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Polsani N, Yung T, Thomas E, Phung-Rojas M, Gupta I, Denker J, Lau K, Feng X, Ibarra B, Hopyan S, Atit RP. Mesenchymal Wnts are required for morphogenetic movements of calvarial osteoblasts during apical expansion. Development 2024; 151:dev202596. [PMID: 38814743 PMCID: PMC11234264 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Apical expansion of calvarial osteoblast progenitors from the cranial mesenchyme (CM) above the eye is integral to calvarial growth and enclosure of the brain. The cellular behaviors and signals underlying the morphogenetic process of calvarial expansion are unknown. Time-lapse light-sheet imaging of mouse embryos revealed calvarial progenitors intercalate in 3D in the CM above the eye, and exhibit protrusive and crawling activity more apically. CM cells express non-canonical Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) core components and calvarial osteoblasts are bidirectionally polarized. We found non-canonical ligand Wnt5a-/- mutants have less dynamic cell rearrangements and protrusive activity. Loss of CM-restricted Wntless (CM-Wls), a gene required for secretion of all Wnt ligands, led to diminished apical expansion of Osx+ calvarial osteoblasts in the frontal bone primordia in a non-cell autonomous manner without perturbing proliferation or survival. Calvarial osteoblast polarization, progressive cell elongation and enrichment for actin along the baso-apical axis were dependent on CM-Wnts. Thus, CM-Wnts regulate cellular behaviors during calvarial morphogenesis for efficient apical expansion of calvarial osteoblasts. These findings also offer potential insights into the etiologies of calvarial dysplasias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikaya Polsani
- Department of Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Theodora Yung
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Evan Thomas
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Melissa Phung-Rojas
- Department of Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Isha Gupta
- Department of Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Julie Denker
- Department of Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Kimberly Lau
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Xiaotian Feng
- Department of Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Beatriz Ibarra
- Department of Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Sevan Hopyan
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Division of Orthopedics, The Hospital for Sick Children and Departments of Molecular Genetics and Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Radhika P Atit
- Department of Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Dermatology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
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2
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Polsani N, Yung T, Thomas E, Phung-Rojas M, Gupta I, Denker J, Feng X, Ibarra B, Hopyan S, Atit RP. Mesenchymal Wnts are required for morphogenetic movements of calvarial osteoblasts during apical expansion. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.05.570300. [PMID: 38106005 PMCID: PMC10723314 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.05.570300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Apical expansion of calvarial osteoblast progenitors from the cranial mesenchyme (CM) above the eye is integral for calvarial growth and enclosure of the brain. The cellular behaviors and signals underlying the morphogenetic process of calvarial expansion are unknown. During apical expansion, we found that mouse calvarial primordia have consistent cellular proliferation, density, and survival with complex tissue scale deformations, raising the possibility that morphogenetic movements underlie expansion. Time lapse light sheet imaging of mouse embryos revealed that calvarial progenitors intercalate in 3D to converge supraorbital arch mesenchyme mediolaterally and extend it apically. In contrast, progenitors located further apically exhibited protrusive and crawling activity. CM cells express non-canonical Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) core components and calvarial osteoblasts are bidirectionally polarized. We found non-canonical ligand, Wnt5a-/- mutants have less dynamic cell rearrangements, protrusive activity, and a flattened head shape. Loss of cranial mesenchyme-restricted Wntless (CM-Wls), a gene required for secretion of all Wnt ligands, led to diminished apical expansion of OSX+ calvarial osteoblasts in the frontal bone primordia in a non-cell autonomous manner without perturbing proliferation or survival. Calvarial osteoblast polarization, progressive cell elongation and enrichment for actin cytoskeleton protein along the baso-apical axis were dependent on CM-Wnts. Thus, CM-Wnts regulate cellular behaviors during calvarial morphogenesis and provide tissue level cues for efficient apical expansion of calvarial osteoblasts. These findings also offer potential insights into the etiologies of calvarial dysplasias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikaya Polsani
- Department of Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Theodora Yung
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Evan Thomas
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Melissa Phung-Rojas
- Department of Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Isha Gupta
- Department of Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Julie Denker
- Department of Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Xiaotian Feng
- Department of Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Beatriz Ibarra
- Department of Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Sevan Hopyan
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Division of Orthopedics, The Hospital for Sick Children and Departments of Molecular Genetics and Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Radhika P. Atit
- Department of Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Dermatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
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3
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Amiri A, Duclut C, Jülicher F, Popović M. Random Traction Yielding Transition in Epithelial Tissues. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:188401. [PMID: 37977637 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.188401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
We investigate how randomly oriented cell traction forces lead to fluidization in a vertex model of epithelial tissues. We find that the fluidization occurs at a critical value of the traction force magnitude F_{c}. We show that this transition exhibits critical behavior, similar to the yielding transition of sheared amorphous solids. However, we find that it belongs to a different universality class, even though it satisfies the same scaling relations between critical exponents established in the yielding transition of sheared amorphous solids. Our work provides a fluidization mechanism through active force generation that could be relevant in biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aboutaleb Amiri
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Charlie Duclut
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR 7057 CNRS, Paris, France
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, CNRS UMR 168, Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technical University of Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Marko Popović
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technical University of Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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4
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Lien JC, Wang YL. Cyclic stretching combined with cell-cell adhesion is sufficient for inducing cell intercalation. Biophys J 2023; 122:3146-3158. [PMID: 37408306 PMCID: PMC10432222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the important role of cell intercalation within a collective has long been recognized particularly for morphogenesis, the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Here we investigate the possibility that cellular responses to cyclic stretching play a major role in this process. By applying synchronized imaging and cyclic stretching to epithelial cells cultured on micropatterned polyacrylamide (PAA) substrates, we discovered that uniaxial cyclic stretching induces cell intercalation along with cell shape change and cell-cell interfacial remodeling. The process involved intermediate steps as previously reported for cell intercalation during embryonic morphogenesis, including the appearance of cell vertices, anisotropic vertex resolution, and directional expansion of cell-cell interface. Using mathematical modeling, we further found that cell shape change in conjunction with dynamic cell-cell adhesions was sufficient to account for the observations. Further investigation with small-molecule inhibitors indicated that disruption of myosin II activities suppressed cyclic stretching-induced intercalation while inhibiting the appearance of oriented vertices. Inhibition of Wnt signaling did not suppress stretch-induced cell shape change but disrupted cell intercalation and vertex resolution. Our results suggest that cyclic stretching, by inducing cell shape change and reorientation in the presence of dynamic cell-cell adhesions, can induce at least some aspects of cell intercalation and that this process is dependent in distinct ways on myosin II activities and Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Chien Lien
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yu-Li Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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5
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Freedman BR, Hwang C, Talbot S, Hibler B, Matoori S, Mooney DJ. Breakthrough treatments for accelerated wound healing. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade7007. [PMID: 37196080 PMCID: PMC10191440 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade7007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Skin injuries across the body continue to disrupt everyday life for millions of patients and result in prolonged hospital stays, infection, and death. Advances in wound healing devices have improved clinical practice but have mainly focused on treating macroscale healing versus underlying microscale pathophysiology. Consensus is lacking on optimal treatment strategies using a spectrum of wound healing products, which has motivated the design of new therapies. We summarize advances in the development of novel drug, biologic products, and biomaterial therapies for wound healing for marketed therapies and those in clinical trials. We also share perspectives for successful and accelerated translation of novel integrated therapies for wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R. Freedman
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles Hwang
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simon Talbot
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Simon Matoori
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canda
| | - David J. Mooney
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
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6
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Tang YC, Ponsin K, Graham-Paquin AL, Luthold C, Homsy K, Schindler M, Tran V, Côté JF, Bordeleau F, Khadra A, Bouchard M. Coordination of non-professional efferocytosis and actomyosin contractility during epithelial tissue morphogenesis. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112202. [PMID: 36871220 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In developing embryos, specific cell populations are often removed to remodel tissue architecture for organogenesis. During urinary tract development, an epithelial duct called the common nephric duct (CND) gets shortened and eventually eliminated to remodel the entry point of the ureter into the bladder. Here we show that non-professional efferocytosis (the process in which epithelial cells engulf apoptotic bodies) is the main mechanism that contributes to CND shortening. Combining biological metrics and computational modeling, we show that efferocytosis with actomyosin contractility are essential factors that drive the CND shortening without compromising the ureter-bladder structural connection. The disruption of either apoptosis, non-professional efferocytosis, or actomyosin results in contractile tension reduction and deficient CND shortening. Actomyosin activity helps to maintain tissue architecture while non-professional efferocytosis removes cellular volume. Together our results demonstrate that non-professional efferocytosis with actomyosin contractility are important morphogenetic factors controlling CND morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Chi Tang
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada.
