion in a virtual reality environment. Following the baseline phase, the Fatigue Group completed a shoulder fatigue protocol, while Controls took a 10-minute break. Thereafter, the reaching task was repeated. Upper limb kinematic (joint angles and excursions) and spatiotemporal (speed and accuracy) data were collected during the reaching task. Electromyographic activity of the anterior and middle deltoids were also collected to characterize fatigue. Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA were performed to determine the effects of Time, Group and of the interaction between these factors. RESULTS The Fatigue group showed decreased mean median power frequency and increased electromyographic amplitudes of the anterior deltoid (p < 0.05) following the fatigue protocol. Less glenohumeral elevation, increased trunk flexion and rotation and sternoclavicular elevation were also observed in the Fatigue group (Group x Time interaction, p < 0.05). The Control group improved their movement speed and accuracy in post-experimental phase, while the Fatigue group showed a decrease of movement speed and no accuracy improvement (Group x Time interaction, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION In a fatigued state, changes in movement strategy were observed during the reaching task, including increased trunk and sternoclavicular movements and less glenohumeral movement. Performance was altered as shown by the lack of accuracy improvement over time and a decrease in movement speed in the Fatigue group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Dupuis
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Gisela Sole
- Centre for Health, Activity and Rehabilitation Research, School of Physiotherapy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Craig Wassinger
- Department of Physical Therapy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States of America
| | - Mathieu Bielmann
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Laurent J. Bouyer
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Jean-Sébastien Roy
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Quebec City, Canada
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Orejel Bustos A, Belluscio V, Camomilla V, Lucangeli L, Rizzo F, Sciarra T, Martelli F, Giacomozzi C. Overuse-Related Injuries of the Musculoskeletal System: Systematic Review and Quantitative Synthesis of Injuries, Locations, Risk Factors and Assessment Techniques. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:2438. [PMID: 33916269 PMCID: PMC8037357 DOI: 10.3390/s21072438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Overuse-related musculoskeletal injuries mostly affect athletes, especially if involved in preseason conditioning, and military populations; they may also occur, however, when pathological or biological conditions render the musculoskeletal system inadequate to cope with a mechanical load, even if moderate. Within the MOVIDA (Motor function and Vitamin D: toolkit for risk Assessment and prediction) Project, funded by the Italian Ministry of Defence, a systematic review of the literature was conducted to support the development of a transportable toolkit (instrumentation, protocols and reference/risk thresholds) to help characterize the risk of overuse-related musculoskeletal injury. The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) approach was used to analyze Review papers indexed in PubMed and published in the period 2010 to 2020. The search focused on stress (overuse) fracture or injuries, and muscle fatigue in the lower limbs in association with functional (biomechanical) or biological biomarkers. A total of 225 Review papers were retrieved: 115 were found eligible for full text analysis and led to another 141 research papers derived from a second-level search. A total of 183 papers were finally chosen for analysis: 74 were classified as introductory to the topics, 109 were analyzed in depth. Qualitative and, wherever possible, quantitative syntheses were carried out with respect to the literature review process and quality, injury epidemiology (type and location of injuries, and investigated populations), risk factors, assessment techniques and assessment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaranta Orejel Bustos
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System (BOHNES), Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy; (A.O.B.); (V.B.); (V.C.); (L.L.)
| | - Valeria Belluscio
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System (BOHNES), Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy; (A.O.B.); (V.B.); (V.C.); (L.L.)
| | - Valentina Camomilla
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System (BOHNES), Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy; (A.O.B.); (V.B.); (V.C.); (L.L.)
| | - Leandro Lucangeli
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System (BOHNES), Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy; (A.O.B.); (V.B.); (V.C.); (L.L.)
| | - Francesco Rizzo
- Joint Veterans Defence Center, Army Medical Center, 00184 Rome, Italy; (F.R.); (T.S.)
| | - Tommaso Sciarra
- Joint Veterans Defence Center, Army Medical Center, 00184 Rome, Italy; (F.R.); (T.S.)
