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Sander MY, Zhu X. Infrared neuromodulation-a review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2024; 87:066701. [PMID: 38701769 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ad4729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Infrared (IR) neuromodulation (INM) is an emerging light-based neuromodulation approach that can reversibly control neuronal and muscular activities through the transient and localized deposition of pulsed IR light without requiring any chemical or genetic pre-treatment of the target cells. Though the efficacy and short-term safety of INM have been widely demonstrated in both peripheral and central nervous systems, the investigations of the detailed cellular and biological processes and the underlying biophysical mechanisms are still ongoing. In this review, we discuss the current research progress in the INM field with a focus on the more recently discovered IR nerve inhibition. Major biophysical mechanisms associated with IR nerve stimulation are summarized. As the INM effects are primarily attributed to the spatiotemporal thermal transients induced by water and tissue absorption of pulsed IR light, temperature monitoring techniques and simulation models adopted in INM studies are discussed. Potential translational applications, current limitations, and challenges of the field are elucidated to provide guidance for future INM research and advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Y Sander
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary's Street, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, 15 Saint Mary's Street, Brookline, MA 02446, United States of America
- Photonics Center, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary's Street, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
- Neurophotonics Center, Boston University, 24 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
| | - Xuedong Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
- Photonics Center, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary's Street, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
- Neurophotonics Center, Boston University, 24 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
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2
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Azees AA, Thompson AC, Thomas R, Zhou J, Ruther P, Wise AK, Ajay EA, Garrett DJ, Quigley A, Fallon JB, Richardson RT. Spread of activation and interaction between channels with multi-channel optogenetic stimulation in the mouse cochlea. Hear Res 2023; 440:108911. [PMID: 37977051 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2023.108911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
For individuals with severe to profound hearing loss resulting from irreversibly damaged hair cells, cochlear implants can be used to restore hearing by delivering electrical stimulation directly to the spiral ganglion neurons. However, current spread lowers the spatial resolution of neural activation. Since light can be easily confined, optogenetics is a technique that has the potential to improve the precision of neural activation, whereby visible light is used to stimulate neurons that are modified with light-sensitive opsins. This study compares the spread of neural activity across the inferior colliculus of the auditory midbrain during electrical and optical stimulation in the cochlea of acutely deafened mice with opsin-modified spiral ganglion neurons (H134R variant of the channelrhodopsin-2). Monopolar electrical stimulation was delivered via each of four 0.2 mm wide platinum electrode rings at 0.6 mm centre-to-centre spacing, whereas 453 nm wavelength light was delivered via each of five 0.22 × 0.27 mm micro-light emitting diodes (LEDs) at 0.52 mm centre-to-centre spacing. Channel interactions were also quantified by threshold changes during simultaneous stimulation by pairs of electrodes or micro-LEDs at different distances between the electrodes (0.6, 1.2 and 1.8 mm) or micro-LEDs (0.52, 1.04, 1.56 and 2.08 mm). The spread of activation resulting from single channel optical stimulation was approximately half that of monopolar electrical stimulation as measured at two levels of discrimination above threshold (p<0.001), whereas there was no significant difference between optical stimulation in opsin-modified deafened mice and pure tone acoustic stimulation in normal-hearing mice. During simultaneous micro-LED stimulation, there were minimal channel interactions for all micro-LED spacings tested. For neighbouring micro-LEDs/electrodes, the relative influence on threshold was 13-fold less for optical stimulation compared electrical stimulation (p<0.05). The outcomes of this study show that the higher spatial precision of optogenetic stimulation results in reduced channel interaction compared to electrical stimulation, which could increase the number of independent channels in a cochlear implant. Increased spatial resolution and the ability to activate more than one channel simultaneously could lead to better speech perception in cochlear implant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajmal A Azees
- The Bionics Institute, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Alex C Thompson
- The Bionics Institute, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; Medical Bionics Department, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ross Thomas
- The Bionics Institute, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - Jenny Zhou
- The Bionics Institute, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - Patrick Ruther
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79110, Germany; BrainLinks-BrainTools Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79110, Germany
| | - Andrew K Wise
- The Bionics Institute, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; Department of Surgery (Otolaryngology), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; Medical Bionics Department, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Elise A Ajay
- The Bionics Institute, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David J Garrett
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Anita Quigley
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia; The Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - James B Fallon
- The Bionics Institute, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; Department of Surgery (Otolaryngology), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; Medical Bionics Department, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rachael T Richardson
- The Bionics Institute, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; Department of Surgery (Otolaryngology), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; Medical Bionics Department, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Krukiewicz K, Czerwińska-Główka D, Turczyn RM, Blacha-Grzechnik A, Vallejo-Giraldo C, Erfurt K, Chrobok A, Faure-Vincent J, Pouget S, Djurado D, Biggs MJ. Flexible, Transparent, and Cytocompatible Nanostructured Indium Tin Oxide Thin Films for Bio-optoelectronic Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:45701-45712. [PMID: 37737728 PMCID: PMC10561142 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Electrical stimulation has been used successfully for several decades for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, including motor disorders, pain, and psychiatric disorders. These technologies typically rely on the modulation of neural activity through the focused delivery of electrical pulses. Recent research, however, has shown that electrically triggered neuromodulation can be further enhanced when coupled with optical stimulation, an approach that can benefit from the development of novel electrode materials that combine transparency with excellent electrochemical and biological performance. In this study, we describe an electrochemically modified, nanostructured indium tin oxide/poly(ethylene terephthalate) (ITO/PET) surface as a flexible, transparent, and cytocompatible electrode material. Electrochemical oxidation and reduction of ITO/PET electrodes in the presence of an ionic liquid based on d-glucopyranoside and bistriflamide units were performed, and the electrochemical behavior, conductivity, capacitance, charge transport processes, surface morphology, optical properties, and cytocompatibility were assessed in vitro. It has been shown that under selected conditions, electrochemically modified ITO/PET films remained transparent and highly conductive and were able to enhance neural cell survival and neurite outgrowth. Consequently, electrochemical modification of ITO/PET electrodes in the presence of an ionic liquid is introduced as an effective approach for tailoring the properties of ITO for advanced bio-optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Krukiewicz
- Department
of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Centre
for Organic and Nanohybrid Electronics, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Dominika Czerwińska-Główka
- Department
of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Roman Maria Turczyn
- Department
of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Centre
for Organic and Nanohybrid Electronics, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Agata Blacha-Grzechnik
- Department
of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Centre
for Organic and Nanohybrid Electronics, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | | | - Karol Erfurt
- Department
of Chemical Organic Technology and Petrochemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Anna Chrobok
- Department
of Chemical Organic Technology and Petrochemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Jérôme Faure-Vincent
- CEA/INAC/SPrAM,
Laboratoire d’Electronique Moléculaire Organique et
Hybride, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Stéphanie Pouget
- CEA/INAC/SPrAM,
Laboratoire d’Electronique Moléculaire Organique et
Hybride, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - David Djurado
- CEA/INAC/SPrAM,
Laboratoire d’Electronique Moléculaire Organique et
Hybride, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Manus J.P. Biggs
- Centre
for Research in Medical Devices, University
of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
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Ismaiel E, Fiáth R, Szabó Á, Horváth ÁC, Fekete Z. Thermal neuromodulation using pulsed and continuous infrared illumination in a penicillin-induced acute epilepsy model. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14460. [PMID: 37660232 PMCID: PMC10475096 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41552-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Infrared neuromodulation (INM) is a promising neuromodulation tool that utilizes pulsed or continuous-wave near-infrared (NIR) laser light to produce an elevation of the background temperature of the neural tissue. The INM-based cortical heating has been proven as an effective modality to induce changes in neuronal activities. In this paper, we investigate the effect of INM-based cortical heating on the characteristics of interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) induced by penicillin in anesthetized rats. Cortical heating was conducted using a NIR laser light guided through a needle-like silicon-based waveguide probe. We detected penicillin-induced cortical IEDs from preprocessed micro-electrocorticography ([Formula: see text]ECoG) recordings, then we assessed changes in various temporal and spectral features of IEDs due to INM. Our findings show that the fast cortical heating phase obtained with continuous-wave NIR light is highly associated with a reduction of IED amplitudes, small but significant changes in the negative amplitude of IEDs compared with the baseline, and a proportional increase in the power of frequency bands related to delta/theta (2-8 Hz) and gamma (28-80 Hz) oscillations. Furthermore, a low rate of cortical heating with pulsed NIR illumination has a more inhibitory impact on the sharp negative polarity of IEDs. Our findings do not indicate a clear reduction in the frequency of IEDs in anesthetized rodents. In contrast, 2-4 min of continuous laser illumination leads to a notable increase in IED frequency. This effect of INM could potentially restrict its use in therapeutic applications related to epilepsy. However, the thermal effect of INM on cortical neurons induces changes in other characteristics of IEDs, which could prove beneficial for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Ismaiel
- Research Group for Implantable Microsystems, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Richárd Fiáth
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- Integrative Neuroscience Research Group, Faculty of Information Technology & Bionics, Pazmany Peter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Szabó
- Research Group for Implantable Microsystems, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágoston Csaba Horváth
- Research Group for Implantable Microsystems, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Fekete
- Research Group for Implantable Microsystems, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary.