| | - Khoren Ponsin
- Department of Physiology and Department of Mathematics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1Y6, Canada
| | - Adda-Lee Graham-Paquin
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Carole Luthold
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Oncology Division), Université Laval Cancer Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Kevin Homsy
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Oncology Division), Université Laval Cancer Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Magdalena Schindler
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Viviane Tran
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Jean-François Côté
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - François Bordeleau
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Oncology Division), Université Laval Cancer Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Anmar Khadra
- Department of Physiology and Department of Mathematics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1Y6, Canada
| | - Maxime Bouchard
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
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7
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Freedman BR, Mooney DJ, Weber E. Advances toward transformative therapies for tendon diseases. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabl8814. [PMID: 36070365 PMCID: PMC11041812 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abl8814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Approved therapies for tendon diseases have not yet changed the clinical practice of symptomatic pain treatment and physiotherapy. This review article summarizes advances in the development of novel drugs, biologic products, and biomaterial therapies for tendon diseases with perspectives for translation of integrated therapies. Shifting from targeting symptom relief toward disease modification and prevention of disease progression may open new avenues for therapies. Deep evidence-based clinical, cellular, and molecular characterization of the underlying pathology of tendon diseases, as well as therapeutic delivery optimization and establishment of multidiscipline interorganizational collaboration platforms, may accelerate the discovery and translation of transformative therapies for tendon diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R. Freedman
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David J. Mooney
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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8
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Richardson MK, Keuck G. The revolutionary developmental biology of Wilhelm His, Sr. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:1131-1160. [PMID: 35106889 PMCID: PMC9304566 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Swiss-born embryologist Wilhelm His, Sr. (1831-1904) was the first scientist to study embryos using paraffin histology, serial sectioning and three-dimensional modelling. With these techniques, His made many important discoveries in vertebrate embryology and developmental neurobiology, earning him two Nobel Prize nominations. He also developed several theories of mechanical and evolutionary developmental biology. His argued that adult form is determined by the differential growth of developmental primordia. Furthermore, he suggested that changes in the growth parameters of those primordia are responsible for generating new phenotypes during evolution. His developed these theories in his book 'Our Bodily Form' (Unsere Körperform). Here, we review His's work with special emphasis on its potential importance to the disciplines of evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) and mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K. Richardson
- Institute of Biology, University of Leiden, Sylvius LaboratorySylviusweg 72Leiden2333 BEThe Netherlands
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9
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Mechanosignaling in vertebrate development. Dev Biol 2022; 488:54-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Shook DR, Wen JWH, Rolo A, O'Hanlon M, Francica B, Dobbins D, Skoglund P, DeSimone DW, Winklbauer R, Keller RE. Characterization of convergent thickening, a major convergence force producing morphogenic movement in amphibians. eLife 2022; 11:e57642. [PMID: 35404236 PMCID: PMC9064293 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The morphogenic process of convergent thickening (CT) was originally described as the mediolateral convergence and radial thickening of the explanted ventral involuting marginal zone (IMZ) of Xenopus gastrulae (Keller and Danilchik, 1988). Here, we show that CT is expressed in all sectors of the pre-involution IMZ, which transitions to expressing convergent extension (CE) after involution. CT occurs without CE and drives symmetric blastopore closure in ventralized embryos. Assays of tissue affinity and tissue surface tension measurements suggest CT is driven by increased interfacial tension between the deep IMZ and the overlying epithelium. The resulting minimization of deep IMZ surface area drives a tendency to shorten the mediolateral (circumblastoporal) aspect of the IMZ, thereby generating tensile force contributing to blastopore closure (Shook et al., 2018). These results establish CT as an independent force-generating process of evolutionary significance and provide the first clear example of an oriented, tensile force generated by an isotropic, Holtfreterian/Steinbergian tissue affinity change.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Shook
- Department of Biology, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, School of MedicineCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Jason WH Wen
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Ana Rolo
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael O'Hanlon
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, School of MedicineCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | | | | | - Paul Skoglund
- Department of Biology, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Douglas W DeSimone
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, School of MedicineCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Rudolf Winklbauer
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Ray E Keller
- Department of Biology, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, School of MedicineCharlottesvilleUnited States
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Abstract
Embryonic cells grow in environments that provide a plethora of physical cues, including mechanical forces that shape the development of the entire embryo. Despite their prevalence, the role of these forces in embryonic development and their integration with chemical signals have been mostly neglected, and scrutiny in modern molecular embryology tilted, instead, towards the dissection of molecular pathways involved in cell fate determination and patterning. It is now possible to investigate how mechanical signals induce downstream genetic regulatory networks to regulate key developmental processes in the embryo. Here, we review the insights into mechanical control of early vertebrate development, including the role of forces in tissue patterning and embryonic axis formation. We also highlight recent in vitro approaches using individual embryonic stem cells and self-organizing multicellular models of human embryos, which have been instrumental in expanding our understanding of how mechanics tune cell fate and cellular rearrangements during human embryonic development.
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12
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Sermeus Y, Vangheel J, Geris L, Smeets B, Tylzanowski P. Mechanical Regulation of Limb Bud Formation. Cells 2022; 11:420. [PMID: 35159230 PMCID: PMC8834596 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Early limb bud development has been of considerable interest for the study of embryological development and especially morphogenesis. The focus has long been on biochemical signalling and less on cell biomechanics and mechanobiology. However, their importance cannot be understated since tissue shape changes are ultimately controlled by active forces and bulk tissue rheological properties that in turn depend on cell-cell interactions as well as extracellular matrix composition. Moreover, the feedback between gene regulation and the biomechanical environment is still poorly understood. In recent years, novel experimental techniques and computational models have reinvigorated research on this biomechanical and mechanobiological side of embryological development. In this review, we consider three stages of early limb development, namely: outgrowth, elongation, and condensation. For each of these stages, we summarize basic biological regulation and examine the role of cellular and tissue mechanics in the morphogenetic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvenn Sermeus
- MeBioS, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (Y.S.); (J.V.); (B.S.)
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Jef Vangheel
- MeBioS, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (Y.S.); (J.V.); (B.S.)
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- GIGA In Silico Medicine, Université de Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- SBE, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Smeets
- MeBioS, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (Y.S.); (J.V.); (B.S.)
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Przemko Tylzanowski
- SBE, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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13
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Holcomb MC, Gao GJJ, Servati M, Schneider D, McNeely PK, Thomas JH, Blawzdziewicz J. Mechanical feedback and robustness of apical constrictions in Drosophila embryo ventral furrow formation. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009173. [PMID: 34228708 PMCID: PMC8284804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of the ventral furrow in the Drosophila embryo relies on the apical constriction of cells in the ventral region to produce bending forces that drive tissue invagination. In our recent paper we observed that apical constrictions during the initial phase of ventral furrow formation produce elongated patterns of cellular constriction chains prior to invagination and argued that these are indicative of tensile stress feedback. Here, we quantitatively analyze the constriction patterns preceding ventral furrow formation and find that they are consistent with the predictions of our active-granular-fluid model of a monolayer of mechanically coupled stress-sensitive constricting particles. Our model shows that tensile feedback causes constriction chains to develop along underlying precursor tensile stress chains that gradually strengthen with subsequent cellular constrictions. As seen in both our model and available optogenetic experiments, this mechanism allows constriction chains to penetrate or circumvent zones of reduced cell contractility, thus increasing the robustness of ventral furrow formation to spatial variation of cell contractility by rescuing cellular constrictions in the disrupted regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Holcomb
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Guo-Jie Jason Gao
- Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Mahsa Servati
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dylan Schneider
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Presley K. McNeely
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey H. Thomas
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jerzy Blawzdziewicz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
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14
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Kreis J, Bonß R, Feistel K, Vick P. Expression of an endosome-excluded Cd63 prevents axis elongation in Xenopus. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2020; 2020:10.17912/micropub.biology.000334. [PMID: 33274330 PMCID: PMC7704260 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Kreis
- Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ramona Bonß
- Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kerstin Feistel
- Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Philipp Vick
- Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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15
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Mechanical Coupling Coordinates the Co-elongation of Axial and Paraxial Tissues in Avian Embryos. Dev Cell 2020; 55:354-366.e5. [PMID: 32918876 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Tissues undergoing morphogenesis impose mechanical effects on one another. How developmental programs adapt to or take advantage of these effects remains poorly explored. Here, using a combination of live imaging, modeling, and microsurgical perturbations, we show that the axial and paraxial tissues in the forming avian embryonic body coordinate their rates of elongation through mechanical interactions. First, a cell motility gradient drives paraxial presomitic mesoderm (PSM) expansion, resulting in compression of the axial neural tube and notochord; second, elongation of axial tissues driven by PSM compression and polarized cell intercalation pushes the caudal progenitor domain posteriorly; finally, the axial push drives the lateral movement of midline PSM cells to maintain PSM growth and cell motility. These interactions form an engine-like positive feedback loop, which sustains a shared elongation rate for coupled tissues. Our results demonstrate a key role of inter-tissue forces in coordinating distinct body axis tissues during their co-elongation.
