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Zhou Y, Song X, Song Y, Guo J, Han G, Liu X, He F, Ming D. Acoustoelectric brain imaging with different conductivities and acoustic distributions. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1241640. [PMID: 38028773 PMCID: PMC10644821 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1241640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Acoustoelectric brain imaging (AEBI) is a promising imaging method for mapping brain biological current densities with high spatiotemporal resolution. Currently, it is still challenging to achieve human AEBI with an unclear acoustoelectric (AE) signal response of medium characteristics, particularly in conductivity and acoustic distribution. This study introduces different conductivities and acoustic distributions into the AEBI experiment, and clarifies the response interaction between medium characteristics and AEBI performance to address these key challenges. Approach: AEBI with different conductivities is explored by the imaging experiment, potential measurement, and simulation on a pig's fat, muscle, and brain tissue. AEBI with different acoustic distributions is evaluated on the imaging experiment and acoustic field measurement through a deep and surface transmitting model built on a human skullcap and pig brain tissue. Main results: The results show that conductivity is not only inversely proportional to the AE signal amplitude but also leads to a higher AEBI spatial resolution as it increases. In addition, the current source and sulcus can be located simultaneously with a strong AE signal intensity. The transcranial focal zone enlargement, pressure attenuation in the deep-transmitting model, and ultrasound echo enhancement in the surface-transmitting model cause a reduced spatial resolution, FFT-SNR, and timing correlation of AEBI. Under the comprehensive effect of conductivity and acoustics, AEBI with skull finally shows reduced imaging performance for both models compared with no-skull AEBI. On the contrary, the AE signal amplitude decreases in the deep-transmitting model and increases in the surface-transmitting model. Significance: This study reveals the response interaction between medium characteristics and AEBI performance, and makes an essential step toward developing AEBI as a practical neuroimaging technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Zhou
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xizi Song
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yibo Song
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiande Guo
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Gangnan Han
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiuyun Liu
- College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng He
- College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dong Ming
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Preston C, Alvarez AM, Allard M, Barragan A, Witte RS. Acoustoelectric Time-Reversal for Ultrasound Phase-Aberration Correction. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2023; 70:854-864. [PMID: 37405897 PMCID: PMC10493188 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2023.3292595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Acoustoelectric imaging (AEI) is a technique that combines ultrasound (US) with radio frequency recording to detect and map local current source densities. This study demonstrates a new method called acoustoelectric time reversal (AETR), which uses AEI of a small current source to correct for phase aberrations through a skull or other US-aberrating layers with applications to brain imaging and therapy. Simulations conducted at three different US frequencies (0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 MHz) were performed through media layered with different sound speeds and geometries to induce aberrations of the US beam. Time delays of the acoustoelectric (AE) signal from a monopole within the medium were calculated for each element to enable corrections using AETR. Uncorrected aberrated beam profiles were compared with those after applying AETR corrections, which demonstrated a strong recovery (29%-100%) of lateral resolution and increases in focal pressure up to 283%. To further demonstrate the practical feasibility of AETR, we further conducted bench-top experiments using a 2.5 MHz linear US array to perform AETR through 3-D-printed aberrating objects. These experiments restored lost lateral restoration up to 100% for the different aberrators and increased focal pressure up to 230% after applying AETR corrections. Cumulatively, these results highlight AETR as a powerful tool for correcting focal aberrations in the presence of a local current source with applications to AEI, US imaging, neuromodulation, and therapy.