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
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Almasri RM, Ladouceur F, Mawad D, Esrafilzadeh D, Firth J, Lehmann T, Poole-Warren LA, Lovell NH, Al Abed A. Emerging trends in the development of flexible optrode arrays for electrophysiology. APL Bioeng 2023; 7:031503. [PMID: 37692375 PMCID: PMC10491464 DOI: 10.1063/5.0153753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical-electrode (optrode) arrays use light to modulate excitable biological tissues and/or transduce bioelectrical signals into the optical domain. Light offers several advantages over electrical wiring, including the ability to encode multiple data channels within a single beam. This approach is at the forefront of innovation aimed at increasing spatial resolution and channel count in multichannel electrophysiology systems. This review presents an overview of devices and material systems that utilize light for electrophysiology recording and stimulation. The work focuses on the current and emerging methods and their applications, and provides a detailed discussion of the design and fabrication of flexible arrayed devices. Optrode arrays feature components non-existent in conventional multi-electrode arrays, such as waveguides, optical circuitry, light-emitting diodes, and optoelectronic and light-sensitive functional materials, packaged in planar, penetrating, or endoscopic forms. Often these are combined with dielectric and conductive structures and, less frequently, with multi-functional sensors. While creating flexible optrode arrays is feasible and necessary to minimize tissue-device mechanical mismatch, key factors must be considered for regulatory approval and clinical use. These include the biocompatibility of optical and photonic components. Additionally, material selection should match the operating wavelength of the specific electrophysiology application, minimizing light scattering and optical losses under physiologically induced stresses and strains. Flexible and soft variants of traditionally rigid photonic circuitry for passive optical multiplexing should be developed to advance the field. We evaluate fabrication techniques against these requirements. We foresee a future whereby established telecommunications techniques are engineered into flexible optrode arrays to enable unprecedented large-scale high-resolution electrophysiology systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem M. Almasri
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | - Damia Mawad
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Dorna Esrafilzadeh
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Josiah Firth
- Australian National Fabrication Facility, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Torsten Lehmann
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | | | - Amr Al Abed
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Collins MN, Mesce KA. A review of the bioeffects of low-intensity focused ultrasound and the benefits of a cellular approach. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1047324. [PMID: 36439246 PMCID: PMC9685663 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1047324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article highlights the historical developments and current state of knowledge of an important neuromodulation technology: low-intensity focused ultrasound. Because compelling studies have shown that focused ultrasound can modulate neuronal activity non-invasively, especially in deep brain structures with high spatial specificity, there has been a renewed interest in attempting to understand the specific bioeffects of focused ultrasound at the cellular level. Such information is needed to facilitate the safe and effective use of focused ultrasound to treat a number of brain and nervous system disorders in humans. Unfortunately, to date, there appears to be no singular biological mechanism to account for the actions of focused ultrasound, and it is becoming increasingly clear that different types of nerve cells will respond to focused ultrasound differentially based on the complement of their ion channels, other membrane biophysical properties, and arrangement of synaptic connections. Furthermore, neurons are apparently not equally susceptible to the mechanical, thermal and cavitation-related consequences of focused ultrasound application-to complicate matters further, many studies often use distinctly different focused ultrasound stimulus parameters to achieve a reliable response in neural activity. In this review, we consider the benefits of studying more experimentally tractable invertebrate preparations, with an emphasis on the medicinal leech, where neurons can be studied as unique individual cells and be synaptically isolated from the indirect effects of focused ultrasound stimulation on mechanosensitive afferents. In the leech, we have concluded that heat is the primary effector of focused ultrasound neuromodulation, especially on motoneurons in which we observed a focused ultrasound-mediated blockade of action potentials. We discuss that the mechanical bioeffects of focused ultrasound, which are frequently described in the literature, are less reliably achieved as compared to thermal ones, and that observations ascribed to mechanical responses may be confounded by activation of synaptically-coupled sensory structures or artifacts associated with electrode resonance. Ultimately, both the mechanical and thermal components of focused ultrasound have significant potential to contribute to the sculpting of specific neural outcomes. Because focused ultrasound can generate significant modulation at a temperature <5°C, which is believed to be safe for moderate durations, we support the idea that focused ultrasound should be considered as a thermal neuromodulation technology for clinical use, especially targeting neural pathways in the peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan N. Collins
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Karen A. Mesce
- Department of Entomology and Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
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7
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Kim T, Kadji H, Whalen AJ, Ashourvan A, Freeman E, Fried SI, Tadigadapa S, Schiff SJ. Thermal effects on neurons during stimulation of the brain. J Neural Eng 2022; 19:056029. [PMID: 36126646 PMCID: PMC9855718 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac9339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
All electric and magnetic stimulation of the brain deposits thermal energy in the brain. This occurs through either Joule heating of the conductors carrying current through electrodes and magnetic coils, or through dissipation of energy in the conductive brain.Objective.Although electrical interaction with brain tissue is inseparable from thermal effects when electrodes are used, magnetic induction enables us to separate Joule heating from induction effects by contrasting AC and DC driving of magnetic coils using the same energy deposition within the conductors. Since mammalian cortical neurons have no known sensitivity to static magnetic fields, and if there is no evidence of effect on spike timing to oscillating magnetic fields, we can presume that the induced electrical currents within the brain are below the molecular shot noise where any interaction with tissue is purely thermal.Approach.In this study, we examined a range of frequencies produced from micromagnetic coils operating below the molecular shot noise threshold for electrical interaction with single neurons.Main results.We found that small temperature increases and decreases of 1∘C caused consistent transient suppression and excitation of neurons during temperature change. Numerical modeling of the biophysics demonstrated that the Na-K pump, and to a lesser extent the Nernst potential, could account for these transient effects. Such effects are dependent upon compartmental ion fluxes and the rate of temperature change.Significance.A new bifurcation is described in the model dynamics that accounts for the transient suppression and excitation; in addition, we note the remarkable similarity of this bifurcation's rate dependency with other thermal rate-dependent tipping points in planetary warming dynamics. These experimental and theoretical findings demonstrate that stimulation of the brain must take into account small thermal effects that are ubiquitously present in electrical and magnetic stimulation. More sophisticated models of electrical current interaction with neurons combined with thermal effects will lead to more accurate modulation of neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- TaeKen Kim