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16
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Lungova V, Griffin KV, Lunga T, Thibeault SL. Drainage of amniotic fluid delays vocal fold separation and induces load-related vocal fold mucosa remodeling. Dev Biol 2020; 466:47-58. [PMID: 32777221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the role of mechanical load as generated by amniotic fluid in the vocal fold embryogenesis. In utero, amniotic fluid flows through the laryngeal inlet down into the lungs during fetal breathing and swallowing. In a mouse model, the onset of fetal breathing coincides with epithelial lamina recanalization. The epithelial lamina is a temporal structure that is formed during early stages of the larynx development and is gradually resorbed whereby joining the upper and lower airways. Here, we show that a temporary decrease in mechanical load secondary to drainage of amniotic fluid and subsequent flow restoration, impaired timing of epithelial lamina disintegration. Moreover, re-accumulation of fluid in the laryngeal region led to VF tissue deformation triggering remodeling of the epithelium and pressure generated changes in the elastic properties of the lamina propria, as measured by atomic force microscopy. We further show that load-related structural changes were likely mediated by Piezo 1 -Yap signaling pathway in the vocal fold epithelium. Understanding the relationship between the mechanical and biological parameters in the larynx is key to gaining insights into pathogenesis of congenital laryngeal disorders as well as mechanisms of vocal fold tissue remodeling in response to mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlasta Lungova
- Department of Surgery, UW Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, WIMR, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Kate V Griffin
- Department of Surgery, UW Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, WIMR, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Tadeas Lunga
- Department of Surgery, UW Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, WIMR, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Susan L Thibeault
- Department of Surgery, UW Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, WIMR, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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17
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Abstract
Spinal dysraphism is an umbrella term that encompasses a number of congenital malformations that affect the central nervous system. The etiology of these conditions can be traced back to a specific defect in embryological development, with the more disabling malformations occurring at an earlier gestational age. A thorough understanding of the relevant neuroembryology is imperative for clinicians to select the correct treatment and prevent complications associated with spinal dysraphism. This paper will review the neuroembryology associated with the various forms of spinal dysraphism and provide a clinical-pathological correlation for these congenital malformations.
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18
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Freedman BR, Mooney DJ. Biomaterials to Mimic and Heal Connective Tissues. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1806695. [PMID: 30908806 PMCID: PMC6504615 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201806695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Connective tissue is one of the four major types of animal tissue and plays essential roles throughout the human body. Genetic factors, aging, and trauma all contribute to connective tissue dysfunction and motivate the need for strategies to promote healing and regeneration. The goal here is to link a fundamental understanding of connective tissues and their multiscale properties to better inform the design and translation of novel biomaterials to promote their regeneration. Major clinical problems in adipose tissue, cartilage, dermis, and tendon are discussed that inspire the need to replace native connective tissue with biomaterials. Then, multiscale structure-function relationships in native soft connective tissues that may be used to guide material design are detailed. Several biomaterials strategies to improve healing of these tissues that incorporate biologics and are biologic-free are reviewed. Finally, important guidance documents and standards (ASTM, FDA, and EMA) that are important to consider for translating new biomaterials into clinical practice are highligted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Freedman
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - David J Mooney
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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19
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Szabó A, Theveneau E, Turan M, Mayor R. Neural crest streaming as an emergent property of tissue interactions during morphogenesis. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1007002. [PMID: 31009457 PMCID: PMC6497294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental question in embryo morphogenesis is how a complex pattern is established in seemingly uniform tissues. During vertebrate development, neural crest cells differentiate as a continuous mass of tissue along the neural tube and subsequently split into spatially distinct migratory streams to invade the rest of the embryo. How these streams are established is not well understood. Inhibitory signals surrounding the migratory streams led to the idea that position and size of streams are determined by a pre-pattern of such signals. While clear evidence for a pre-pattern in the cranial region is still lacking, all computational models of neural crest migration published so far have assumed a pre-pattern of negative signals that channel the neural crest into streams. Here we test the hypothesis that instead of following a pre-existing pattern, the cranial neural crest creates their own migratory pathway by interacting with the surrounding tissue. By combining theoretical modeling with experimentation, we show that streams emerge from the interaction of the hindbrain neural crest and the neighboring epibranchial placodal tissues, without the need for a pre-existing guidance cue. Our model suggests that the initial collective neural crest invasion is based on short-range repulsion and asymmetric attraction between neighboring tissues. The model provides a coherent explanation for the formation of cranial neural crest streams in concert with previously reported findings and our new in vivo observations. Our results point to a general mechanism of inducing collective invasion patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Szabó
- Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Theveneau
- Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa Turan
- Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Subramanian A, Kanzaki LF, Galloway JL, Schilling TF. Mechanical force regulates tendon extracellular matrix organization and tenocyte morphogenesis through TGFbeta signaling. eLife 2018; 7:e38069. [PMID: 30475205 PMCID: PMC6345564 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical forces between cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) influence cell shape and function. Tendons are ECM-rich tissues connecting muscles with bones that bear extreme tensional force. Analysis of transgenic zebrafish expressing mCherry driven by the tendon determinant scleraxis reveals that tendon fibroblasts (tenocytes) extend arrays of microtubule-rich projections at the onset of muscle contraction. In the trunk, these form a dense curtain along the myotendinous junctions at somite boundaries, perpendicular to myofibers, suggesting a role as force sensors to control ECM production and tendon strength. Paralysis or destabilization of microtubules reduces projection length and surrounding ECM, both of which are rescued by muscle stimulation. Paralysis also reduces SMAD3 phosphorylation in tenocytes and chemical inhibition of TGFβ signaling shortens tenocyte projections. These results suggest that TGFβ, released in response to force, acts on tenocytes to alter their morphology and ECM production, revealing a feedback mechanism by which tendons adapt to tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arul Subramanian
- Department of Developmental and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Lauren Fallon Kanzaki
- Department of Developmental and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Jenna Lauren Galloway
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Stem Cell InstituteBostonUnited States
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21
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Lu Q, Bhattachan P, Dong B. Ascidian notochord elongation. Dev Biol 2018; 448:147-153. [PMID: 30458170 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The elongation of embryo and tissue is a key morphogenetic event in embryogenesis and organogenesis. Notochord, a typical chordate organ, undergoes elongation to perform its regulatory roles and to form the structural support in the embryo. Notochord elongation is morphologically similar across all chordates, but ascidian has evolved distinct molecular and cellular processes. Here, we summarize the current understanding of ascidian notochord elongation. We divide the process into three phases and discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms in each phase. In the first phase, the notochord converges and extends through invagination and mediolateral intercalation, and partially elongates to form a single diameter cell column along the anterior-posterior axis. In the second phase, a cytokinesis-like actomyosin ring is constructed at the equator of each cell and drives notochord to elongate approximately two-fold. The molecular composition and architecture of the ascidian notochord contractile ring are similar to that of the cytokinetic ring. However, the notochord contractile ring does not impose cell division but only drives cell elongation followed by disassembly. We discuss the self-organizing property of the circumferential actomyosin ring, and why it disassembles when certain notochord length is achieved. The similar ring structures are also present in the elongation process of other organs in evolutionarily divergent animals such as Drosophila and C. elegans. We hereby propose that actomyosin ring-based circumferential contraction is a common mechanism adopted in diverse systems to drive embryo and tissue elongation. In the third phase, the notochord experiences tubulogenesis and the endothelial-like cells crawl bi-directionally on the notochord sheath to further lengthen the notochord. In this review, we also discuss extracellular matrix proteins, notochord sheath, and surrounding tissues that may contribute to notochord integrity and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongxuan Lu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Punit Bhattachan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Bo Dong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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22
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Evolution of the bilaterian mouth and anus. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 2:1358-1376. [PMID: 30135501 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0641-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is widely held that the bilaterian tubular gut with mouth and anus evolved from a simple gut with one major gastric opening. However, there is no consensus on how this happened. Did the single gastric opening evolve into a mouth, with the anus forming elsewhere in the body (protostomy), or did it evolve into an anus, with the mouth forming elsewhere (deuterostomy), or did it evolve into both mouth and anus (amphistomy)? These questions are addressed by the comparison of developmental fates of the blastopore, the opening of the embryonic gut, in diverse animals that live today. Here we review comparative data on the identity and fate of blastoporal tissue, investigate how the formation of the through-gut relates to the major body axes, and discuss to what extent evolutionary scenarios are consistent with these data. Available evidence indicates that stem bilaterians had a slit-like gastric opening that was partially closed in subsequent evolution, leaving open the anus and most likely also the mouth, which would favour amphistomy. We discuss remaining difficulties, and outline directions for future research.