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Kang J, Huang C, Perkins C, Alvarez A, Kunyansky L, Witte RS, O'Donnell M. Current Source Density Imaging Using Regularized Inversion of Acoustoelectric Signals. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2023; 42:739-749. [PMID: 36260574 PMCID: PMC10081961 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2022.3215748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Acoustoelectric (AE) imaging can potentially image biological currents at high spatial (~mm) and temporal (~ms) resolution. However, it does not directly map the current field distribution due to signal modulation by the acoustic field and electric lead fields. Here we present a new method for current source density (CSD) imaging. The fundamental AE equation is inverted using truncated singular value decomposition (TSVD) combined with Tikhonov regularization, where the optimal regularization parameter is found based on a modified L-curve criterion with TSVD. After deconvolution of acoustic fields, the current field can be directly reconstructed from lead field projections and the CSD image computed from the divergence of that field. A cube phantom model with a single dipole source was used for both simulation and bench-top phantom studies, where 2D AE signals generated by a 0.6 MHz 1.5D array transducer were recorded by orthogonal leads in a 3D Cartesian coordinate system. In simulations, the CSD reconstruction had significantly improved image quality and current source localization compared to AE images, and performance further improved as the fractional bandwidth (BW) increased. Similar results were obtained in the phantom with a time-varying current injected. Finally, a feasibility study using an in vivo swine heart model showed that optimally reconstructed CSD images better localized the current source than AE images over the cardiac cycle.
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Song X, Su X, Chen X, Xu M, Ming D. In Vivo Transcranial Acoustoelectric Brain Imaging of Different Steady-State Visual Stimulation Paradigms. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2022; 30:2233-2241. [PMID: 35930511 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2022.3196828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Based on the acoustoelectric (AE) effect, transcranial acoustoelectric brain imaging (tABI) is of potential for brain functional imaging with high temporal and spatial resolution. With nonlinear and non-steady-state, brain electrical signal is microvolt level which makes the development of tABI more difficult. This study demonstrates for the first time in vivo tABI of different steady-state visual stimulation paradigms. METHOD To obtain different brain activation maps, we designed three steady-state visual stimulation paradigms, including binocular, left eye and right eye stimulations. Then, tABI was implemented with one fixed recording electrode. And, based on decoded signal power spectrum (tABI-power) and correlation coefficient between steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) and decoded signal (tABI-cc) respectively, two imaging methods were investigated. To quantitatively evaluate tABI spatial resolution performance, ECoG was implemented at the same time. Finally, we explored the performance of tABI transient imaging. RESULTS Decoded AE signal of activation region is consistent with SSVEP in both time and frequency domains, while that of the nonactivated region is noise. Besides, with transcranial measurement, tABI has a millimeter-level spatial resolution (< 3mm). Meanwhile, it can achieve millisecond-level (125ms) transient brain activity imaging. CONCLUSION Experiment results validate tABI can realize brain functional imaging under complex paradigms and is expected to develop into a brain functional imaging method with high spatiotemporal resolution.
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Zhang H, Xu M, Liu M, Song X, He F, Chen S, Ming D. Biological current source imaging method based on acoustoelectric effect: A systematic review. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:807376. [PMID: 35924223 PMCID: PMC9339687 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.807376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging can help reveal the spatial and temporal diversity of neural activity, which is of utmost importance for understanding the brain. However, conventional non-invasive neuroimaging methods do not have the advantage of high temporal and spatial resolution, which greatly hinders clinical and basic research. The acoustoelectric (AE) effect is a fundamental physical phenomenon based on the change of dielectric conductivity that has recently received much attention in the field of biomedical imaging. Based on the AE effect, a new imaging method for the biological current source has been proposed, combining the advantages of high temporal resolution of electrical measurements and high spatial resolution of focused ultrasound. This paper first describes the mechanism of the AE effect and the principle of the current source imaging method based on the AE effect. The second part summarizes the research progress of this current source imaging method in brain neurons, guided brain therapy, and heart. Finally, we discuss the problems and future directions of this biological current source imaging method. This review explores the relevant research literature and provides an informative reference for this potential non-invasive neuroimaging method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Minpeng Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin International Joint Research Centre for Neural Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Miao Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin International Joint Research Centre for Neural Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xizi Song
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin International Joint Research Centre for Neural Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin International Joint Research Centre for Neural Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shanguang Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin International Joint Research Centre for Neural Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Ming