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Herve Kadji
- Center for Neural Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hackensack Meridian Health Mountainside Medical Center, Montclair, NJ, United States of America
| | - Andrew J Whalen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Arian Ashourvan
- Center for Neural Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Eugene Freeman
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
- Honeywell International Aerospace Advanced Technology, Plymouth, MN, United States of America
| | - Shelley I Fried
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Boston VA Healthcare System, Boston 02130, United States of America
| | - Srinivas Tadigadapa
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Steven J Schiff
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
- Center for Neural Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, TMP 410, New Haven, CT 06510, United States of America
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Zhuo J, Gill JP, Jansen ED, Jenkins MW, Chiel HJ. Use of an invertebrate animal model ( Aplysia californica) to develop novel neural interfaces for neuromodulation. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1080027. [PMID: 36620467 PMCID: PMC9813496 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1080027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
New tools for monitoring and manipulating neural activity have been developed with steadily improving functionality, specificity, and reliability, which are critical both for mapping neural circuits and treating neurological diseases. This review focuses on the use of an invertebrate animal, the marine mollusk Aplysia californica, in the development of novel neurotechniques. We review the basic physiological properties of Aplysia neurons and discuss the specific aspects that make it advantageous for developing novel neural interfaces: First, Aplysia nerves consist only of unmyelinated axons with various diameters, providing a particularly useful model of the unmyelinated C fibers in vertebrates that are known to carry important sensory information, including those that signal pain. Second, Aplysia's neural tissues can last for a long period in an ex vivo experimental setup. This allows comprehensive tests such as the exploration of parameter space on the same nerve to avoid variability between animals and minimize animal use. Third, nerves in large Aplysia can be many centimeters in length, making it possible to easily discriminate axons with different diameters based on their conduction velocities. Aplysia nerves are a particularly good approximation of the unmyelinated C fibers, which are hard to stimulate, record, and differentiate from other nerve fibers in vertebrate animal models using epineural electrodes. Fourth, neurons in Aplysia are large, uniquely identifiable, and electrically compact. For decades, researchers have used Aplysia for the development of many novel neurotechnologies. Examples include high-frequency alternating current (HFAC), focused ultrasound (FUS), optical neural stimulation, recording, and inhibition, microelectrode arrays, diamond electrodes, carbon fiber microelectrodes, microscopic magnetic stimulation and magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography (MREIT). We also review a specific example that illustrates the power of Aplysia for accelerating technology development: selective infrared neural inhibition of small-diameter unmyelinated axons, which may lead to a translationally useful treatment in the future. Generally, Aplysia is suitable for testing modalities whose mechanism involves basic biophysics that is likely to be similar across species. As a tractable experimental system, Aplysia californica can help the rapid development of novel neuromodulation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Zhuo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jeffrey P Gill
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - E Duco Jansen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.,Biophotonics Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Michael W Jenkins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Hillel J Chiel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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9
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Current Review of Optical Neural Interfaces for Clinical Applications. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12080925. [PMID: 34442547 PMCID: PMC8400671 DOI: 10.3390/mi12080925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neural interfaces, which enable the recording and stimulation of living neurons, have emerged as valuable tools in understanding the brain in health and disease, as well as serving as neural prostheses. While neural interfaces are typically based on electrical transduction, alternative energy modalities have been explored to create safe and effective approaches. Among these approaches, optical methods of linking neurons to the outside world have gained attention because light offers high spatial selectivity and decreased invasiveness. Here, we review the current state-of-art of optical neural interfaces and their clinical applications. Optical neural interfaces can be categorized into optical control and optical readout, each of which can be divided into intrinsic and extrinsic approaches. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each of these methods and offer a comparison of relative performance. Future directions, including their clinical opportunities, are discussed with regard to the optical properties of biological tissue.
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10
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Current Stimulation of the Midbrain Nucleus in Pigeons for Avian Flight Control. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12070788. [PMID: 34209448 PMCID: PMC8305299 DOI: 10.3390/mi12070788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A number of research attempts to understand and modulate sensory and motor skills that are beyond the capability of humans have been underway. They have mainly been expounded in rodent models, where numerous reports of controlling movement to reach target locations by brain stimulation have been achieved. However, in the case of birds, although basic research on movement control has been conducted, the brain nuclei that are triggering these movements have yet to be established. In order to fully control flight navigation in birds, the basic central nervous system involved in flight behavior should be understood comprehensively, and functional maps of the birds’ brains to study the possibility of flight control need to be clarified. Here, we established a stable stereotactic surgery to implant multi-wire electrode arrays and electrically stimulated several nuclei of the pigeon’s brain. A multi-channel electrode array and a wireless stimulation system were implanted in thirteen pigeons. The pigeons’ flight trajectories on electrical stimulation of the cerebral nuclei were monitored and analyzed by a 3D motion tracking program to evaluate the behavioral change, and the exact stimulation site in the brain was confirmed by the postmortem histological examination. Among them, five pigeons were able to induce right and left body turns by stimulating the nuclei of the tractus occipito-mesencephalicus (OM), nucleus taeniae (TN), or nucleus rotundus (RT); the nuclei of tractus septo-mesencephalicus (TSM) or archistriatum ventrale (AV) were stimulated to induce flight aviation for flapping and take-off with five pigeons.