| | - Francesco Martelli
- Department of Cardiovascular and Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Claudia Giacomozzi
- Department of Cardiovascular and Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy;
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Zarrouk N, Mtibaa K, Hammouda O, Chtourou H, Chaabouni K, Ayadi-Makni F, Rebai H. Assessment of acute neuromuscular fatigue manifestations and functional performances after heavy resistance exercise. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 61:1596-1604. [PMID: 33586932 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to assess neuromuscular fatigue after heavy resistance exercise in rugby players. METHODS Twelve male rugby players performed five sets of knee extension exercise lifting 80% of their one repetition maximum until failure, with 3min of rest in-between. Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and surface electromyographic activity from quadriceps muscles, as well as ions (i.e., Na+, K+, and Cl-) and metabolic responses (i.e., blood lactate and ammonia concentrations) were measured before and after exercise. Maximum repetitions performance and both peripheral (RPEp) and overall body (RPEo) rating of perceived exertion were recorded following each set. RESULTS The number of maximum repetitions decreased significantly across sets (P<0.001). Both RPEp and RPEo increased significantly across sets (P<0.001) with higher RPEp values after each set (P<0.001). Both RPEp (r=-0.98, P<0.01) and RPEo (r=-0.99, P<0.001) were negatively correlated with the changes in the number of maximum repetitions. MVC (P<0.001), root mean square (P<0.05), and neuromuscular efficiency (P<0.01) as well as Na+ (P<0.01), Cl- (P<0.001) and blood concentrations of lactate (P<0.001) and ammonia (P<0.001) decreased significantly after the exercise. However, K+ (P<0.001) increased after the resistance exercise. CONCLUSIONS Heavy resistance exercise affected both objective (i.e., neuromuscular and biochemical parameters) and subjective (i.e., RPE) aspects of neuromuscular fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhal Zarrouk
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé (EM2S), LR 19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia -
| | - Khouloud Mtibaa
- Qatar University, Sports Science Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Doha, Qatar
| | - Omar Hammouda
- Research Laboratory: Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR 19ES13, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.,Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS, UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- Research Unit: Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR 18JS01, National Sport Observatory, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Khansa Chaabouni
- Research Laboratory: Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR 19ES13, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Biochemistry, Habib Bourguiba University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Ayadi-Makni
- Research Laboratory: Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR 19ES13, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Biochemistry, Habib Bourguiba University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Haithem Rebai
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé (EM2S), LR 19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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Martin BJ, Acosta-Sojo Y. sEMG: A Window Into Muscle Work, but Not Easy to Teach and Delicate to Practice-A Perspective on the Difficult Path to a Clinical Tool. Front Neurol 2021; 11:588451. [PMID: 33613414 PMCID: PMC7892959 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.588451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface electromyography (sEMG) may not be a simple 1,2,3 (muscle, electrodes, signal)-step operation. Lists of sEMG characteristics and applications have been extensively published. All point out the noise mimicking perniciousness of the sEMG signal. This has resulted in ever more complex manipulations to interpret muscle functioning and sometimes gobbledygook. Hence, as for all delicate but powerful tools, sEMG presents challenges in terms of precision, knowledge, and training. The theory is usually reviewed in courses concerning sensorimotor systems, motor control, biomechanics, ergonomics, etc., but application requires creativity, training, and practice. Software has been developed to navigate the essence extraction (step 4); however, each software requires some parametrization, which returns back to the theory of sEMG and signal processing. Students majoring in Ergonomics or Biomedical Engineering briefly learn about the sEMG method but may not necessarily receive extensive training in the laboratory. Ergonomics applications range from a simple estimation of the muscle load to understanding the sense of effort and sensorimotor asymmetries. In other words, it requires time and the basics of multiple disciplines to acquire the necessary knowledge and skills to perform these studies. As an example, sEMG measurements of left/right limb asymmetries in muscle responses to vibration-induced activity of proprioceptive receptors, which vary with gender, provide insight into the functioning of sensorimotor systems. Beyond its potential clinical benefits, this example also shows that lack of testing time and lack of practitioner's sufficient knowledge are barriers to the utilization of sEMG as a clinical tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard J Martin
- SensoriMotor Systems-and Human Performance Laboratory, Center for Ergonomics, Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Yadrianna Acosta-Sojo
- SensoriMotor Systems-and Human Performance Laboratory, Center for Ergonomics, Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Ma S, Lv B, Lin C, Sheng X, Zhu X. EMG Signal Filtering Based on Variational Mode Decomposition and Sub-Band Thresholding. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2021; 25:47-58. [PMID: 32305948 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2020.2987528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Surface electromyography (EMG) signals are inevitably contaminated by various noise components, including powerline interference (PLI), baseline wandering (BW), and white Gaussian noise (WGN). These noises directly degrade the efficiency of EMG processing and affect the accuracy and robustness of further applications. Currently, most of the EMG filters only target one category of noise. Here, we propose a novel filter to remove all three types of noise. The noisy EMG signal is first decomposed into an ensemble of band-limited modes using variational mode decomposition (VMD). Each category of noise is located within specific modes and is separately removed in sub-bands. In particular, WGN is suppressed by soft thresholding with a noise level-dependent threshold. The denoising performance was assessed from simulated and experimental signals using three performance metrics: the root mean square error ([Formula: see text]), the improvement in signal-to-noise ratio ([Formula: see text]), and the percentage reduction in the correlation coefficient ( η). Other methods, including traditional infinite impulse response (IIR) filters, empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method, and ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) method, were examined for comparison. The proposed method achieved the best performance to remove BW or WGN. It also effectively reduced PLI noise when the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was low. The SNR was improved by 18.6, 19.2, and 8.0 dB for EMG signals corrupted with PLI, BW, and WGN at -6 dB SNR, respectively. The experimental results illustrated that noise was completely removed from resting states, and obvious spikes were distinguished from action states. For two of the ten subjects, the improved SNR reached 20 dB. This study explores the special characteristics of VMD and demonstrates the feasibility of using the VMD-based filter to denoise EMG signals. The proposed filter is efficient at removing three categories of noise and can be used for any application that requires EMG signal filtering at the preprocessing stage, such as gesture recognition and EMG decomposition.
