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Ruas CV, Ratel S, Nosaka K, Castellano G, Pinto RS. Resistance training effects on pubertal children with a risk of developing pediatric dynapenia. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:2123-2137. [PMID: 38421430 PMCID: PMC11199291 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05436-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Many modern-day children are at risk of pediatric dynapenia (muscle weakness). We examined the effects of a 12-week resistance training (RT) program on neuromuscular function and body composition parameters in pubertal children with a risk of dynapenia. METHODS Twelve children (13.4 ± 0.9 y) with dynapenia performed a progressive RT program consisting of knee extension and flexion, bench press, abdominal crunch, back extension, lateral pull-down, elbow flexion, and upright row (1-2 sets of 10-15 repetitions/exercise) twice/week for 12 weeks. Outcome measures included one-repetition maximum (1-RM) strength, maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) torque, rate of torque development (RTD), electromyographic (EMG) activity, muscle thickness (MT), muscle quality (MQ) assessed by echo intensity (MQEI) of the knee extensors and specific tension of MVIC torque to thigh fat-free mass (MQST), and total and regional body and bone composition assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Changes in the measures before and after the 12-week RT and associations among the measures were analyzed by linear mixed models. RESULTS Significant (p < 0.05) increases in 1-RM (63.9 ± 4.5%), MVIC torque (16.3 ± 17.8%), MT (18.8 ± 5.5%) and MQ (MQEI: -25.9 ± 15.2%; MQST: 15.1 ± 18.8%;) were evident from pre- to post-training. Total fat-free mass (FFM) increased by 2.3 ± 3.2% from baseline (p = 0.01), but no changes (p > 0.05) in the other measures were observed. Significant (p < 0.05) associations between the changes in 1-RM and/or MVIC torque and the changes in quadriceps MT, MQEI, MQST and total body FFM were evident. CONCLUSIONS The 12-week RT was effective for improving neuromuscular and body composition parameters, and thereby reversed the risk of pediatric dynapenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassio V Ruas
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia.
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology-Institute of Physics Gleb Wataghin, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, R. Sérgio Buarque de Holanda, 777, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-859, Brazil.
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Sébastien Ratel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, AME2P, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - Gabriela Castellano
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology-Institute of Physics Gleb Wataghin, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, R. Sérgio Buarque de Holanda, 777, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-859, Brazil
| | - Ronei S Pinto
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Buoncristiani NA, Gerstner GR, Laffan MR, Trivisonno AJ, Mota JA, Giuliani-Dewig HK, Ryan ED. The impact of inter-limb leg lean tissue mass asymmetry on stair climb performance in career firefighters. ERGONOMICS 2024:1-7. [PMID: 38465900 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2024.2327582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of inter-limb leg lean tissue mass (LTM) asymmetry on stair climb (SC) performance in firefighters. Forty-one career firefighters (age = 32.3 ± 8.2 years, body mass = 92.1 ± 18.6 kg, stature = 178.3 ± 7.9 cm) visited the laboratory on one occasion and completed a whole body and leg composition assessment followed by a timed and weighted SC task. Percent body fat (%BF) and leg LTM were determined during a DEXA scan and regional thigh analysis. Asymmetry was assessed by the percent difference between limbs (dominant limb LTM - non-dominant limb LTM)/dominant limb LTM × 100) and a ± 3% cut-off for asymmetry classification. Participants ascended and descended 26 stairs four times as quickly as possible while wearing a weighted (22 kg) vest. Point biserial correlations were used to assess the relationship of inter-limb leg LTM asymmetry and SC performance before and after controlling for age and %BF. Results indicated that inter-limb leg LTM asymmetry was associated with longer SC task time (poorer performance) both before (r = 0.432, P = 0.005) and after (r = 0.502, P = 0.001) controlling for age and %BF. Our findings indicated that inter-limb leg LTM asymmetry negatively impacts firefighter SC performance, which may be improved with appropriate exercise interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Buoncristiani
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Carolina Center for Healthy Work Design and Worker Well-Being, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Gena R Gerstner
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Carolina Center for Healthy Work Design and Worker Well-Being, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Megan R Laffan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Jacob A Mota
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Hayden K Giuliani-Dewig
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Eric D Ryan