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11
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Cury J, Vande Perre L, Smets H, Stumpp L, Vespa S, Vanhoestenberghe A, Doguet P, Delbeke J, El Tahry R, Gorza SP, Nonclercq A. Infrared neurostimulation in ex-vivorat sciatic nerve using 1470 nm wavelength. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 33770780 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abf28f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective.To design and implement a setup forex-vivooptical stimulation for exploring the effect of several key parameters (optical power and pulse duration), activation features (threshold, spatial selectivity) and recovery characteristics (repeated stimuli) in peripheral nerves.Approach.A nerve chamber allowing ex-vivo electrical and optical stimulation was designed and built. A 1470 nm light source was chosen to stimulate the nerve. A photodiode module was implemented for synchronization of the electrical and optical channels.Main results. Compound neural action potentials (CNAPs) were successfully generated with infrared light pulses of 200-2000µs duration and power in the range of 3-10 W. These parameters determine a radiant exposure for stimulation in the range 1.59-4.78 J cm-2. Recruitment curves were obtained by increasing durations at a constant power level. Neural activation threshold is reached at a mean radiant exposure of 3.16 ± 0.68 J cm-2and mean pulse energy of 3.79 ± 0.72 mJ. Repetition rates of 2-10 Hz have been explored. In eight out of ten sciatic nerves (SNs), repeated light stimuli induced a sensitization effect in that the CNAP amplitude progressively grows, representing an increasing number of recruited fibres. In two out of ten SNs, CNAPs were composed of a succession of peaks corresponding to different conduction velocities.Significance.The reported sensitization effect could shed light on the mechanism underlying infrared neurostimulation. Our results suggest that, in sharp contrast with electrical stimuli, optical pulses could recruit slow fibres early on. This more physiological order of recruitment opens the perspective for specific neuromodulation of fibre population who remained poorly accessible until now. Short high-power light pulses at wavelengths below 1.5µm offer interesting perspectives for neurostimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin Cury
- Bio, Electro and Mechanical Systems (BEAMS), Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Opera Photonics, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Louis Vande Perre
- Bio, Electro and Mechanical Systems (BEAMS), Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hugo Smets
- Bio, Electro and Mechanical Systems (BEAMS), Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lars Stumpp
- Institute of Neurosciences (IONS), Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium-Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Department of Neurology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Simone Vespa
- Institute of Neurosciences (IONS), Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium-Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Department of Neurology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne Vanhoestenberghe
- Aspire Centre for Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jean Delbeke
- Institute of Neurosciences (IONS), Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium-Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Department of Neurology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Riëm El Tahry
- Institute of Neurosciences (IONS), Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium-Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Department of Neurology, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Antoine Nonclercq
- Bio, Electro and Mechanical Systems (BEAMS), Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Abstract
Peripheral nerve interfaces (PNIs) record and/or modulate neural activity of nerves, which are responsible for conducting sensory-motor information to and from the central nervous system, and for regulating the activity of inner organs. PNIs are used both in neuroscience research and in therapeutical applications such as precise closed-loop control of neuroprosthetic limbs, treatment of neuropathic pain and restoration of vital functions (e.g. breathing and bladder management). Implantable interfaces represent an attractive solution to directly access peripheral nerves and provide enhanced selectivity both in recording and in stimulation, compared to their non-invasive counterparts. Nevertheless, the long-term functionality of implantable PNIs is limited by tissue damage, which occurs at the implant-tissue interface, and is thus highly dependent on material properties, biocompatibility and implant design. Current research focuses on the development of mechanically compliant PNIs, which adapt to the anatomy and dynamic movements of nerves in the body thereby limiting foreign body response. In this paper, we review recent progress in the development of flexible and implantable PNIs, highlighting promising solutions related to materials selection and their associated fabrication methods, and integrated functions. We report on the variety of available interface designs (intraneural, extraneural and regenerative) and different modulation techniques (electrical, optical, chemical) emphasizing the main challenges associated with integrating such systems on compliant substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Paggi
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Neuroprosthetic Technology, Laboratory for Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces, Institute of Microengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, Centre for Neuroprosthetics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1202 Geneva, Switzerland. Equally contributing authors
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Throckmorton G, Cayce J, Ricks Z, Adams WR, Jansen ED, Mahadevan-Jansen A. Identifying optimal parameters for infrared neural stimulation in the peripheral nervous system. NEUROPHOTONICS 2021; 8:015012. [PMID: 33816649 PMCID: PMC8010905 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.8.1.015012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Infrared neural stimulation (INS) utilizes pulsed infrared light to selectively elicit neural activity without exogenous compounds. Despite its versatility in a broad range of biomedical applications, no comprehensive comparison of factors pertaining to the efficacy and safety of INS such as wavelength, radiant exposure, and optical spot size exists in the literature. Aim: Here, we evaluate these parameters using three of the wavelengths commonly used for INS, 1450 nm, 1875 nm, and 2120 nm. Approach: In an in vivo rat sciatic nerve preparation, the stimulation threshold and transition rate to 100% activation probability were used to compare the effects of each parameter. Results: The pulsed diode lasers at 1450 nm and 1875 nm had a consistently higher ( ∼ 1.0 J / cm 2 ) stimulation threshold than that of the Ho:YAG laser at 2120 nm ( ∼ 0.7 J / cm 2 ). In addition, the Ho:YAG produced a faster transition rate to 100% activation probability compared to the diode lasers. Our data suggest that the superior performance of the Ho:YAG is a result of the high-intensity microsecond spike at the onset of the pulse. Acute histological evaluation of diode irradiated nerves revealed a safe range of radiant exposures for stimulation. Conclusion: Together, our results identify measures to improve the safety, efficacy, and accessibility of INS technology for research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Throckmorton
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Keck FEL Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Jonathan Cayce
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Keck FEL Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Zane Ricks
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Keck FEL Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Wilson R. Adams
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Keck FEL Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Eric Duco Jansen
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Keck FEL Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Anita Mahadevan-Jansen
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Keck FEL Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
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14
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Fekete Z, Horváth ÁC, Zátonyi A. Infrared neuromodulation:a neuroengineering perspective. J Neural Eng 2020; 17:051003. [PMID: 33055373 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abb3b2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Infrared neuromodulation (INM) is a branch of photobiomodulation that offers direct or indirect control of cellular activity through elevation of temperature in a spatially confined region of the target tissue. Research on INM started about 15 ago and is gradually attracting the attention of the neuroscience community, as numerous experimental studies have provided firm evidence on the safe and reproducible excitation and inhibition of neuronal firing in both in vitro and in vivo conditions. However, its biophysical mechanism is not fully understood and several engineered interfaces have been created to investigate infrared stimulation in both the peripheral and central nervous system. In this review, recent applications and present knowledge on the effects of INM on cellular activity are summarized, and an overview of the technical approaches to deliver infrared light to cells and to interrogate the optically evoked response is provided. The micro- and nanoengineered interfaces used to investigate the influence of INM are described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Fekete
- Research Group for Implantable Microsystems, Faculty of Information Technology & Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest 1083, Hungary. Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed
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15
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Zhu X, Lin JW, Sander MY. Infrared inhibition impacts on locally initiated and propagating action potentials and the downstream synaptic transmission. NEUROPHOTONICS 2020; 7:045003. [PMID: 33094124 PMCID: PMC7554448 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.7.4.045003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Systematic studies of the physiological outputs induced by infrared (IR)-mediated inhibition of motor nerves can provide guidance for therapeutic applications and offer critical insights into IR light modulation of complex neural networks. Aim: We explore the IR-mediated inhibition of action potentials (APs) that either propagate along single axons or are initiated locally and their downstream synaptic transmission responses. Approach: APs were evoked locally by two-electrode current clamp or at a distance for propagating APs. The neuromuscular transmission was recorded with intracellular electrodes in muscle cells or macro-patch pipettes on terminal bouton clusters. Results: IR light pulses completely and reversibly terminate the locally initiated APs firing at low frequencies, which leads to blocking of the synaptic transmission. However, IR light pulses only suppress but do not block the amplitude and duration of propagating APs nor locally initiated APs firing at high frequencies. Such suppressed APs do not influence the postsynaptic responses at a distance. While the suppression of AP amplitude and duration is similar for propagating and locally evoked APs, only the former exhibits a 7% to 21% increase in the maximum time derivative of the AP rising phase. Conclusions: The suppressed APs of motor axons can resume their waveforms after passing the localized IR light illumination site, leaving the muscular and synaptic responses unchanged. IR-mediated modulation on propagating and locally evoked APs should be considered as two separate models for axonal and somatic modulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedong Zhu