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin International Joint Research Centre for Neural Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Dong Ming
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Zhang H, Xu M, Zhang C, He F, Song X, Chen S, Jian X, Ming D. Experimental and simulation studies of localization and decoding of single and double dipoles. J Neural Eng 2022; 19. [PMID: 35468593 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac6a12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Electroencephalography (EEG) is a technique for measuring normal or abnormal neuronal activity in the human brain, but its low spatial resolution makes it difficult to locate the precise locations of neurons due to the volume conduction effect of brain tissue. The acoustoelectric (AE) effect has the advantage of detecting electrical signals with high temporal resolution and focused ultrasound with high spatial resolution. In this paper, we use dipoles to simulate real single and double neurons, and further investigate the localization and decoding of single and double dipoles based on AE effects from numerical simulations, brain tissue phantom experiments, and fresh porcine brain tissue experiments. The results show that the localization error of a single dipole is less than 0.3 mm, the decoding signal is highly correlated with the source signal, and the decoding accuracy is greater than 0.94; the location of double dipoles with an interval of 0.4 mm or more can be localized, the localization error tends to increase as the interval of dipoles decreases, and the decoding accuracy tends to decrease as the frequency of dipoles decreases. This study localizes and decodes dipole signals with high accuracy, and provides a technical method for the development of EEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, No.92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, Tianjin, 300072, CHINA
| | - Minpeng Xu
- Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, No.92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, Tianjin, Tianjin, 300072, CHINA
| | - Chen Zhang
- Tianjin University, No.92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, Tianjin, 300072, CHINA
| | - Feng He
- Tianjin University, No.92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, Tianjin, Tianjin, 300072, CHINA
| | - Xizi Song
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translation Medicine, Tianjin University, No.92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, Tianjin, Tianjin, 300072, CHINA
| | - Shanguang Chen
- Tianjin University, No.92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, Tianjin, Tianjin, 300072, CHINA
| | - Xiqi Jian
- School of biomedical and engineering, Tianjin Medical University, No.22, Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, CHINA
| | - Dong Ming
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, No.92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, Tianjin, 300072, CHINA
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Jing B, Lindsey BD. Effect of Skull Porous Trabecular Structure on Transcranial Ultrasound Imaging in the Presence of Elastic Wave Mode Conversion at Varying Incidence Angle. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2021; 47:2734-2748. [PMID: 34140169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With the advancement of aberration correction techniques, transcranial ultrasound imaging has exhibited great potential in applications such as imaging neurological function and guiding therapeutic ultrasound. However, the feasibility of transcranial imaging varies among individuals because of the differences in skull acoustic properties. To better understand the fundamental mechanisms underlying the variation in imaging performance, the effect of the structure of the porous trabecular bone on transcranial imaging performance (i.e., target localization errors and resolution) was investigated for the first time through the use of elastic wave simulations and experiments. Simulation studies using high-resolution computed tomography data from ex vivo skull samples revealed that imaging at large incidence angles reduced the target localization error for skulls having low porosity; however, as skull porosity increased, large angles of incidence resulted in degradation of resolution and increased target localization errors. Experimental results indicate that imaging at normal incidence introduced a localization error of 1.85 ± 0.10 mm, while imaging at a large incidence angle (40°) resulted in an increased localization error of 6.54 ± 1.33 mm and caused a single point target to no longer appear as a single, coherent target in the resulting image, which is consistent with simulation results. This first investigation of the effects of skull microstructure on transcranial ultrasound imaging indicates that imaging performance is highly dependent on the porosity of the skull, particularly at non-normal angles of incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Jing
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Brooks D Lindsey
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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Alvarez A, Preston C, Trujillo T, Wilhite C, Burton A, Vohnout S, Witte RS. In vivo acoustoelectric imaging for high-resolution visualization of cardiac electric spatiotemporal dynamics. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:11292-11300. [PMID: 33362052 PMCID: PMC8569939 DOI: 10.1364/ao.410172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Acoustoelectric cardiac imaging (ACI) is a hybrid modality that exploits the interaction of an ultrasonic pressure wave and the resistivity of tissue to map current densities in the heart. This study demonstrates for the first time in vivo ACI in a swine model. ACI measured beat-to-beat variability (n=20) of the peak of the cardiac activation wave at one location of the left ventricle as 5.32±0.74µV, 3.26±0.54mm below the epicardial surface, and 2.67±0.56ms before the peak of the local electrogram. Cross-sectional ACI images exhibited propagation velocities of 0.192±0.061m/s along the epicardial-endocardial axis with an SNR of 24.9 dB. This study demonstrates beat-to-beat and multidimensional ACI, which might reveal important information to help guide electroanatomic mapping procedures during ablation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Alvarez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, 1230 N Cherry Ave., Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA