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Carolina Center for Healthy Work Design and Worker Well-Being, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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Ruple BA, Smith MA, Osburn SC, Sexton CL, Godwin JS, Edison JL, Poole CN, Stock MS, Fruge AD, Young KC, Roberts MD. Comparisons between skeletal muscle imaging techniques and histology in tracking midthigh hypertrophic adaptations following 10 weeks of resistance training. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:416-425. [PMID: 35771220 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00219.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study had two aims. AIM1 was to determine the agreement between mid-thigh vastus lateralis (VL) cross-sectional area measured by ultrasound (mCSAUS) versus magnetic resonance imaging (mCSAMRI) at a single time point, and the ability of each to detect hypertrophic changes. AIM2 was to assess the relationships between pre-to-post training changes in thigh lean mass determined by DXA, VL mCSAUS, ultrasound-determined VL thickness (VLThick), and VL mean myofiber cross-sectional area (fCSA) with changes in VL mCSAMRI. Twelve untrained males (Age: 20±1 y, BMI: 26.9±5.4 kg/m2; n=12) engaged in a 10-week resistance training program (2x/week) where right mid-thigh images and VL biopsies were obtained prior to and 72-hours following the last training bout. Participants' VL mCSAMRI (p=0.005), DXA thigh lean mass (p=0.015), and VLThick (p=0.001) increased following training, whereas VL mCSAUS and fCSA did not. For AIM1, mCSAUS demonstrated excellent concordance (CCC = 0.830) with mCSAMRI, albeit mCSAUS values were systematically lower compared to mCSAMRI (mean bias: -2.29 cm2). Additionally, PRE-to-POST VL mCSA changes between techniques exhibited good agreement (CCC = 0.700; mean bias: -1.08 cm2). For AIM2, moderate, positive correlations existed for PRE-to-POST changes in VL mCSAMRI and DXA thigh lean mass (r=0.580, p=0.048), mCSAUS (r=0.622, p=0.031), and VLThick (r=0.520, p=0.080). A moderate, negative correlation existed between mCSAMRI and fCSA (r=-0.569, p=0.054). Our findings have multiple implications: i) resistance training-induced hypertrophy was dependent on the quantification method, ii) ultrasound-determined mCSA shows good agreement with MRI, and iii) tissue-level changes poorly agreed with mean fCSA changes and this requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley A Ruple
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Morgan A Smith
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Shelby C Osburn
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Casey L Sexton
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Joshua S Godwin
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Joseph L Edison
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Christopher N Poole
- Department of Educational Leadership and Human Development, Texas A&M University-Central Texas, Killeen, Texas, United States
| | - Matt S Stock
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Andrew D Fruge
- Dietetics and Hospitality, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Kaelin C Young
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL, United States
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Varanoske AN, Coker NA, Johnson BADI, Belity T, Wells AJ. Influence of muscle depth and thickness on ultrasound echo intensity of the vastus lateralis. Acta Radiol 2021; 62:1178-1187. [PMID: 32996322 DOI: 10.1177/0284185120958405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultrasonography is used to evaluate muscle quality (i.e. echo intensity [EI]), but an attenuation of ultrasound waves occurs in deeper tissues, potentially affecting these measures. PURPOSE To determine whether muscle thickness (MT) affects EI and if EI varies between the superficial and deep portions of the muscle. MATERIALS AND METHODS MT, EI, subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness (SAT), tissue depth (DISDEEP), and EI of the overall (EIFULL) as well as deep (EIDEEP) and superficial (EISUPF) portions of the vastus lateralis (VL) were assessed in 33 resistance-trained males using ultrasonography. The difference (EIDIFF) between EISUPF and EIDEEP was calculated. Mean differences between EIFULL, EISUPF, and EIDEEP were analyzed using a repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Relationships between measures of muscle depth/ thickness and EI were examined using Pearson's r. RESULTS EISUPF was greater than EIDEEP (P < 0.001) and EIFULL (P < 0.001). MT was negatively correlated with EIFULL (P < 0.001) and positively correlated with EIDIFF (P < 0.001). SAT was not correlated with any EI measure, but DISDEEP was positively correlated with EIDIFF (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION EI of the VL is heterogeneous, as the deeper portion produces lower values than the superficial portion. Thicker muscles present lower EI but have greater discrepancies in EI between the superficial and deep portions. Although SAT was not correlated with EI, DISDEEP was related to EIDIFF, demonstrating that the combination of MT and SAT should be considered when evaluating muscle quality. Future research is necessary to determine if changes in EI following resistance training are driven by increases in MT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa N Varanoske