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Boston University, Neurophotonics Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Boston University, Photonics Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Jen-Wei Lin
- Boston University, Department of Biology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Michelle Y. Sander
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Boston University, Neurophotonics Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Boston University, Photonics Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Boston University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Boston University, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Brookline, Massachusetts, United States
- Address all correspondence to Michelle Y. Sander,
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Schlett P, Wegner C, Krueger TB, Hofmann UG. Towards Safe Infrared Nerve Stimulation: A Systematic Experimental Approach. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2019:5909-5912. [PMID: 31947194 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2019.8857257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Neural activation by infrared nerve stimulation (INS) gains growing interest as a potential alternative to conventional electric nerve stimulation, since unambiguous advantages like contact-free operation, enhanced spatial selectivity and lack of (electrical) stimulation artifacts are promising for both future electrophysiological research and clinical application. For the systematic investigation of laser nerve activation, we recently introduced a novel experimental approach. Comprising a defined focused beam profile, it enables remote controlled, contact-free pulsed laser stimulation of the rat sciatic nerve, simultaneous to high-speed temperature measurement in vivo. Up to now, successful neural activation with single laser pulses (2 - 6 mJ) was observed in all performed experiments, however, it strongly depended on the particular nerve location. Hence, we depict the investigation of spatial dependency of the nerve response and identify `regions of excitability' on the nerve surface, that are highly susceptible to INS. By means of thermal imaging, we simultaneously monitored the nerve surface temperature, where we observed progressing temperature build-up during single pulse stimulation with repetition rates above 4 Hz. In this work, we present current results of our ongoing research.
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17
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Ansari MA, Zakeri M. Blind Localization of Heating in Neural Tissues Induced by a Train of the Infrared Pulse Laser. J Lasers Med Sci 2019; 10:264-267. [PMID: 31875117 DOI: 10.15171/jlms.2019.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Recently, infrared lasers (wavelengths larger than 1100 nm) have been applied to stimulate neural tissues. Infrared neural stimulation (INS) has some advantages over conventional electric stimulation, including contact-free delivery, spatial precision, and lack of stimulation artifacts. In this study and based on a photothermal mechanism, we applied the heat diffusion equation to study temperature variation of a biological phantom during INS. In addition, the impact of laser parameters on spatially localized heating induced by 2 different infrared wavelengths were studied. Methods: We studied the localization of INS inside a phantom similar to cortical neural tissue. First, we analytically solved the heat diffusion equation to study the distribution of temperature inside this phantom. Then, the accuracy of analytical results was verified by heating the phantom using amplitude-modulated infrared lasers (lambda= 1450 and 1500 nm, the energy between 2 and 5 mJ and pulse duration up to 20 ms). The laser light was directed to sample by a multimode optical fiber (NA=0.22, core size= 200 microns). Finally, the impacts of laser properties on the spatial resolution of infrared heating were discerned. Results: In order to verify analytical results, we measured the maximum temperatures of the phantom during illumination of lasers and compared them with analytical results. The analytical results were in agreement with the experimental results. The effects of laser beam properties such as pulse duration, energy and repetition rate frequency on the spatial resolution were investigated. The results indicated that the spatial resolution of INS can be smaller than one millimeter. Conclusion: Here, the influences of laser properties on the localization of INS inside a biological phantom were studied. These results can be applied to improve the spatial selectivity of the peripheral nerve interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Ansari
- Optical Bio-Imaging Lab(OBI lab), Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Zakeri
- Optical Bio-Imaging Lab(OBI lab), Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Zhu X, Lin JW, Sander MY. Infrared inhibition and waveform modulation of action potentials in the crayfish motor axon. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:6580-6594. [PMID: 31853418 PMCID: PMC6913409 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.006580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The infrared (IR) inhibition of axonal activities in the crayfish neuromuscular preparation is studied using 2 µm IR light pulses with varying durations. The intracellular neuronal activities are monitored with two-electrode current clamp, while the IR-induced temperature changes are measured by the open patch technique simultaneously. It is demonstrated that the IR pulses can reversibly shape or block locally initiated action potentials. Suppression of the AP amplitude and duration and decrease in axonal excitability by IR pulses are quantitatively analyzed. While the AP amplitude and duration decrease similarly during IR illumination, it is discovered that the recovery of the AP duration after the IR pulses is slower than that of the AP amplitude. An IR-induced decrease in the input resistance (8.8%) is detected and discussed together with the temperature dependent changes in channel kinetics as contributing factors for the inhibition reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedong Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Neurophotonics Center, Boston University, 24 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Photonics Center, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary’s Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jen-Wei Lin
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michelle Y. Sander
- Neurophotonics Center, Boston University, 24 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary’s Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Photonics Center, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary’s Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, 15 Saint Mary’s Street, Brookline, MA 02446, USA
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19
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Xia Q, Nyberg T. Inhibition of cortical neural networks using infrared laser. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800403. [PMID: 30859700 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to optimize parameters for inhibiting neuronal activity safely and investigating thermal inhibition of rat cortex neural networks in vitro by continuous infrared (IR) laser. Rat cortex neurons were cultured on multi-electrode arrays until neural networks were formed with spontaneous neural activity. Neurons were then irradiated to inhibit the activity of the networks using different powers of 1550 nm IR laser light. A finite element heating model, calibrated by the open glass pipette method, was used to calculate temperature increases at different laser irradiation intensities. A damage signal ratio (DSR) was evaluated to avoid excessive heating that may damage cells. The DSR predicted that cortex neurons should be safe at temperatures up to 49.6°C for 30 seconds, but experiments suggested that cortex neurons should not be exposed to temperatures over 46°C for 30 seconds. Neural response experiments showed that the inhibition of neural activity is temperature dependent. The normal neural activity could be inhibited safely with an inhibition degree up to 80% and induced epileptiform activity could be suppressed. These results show that continuous IR laser radiations provide a possible way to safely inhibit the neural network activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingling Xia
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Division of Neuronic Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tobias Nyberg
- Division of Neuronic Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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Influence of radiant exposure and repetition rate in infrared neural stimulation with near-infrared lasers. Lasers Med Sci 2019; 34:1555-1566. [PMID: 30887233 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-019-02741-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we combine heat diffusion equation and modified Hodgkin-Huxley axonal model to investigate how an action potential is generated during infrared neural stimulation. The effects of temporal and spatial distribution of heat induced by infrared pulsed lasers on variation of electrical membrane capacitance are investigated. These variations can lead to depolarize the membrane and generate an action potential. We estimate the threshold values of laser light parameters such as energy density, pulse duration, and repetition rate are needed to trigger an action potential. In order to do it, we present an analytic solution to heat diffusion equation. Then, the analytic results are verified by experimental results. Furthermore, the modified Hodgkin-Huxley axonal model is applied to simulate the generation of action potential during infrared neural stimulation by taking into account the temperature dependence of electrical membrane capacitance. Results show that the threshold temperature increase induced by a train infrared pulse laser can be smaller if repetition rate is higher. These results also indicate that temperature rise time and axon diameter influence on threshold temperature increase. To verify threshold values estimated by the presented method, we use a train infrared pulsed laser (λ = 1450 nm with repetition rate of 3.8 Hz, pulse duration of 18 ms and energy density of 5 J/cm2) to optically pace an adult rat heart, and we are able to successfully pace the rat heart during an open-heart surgery. The presented method can be used to estimate threshold values of laser parameters required for generating an action potential, and it can provide an insight to how the temperature changes lead to neural stimulation during INS.
