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Zhang X, Frankevich V, Ding J, Ma Y, Chingin K, Chen H. Direct mass spectrometry analysis of exhaled human breath in real-time. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023. [PMID: 37565588 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The molecular composition of exhaled human breath can reflect various physiological and pathological conditions. Considerable progress has been achieved over the past decade in real-time analysis of exhaled human breath using direct mass spectrometry methods, including selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry, extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, secondary electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, acetone-assisted negative photoionization mass spectrometry, atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry, and low-pressure photoionization mass spectrometry. Here, recent developments in direct mass spectrometry analysis of exhaled human breath are reviewed with regard to analytical performance (chemical sensitivity, selectivity, quantitative capabilities) and applications of the developed methods in disease diagnosis, targeted molecular detection, and real-time metabolic monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Zhang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Vladimir Frankevich
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Jianhua Ding
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- Department of GCP, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Konstantin Chingin
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanwen Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
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2
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Smith D, Španěl P, Demarais N, Langford VS, McEwan MJ. Recent developments and applications of selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS). MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023:e21835. [PMID: 36776107 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) is now recognized as the most versatile analytical technique for the identification and quantification of trace gases down to the parts-per-trillion by volume, pptv, range. This statement is supported by the wide reach of its applications, from real-time analysis, obviating sample collection of very humid exhaled breath, to its adoption in industrial scenarios for air quality monitoring. This review touches on the recent extensions to the underpinning ion chemistry kinetics library and the alternative challenge of using nitrogen carrier gas instead of helium. The addition of reagent anions in the Voice200 series of SIFT-MS instruments has enhanced the analytical capability, thus allowing analyses of volatile trace compounds in humid air that cannot be analyzed using reagent cations alone, as clarified by outlining the anion chemistry involved. Case studies are reviewed of breath analysis and bacterial culture volatile organic compound (VOC), emissions, environmental applications such as air, water, and soil analysis, workplace safety such as transport container fumigants, airborne contamination in semiconductor fabrication, food flavor and spoilage, drugs contamination and VOC emissions from packaging to demonstrate the stated qualities and uniqueness of the new generation SIFT-MS instrumentation. Finally, some advancements that can be made to improve the analytical capability and reach of SIFT-MS are mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Smith
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Patrik Španěl
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | | | | | - Murray J McEwan
- Syft Technologies Limited, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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3
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Rothbart N, Stanley V, Koczulla R, Jarosch I, Holz O, Schmalz K, Hübers HW. Millimeter-wave gas spectroscopy for breath analysis of COPD patients in comparison to GC-MS. J Breath Res 2022; 16. [PMID: 35688126 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ac77aa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of human breath is a very active area of research, driven by the vision of a fast, easy, and non-invasive tool for medical diagnoses at the point of care. Millimeter-wave gas spectroscopy (MMWGS) is a novel, well-suited technique for this application as it provides high sensitivity, specificity and selectivity. Most of all, it offers the perspective of compact low-cost systems to be used in doctors' offices or hospitals. In this work, we demonstrate the analysis of breath samples acquired in a medical environment using MMWGS and evaluate validity, reliability, as well as limitations and perspectives of the method. To this end, we investigated 28 duplicate samples from chronic obstructive lung disease patients and compared the results to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The quantification of the data was conducted using a calibration-free fit model, which describes the data precisely and delivers absolute quantities. For ethanol, acetone, and acetonitrile, the results agree well with the GC-MS measurements and are as reliable as GC-MS. The duplicate samples deviate from the mean values by only 6% to 18%. Detection limits of MMWGS depend strongly on the molecular species. For example, acetonitrile can be traced down to 1.8 × 10-12mol by the MMWGS system, which is comparable to the GC-MS system. We observed correlations of abundances between formaldehyde and acetaldehyde as well as between acetonitrile and acetaldehyde, which demonstrates the potential of MMWGS for breath research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Rothbart
- Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany.,Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Victoria Stanley
- Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany.,Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rembert Koczulla
- Schön Klinik Berchtesgadener Land, Research Institute for Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Schönau am Königssee, Germany.,Philipps-University of Marburg, Department of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany
| | - Inga Jarosch
- Schön Klinik Berchtesgadener Land, Research Institute for Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Schönau am Königssee, Germany.,Philipps-University of Marburg, Department of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Holz
- Fraunhofer ITEM, German Center for Lung Research (BREATH, DZL), Clinical Airway Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Klaus Schmalz