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, Division of Kinesiology, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Nicholas A Coker
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, Division of Kinesiology, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Bri-Ana DI Johnson
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, Division of Kinesiology, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Tal Belity
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, Division of Kinesiology, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Adam J Wells
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, Division of Kinesiology, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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Song JS, Abe T, Bell ZW, Wong V, Spitz RW, Yamada Y, Loenneke JP. The Relationship Between Muscle Size and Strength Does not Depend on Echo Intensity in Healthy Young Adults. J Clin Densitom 2021; 24:406-413. [PMID: 33020041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Muscle quality is typically defined as muscle strength relative to muscle size. Echo intensity has gained popularity as an index of skeletal muscle quality. There is common agreement that muscle size is related to strength at baseline and echo intensity is purported to impact this relationship. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine whether echo intensity can be used as a physiological marker for muscle quality by investigating the moderating effect of echo intensity on the relationship between muscle size and strength. A sample of 96 participants was used for the upper body analysis and a separate sample of 96 participants was used for the lower body analysis. Echo intensity, muscle thickness, and strength measurements were measured on each limb. For strength, participants performed unilateral elbow flexion (upper body analysis) and knee extension (lower body analysis) to quantify 1-repetition maximum. Muscle thickness and echo intensity were determined from images captured using B-mode ultrasound. Muscle size correlated with muscle strength for all limbs. However, the relationship between muscle size and strength was not significantly moderated by echo intensity for Arm 1 (b = 0.042, p = 0.54) or Arm 2 (b = -0.002, p = 0.97). At the proximal site, no significant moderating effect of echo intensity was found in Leg 1 (b = 0.037, p = 0.67) or Leg 2 (b = -0.085, p = 0.29). Similarly, no significant moderating effect was observed at the distal site for Leg 1 (b = 0.03, p = 0.69) or Leg 2 (b = -0.026, p = 0.75). The results would indicate that the relationship between muscle size and strength does not depend on echo intensity. Therefore, the use of echo intensity as an index of muscle quality in healthy young adults may need to be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Seob Song
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Takashi Abe
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Zachary W Bell
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Vickie Wong
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Robert W Spitz
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Yujiro Yamada
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.
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Komforti D, Joffe C, Magras A, Peller A, Garbe E, Garib R, Trapuzzano A, Dawson N, Stock MS. Does skeletal muscle morphology or functional performance better explain variance in fast gait speed in older adults? Aging Clin Exp Res 2021; 33:921-931. [PMID: 32451962 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-020-01596-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fast gait speed is being increasingly recognized as an important clinical tool in older adults. However, the underlying muscular and functional contributors to fast gait speed performance remain poorly understood. AIM We sought to determine predictors of fast gait speed in older adults. We hypothesized that lower-extremity skeletal muscle size and quality would be strong predictors. METHODS Ninety community-dwelling older adults (33 men, 57 women; mean ± SD age = 74 ± 6 years) participated. B-mode ultrasonography was used to capture images of the vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, and gastrocnemius in the transverse plane. Each participant performed 30-second chair stand, heel-rise, functional reach, and grip strength tests. Fast gait speed was measured using the NIH Toolbox 4-Meter Walk Test. ImageJ software was used to quantify cross-sectional area (CSA), subcutaneous tissue thickness, and echo intensity. Two separate stepwise regression analyses were performed, one using muscle morphology variables as independent variables, and another including the functional outcomes. RESULTS The ultrasound variables exhibited weak-to-moderate correlations with fast gait speed (|r| range = 0.168-0.416). The initial regression analysis indicated that the combination of medial gastrocnemius CSA and subcutaneous tissue thickness explained 22.8% of the variance in fast gait speed. The secondary analysis indicated that 30-second chair stand, heel-rise, and grip strength performance explained 45.5% of the variance. CONCLUSION While medial gastrocnemius morphology is important, measures of upper and lower-extremity muscle function are better predictors of fast gait speed. These results highlight a dissociation between skeletal muscle morphology and fast gait speed.