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21
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Yoo S, Park JH, Nam Y. Single-Cell Photothermal Neuromodulation for Functional Mapping of Neural Networks. ACS NANO 2019; 13:544-551. [PMID: 30592595 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b07277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Photothermal neuromodulation is one of the emerging technologies being developed for neuroscience studies because it can provide minimally invasive control of neural activity in the deep brain with submillimeter precision. However, single-cell modulation without genetic modification still remains a challenge, hindering its path to broad applications. Here, we introduce a nanoplasmonic approach to inhibit single-neural activity with high temporal resolution. Low-intensity near-infrared light was focused at the single cell size on a gold-nanorod-integrated microelectrode array platform, generating a photothermal effect underneath a target neuron for photothermal stimulation. We found that the photothermal stimulation modulates the spontaneous activity of a target neuron in an inhibitory manner. Single neuron inhibition was fast and highly reliable without thermal damage, and it can induce changes in network firing patterns, potentially suggesting their application for in vivo circuit modulation and functional connectomes.
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Xia Q, Nyberg T. Photothermal Inhibition of Cortex Neurons Activity by Infrared Laser. IFMBE PROCEEDINGS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-9023-3_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Dang KM, Rinklin P, Afanasenkau D, Westmeyer G, Schürholz T, Wiegand S, Wolfrum B. Chip-Based Heat Stimulation for Modulating Signal Propagation in HL-1 Cell Networks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ka My Dang
- Neuroelectronics; Munich School of Bioengineering; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Technical University of Munich; Boltzmannstraße 11 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Philipp Rinklin
- Neuroelectronics; Munich School of Bioengineering; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Technical University of Munich; Boltzmannstraße 11 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Dzmitry Afanasenkau
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-3 & ICS-8); Forschungszentrum Jülich; 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Gil Westmeyer
- TUM School of Medicine; Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München; Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH); Ingolstädter Landstraße 1 85764 Neuherberg Germany
| | - Tobias Schürholz
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care; Universitätsmedizin Rostock; Schillingallee 35 18057 Rostock Germany
| | - Simone Wiegand
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-3 & ICS-8); Forschungszentrum Jülich; 52425 Jülich Germany
- Department für Chemie; Physikalische Chemie; Universität zu Köln; 50939 Cologne Germany
| | - Bernhard Wolfrum
- Neuroelectronics; Munich School of Bioengineering; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Technical University of Munich; Boltzmannstraße 11 85748 Garching Germany
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-3 & ICS-8); Forschungszentrum Jülich; 52425 Jülich Germany
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25
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Spectrally distinct channelrhodopsins for two-colour optogenetic peripheral nerve stimulation. Nat Biomed Eng 2018; 2:485-496. [PMID: 30948823 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-018-0255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Technologies for peripheral nerve stimulation have conventionally relied on the anatomic placement of electrodes adjacent to subsets of sensory fibres or motor fibres that selectively target an end effector. Here, we demonstrate the use of optogenetics to directly target the innervating fibres of an end effector by relying on retrograde transfection of adeno-associated virus serotype 6 to restrict axonal opsin expression to the desired fibre targets. By using an in vivo screen in rats, we identify the first channelrhodopsins as well as a halorhodopsin that respond to red light in the peripheral nerve. Combining two channelrhodopsins with spectrally distinct activation profiles allowed us to drive opposing muscle activity via two-colour illumination of the same mixed nerve. We also show halorhodopsin-mediated reductions in electrically evoked muscle tremor spectrally optimized for deep peripheral nerves. Our non-invasive peripheral neurostimulator with targeted multi-fascicle resolution enables scientific and clinical exploration, such as motor control in paralysis, biomimetic sensation feedback for amputees and targeted inhibition of muscle tremor.
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Gold nanorod-assisted near-infrared stimulation of bullfrog sciatic nerve. Lasers Med Sci 2018; 33:1907-1912. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-018-2554-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Chen L, Ke A, Zhang P, Gao Z, Zou X, He J. Bioheat transfer model of transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation-induced temperature changes. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4921. [PMID: 29888135 PMCID: PMC5991303 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (tSCS) has been extensively studied due to its promising application in motor function restoration. Many previous studies have explored both the essential mechanism of action and the methods for determining optimal stimulation parameters. In contrast, the bioheat transfer analysis of tSCS therapy has not been investigated to the same extent, despite widely existing, and being of great significance in assuring a stable and thermally safe treatment. In this paper, we concentrated on the thermal effects of tSCS using a finite element-based method. By coupling the electric field and bioheat field, systematic finite element simulations were performed on a human spinal cord model to survey the influence of anatomical structures, blood perfusion, and stimulation parameters on temperature changes for the first time. The results show that tSCS-induced temperature rise mainly occurs in the skin and fat layers and varies due to individual differences. The current density distribution along with the interactions of multiple biothermal effects synthetically determines the thermal status of the whole spinal cord model. Smaller stimulation electrodes have a higher risk of thermal damage when compared with larger electrodes. Increasing the stimulation intensity will result in more joule heat accumulation, hence an increase in the temperature. Among all configurations in this study that simulated the clinical tSCS protocols, the temperature rise could reach up to 9.4 °C on the skin surface depending on the stimulation parameters and tissue blood perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Chen
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Neural Interface and Rehabilitation Technology Research Center, School of Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ang Ke
- Neural Interface and Rehabilitation Technology Research Center, School of Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Neural Interface and Rehabilitation Technology Research Center, School of Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaolong Gao
- Neural Interface and Rehabilitation Technology Research Center, School of Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuecheng Zou
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiping He
- Neural Interface and Rehabilitation Technology Research Center, School of Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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28
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Ermakova YG, Lanin AA, Fedotov IV, Roshchin M, Kelmanson IV, Kulik D, Bogdanova YA, Shokhina AG, Bilan DS, Staroverov DB, Balaban PM, Fedotov AB, Sidorov-Biryukov DA, Nikitin ES, Zheltikov AM, Belousov VV. Thermogenetic neurostimulation with single-cell resolution. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15362. [PMID: 28530239 PMCID: PMC5493594 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermogenetics is a promising innovative neurostimulation technique, which enables robust activation of neurons using thermosensitive transient receptor potential (TRP) cation channels. Broader application of this approach in neuroscience is, however, hindered by a limited variety of suitable ion channels, and by low spatial and temporal resolution of neuronal activation when TRP channels are activated by ambient temperature variations or chemical agonists. Here, we demonstrate rapid, robust and reproducible repeated activation of snake TRPA1 channels heterologously expressed in non-neuronal cells, mouse neurons and zebrafish neurons in vivo by infrared (IR) laser radiation. A fibre-optic probe that integrates a nitrogen-vacancy (NV) diamond quantum sensor with optical and microwave waveguide delivery enables thermometry with single-cell resolution, allowing neurons to be activated by exceptionally mild heating, thus preventing the damaging effects of excessive heat. The neuronal responses to the activation by IR laser radiation are fully characterized using Ca2+ imaging and electrophysiology, providing, for the first time, a complete framework for a thermogenetic manipulation of individual neurons using IR light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia G. Ermakova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Aleksandr A. Lanin
- Physics Department, International Laser Center, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Russian Quantum Center, ul. Novaya 100, Skolkovo, Moscow Region 143025, Russia