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23
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Shook DR, Kasprowicz EM, Davidson LA, Keller R. Large, long range tensile forces drive convergence during Xenopus blastopore closure and body axis elongation. eLife 2018; 7:e26944. [PMID: 29533180 PMCID: PMC5896886 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Indirect evidence suggests that blastopore closure during gastrulation of anamniotes, including amphibians such as Xenopus laevis, depends on circumblastoporal convergence forces generated by the marginal zone (MZ), but direct evidence is lacking. We show that explanted MZs generate tensile convergence forces up to 1.5 μN during gastrulation and over 4 μN thereafter. These forces are generated by convergent thickening (CT) until the midgastrula and increasingly by convergent extension (CE) thereafter. Explants from ventralized embryos, which lack tissues expressing CE but close their blastopores, produce up to 2 μN of tensile force, showing that CT alone generates forces sufficient to close the blastopore. Uniaxial tensile stress relaxation assays show stiffening of mesodermal and ectodermal tissues around the onset of neurulation, potentially enhancing long-range transmission of convergence forces. These results illuminate the mechanobiology of early vertebrate morphogenic mechanisms, aid interpretation of phenotypes, and give insight into the evolution of blastopore closure mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Shook
- Department of BiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Eric M Kasprowicz
- Department of Internal MedicineThomas Jefferson University HospitalPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Lance A Davidson
- Department of Computational and Systems BiologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
| | - Raymond Keller
- Department of BiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
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24
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Linde-Medina M, Marcucio R. Living tissues are more than cell clusters: The extracellular matrix as a driving force in morphogenesis. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 137:46-51. [PMID: 29398066 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the study of morphogenesis, there is a general tendency to look at the extracellular matrix (ECM) as a mechanically passive agent that simply gives support to cells, and consequently, to place all the explanatory burden on cellular behaviors. Here we aimed to show that not only cells, but also the ECM may be an important force of morphogenesis. Understanding the mechanical role of the ECM broadens our view of morphogenesis and stresses the importance of considering embryonic tissues as a composite of cells and ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Linde-Medina
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, San Francisco General Hospital, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
| | - Ralph Marcucio
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, San Francisco General Hospital, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
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25
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Wang D, Wang Z, Zhao X, Xu Y, Bao Z. An Observation Data Driven Simulation and Analysis Framework for Early Stage <i>C. elegans</i> Embryogenesis. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2018; 11:225-234. [PMID: 35574576 PMCID: PMC9097948 DOI: 10.4236/jbise.2018.118018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in cutting-edge live microscopy and image analysis provide a unique opportunity to systematically investigate individual cell’s dynamics as well as simulation-based hypothesis testing. After a summary of data generation and analysis in the observation and modeling efforts related to C. elegans embryogenesis, we develop a systematic approach to model the basic behaviors of individual cells. Next, we present our ideas to model cell fate, division, and movement using 3D time-lapse images within an agent-based modeling framework. Then, we summarize preliminary result and discuss efforts in cell fate, division, and movement modeling. Finally, we discuss the ongoing efforts and future directions for C. elegans embryo modeling, including an inferred developmental landscape for cell fate, a quasi-equilibrium model for cell division, and multi-agent, deep reinforcement learning for cell movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dali Wang
- Department of Electric Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 37996, USA
- Environmental Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Zi Wang
- Department of Electric Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 37996, USA
| | - Xiaopeng Zhao
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 37996, USA
| | - Yichi Xu
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NYC, USA
| | - Zhirong Bao
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NYC, USA
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26
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Guirao B, Bellaïche Y. Biomechanics of cell rearrangements in Drosophila. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017; 48:113-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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Kuony A, Michon F. Epithelial Markers aSMA, Krt14, and Krt19 Unveil Elements of Murine Lacrimal Gland Morphogenesis and Maturation. Front Physiol 2017; 8:739. [PMID: 29033846 PMCID: PMC5627580 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As an element of the lacrimal apparatus, the lacrimal gland (LG) produces the aqueous part of the tear film, which protects the eye surface. Therefore, a defective LG can lead to serious eyesight impairment. Up to now, little is known about LG morphogenesis and subsequent maturation. In this study, we delineated elements of the cellular and molecular events involved in LG formation by using three epithelial markers, namely aSMA, Krt14, and Krt19. While aSMA marked a restricted epithelial population of the terminal end buds (TEBs) in the forming LG, Krt14 was found in the whole embryonic LG epithelial basal cell layer. Interestingly, Krt19 specifically labeled the presumptive ductal domain and subsequently, the luminal cell layer. By combining these markers, the Fucci reporter mouse strain and genetic fate mapping of the Krt14+ population, we demonstrated that LG epithelium expansion is fuelled by a patterned cell proliferation, and to a lesser extent by epithelial reorganization and possible mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition. We pointed out that this epithelial reorganization, which is associated with apoptosis, regulated the lumen formation. Finally, we showed that the inhibition of Notch signaling prevented the ductal identity from setting, and led to a LG covered by ectopic TEBs. Taken together our results bring a deeper understanding on LG morphogenesis, epithelial domain identity, and organ expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Kuony
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
| | - Frederic Michon
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
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28
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Shindo A. Models of convergent extension during morphogenesis. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 7. [PMID: 28906063 PMCID: PMC5763355 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Convergent extension (CE) is a fundamental and conserved collective cell movement that forms elongated tissues during embryonic development. Thus far, studies have demonstrated two different mechanistic models of collective cell movements during CE. The first, termed the crawling mode, was discovered in the process of notochord formation in Xenopus laevis embryos, and has been the established model of CE for decades. The second model, known as the contraction mode, was originally reported in studies of germband extension in Drosophila melanogaster embryos and was recently demonstrated to be a conserved mechanism of CE among tissues and stages of development across species. This review summarizes the two modes of CE by focusing on the differences in cytoskeletal behaviors and relative expression of cell adhesion molecules. The upstream molecules regulating these machineries are also discussed. There are abundant studies of notochord formation in X. laevis embryos, as this was one of the pioneering model systems in this field. Therefore, the present review discusses these findings as an approach to the fundamental biological question of collective cell regulation. WIREs Dev Biol 2018, 7:e293. doi: 10.1002/wdev.293 This article is categorized under:
Early Embryonic Development > Gastrulation and Neurulation Comparative Development and Evolution > Model Systems
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Affiliation(s)
- Asako Shindo
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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29
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Wang F, Gao ZX, Cai F, Sinkemani A, Xie ZY, Shi R, Wei JN, Wu XT. Formation, function, and exhaustion of notochordal cytoplasmic vacuoles within intervertebral disc: current understanding and speculation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:57800-57812. [PMID: 28915712 PMCID: PMC5593684 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Notochord nucleus pulposus cells are characteristic of containing abundant and giant cytoplasmic vacuoles. This review explores the embryonic formation, biological function, and postnatal exhaustion of notochord vacuoles, aiming to characterize the signal network transforming the vacuolated nucleus pulposus cells into the vacuole-less chondrocytic cells. Embryonically, the cytoplasmic vacuoles within vertebrate notochord originate from an evolutionarily conserved vacuolation process during neurulation, which may continue to provide mechanical and signal support in constructing a mammalian intervertebral disc. For full vacuolation, a vacuolating specification from dorsal organizer cells, synchronized convergent extension, well-structured notochord sheath, and sufficient post-Golgi trafficking in notochord cells are required. Postnatally, age-related and species-specific exhaustion of vacuolated nucleus pulposus cells could be potentiated by Fas- and Fas ligand-induced apoptosis, intolerance to mechanical stress and nutrient deficiency, vacuole-mediated proliferation check, and gradual de-vacuolation within the avascular and compression-loaded intervertebral disc. These results suggest that the notochord vacuoles are active and versatile organelles for both embryonic notochord and postnatal nucleus pulposus, and may provide novel information on intervertebral disc degeneration to guide cell-based regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Surgery Research Center, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zeng-Xin Gao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Surgery Research Center, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Feng Cai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Arjun Sinkemani
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Surgery Research Center, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhi-Yang Xie
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Surgery Research Center, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Rui Shi
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Surgery Research Center, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ji-Nan Wei
- Surgery Research Center, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Tao Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Surgery Research Center, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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30
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Multiple neural tube defects: a rare combination of limited dorsal myeloschisis, diplomyelia with dorsal bony spur, sacral meningocoele, syringohydromyelia, and tethered cord. Childs Nerv Syst 2017; 33:699-701. [PMID: 27942921 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-016-3310-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiple neural tube defects are relatively rare. They account for less than 1% reported neural tube defects. Cases of limited dorsal myeloschisis (LDM) and diplomyelia (two cords in single sac without intervening bony or fibrous septae) with dorsal bony spur are also a rare event. Here, the authors report a rare case of neonate with thoracic LDM, diplomyelia with dorsal bony spur, sacral meningocoele with syringohydromyelia, and low-lying tethered cord. The child also had a ventricular septal defect (VSD) and bilateral rocker bottom feet. Various environmental factors and genetic mutations in transmembrane proteins have been studied in animal models explaining the origin of neural tube defects. To the best of author's knowledge, this is the first case of varied multiple neural tube defects with diplomyelia reported in world literature.