- Electrosonix, LLC, 435 E 9th St., Tucson, Arizona 85705, USA
| | - Chet Preston
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, 1230 N Cherry Ave., Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA
| | - Teodoro Trujillo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, 1230 N Cherry Ave., Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA
| | - Cameron Wilhite
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, 1230 N Cherry Ave., Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA
| | - Alex Burton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, 1230 N Cherry Ave., Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA
| | - Sonia Vohnout
- Electrosonix, LLC, 435 E 9th St., Tucson, Arizona 85705, USA
| | - Russell S. Witte
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, 1230 N Cherry Ave., Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA
- Electrosonix, LLC, 435 E 9th St., Tucson, Arizona 85705, USA
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, 1230 N Cherry Ave., Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA
- James C. Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, 1630 E University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA
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Fang Y, Meng L, Prominski A, Schaumann EN, Seebald M, Tian B. Recent advances in bioelectronics chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2020. [PMID: 32672777 DOI: 10.1039/d1030cs00333f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Research in bioelectronics is highly interdisciplinary, with many new developments being based on techniques from across the physical and life sciences. Advances in our understanding of the fundamental chemistry underlying the materials used in bioelectronic applications have been a crucial component of many recent discoveries. In this review, we highlight ways in which a chemistry-oriented perspective may facilitate novel and deep insights into both the fundamental scientific understanding and the design of materials, which can in turn tune the functionality and biocompatibility of bioelectronic devices. We provide an in-depth examination of several developments in the field, organized by the chemical properties of the materials. We conclude by surveying how some of the latest major topics of chemical research may be further integrated with bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Fang
- The James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Fang Y, Meng L, Prominski A, Schaumann E, Seebald M, Tian B. Recent advances in bioelectronics chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:7978-8035. [PMID: 32672777 PMCID: PMC7674226 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00333f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Research in bioelectronics is highly interdisciplinary, with many new developments being based on techniques from across the physical and life sciences. Advances in our understanding of the fundamental chemistry underlying the materials used in bioelectronic applications have been a crucial component of many recent discoveries. In this review, we highlight ways in which a chemistry-oriented perspective may facilitate novel and deep insights into both the fundamental scientific understanding and the design of materials, which can in turn tune the functionality and biocompatibility of bioelectronic devices. We provide an in-depth examination of several developments in the field, organized by the chemical properties of the materials. We conclude by surveying how some of the latest major topics of chemical research may be further integrated with bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Fang
- The James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lingyuan Meng
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Erik Schaumann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Matthew Seebald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Bozhi Tian
- The James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- The Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Barragan A, Preston C, Alvarez A, Bera T, Qin Y, Weinand M, Kasoff W, Witte RS. Acoustoelectric imaging of deep dipoles in a human head phantom for guiding treatment of epilepsy. J Neural Eng 2020; 17:056040. [PMID: 33124600 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abb63a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study employs a human head model with real skull to demonstrate the feasibility of transcranial acoustoelectric brain imaging (tABI) as a new modality for electrical mapping of deep dipole sources during treatment of epilepsy with much better resolution and accuracy than conventional mapping methods. APPROACH This technique exploits an interaction between a focused ultrasound (US) beam and tissue resistivity to localize current source densities as deep as 63 mm at high spatial resolution (1 to 4 mm) and resolve fast time-varying currents with sub-ms precision. MAIN RESULTS Detection thresholds through a thick segment of the human skull at biologically safe US intensities was below 0.5 mA and within range of strong currents generated by the human brain. SIGNIFICANCE This work suggests that 4D tABI may emerge as a revolutionary modality for real-time high-resolution mapping of neuronal currents for the purpose of monitoring, staging, and guiding treatment of epilepsy and other brain disorders characterized by abnormal rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Barragan
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
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Airan R. Echolocating electricity through the skull, in HD. Sci Transl Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abb0791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound can make high-resolution images of electrical fields across intact human skulls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raag Airan
- Departments of Radiology (Neuroradiology), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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