- Kazan Quantum Center, A.N. Tupolev Kazan National Research Technical University, 420126 Kazan, Russia
| | - Ilya V. Fedotov
- Physics Department, International Laser Center, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
- Russian Quantum Center, ul. Novaya 100, Skolkovo, Moscow Region 143025, Russia
- Kazan Quantum Center, A.N. Tupolev Kazan National Research Technical University, 420126 Kazan, Russia
- Kurchatov Institute National Research Center, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Matvey Roshchin
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Moscow 117485, Russia
| | - Ilya V. Kelmanson
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Dmitry Kulik
- Physics Department, International Laser Center, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
- Present address: Zaporizhya State Engineering Academy, 69006 Zaporizhzhya, Ukraine
| | - Yulia A. Bogdanova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Arina G. Shokhina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Dmitry S. Bilan
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Dmitry B. Staroverov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Pavel M. Balaban
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Moscow 117485, Russia
| | - Andrei B. Fedotov
- Physics Department, International Laser Center, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Russian Quantum Center, ul. Novaya 100, Skolkovo, Moscow Region 143025, Russia
- Kazan Quantum Center, A.N. Tupolev Kazan National Research Technical University, 420126 Kazan, Russia
| | - Dmitry A. Sidorov-Biryukov
- Physics Department, International Laser Center, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
- Russian Quantum Center, ul. Novaya 100, Skolkovo, Moscow Region 143025, Russia
- Kazan Quantum Center, A.N. Tupolev Kazan National Research Technical University, 420126 Kazan, Russia
| | - Evgeny S. Nikitin
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Moscow 117485, Russia
| | - Aleksei M. Zheltikov
- Physics Department, International Laser Center, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Russian Quantum Center, ul. Novaya 100, Skolkovo, Moscow Region 143025, Russia
- Kazan Quantum Center, A.N. Tupolev Kazan National Research Technical University, 420126 Kazan, Russia
- Kurchatov Institute National Research Center, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Vsevolod V. Belousov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Georg August University Göttingen, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
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29
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Maimon BE, Zorzos AN, Bendell R, Harding A, Fahmi M, Srinivasan S, Calvaresi P, Herr HM. Transdermal optogenetic peripheral nerve stimulation. J Neural Eng 2017; 14:034002. [PMID: 28157088 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aa5e20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A fundamental limitation in both the scientific utility and clinical translation of peripheral nerve optogenetic technologies is the optical inaccessibility of the target nerve due to the significant scattering and absorption of light in biological tissues. To date, illuminating deep nerve targets has required implantable optical sources, including fiber-optic and LED-based systems, both of which have significant drawbacks. APPROACH Here we report an alternative approach involving transdermal illumination. Utilizing an intramuscular injection of ultra-high concentration AAV6-hSyn-ChR2-EYFP in rats. MAIN RESULTS We demonstrate transdermal stimulation of motor nerves at 4.4 mm and 1.9 mm depth with an incident laser power of 160 mW and 10 mW, respectively. Furthermore, we employ this technique to accurately control ankle position by modulating laser power or position on the skin surface. SIGNIFICANCE These results have the potential to enable future scientific optogenetic studies of pathologies implicated in the peripheral nervous system for awake, freely-moving animals, as well as a basis for future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Maimon
- MIT Media Lab, Center for Extreme Bionics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America. Harvard-MIT program in Health Sciences and Technology (HST), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
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30
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Dautrebande M, Doguet P, Gorza SP, Delbeke J, Botquin Y, Nonclercq A. In Vivo Photonic Stimulation of Sciatic Nerve with a 1470 nm Laser. Eur J Transl Myol 2016; 26:6028. [PMID: 27990230 PMCID: PMC5128963 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2016.6028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Photonic stimulation is a new modality of nerve stimulation, which could overcome some of the electrical stimulation limitations. In this paper, we present the results of photonic stimulation of rodent sciatic nerve with a 1470 nm laser. Muscle activation was observed with radiant exposure of 0.084 J/cm².
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Dautrebande
- Synergia Medical, Mont-Saint-Guibert, Belgium; Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Jean Delbeke
- Neurology Department, Neuroscience Institute, Ghent University , Ghent, Belgium
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31
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Wang YT, Rollins AM, Jenkins MW. Infrared inhibition of embryonic hearts. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:60505. [PMID: 27367249 PMCID: PMC5994995 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.6.060505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Infrared control is a new technique that uses pulsed infrared lasers to thermally alter electrical activity. Originally developed for nerves, we have applied this technology to embryonic hearts using a quail model, previously demonstrating infrared stimulation and, here, infrared inhibition. Infrared inhibition enables repeatable and reversible block, stopping cardiac contractions for several seconds. Normal beating resumes after the laser is turned off. The block can be spatially specific, affecting propagation on the ventricle or initiation on the atrium. Optical mapping showed that the block affects action potentials and not just calcium or contraction. Increased resting intracellular calcium was observed after a 30-s exposure to the inhibition laser, which likely resulted in reduced mechanical function. Further optimization of the laser illumination should reduce potential damage. Stopping cardiac contractions by disrupting electrical activity with infrared inhibition has the potential to be a powerful tool for studying the developing heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves T. Wang
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Pediatrics, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Andrew M. Rollins
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Michael W. Jenkins
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Pediatrics, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Michael W. Jenkins, E-mail:
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32
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Abstract
Neural stimulation is a critical technique in treating neurological diseases and investigating brain functions. Traditional electrical stimulation uses electrodes to directly create intervening electric fields in the immediate vicinity of neural tissues. Second-generation stimulation techniques directly use light, magnetic fields or ultrasound in a non-contact manner. An emerging generation of non- or minimally invasive neural stimulation techniques is enabled by nanotechnology to achieve a high spatial resolution and cell-type specificity. In these techniques, a nanomaterial converts a remotely transmitted primary stimulus such as a light, magnetic or ultrasonic signal to a localized secondary stimulus such as an electric field or heat to stimulate neurons. The ease of surface modification and bio-conjugation of nanomaterials facilitates cell-type-specific targeting, designated placement and highly localized membrane activation. This review focuses on nanomaterial-enabled neural stimulation techniques primarily involving opto-electric, opto-thermal, magneto-electric, magneto-thermal and acousto-electric transduction mechanisms. Stimulation techniques based on other possible transduction schemes and general consideration for these emerging neurotechnologies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchen Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Liang Guo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
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33
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Emerging neural stimulation technologies for bladder dysfunctions. Int Neurourol J 2015; 19:3-11. [PMID: 25833475 PMCID: PMC4386488 DOI: 10.5213/inj.2015.19.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In the neural engineering field, physiological dysfunctions are approached by identifying the target nerves and providing artificial stimulation to restore the function. Neural stimulation and recording technologies play a central role in this approach, and various engineering devices and stimulation techniques have become available to the medical community. For bladder control problems, electrical stimulation has been used as one of the treatments, while only a few emerging neurotechnologies have been used to tackle these problems. In this review, we introduce some recent developments in neural stimulation technologies including microelectrode array, closed-loop neural stimulation, optical stimulation, and ultrasound stimulation.