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Markovič R, Peltan J, Gosak M, Horvat D, Žalik B, Seguy B, Chauvel R, Malandain G, Couffinhal T, Duplàa C, Marhl M, Roux E. Planar cell polarity genes frizzled4 and frizzled6 exert patterning influence on arterial vessel morphogenesis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171033. [PMID: 28253274 PMCID: PMC5333836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative analysis of the vascular network anatomy is critical for the understanding of the vasculature structure and function. In this study, we have combined microcomputed tomography (microCT) and computational analysis to provide quantitative three-dimensional geometrical and topological characterization of the normal kidney vasculature, and to investigate how 2 core genes of the Wnt/planar cell polarity, Frizzled4 and Frizzled6, affect vascular network morphogenesis. Experiments were performed on frizzled4 (Fzd4-/-) and frizzled6 (Fzd6-/-) deleted mice and littermate controls (WT) perfused with a contrast medium after euthanasia and exsanguination. The kidneys were scanned with a high-resolution (16 μm) microCT imaging system, followed by 3D reconstruction of the arterial vasculature. Computational treatment includes decomposition of 3D networks based on Diameter-Defined Strahler Order (DDSO). We have calculated quantitative (i) Global scale parameters, such as the volume of the vasculature and its fractal dimension (ii) Structural parameters depending on the DDSO hierarchical levels such as hierarchical ordering, diameter, length and branching angles of the vessel segments, and (iii) Functional parameters such as estimated resistance to blood flow alongside the vascular tree and average density of terminal arterioles. In normal kidneys, fractal dimension was 2.07±0.11 (n = 7), and was significantly lower in Fzd4-/- (1.71±0.04; n = 4), and Fzd6-/- (1.54±0.09; n = 3) kidneys. The DDSO number was 5 in WT and Fzd4-/-, and only 4 in Fzd6-/-. Scaling characteristics such as diameter and length of vessel segments were altered in mutants, whereas bifurcation angles were not different from WT. Fzd4 and Fzd6 deletion increased vessel resistance, calculated using the Hagen-Poiseuille equation, for each DDSO, and decreased the density and the homogeneity of the distal vessel segments. Our results show that our methodology is suitable for 3D quantitative characterization of vascular networks, and that Fzd4 and Fzd6 genes have a deep patterning effect on arterial vessel morphogenesis that may determine its functional efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Markovič
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Education, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Julien Peltan
- INSERM, Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases U1034, Pessac, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases U1034, Pessac, France
- Service des Maladies Cardiaques et Vasculaires, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marko Gosak
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Denis Horvat
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Borut Žalik
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Benjamin Seguy
- INSERM, Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases U1034, Pessac, France
- Service des Maladies Cardiaques et Vasculaires, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Remi Chauvel
- INSERM, Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases U1034, Pessac, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases U1034, Pessac, France
- Service des Maladies Cardiaques et Vasculaires, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Thierry Couffinhal
- INSERM, Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases U1034, Pessac, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases U1034, Pessac, France
- Service des Maladies Cardiaques et Vasculaires, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cécile Duplàa
- INSERM, Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases U1034, Pessac, France
| | - Marko Marhl
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Education, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Etienne Roux
- INSERM, Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases U1034, Pessac, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases U1034, Pessac, France
- * E-mail:
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Ulmer B, Tingler M, Kurz S, Maerker M, Andre P, Mönch D, Campione M, Deißler K, Lewandoski M, Thumberger T, Schweickert A, Fainsod A, Steinbeißer H, Blum M. A novel role of the organizer gene Goosecoid as an inhibitor of Wnt/PCP-mediated convergent extension in Xenopus and mouse. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43010. [PMID: 28220837 PMCID: PMC5318956 DOI: 10.1038/srep43010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Goosecoid (Gsc) expression marks the primary embryonic organizer in vertebrates and beyond. While functions have been assigned during later embryogenesis, the role of Gsc in the organizer has remained enigmatic. Using conditional gain-of-function approaches in Xenopus and mouse to maintain Gsc expression in the organizer and along the axial midline, neural tube closure defects (NTDs) arose and dorsal extension was compromised. Both phenotypes represent convergent extension (CE) defects, arising from impaired Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling. Dvl2 recruitment to the cell membrane was inhibited by Gsc in Xenopus animal cap assays and key Wnt/PCP factors (RhoA, Vangl2, Prickle, Wnt11) rescued Gsc-mediated NTDs. Re-evaluation of endogenous Gsc functions in MO-mediated gene knockdown frog and knockout mouse embryos unearthed PCP/CE-related phenotypes as well, including cartilage defects in Xenopus and misalignment of inner ear hair cells in mouse. Our results assign a novel function to Gsc as an inhibitor of Wnt/PCP-mediated CE. We propose that in the organizer Gsc represses CE as well: Gsc-expressing prechordal cells, which leave the organizer first, migrate and do not undergo CE like the Gsc-negative notochordal cells, which subsequently emerge from the organizer. In this model, Gsc provides a switch between cell migration and CE, i.e. cell intercalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bärbel Ulmer
- University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Melanie Tingler
- University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sabrina Kurz
- University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Maerker
- University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Philipp Andre
- University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dina Mönch
- University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marina Campione
- University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kirsten Deißler
- University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mark Lewandoski
- Genetics of Vertebrate Development Section, Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | - Axel Schweickert
- University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Abraham Fainsod
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Herbert Steinbeißer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Blum
- University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Rebocho AB, Southam P, Kennaway JR, Bangham JA, Coen E. Generation of shape complexity through tissue conflict resolution. eLife 2017; 6:e20156. [PMID: 28166865 PMCID: PMC5295819 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Out-of-plane tissue deformations are key morphogenetic events during plant and animal development that generate 3D shapes, such as flowers or limbs. However, the mechanisms by which spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression modify cellular behaviours to generate such deformations remain to be established. We use the Snapdragon flower as a model system to address this problem. Combining cellular analysis with tissue-level modelling, we show that an orthogonal pattern of growth orientations plays a key role in generating out-of-plane deformations. This growth pattern is most likely oriented by a polarity field, highlighted by PIN1 protein localisation, and is modulated by dorsoventral gene activity. The orthogonal growth pattern interacts with other patterns of differential growth to create tissue conflicts that shape the flower. Similar shape changes can be generated by contraction as well as growth, suggesting tissue conflict resolution provides a flexible morphogenetic mechanism for generating shape diversity in plants and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra B Rebocho
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, England
| | - Paul Southam
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, England
| | - J Richard Kennaway
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, England
| | - J Andrew Bangham
- School of Computational Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, England
| | - Enrico Coen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, England