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Giuliani HK, Laffan MR, Trivisonno AJ, Gerstner GR, Mota JA, Arieta LR, Ryan ED. Measuring muscle quality: associations between echo intensity and normalized strength and power. Physiol Meas 2021; 42. [PMID: 33636708 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/abea24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Muscle quality has received considerable attention within the literature due to its influence on health and performance. However, it has been assessed by various measures (e.g. ultrasound imaging, normalized strength), contributing to the lack of a consensus definition. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between common muscle quality measures: vastus lateralis echo intensity (EI) and peak torque (PT) and power (PP) normalized to thigh lean mass (TLM) and thigh fat mass (TFM). APPROACH Participants' body composition was assessed via dual-energy Xray absorptiometry and custom thigh analysis. Subcutaneous fat-correction muscle EI was assessed via ultrasonography. Maximal strength and power assessments of the dominant leg extensors were completed. Maximal PT and PP was normalized to TLM and TFM, respectively. Pearson product-moment correlations were used to determine the relationships between EI and PT/TLM, PT/TFM, PP/TLM, and PP/TFM. MAIN RESULTS Greater muscle EI was significantly related with lower PT/TFM and PP/TFM (r=-0.74 - -0.70, P<0.001), but unrelated to PT/TLM or PP/TLM (P≥0.205). SIGNIFICANCE These findings suggest that muscle EI and normalized strength and power may not be used interchangeably to define muscle quality, and muscle EI may be more sensitive to the adiposity of the limb. Future studies should consider using unique definitions for these separate measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden K Giuliani
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, UNITED STATES
| | - Megan R Laffan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, UNITED STATES
| | - Abigail J Trivisonno
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, UNITED STATES
| | - Gena R Gerstner
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, UNITED STATES
| | - Jacob A Mota
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama System, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, UNITED STATES
| | - Luke R Arieta
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, UNITED STATES
| | - Eric D Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, UNITED STATES
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Girts RM, MacLennan RJ, Harmon KK, Stock MS. Is skeletal muscle echo intensity more indicative of voluntary or involuntary strength in young women? TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Girts
- Neuromuscular Plasticity Laboratory School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy University of Central Florida Orlando FL USA
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science University of Central Florida Orlando FL USA
| | - Rob J. MacLennan
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory Oklahoma State University Stillwater OK USA
| | - Kylie K. Harmon
- Neuromuscular Plasticity Laboratory School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy University of Central Florida Orlando FL USA
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science University of Central Florida Orlando FL USA
| | - Matt S. Stock
- Neuromuscular Plasticity Laboratory School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy University of Central Florida Orlando FL USA
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science University of Central Florida Orlando FL USA
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Hirsch KR, Greenwalt CE, Saylor HE, Gould LM, Harrison CH, Brewer GJ, Blue MNM, Ferrando AA, Huffman KM, Mayer‐Davis EJ, Ryan ED, Smith‐Ryan AE. High-intensity interval training and essential amino acid supplementation: Effects on muscle characteristics and whole-body protein turnover. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14655. [PMID: 33369879 PMCID: PMC7769174 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the independent and combined effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and essential amino acids (EAA) on lean mass, muscle characteristics of the quadriceps, and 24-hr whole-body protein turnover (WBPT) in overweight and obese adults. An exploratory aim was to evaluate potential modulatory effects of sex. Sixty-six adults (50% female; Age: 36.7 ± 6.0 yrs; %BF: 36.0 ± 7.8%) were assigned to 8 wks of: (a) HIIT, 2 days/wk; (b) EAA supplementation, 3.6 g twice daily; (c) HIIT + EAA; or (d) control. At baseline, 4 wks, and 8 wks, total body, thigh LM and muscle characteristics were measured via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and B-mode ultrasound, respectively. In a subsample, changes in WBPT was measured using [N15 ]alanine. Differences between groups were assessed using linear mixed models adjusted for baseline values, followed by 95% confidence intervals on adjusted mean change scores (Δ). HIIT and HIIT + EAA improved thigh LM (Δ: +0.17 ± 0.05 kg [0.08, 0.27]; +0.22 ± 0.05 kg [0.12,0.31]) and vastus lateralis cross-sectional area (Δ: +2.73 ± 0.52 cm2 [1.69,3.77]; +2.64 ± 0.53 cm2 [1.58,3.70]), volume (Δ: +54.50 ± 11.69 cm3 [31.07, 77.92]; +62.39 ± 12.05 cm3 [38.26, 86.52]), and quality (Δ: -5.46 ± 2.68a.u. [-10.84, -0.09]; -7.97 ± 2.76a.u.[-13.49, -2.45]). Protein synthesis, breakdown, and flux were greater with HIIT + EAA and EAA compared to HIIT (p < .05). Sex differences were minimal. Compared to women, men tended to respond more to HIIT, with or without EAA. For women, responses were greater with HIIT + EAA than HIIT. In overweight and obese adults, 8 weeks of HIIT, with or without EAA, improved thigh LM size and quality; EAA may enhance muscular adaptation via increases in protein turnover, supporting greater improvements in muscular size and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie R. Hirsch
- Applied Physiology LaboratoryDepartment of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