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Souza LG, Figueiredo RLD, Gómez YPS, Brasil G, Stefani FM, Busanello-Stella AR. Tongue coupling as a therapeutic strategy: electromyographic analysis of different training approaches. REVISTA CEFAC 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-0216/202123513120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Purpose: to compare the effect of two tongue coupling approaches on the electrical activity of the suprahyoid musculature in young women. Methods: the sample comprised 47 women aged 18 to 27 years, distributed into groups, according to exercise training time - 10 and 15 seconds. They answered an initial questionnaire and were submitted to speech-language-hearing clinical assessment, body mass index calculation, and electromyographic assessment. Two electrodes were positioned bilaterally on the skin in the region of the suprahyoid musculature to pick up the electromyographic signal. The women performed the tests with resting periods and maximum voluntary contraction, coupling the tongue with the hard palate as strongly as possible, followed by three training series coupling the tongue with the palate. The collected data regarding amplitude and frequency of the myoelectrical activity were analyzed, by comparing the performance within the two groups and one another with the Friedman and One-Way ANOVA tests, and Mann-Whitney U test, at the 5% significance level. Results: no statistical significance was observed between the groups when comparing their performance in the series, neither was there any decrease in the median frequency in each group while performing the three series. Conclusion: no effect on the electrical activity of the suprahyoid musculature was found in young women when they performed isometric tongue coupling exercise training.
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30
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Vieira TM, Botter A. The Accurate Assessment of Muscle Excitation Requires the Detection of Multiple Surface Electromyograms. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2021; 49:23-34. [PMID: 33044329 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
When sampling electromyograms (EMGs) with one pair of electrodes, it seems implicitly assumed the detected signal reflects the net muscle excitation. However, this assumption is discredited by observations of local muscle excitation. Therefore, we hypothesize that the accurate assessment of muscle excitation requires multiple EMG detection and consideration of electrode-fiber alignment. We advise prudence when drawing inferences from individually collected EMGs.