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Höhn S, Hallmann A. Distinct shape-shifting regimes of bowl-shaped cell sheets - embryonic inversion in the multicellular green alga Pleodorina. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2016; 16:35. [PMID: 27733125 PMCID: PMC5062935 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-016-0134-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The multicellular volvocine alga Pleodorina is intermediate in organismal complexity between its unicellular relative, Chlamydomonas, and its multicellular relative, Volvox, which shows complete division of labor between different cell types. The volvocine green microalgae form a group of genera closely related to the genus Volvox within the order Volvocales (Chlorophyta). Embryos of multicellular volvocine algae consist of a cellular monolayer that, depending on the species, is either bowl-shaped or comprises a sphere. During embryogenesis, multicellular volvocine embryos turn their cellular monolayer right-side out to expose their flagella. This process is called 'inversion' and serves as simple model for epithelial folding in metazoa. While the development of spherical Volvox embryos has been the subject of detailed studies, the inversion process of bowl-shaped embryos is less well understood. Therefore, it has been unclear how the inversion of a sphere might have evolved from less complicated processes. RESULTS In this study we characterized the inversion of initially bowl-shaped embryos of the 64- to 128-celled volvocine species Pleodorina californica. We focused on the movement patterns of the cell sheet, cell shape changes and changes in the localization of cytoplasmic bridges (CBs) connecting the cells. The development of living embryos was recorded using time-lapse light microscopy. Moreover, fixed and sectioned embryos throughout inversion and at successive stages of development were analyzed by light and transmission electron microscopy. We generated three-dimensional models of the identified cell shapes including the localization of CBs. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to descriptions concerning volvocine embryos with lower cell numbers, the embryonic cells of P. californica undergo non-simultaneous and non-uniform cell shape changes. In P. californica, cell wedging in combination with a relocation of the CBs to the basal cell tips explains the curling of the cell sheet during inversion. In volvocine genera with lower organismal complexity, the cell shape changes and relocation of CBs are less pronounced in comparison to P. californica, while they are more pronounced in all members of the genus Volvox. This finding supports an increasing significance of the temporal and spatial regulation of cell shape changes and CB relocations with both increasing cell number and organismal complexity during evolution of differentiated multicellularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Höhn
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology of Plants, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.,Present address: DAMTP, Biological Physics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge, CB3 0WA, UK
| | - Armin Hallmann
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology of Plants, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
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Campàs O. A toolbox to explore the mechanics of living embryonic tissues. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 55:119-30. [PMID: 27061360 PMCID: PMC4903887 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The sculpting of embryonic tissues and organs into their functional morphologies involves the spatial and temporal regulation of mechanics at cell and tissue scales. Decades of in vitro work, complemented by some in vivo studies, have shown the relevance of mechanical cues in the control of cell behaviors that are central to developmental processes, but the lack of methodologies enabling precise, quantitative measurements of mechanical cues in vivo have hindered our understanding of the role of mechanics in embryonic development. Several methodologies are starting to enable quantitative studies of mechanics in vivo and in situ, opening new avenues to explore how mechanics contributes to shaping embryonic tissues and how it affects cell behavior within developing embryos. Here we review the present methodologies to study the role of mechanics in living embryonic tissues, considering their strengths and drawbacks as well as the conditions in which they are most suitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otger Campàs
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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36
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Rochard L, Monica SD, Ling ITC, Kong Y, Roberson S, Harland R, Halpern M, Liao EC. Roles of Wnt pathway genes wls, wnt9a, wnt5b, frzb and gpc4 in regulating convergent-extension during zebrafish palate morphogenesis. Development 2016; 143:2541-7. [PMID: 27287801 DOI: 10.1242/dev.137000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway is crucial for tissue morphogenesis, participating in cellular behavior changes, notably during the process of convergent-extension. Interactions between Wnt-secreting and receiving cells during convergent-extension remain elusive. We investigated the role and genetic interactions of Wnt ligands and their trafficking factors Wls, Gpc4 and Frzb in the context of palate morphogenesis in zebrafish. We describe that the chaperon Wls and its ligands Wnt9a and Wnt5b are expressed in the ectoderm, whereas juxtaposed chondrocytes express Frzb and Gpc4. Using wls, gpc4, frzb, wnt9a and wnt5b mutants, we genetically dissected the Wnt signals operating between secreting ectoderm and receiving chondrocytes. Our analysis delineates that non-canonical Wnt signaling is required for cell intercalation, and that wnt5b and wnt9a are required for palate extension in the anteroposterior and transverse axes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Rochard
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Stefanie D Monica
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Irving T C Ling
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Yawei Kong
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sara Roberson
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, and Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3520 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Richard Harland
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Marnie Halpern
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, and Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3520 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Eric C Liao
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Identification of new regulators of embryonic patterning and morphogenesis in Xenopus gastrulae by RNA sequencing. Dev Biol 2016; 426:429-441. [PMID: 27209239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
During early vertebrate embryogenesis, cell fate specification is often coupled with cell acquisition of specific adhesive, polar and/or motile behaviors. In Xenopus gastrulae, tissues fated to form different axial structures display distinct motility. The cells in the early organizer move collectively and directionally toward the animal pole and contribute to anterior mesendoderm, whereas the dorsal and the ventral-posterior trunk tissues surrounding the blastopore of mid-gastrula embryos undergo convergent extension and convergent thickening movements, respectively. While factors regulating cell lineage specification have been described in some detail, the molecular machinery that controls cell motility is not understood in depth. To gain insight into the gene battery that regulates both cell fates and motility in particular embryonic tissues, we performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to investigate differentially expressed genes in the early organizer, the dorsal and the ventral marginal zone of Xenopus gastrulae. We uncovered many known signaling and transcription factors that have been reported to play roles in embryonic patterning during gastrulation. We also identified many uncharacterized genes as well as genes that encoded extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins or potential regulators of actin cytoskeleton. Co-expression of a selected subset of the differentially expressed genes with activin in animal caps revealed that they had distinct ability to block activin-induced animal cap elongation. Most of these factors did not interfere with mesodermal induction by activin, but an ECM protein, EFEMP2, inhibited activin signaling and acted downstream of the activated type I receptor. By focusing on a secreted protein kinase PKDCC1, we showed with overexpression and knockdown experiments that PKDCC1 regulated gastrulation movements as well as anterior neural patterning during early Xenopus development. Overall, our studies identify many differentially expressed signaling and cytoskeleton regulators in different embryonic regions of Xenopus gastrulae and imply their functions in regulating cell fates and/or behaviors during gastrulation.
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38
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Dchs1-Fat4 regulation of polarized cell behaviours during skeletal morphogenesis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11469. [PMID: 27145737 PMCID: PMC4858749 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal shape varies widely across species as adaptation to specialized modes of feeding and locomotion, but how skeletal shape is established is unknown. An example of extreme diversity in the shape of a skeletal structure can be seen in the sternum, which varies considerably across species. Here we show that the Dchs1–Fat4 planar cell polarity pathway controls cell orientation in the early skeletal condensation to define the shape and relative dimensions of the mouse sternum. These changes fit a model of cell intercalation along differential Dchs1–Fat4 activity that drives a simultaneous narrowing, thickening and elongation of the sternum. Our results identify the regulation of cellular polarity within the early pre-chondrogenic mesenchyme, when skeletal shape is established, and provide the first demonstration that Fat4 and Dchs1 establish polarized cell behaviour intrinsically within the mesenchyme. Our data also reveal the first indication that cell intercalation processes occur during ventral body wall elongation and closure. How the shape of the sternum is regulated is unclear. Here, the authors identify the Dchs1-Fat4-planar cell polarity pathway as controlling cell orientation and cell intercalation of mesenchymal cells that form skeletal condensations for the mouse sternum, which defines the relative dimensions of the sternum.