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34
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Thompson AC, Stoddart PR, Jansen ED. Optical Stimulation of Neurons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 3:162-177. [PMID: 26322269 PMCID: PMC4541079 DOI: 10.2174/2211555203666141117220611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Our capacity to interface with the nervous system remains overwhelmingly reliant on electrical stimulation devices, such as electrode arrays and cuff electrodes that can stimulate both central and peripheral nervous systems. However, electrical stimulation has to deal with multiple challenges, including selectivity, spatial resolution, mechanical stability, implant-induced injury and the subsequent inflammatory response. Optical stimulation techniques may avoid some of these challenges by providing more selective stimulation, higher spatial resolution and reduced invasiveness of the device, while also avoiding the electrical artefacts that complicate recordings of electrically stimulated neuronal activity. This review explores the current status of optical stimulation techniques, including optogenetic methods, photoactive molecule approaches and infrared neural stimulation, together with emerging techniques such as hybrid optical-electrical stimulation, nanoparticle enhanced stimulation and optoelectric methods. Infrared neural stimulation is particularly emphasised, due to the potential for direct activation of neural tissue by infrared light, as opposed to techniques that rely on the introduction of exogenous light responsive materials. However, infrared neural stimulation remains imperfectly understood, and techniques for accurately delivering light are still under development. While the various techniques reviewed here confirm the overall feasibility of optical stimulation, a number of challenges remain to be overcome before they can deliver their full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Thompson
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
| | - Paul R Stoddart
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
| | - E Duco Jansen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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35
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Cayce JM, Wells JD, Malphrus JD, Kao C, Thomsen S, Tulipan NB, Konrad PE, Jansen ED, Mahadevan-Jansen A. Infrared neural stimulation of human spinal nerve roots in vivo. NEUROPHOTONICS 2015; 2:015007. [PMID: 26157986 PMCID: PMC4478764 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.2.1.015007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Infrared neural stimulation (INS) is a neurostimulation modality that uses pulsed infrared light to evoke artifact-free, spatially precise neural activity with a noncontact interface; however, the technique has not been demonstrated in humans. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of INS in humans in vivo. The feasibility of INS in humans was assessed in patients ([Formula: see text]) undergoing selective dorsal root rhizotomy, where hyperactive dorsal roots, identified for transection, were stimulated in vivo with INS on two to three sites per nerve with electromyogram recordings acquired throughout the stimulation. The stimulated dorsal root was removed and histology was performed to determine thermal damage thresholds of INS. Threshold activation of human dorsal rootlets occurred in 63% of nerves for radiant exposures between 0.53 and [Formula: see text]. In all cases, only one or two monitored muscle groups were activated from INS stimulation of a hyperactive spinal root identified by electrical stimulation. Thermal damage was first noted at [Formula: see text] and a [Formula: see text] safety ratio was identified. These findings demonstrate the success of INS as a fresh approach for activating human nerves in vivo and providing the necessary safety data needed to pursue clinically driven therapeutic and diagnostic applications of INS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Cayce
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 5824 Stevenson Center, Station B, Box 351631 Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1631, United States
| | - Jonathon D. Wells
- Lockheed Martin, 22121 20th Avenue SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, United States
| | - Jonathan D. Malphrus
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 5824 Stevenson Center, Station B, Box 351631 Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1631, United States
| | - Chris Kao
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Neurological Surgery, 1161 21st Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2380, United States
| | - Sharon Thomsen
- University of Texas, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Austin, Texas, and 500 Discovery View Drive, Sequim, Washington 98382, United States
| | - Noel B. Tulipan
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Neurological Surgery, 1161 21st Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2380, United States
| | - Peter E. Konrad
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 5824 Stevenson Center, Station B, Box 351631 Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1631, United States
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Neurological Surgery, 1161 21st Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2380, United States
| | - E. Duco Jansen
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 5824 Stevenson Center, Station B, Box 351631 Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1631, United States
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Neurological Surgery, 1161 21st Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2380, United States
| | - Anita Mahadevan-Jansen
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 5824 Stevenson Center, Station B, Box 351631 Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1631, United States
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Neurological Surgery, 1161 21st Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2380, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Anita Mahadevan-Jansen, E-mail:
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Luan S, Williams I, Nikolic K, Constandinou TG. Neuromodulation: present and emerging methods. FRONTIERS IN NEUROENGINEERING 2014; 7:27. [PMID: 25076887 PMCID: PMC4097946 DOI: 10.3389/fneng.2014.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuromodulation has wide ranging potential applications in replacing impaired neural function (prosthetics), as a novel form of medical treatment (therapy), and as a tool for investigating neurons and neural function (research). Voltage and current controlled electrical neural stimulation (ENS) are methods that have already been widely applied in both neuroscience and clinical practice for neuroprosthetics. However, there are numerous alternative methods of stimulating or inhibiting neurons. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art in ENS as well as alternative neuromodulation techniques-presenting the operational concepts, technical implementation and limitations-in order to inform system design choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Luan
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
- Center for Bio-Inspired Technology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Ian Williams
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
- Center for Bio-Inspired Technology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Konstantin Nikolic
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
- Center for Bio-Inspired Technology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Timothy G. Constandinou
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
- Center for Bio-Inspired Technology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
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37
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Wang YT, Gu S, Ma P, Watanabe M, Rollins AM, Jenkins MW. Optical stimulation enables paced electrophysiological studies in embryonic hearts. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:1000-13. [PMID: 24761284 PMCID: PMC3985989 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.001000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac electrophysiology plays a critical role in the development and function of the heart. Studies of early embryonic electrical activity have lacked a viable point stimulation technique to pace in vitro samples. Here, optical pacing by high-precision infrared stimulation is used to pace excised embryonic hearts, allowing electrophysiological parameters to be quantified during pacing at varying rates with optical mapping. Combined optical pacing and optical mapping enables electrophysiological studies in embryos under more physiological conditions and at varying heart rates, allowing detection of abnormal conduction and comparisons between normal and pathological electrical activity during development in various models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves T. Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44120, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44120, USA
| | - Shi Gu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44120, USA
| | - Pei Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44120, USA
| | - Michiko Watanabe
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44120, USA
| | - Andrew M. Rollins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44120, USA
| | - Michael W. Jenkins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44120, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44120, USA
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