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31
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Beretta-Piccoli M, Cescon C, D’Antona G. Evaluation of performance fatigability through surface EMG in health and muscle disease: state of the art. ARAB JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/25765299.2020.1862985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Beretta-Piccoli
- Criams-Sport Medicine Centre Voghera, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Rehabilitation Research Laboratory 2rLab, Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied, Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Manno, Switzerland
| | - Corrado Cescon
- Rehabilitation Research Laboratory 2rLab, Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied, Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Manno, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe D’Antona
- Criams-Sport Medicine Centre Voghera, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Harput G, Ulusoy B, Akmese R, Ergun N. Comparison of muscle activation levels and knee valgus between individuals with medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction and healthy individuals during fatiguing step down task. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2020; 78:105067. [PMID: 32535475 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2020.105067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction becomes first-choice surgical procedure for patients with a history of lateral patellar dislocations but there is limited knowledge about neuromuscular activation patterns of individuals with a history of patellar dislocation who underwent medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare muscle activation levels and knee valgus during step down performance test between individuals with a history of medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction and healthy individuals. METHODS Fifteen individuals with medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction and 15 healthy individuals were included. Vastus medialis obliquus, vastus lateralis and gluteus medius muscle activation levels and knee valgus were measured during 60-s- step down performance test. Two-way repeated-measures of analysis of covariance was used for statistical analysis. FINDINGS Compared to the healthy individuals, individuals with medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction showed lower vastus medialis obliquus (p = .04) and gluteus medius (p = .005) activation levels, and higher knee valgus (p = .002) in last period of the step down performance test. INTERPRETATION Since the significant results were only observed in the fatiguing section of the test, endurance tests may provide more information about neuromuscular control of the individuals with history of medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction. Future studies should investigate whether endurance exercises that target to improve vastus medialis obliquus and gluteus medius activity result in better clinical outcomes than conventional programs for individuals with medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulcan Harput
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Burak Ulusoy
- Karatekin University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Department, Cankiri, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Akmese
- Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nevin Ergun
- Sanko University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Department, Gaziantep, Turkey
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Basoudan N, Rodrigues A, Gallina A, Garland J, Guenette JA, Shadgan B, Road J, Reid WD. Scalene and sternocleidomastoid activation during normoxic and hypoxic incremental inspiratory loading. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14522. [PMID: 32726513 PMCID: PMC7389984 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine scalene (SA) and sternocleidomastoid (SM) activation during normoxic (norm-ITL; FIO2 = 21%) and hypoxic (hyp-ITL; FIO2 = 15%) incremental inspiratory threshold loading (ITL). Thirteen healthy participants (33 ± 4 years, 9 female) performed two ITL tests breathing randomly assigned gas mixtures through an inspiratory loading device where the load was increased every two minutes until task failure. SA and SM root mean square (RMS) electromyography (EMG) were calculated and expressed as a percentage of maximum (RMS%max ) to reflect muscle activation intensity. Myoelectric manifestations of fatigue were characterized as decreased SA or SM EMG median frequency during maximum inspiratory pressure maneuvers before and after ITL. Dyspnea was recorded at baseline and task failure. Ventilatory parameters and mouth pressure (Pm) were recorded throughout the ITL. SA,RMS%max and SM,RMS%max increased in association with ITL load (p ≤ .01 for both). SA,RMS%max was similar between norm-ITL and hyp-ITL (p = .17), whereas SM,RMS%max was greater during the latter (p = .001). Neither SA nor SM had a decrease in EMG median frequency after ITL (p = .75 and 0.69 respectively). Pm increased in association with ITL load (p < .001) and tended to be higher during hyp-ITL compared to norm-ITL (p = .05). Dyspnea was similar during both conditions (p > .05). There was a trend for higher tidal volumes during hyp-ITL compared to norm-ITL (p = .10). Minute ventilation was similar between both conditions (p = .23). RMS,%max of the SA and SM increased linearly with increasing ITL. The presence of hypoxia only increased SM activation. Neither SA nor SM presented myoelectric manifestations of fatigue during both conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Basoudan
- Department of Physical TherapyUniversity of British Columbia (UBC)VancouverBCCanada
- College of Health and Rehabilitation SciencesPrincess Nourah bint Abdulrhaman UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | | | - Alessio Gallina
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine)School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation SciencesCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Jayne Garland
- Faculty of Health SciencesWestern UniversityLondonONCanada
| | - Jordan A. Guenette
- Department of Physical TherapyUniversity of British Columbia (UBC)VancouverBCCanada
- Centre for Heart Lung InnovationUBC and St. Paul's HospitalVancouverBCCanada
| | - Babak Shadgan
- International Collaboration on Repair DiscoveriesVancouverBCCanada
| | - Jeremy Road
- Division of Respiratory MedicineDepartment of MedicineUniversity of British Columbia (UBC)VancouverBCCanada
| | - W. Darlene Reid
- Physical TherapyUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
- KITEToronto RehabTorontoONCanada
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
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Real-Time EMG Based Pattern Recognition Control for Hand Prostheses: A Review on Existing Methods, Challenges and Future Implementation. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19204596. [PMID: 31652616 PMCID: PMC6832440 DOI: 10.3390/s19204596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Upper limb amputation is a condition that significantly restricts the amputees from performing their daily activities. The myoelectric prosthesis, using signals from residual stump muscles, is aimed at restoring the function of such lost limbs seamlessly. Unfortunately, the acquisition and use of such myosignals are cumbersome and complicated. Furthermore, once acquired, it usually requires heavy computational power to turn it into a user control signal. Its transition to a practical prosthesis solution is still being challenged by various factors particularly those related to the fact that each amputee has different mobility, muscle contraction forces, limb positional variations and electrode placements. Thus, a solution that can adapt or otherwise tailor itself to each individual is required for maximum utility across amputees. Modified machine learning schemes for pattern recognition have the potential to significantly reduce the factors (movement of users and contraction of the muscle) affecting the traditional electromyography (EMG)-pattern recognition methods. Although recent developments of intelligent pattern recognition techniques could discriminate multiple degrees of freedom with high-level accuracy, their efficiency level was less accessible and revealed in real-world (amputee) applications. This review paper examined the suitability of upper limb prosthesis (ULP) inventions in the healthcare sector from their technical control perspective. More focus was given to the review of real-world applications and the use of pattern recognition control on amputees. We first reviewed the overall structure of pattern recognition schemes for myo-control prosthetic systems and then discussed their real-time use on amputee upper limbs. Finally, we concluded the paper with a discussion of the existing challenges and future research recommendations.