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Collinet C, Rauzi M, Lenne PF, Lecuit T. Local and tissue-scale forces drive oriented junction growth during tissue extension. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:1247-58. [PMID: 26389664 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Convergence-extension is a widespread morphogenetic process driven by polarized cell intercalation. In the Drosophila germ band, epithelial intercalation comprises loss of junctions between anterior-posterior neighbours followed by growth of new junctions between dorsal-ventral neighbours. Much is known about how active stresses drive polarized junction shrinkage. However, it is unclear how tissue convergence-extension emerges from local junction remodelling and what the specific role, if any, of junction growth is. Here we report that tissue convergence and extension correlate mostly with new junction growth. Simulations and in vivo mechanical perturbations reveal that junction growth is due to local polarized stresses driven by medial actomyosin contractions. Moreover, we find that tissue-scale pulling forces at the boundary with the invaginating posterior midgut actively participate in tissue extension by orienting junction growth. Thus, tissue extension is akin to a polarized fluid flow that requires parallel and concerted local and tissue-scale forces to drive junction growth and cell-cell displacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Collinet
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM UMR7288 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Matteo Rauzi
- EMBL Heidelberg, Meyerhofstrasse 1 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Lecuit
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM UMR7288 13009 Marseille, France
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Chien YH, Keller R, Kintner C, Shook DR. Mechanical strain determines the axis of planar polarity in ciliated epithelia. Curr Biol 2015; 25:2774-2784. [PMID: 26441348 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Epithelia containing multiciliated cells align beating cilia along a common planar axis specified by the conserved planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway. Specification of the planar axis is also thought to require a long-range cue to align the axis globally, but the nature of this cue in ciliated and other epithelia remains poorly understood. We examined this issue using the Xenopus larval skin, where ciliary flow aligns to the anterior-posterior (A-P) axis. We first show that a planar axis initially arises in the developing skin during gastrulation, based on the appearance of polarized apical microtubules and cell junctions with increased levels of stable PCP components. This axis also arises in severely ventralized embryos, despite their deficient embryonic patterning. Because ventralized embryos still gastrulate, producing a mechanical force that strains the developing skin along the A-P axis, we asked whether this strain alone drives global planar patterning. Isolated skin explanted before gastrulation lacks strain and fails to acquire a global planar axis but responds to exogenous strain by undergoing cell elongation, forming polarized apical microtubules, and aligning stable components of the PCP pathway orthogonal to the axis of strain. The planar axis in embryos can be redirected by applying exogenous strain during a critical period around gastrulation. Finally, we provide evidence that apical microtubules and the PCP pathway interact to align the planar axis. These results indicate that oriented tissue strain generated by the gastrulating mesoderm plays a major role in determining the global axis of planar polarity of the developing skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hung Chien
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ray Keller
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Chris Kintner
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - David R Shook
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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Perrone MC, Veldhuis JH, Brodland GW. Non-straight cell edges are important to invasion and engulfment as demonstrated by cell mechanics model. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2015; 15:405-18. [PMID: 26148533 PMCID: PMC4792343 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-015-0697-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Computational models of cell–cell mechanical interactions typically simulate sorting and certain other motions well, but as demands on these models continue to grow, discrepancies between the cell shapes, contact angles and behaviours they predict and those that occur in real cells have come under increased scrutiny. To investigate whether these discrepancies are a direct result of the straight cell–cell edges generally assumed in these models, we developed a finite element model that approximates cell boundaries using polylines with an arbitrary number of segments. We then compared the predictions of otherwise identical polyline and monoline (straight-edge) models in a variety of scenarios, including annealing, single- and multi-cell engulfment, sorting, and two forms of mixing—invasion and checkerboard pattern formation. Keeping cell–cell edges straight influences cell motion, cell shape, contact angle, and boundary length, especially in cases where one cell type is pulled between or around cells of a different type, as in engulfment or invasion. These differences arise because monoline cells have restricted deformation modes. Polyline cells do not face these restrictions, and with as few as three segments per edge yielded realistic edge shapes and contact angle errors one-tenth of those produced by monoline models, making them considerably more suitable for situations where angles and shapes matter, such as validation of cellular force–inference techniques. The findings suggest that non-straight cell edges are important both in modelling and in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Perrone
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Jim H Veldhuis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - G Wayne Brodland
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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42
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Stower MJ, Srinivas S. Heading forwards: anterior visceral endoderm migration in patterning the mouse embryo. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:rstb.2013.0546. [PMID: 25349454 PMCID: PMC4216468 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The elaboration of anterior–posterior (A–P) pattern is one of the earliest events during development and requires the precisely coordinated action of several players at the level of molecules, cells and tissues. In mammals, it is controlled by a specialized population of migratory extraembryonic epithelial cells, the anterior visceral endoderm (AVE). The AVE is a signalling centre that is responsible for several important patterning events during early development, including specifying the orientation of the A–P axis and the position of the heart with respect to the brain. AVE cells undergo a characteristic stereotypical migration which is crucial to their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Stower
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Shankar Srinivas
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
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43
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Freedman BR, Bade ND, Riggin CN, Zhang S, Haines PG, Ong KL, Janmey PA. The (dys)functional extracellular matrix. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:3153-64. [PMID: 25930943 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a major component of the biomechanical environment with which cells interact, and it plays important roles in both normal development and disease progression. Mechanical and biochemical factors alter the biomechanical properties of tissues by driving cellular remodeling of the ECM. This review provides an overview of the structural, compositional, and mechanical properties of the ECM that instruct cell behaviors. Case studies are reviewed that highlight mechanotransduction in the context of two distinct tissues: tendons and the heart. Although these two tissues demonstrate differences in relative cell-ECM composition and mechanical environment, they share similar mechanisms underlying ECM dysfunction and cell mechanotransduction. Together, these topics provide a framework for a fundamental understanding of the ECM and how it may vary across normal and diseased tissues in response to mechanical and biochemical cues. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Freedman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nathan D Bade
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Corinne N Riggin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sijia Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Philip G Haines
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katy L Ong
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul A Janmey
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Kelley M, Yochem J, Krieg M, Calixto A, Heiman MG, Kuzmanov A, Meli V, Chalfie M, Goodman MB, Shaham S, Frand A, Fay DS. FBN-1, a fibrillin-related protein, is required for resistance of the epidermis to mechanical deformation during C. elegans embryogenesis. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25798732 PMCID: PMC4395870 DOI: 10.7554/elife.06565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, biomechanical forces contour the body and provide shape to internal organs. Using genetic and molecular approaches in combination with a FRET-based tension sensor, we characterized a pulling force exerted by the elongating pharynx (foregut) on the anterior epidermis during C. elegans embryogenesis. Resistance of the epidermis to this force and to actomyosin-based circumferential constricting forces is mediated by FBN-1, a ZP domain protein related to vertebrate fibrillins. fbn-1 was required specifically within the epidermis and FBN-1 was expressed in epidermal cells and secreted to the apical surface as a putative component of the embryonic sheath. Tiling array studies indicated that fbn-1 mRNA processing requires the conserved alternative splicing factor MEC-8/RBPMS. The conserved SYM-3/FAM102A and SYM-4/WDR44 proteins, which are linked to protein trafficking, function as additional components of this network. Our studies demonstrate the importance of the apical extracellular matrix in preventing mechanical deformation of the epidermis during development. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06565.001 For an animal embryo to develop, its cells must organize themselves into tissues and organs. For example, skin and the lining of internal organs—such as the lungs and gut—are made from cells called epithelial cells, which are tightly linked to form flat sheets. In a microscopic worm called Caenorhabditis elegans, the outermost layer of epithelial cells (called the epidermis) forms over the surface of the embryo early on in embryonic development. Shortly afterwards, the embryonic epidermis experiences powerful contractions along the surface of the embryo. The force generated by these contractions converts the embryo from an oval shape to a roughly cylindrical form. These contractions also squeeze the internal tissues and organs, which correspondingly elongate along with the epidermis. It has been known for decades that such ‘mechanical’ forces are important for the normal development of embryos. However, it remains poorly understood how these forces generate tissues and organs of the proper shape—partly because it is difficult to measure forces in living embryos. It is also not clear how the mechanical properties of specific tissues are controlled. Now, Kelley, Yochem, Krieg et al. have analyzed the development of C. elegans' embryos and discovered a novel mechanical interplay between the feeding organ (called the pharynx) and the worm's epidermis. The experiments involved studying several mutant worms that perturb epidermal contractions and disrupt the attachment of the pharynx to the epidermis. These studies suggested that the pharynx exerts a strong inward pulling force on the epidermis during development. Using recently developed methods, Kelley, Yochem, Krieg et al. then measured mechanical forces within intact worm embryos and demonstrated that greater forces were experienced in cells that were being pulled by the pharynx. Kelley, Yochem, Krieg et al. further analyzed how the epidermis normally resists this pulling force from the pharynx and implicated a protein called FBN-1. This worm protein is structurally related to a human protein that is affected in people with a disorder called Marfan Syndrome. Worm embryos without the FBN-1 protein become severely deformed because they are unable to withstand mechanical forces at the epidermis. FBN-1 is normally synthesized and then transported to the outside of the worm embryo by epidermal cells, where it is thought to assemble into a meshwork of long fibers. This provides a strong scaffold that attaches to the epidermis to prevent the epidermis from undergoing excessive deformation while it experiences mechanical forces. The work of Kelley, Yochem, Krieg et al. provides an opportunity to understand how FBN-1 and other fiber-forming proteins are produced and transported to the cell surface. Moreover, these findings may have implications for human diseases and birth defects that result from an inability of tissues to respond appropriately to mechanical forces. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06565.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Kelley