- Human Movement Science CurriculumDepartment of Allied Health ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
- Department of GeriatricsDonald W. Reynolds Institute on AgingCenter for Translational Research in Aging & LongevityUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockARUSA
| | - Casey E. Greenwalt
- Applied Physiology LaboratoryDepartment of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Hannah E. Saylor
- Applied Physiology LaboratoryDepartment of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
- Human Movement Science CurriculumDepartment of Allied Health ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Lacey M. Gould
- Applied Physiology LaboratoryDepartment of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Courtney H. Harrison
- Applied Physiology LaboratoryDepartment of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Gabrielle J. Brewer
- Applied Physiology LaboratoryDepartment of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Malia N. M. Blue
- Applied Physiology LaboratoryDepartment of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
- Human Movement Science CurriculumDepartment of Allied Health ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Arny A. Ferrando
- Department of GeriatricsDonald W. Reynolds Institute on AgingCenter for Translational Research in Aging & LongevityUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockARUSA
| | - Kim M. Huffman
- Duke Molecular Physiology InstituteDuke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
- Department of MedicineDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNCUSA
| | - Elizabeth J. Mayer‐Davis
- Department of NutritionGillings School of Public HealthUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel HillNCUSA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Eric D. Ryan
- Human Movement Science CurriculumDepartment of Allied Health ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
- Neuromuscular Assessment LaboratoryDepartment of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Abbie E. Smith‐Ryan
- Applied Physiology LaboratoryDepartment of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
- Human Movement Science CurriculumDepartment of Allied Health ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
- Department of NutritionGillings School of Public HealthUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel HillNCUSA
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10
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Pinto RS, Pinto MD. Moving forward with the echo intensity mean analysis: Exploring echo intensity bands in different age groups. Exp Gerontol 2020; 145:111179. [PMID: 33310151 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study compared ultrasound characteristics in youth, younger adults, and older adults using two different methods of analysis: based on clusters of pixel concentration of the grayscale (i.e. EI bands) and the traditionally calculated echo intensity mean. Forty-four healthy youth (13.3 ± 1.4 y), 22 younger adults (31.8 ± 10.1 y) and 53 older adults (66.7 ± 4.6 y) volunteered for the assessment of rectus femoris EI via ultrasonography. Pixel concentration (i.e. EI bands) was calculated in intervals of 0-50, 51-100, 101-150, 151-200, and 201-255 of the gray scale, while EI mean was determined as the average pixels from 0 to 255. EI0-50 significantly decreased with group age, while EI51-100, 101-150, 151-200, 201-255 and EI mean increased (P < 0.001). The differences between groups were greater using EI0-50 compared to the EI mean (i.e. EI0-50: youth = ~353% and younger adults = ~251% > older adults; whereas EI mean: youth = ~46% and younger adults = 29% < older adults). These results potentially indicate that EI bands method offer different information than the EI mean method. In addition, EI bands may be a promising approach to understand tissue-specific adaptations to physical training and neuromuscular diseases, yet future studies should validate this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronei Silveira Pinto
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance School, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Matheus Daros Pinto
- Centre for Exercise and Sport Science Research (CESSR), School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
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Stock MS, Thompson BJ. Echo intensity as an indicator of skeletal muscle quality: applications, methodology, and future directions. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 121:369-380. [PMID: 33221942 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04556-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This narrative review provides an overview of the current knowledge of B-mode ultrasound-derived echo intensity (EI) as an indicator of skeletal muscle quality. METHOD PubMed and Google Scholar were used to search the literature. Advanced search functions were used to find original studies with the terms 'echo intensity' and/or 'muscle quality' in the title and/or abstract. Publications that conceptually described muscle quality but did not include measurement of EI were not a focus of the review. RESULT Importantly, the foundational premise of EI remains unclear. While it is likely that EI reflects intramuscular adiposity, data suggesting that these measurements are influenced by fibrous tissue is limited to diseased muscle and animal models. EI appears to show particular promise in studying muscular aging. Studies have consistently reported an association between EI and muscle function, though not all chronic interventions have demonstrated improvements. Based on the existing literature, it is unclear if EI can be used as a marker of muscle glycogen following exercise and nutritional interventions, or if EI is influenced by hydration status. Inconsistent methodological approaches used across laboratories have made comparing EI studies challenging. Image depth, rest duration, participant positioning, probe tilt, and the decision to correct for subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness are all critical considerations when interpreting the literature and planning studies. CONCLUSION While some areas show conflicting evidence, EI shows promise as a novel tool for studying muscle quality. Collaborative efforts focused on methodology are necessary to enhance the consistency and quality of the EI literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt S Stock