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Stålberg E, van Dijk H, Falck B, Kimura J, Neuwirth C, Pitt M, Podnar S, Rubin DI, Rutkove S, Sanders DB, Sonoo M, Tankisi H, Zwarts M. Standards for quantification of EMG and neurography. Clin Neurophysiol 2019; 130:1688-1729. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Botter A, Beltrandi M, Cerone G, Gazzoni M, Vieira T. Development and testing of acoustically-matched hydrogel-based electrodes for simultaneous EMG-ultrasound detection. Med Eng Phys 2019; 64:74-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Relationship between Isometric Muscle Force and Fractal Dimension of Surface Electromyogram. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:5373846. [PMID: 29736393 PMCID: PMC5875057 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5373846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between fractal dimension of the surface electromyogram (sEMG) and the intensity of muscle contraction is still controversial in simulated and experimental conditions. To support the use of fractal analysis to investigate myoelectric fatigue, it is crucial to establish the interdependence between fractal dimension and muscle contraction intensity. We analyzed the behavior of fractal dimension, conduction velocity, mean frequency, and average rectified value in twenty-eight volunteers at nine levels of isometric force. sEMG was obtained using bidimensional arrays in the biceps brachii muscle. The values of fractal dimension and mean frequency increased with force unless a plateau was reached at 30% maximal voluntary contraction. Overall, our findings suggest that, above a certain level of force, the use of fractal dimension to evaluate the myoelectric manifestations of fatigue may be considered, regardless of muscle contraction intensity.
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Romano M, Fratini A, Gargiulo GD, Cesarelli M, Iuppariello L, Bifulco P. On the Power Spectrum of Motor Unit Action Potential Trains Synchronized With Mechanical Vibration. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2018.2803019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Wang K, Zhang X, Ota J, Huang Y. Estimation of Handgrip Force from SEMG Based on Wavelet Scale Selection. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18020663. [PMID: 29495248 PMCID: PMC5855185 DOI: 10.3390/s18020663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper proposes a nonlinear correlation-based wavelet scale selection technology to select the effective wavelet scales for the estimation of handgrip force from surface electromyograms (SEMG). The SEMG signal corresponding to gripping force was collected from extensor and flexor forearm muscles during the force-varying analysis task. We performed a computational sensitivity analysis on the initial nonlinear SEMG-handgrip force model. To explore the nonlinear correlation between ten wavelet scales and handgrip force, a large-scale iteration based on the Monte Carlo simulation was conducted. To choose a suitable combination of scales, we proposed a rule to combine wavelet scales based on the sensitivity of each scale and selected the appropriate combination of wavelet scales based on sequence combination analysis (SCA). The results of SCA indicated that the scale combination VI is suitable for estimating force from the extensors and the combination V is suitable for the flexors. The proposed method was compared to two former methods through prolonged static and force-varying contraction tasks. The experiment results showed that the root mean square errors derived by the proposed method for both static and force-varying contraction tasks were less than 20%. The accuracy and robustness of the handgrip force derived by the proposed method is better than that obtained by the former methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Equipment and Manufacturing Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Xianmin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Equipment and Manufacturing Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Jun Ota
- Research into Artifacts, Center for Engineering, University of Tokyo, Chiba 113-8654, Japan.
| | - Yanjiang Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Equipment and Manufacturing Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- Research into Artifacts, Center for Engineering, University of Tokyo, Chiba 113-8654, Japan.
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