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, United States
| | - John Yochem
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, United States
| | - Michael Krieg
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Andrea Calixto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Maxwell G Heiman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Aleksandra Kuzmanov
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, United States
| | - Vijaykumar Meli
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Martin Chalfie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Miriam B Goodman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Shai Shaham
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Alison Frand
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - David S Fay
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, United States
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Zhou J, Pal S, Maiti S, Davidson LA. Force production and mechanical accommodation during convergent extension. Development 2015; 142:692-701. [PMID: 25670794 PMCID: PMC4325376 DOI: 10.1242/dev.116533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Forces generated within the embryo during convergent extension (CE) must overcome mechanical resistance to push the head away from the rear. As mechanical resistance increases more than eightfold during CE and can vary twofold from individual to individual, we have proposed that developmental programs must include mechanical accommodation in order to maintain robust morphogenesis. To test this idea and investigate the processes that generate forces within early embryos, we developed a novel gel-based sensor to report force production as a tissue changes shape; we find that the mean stress produced by CE is 5.0±1.6 Pascal (Pa). Experiments with the gel-based force sensor resulted in three findings. (1) Force production and mechanical resistance can be coupled through myosin contractility. The coupling of these processes can be hidden unless affected tissues are challenged by physical constraints. (2) CE is mechanically adaptive; dorsal tissues can increase force production up to threefold to overcome a stiffer microenvironment. These findings demonstrate that mechanical accommodation can ensure robust morphogenetic movements against environmental and genetic variation that might otherwise perturb development and growth. (3) Force production is distributed between neural and mesodermal tissues in the dorsal isolate, and the notochord, a central structure involved in patterning vertebrate morphogenesis, is not required for force production during late gastrulation and early neurulation. Our findings suggest that genetic factors that coordinately alter force production and mechanical resistance are common during morphogenesis, and that their cryptic roles can be revealed when tissues are challenged by controlled biophysical constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Siladitya Pal
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Spandan Maiti
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Lance A Davidson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Smutny M, Behrndt M, Campinho P, Ruprecht V, Heisenberg CP. UV laser ablation to measure cell and tissue-generated forces in the zebrafish embryo in vivo and ex vivo. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1189:219-35. [PMID: 25245697 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1164-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mechanically coupled cells can generate forces driving cell and tissue morphogenesis during development. Visualization and measuring of these forces is of major importance to better understand the complexity of the biomechanic processes that shape cells and tissues. Here, we describe how UV laser ablation can be utilized to quantitatively assess mechanical tension in different tissues of the developing zebrafish and in cultures of primary germ layer progenitor cells ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Smutny
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
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47
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Honda H, Nagai T. Cell models lead to understanding of multi-cellular morphogenesis consisting of successive self-construction of cells. J Biochem 2014; 157:129-36. [PMID: 25552548 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvu088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis of multi-cellular organisms occurs through cell behaviours within a cell aggregate. Cell behaviours have been described using cell models involving equations of motion for cells. Cells in cell models construct shapes of the cell aggregate by themselves. Here, a history of cell models, the cell centre model and the vertex cell model, which we have constructed, are described. Furthermore, the application of these cell models is explained in detail. These cell models have been applied to transformation of cell aggregates to become spherical, formation of mammalian blastocysts and cell intercalation in elongating tissues. These are all elemental processes of morphogenesis and take place in succession during the whole developmental process. A chain of successive elemental processes leads to morphogenesis. Finally, we highlight that cell models are indispensable to understand the process whereby genes direct biological shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisao Honda
- Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; and Research Institute, Kyushu Kyoritsu University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8585, Japan Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; and Research Institute, Kyushu Kyoritsu University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8585, Japan
| | - Tatsuzo Nagai
- Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; and Research Institute, Kyushu Kyoritsu University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8585, Japan
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48
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Linde-Medina M, Newman SA. Limb, tooth, beak: three modes of development and evolutionary innovation of form. J Biosci 2014; 39:211-23. [PMID: 24736155 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-013-9355-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The standard model of evolutionary change of form, deriving from Darwin's theory via the Modern Synthesis, assumes a gradualistic reshaping of anatomical structures, with major changes only occurring by many cycles of natural selection for marginal adaptive advantage. This model, with its assertion that a single mechanism underlies both micro- and macroevolutionary change, contains an implicit notion of development which is only applicable in some cases. Here we compare the embryological processes that shape the vertebrate limb bud, the mammalian tooth and the avian beak. The implied notion of development in the standard evolutionary picture is met only in the case of the vertebrate limb, a single-primordium organ with morphostatic shaping, in which cells rearrange in response to signalling centres which are essentially unchanged by cell movement. In the case of the tooth, a single-primordium organ with morphodynamic shaping in which the strengths and relationships between signalling centres is influenced by the cell and tissue movements they induce, and the beak, in which the final form is influenced by the collision and rearrangement of multiple tissue primordia, abrupt appearance of qualitatively different forms (i.e. morphological novelties) can occur with small changes in system parameters induced by a genetic change, or by an environmental factor whose effects can be subsequently canalized genetically. Bringing developmental mechanisms and, specifically, the material properties of tissues as excitable media into the evolutionary picture, demonstrates that gradualistic change for incremental adaptive advantage is only one of the possible modes of morphological evolution.
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49
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FoxA4 favours notochord formation by inhibiting contiguous mesodermal fates and restricts anterior neural development in Xenopus embryos. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110559. [PMID: 25343614 PMCID: PMC4208771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, the embryonic dorsal midline is a crucial signalling centre that patterns the surrounding tissues during development. Members of the FoxA subfamily of transcription factors are expressed in the structures that compose this centre. Foxa2 is essential for dorsal midline development in mammals, since knock-out mouse embryos lack a definitive node, notochord and floor plate. The related gene foxA4 is only present in amphibians. Expression begins in the blastula -chordin and -noggin expressing centre (BCNE) and is later restricted to the dorsal midline derivatives of the Spemann's organiser. It was suggested that the early functions of mammalian foxa2 are carried out by foxA4 in frogs, but functional experiments were needed to test this hypothesis. Here, we show that some important dorsal midline functions of mammalian foxa2 are exerted by foxA4 in Xenopus. We provide new evidence that the latter prevents the respecification of dorsal midline precursors towards contiguous fates, inhibiting prechordal and paraxial mesoderm development in favour of the notochord. In addition, we show that foxA4 is required for the correct regionalisation and maintenance of the central nervous system. FoxA4 participates in constraining the prospective rostral forebrain territory during neural specification and is necessary for the correct segregation of the most anterior ectodermal derivatives, such as the cement gland and the pituitary anlagen. Moreover, the early expression of foxA4 in the BCNE (which contains precursors of the whole forebrain and most of the midbrain and hindbrain) is directly required to restrict anterior neural development.
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50
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David R, Luu O, Damm EW, Wen JWH, Nagel M, Winklbauer R. Tissue cohesion and the mechanics of cell rearrangement. Development 2014; 141:3672-82. [PMID: 25249459 DOI: 10.1242/dev.104315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Morphogenetic processes often involve the rapid rearrangement of cells held together by mutual adhesion. The dynamic nature of this adhesion endows tissues with liquid-like properties, such that large-scale shape changes appear as tissue flows. Generally, the resistance to flow (tissue viscosity) is expected to depend on the cohesion of a tissue (how strongly its cells adhere to each other), but the exact relationship between these parameters is not known. Here, we analyse the link between cohesion and viscosity to uncover basic mechanical principles of cell rearrangement. We show that for vertebrate and invertebrate tissues, viscosity varies in proportion to cohesion over a 200-fold range of values. We demonstrate that this proportionality is predicted by a cell-based model of tissue viscosity. To do so, we analyse cell adhesion in Xenopus embryonic tissues and determine a number of parameters, including tissue surface tension (as a measure of cohesion), cell contact fluctuation and cortical tension. In the tissues studied, the ratio of surface tension to viscosity, which has the dimension of a velocity, is 1.8 µm/min. This characteristic velocity reflects the rate of cell-cell boundary contraction during rearrangement, and sets a limit to rearrangement rates. Moreover, we propose that, in these tissues, cell movement is maximally efficient. Our approach to cell rearrangement mechanics links adhesion to the resistance of a tissue to plastic deformation, identifies the characteristic velocity of the process, and provides a basis for the comparison of tissues with mechanical properties that may vary by orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert David
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G5
| | - Olivia Luu
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G5
| | - Erich W Damm
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G5
| | - Jason W H Wen
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G5
| | - Martina Nagel
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G5
| | - Rudolf Winklbauer
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G5
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