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, 12805 Pegasus Drive, HPA 1, Room 258, Orlando, FL, 32816-2205, USA. .,Neuromuscular Plasticity Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
| | - Brennan J Thompson
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.,Sorenson Legacy Foundation Center for Clinical Excellence, Movement Research Clinic, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
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Bali AU, Harmon KK, Burton AM, Phan DC, Mercer NE, Lawless NW, Stock MS. Muscle strength, not age, explains unique variance in echo intensity. Exp Gerontol 2020; 139:111047. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Farrow AC, Gonzales JU, Agu-Udemba CC, Sobolewski EJ, Thompson BJ, Palmer TB. Effects of age on vertical jump performance and muscle morphology characteristics in females. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:1081-1088. [PMID: 32955834 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10724-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Declines in muscle morphology and function are commonly reported as a consequence of aging. However, few studies have investigated the influence of age on a comprehensive set of muscle function-related measures (i.e., reactive strength, power, etc.) that focuses on a dynamic performance task such as the vertical jump across the adult life span. This study aimed to examine the effects of age on muscle morphology characteristics (muscle cross-sectional area [CSA] and echo intensity [EI]) and vertical jump height, power, and reactive strength index (RSI) in females. METHODS Twenty-six young (22±2 years), 30 middle-aged (36±5 years), and 23 older (71±5 years) females participated in this study. Muscle CSA and EI were determined from ultrasound scans of the vastus lateralis. Countermovement jumps were used to assess jump height, RSI, movement time, and peak power (Pmax). RESULTS Muscle CSA, jump height, and Pmax were higher for the young compared to the old and middle-aged (P≤0.027) and for the middle-aged compared to the old (P<0.001). Movement time and EI values were lower (P≤0.004) and RSI values were higher (P<0.001) for the young and middle-aged compared to the old; however, no differences were observed between the young and middle-aged (P=0.367-0.620). CONCLUSIONS Of all the variables assessed in this study, RSI exhibited the greatest decline (76%) between the young and old females. Such findings highlight the importance of reactive strength when assessing age-related changes in neuromuscular performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahalee C Farrow
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Joaquin U Gonzales
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Chinonye C Agu-Udemba
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Eric J Sobolewski
- Department of Health Sciences, Furman University, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Brennan J Thompson
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.,Movement Research Suite, Sorenson Legacy Foundation Center for Clinical Excellence, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Ty B Palmer
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA -
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MacLennan RJ, Sahebi M, Becker N, Davis E, Garcia JM, Stock MS. Declines in skeletal muscle quality vs. size following two weeks of knee joint immobilization. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8224. [PMID: 31976172 PMCID: PMC6964688 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Disuse of a muscle group, which occurs during bedrest, spaceflight, and limb immobilization, results in atrophy. It is unclear, however, if the magnitude of decline in skeletal muscle quality is similar to that for muscle size. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of two weeks of knee joint immobilization on vastus lateralis and rectus femoris echo intensity and cross-sectional area. Methods Thirteen females (mean ± SD age = 21 ± 2 years) underwent two weeks of left knee joint immobilization via ambulating on crutches and use of a brace. B-mode ultrasonography was utilized to obtain transverse plane images of the immobilized and control vastus lateralis and rectus femoris at pretest and following immobilization. Effect size statistics and two-way repeated measures analyses of variance were used to interpret the data. Results No meaningful changes were demonstrated for the control limb and the rectus femoris of the immobilized limb. Analyses showed a large increase in vastus lateralis echo intensity (i.e., decreased muscle quality) for the immobilized limb (p = .006, Cohen’s d = .918). For vastus lateralis cross-sectional area, no time × limb interaction was observed (p = .103), but the effect size was moderate (d = .570). There was a significant association between the increase in vastus lateralis echo intensity and the decrease in cross-sectional area (r = − .649, p = .016). Conclusion In female participants, two weeks of knee joint immobilization resulted in greater deterioration of muscle quality than muscle size. Echo intensity appears to be an attractive clinical tool for monitoring muscle quality during disuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob J MacLennan
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States of America
| | - Michael Sahebi
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States of America
| | - Nathan Becker
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States of America
| | - Ethan Davis
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States of America
| | - Jeanette M Garcia
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States of America
| | - Matt S Stock
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States of America
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