- IHP-Leibniz-Institut für Innovative Mikroelektronik, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany
| | - Heinz-Wilhelm Hübers
- Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany.,Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Biochemical mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy and other diabetic complications in humans: the methanol-formaldehyde-formic acid hypothesis. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2022; 54:415-451. [PMID: 35607958 PMCID: PMC9828688 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2022012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia in diabetic patients is associated with abnormally-elevated cellular glucose levels. It is hypothesized that increased cellular glucose will lead to increased formation of endogenous methanol and/or formaldehyde, both of which are then metabolically converted to formic acid. These one-carbon metabolites are known to be present naturally in humans, and their levels are increased under diabetic conditions. Mechanistically, while formaldehyde is a cross-linking agent capable of causing extensive cytotoxicity, formic acid is an inhibitor of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase, capable of inducing histotoxic hypoxia, ATP deficiency and cytotoxicity. Chronic increase in the production and accumulation of these toxic one-carbon metabolites in diabetic patients can drive the pathogenesis of ocular as well as other diabetic complications. This hypothesis is supported by a large body of experimental and clinical observations scattered in the literature. For instance, methanol is known to have organ- and species-selective toxicities, including the characteristic ocular lesions commonly seen in humans and non-human primates, but not in rodents. Similarly, some of the diabetic complications (such as ocular lesions) also have a characteristic species-selective pattern, closely resembling methanol intoxication. Moreover, while alcohol consumption or combined use of folic acid plus vitamin B is beneficial for mitigating acute methanol toxicity in humans, their use also improves the outcomes of diabetic complications. In addition, there is also a large body of evidence from biochemical and cellular studies. Together, there is considerable experimental support for the proposed hypothesis that increased metabolic formation of toxic one-carbon metabolites in diabetic patients contributes importantly to the development of various clinical complications.
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López-Lorente CI, Awchi M, Sinues P, García-Gómez D. Real-time pharmacokinetics via online analysis of exhaled breath. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 205:114311. [PMID: 34403867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The advantages that on-line breath analysis has shown in different fields have already made it stand as an interesting tool for pharmacokinetic studies. This review summarizes recent progress in the field, diving into the different analytical methods and the different advantages and hurdles encountered. We conclude that there is a wealth of limitations in the application of this technique, and key aspects like standardization are still outstanding. Nevertheless, this is an experimental field that has not yet been fully explored; and the advantages it offers for animal welfare, decrease in the amount of drug needed in experimental studies, and complementary insights to current pharmacological studies, warrant further exploration. Further studies are needed to overcome current limitations and incorporate this technique into the toolbox of pharmacological studies, both at an industrial and academic level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mo Awchi
- University Children's Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pablo Sinues
- University Children's Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Diego García-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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Toma K, Iwasaki K, Zhang G, Iitani K, Arakawa T, Iwasaki Y, Mitsubayashi K. Biochemical Methanol Gas Sensor (MeOH Bio-Sniffer) for Non-Invasive Assessment of Intestinal Flora from Breath Methanol. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:4897. [PMID: 34300636 PMCID: PMC8309873 DOI: 10.3390/s21144897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Methanol (MeOH) in exhaled breath has potential for non-invasive assessment of intestinal flora. In this study, we have developed a biochemical gas sensor (bio-sniffer) for MeOH in the gas phase using fluorometry and a cascade reaction with two enzymes, alcohol oxidase (AOD) and formaldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH). In the cascade reaction, oxidation of MeOH was initially catalyzed by AOD to produce formaldehyde, and then this formaldehyde was successively oxidized via FALDH catalysis together with reduction of oxidized form of β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). As a result of the cascade reaction, reduced form of NAD (NADH) was produced, and MeOH vapor was measured by detecting autofluorescence of NADH. In the development of the MeOH bio-sniffer, three conditions were optimized: selecting a suitable FALDH for better discrimination of MeOH from ethanol in the cascade reaction; buffer pH that maximizes the cascade reaction; and materials and methods to prevent leaking of NAD+ solution from an AOD-FALDH membrane. The dynamic range of the constructed MeOH bio-sniffer was 0.32-20 ppm, which encompassed the MeOH concentration in exhaled breath of healthy people. The measurement of exhaled breath of a healthy subject showed a similar sensorgram to the standard MeOH vapor. These results suggest that the MeOH bio-sniffer exploiting the cascade reaction will become a powerful tool for the non-invasive intestinal flora testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Toma
- Department of Biomedical Devices and Instrumentation, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; (K.T.); (K.I.); (T.A.)
| | - Kanako Iwasaki
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; (K.I.); (G.Z.)
| | - Geng Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; (K.I.); (G.Z.)
| | - Kenta Iitani
- Department of Biomedical Devices and Instrumentation, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; (K.T.); (K.I.); (T.A.)
| | - Takahiro Arakawa
- Department of Biomedical Devices and Instrumentation, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; (K.T.); (K.I.); (T.A.)
| | - Yasuhiko Iwasaki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Osaka 564-8680, Japan;
| | - Kohji Mitsubayashi
- Department of Biomedical Devices and Instrumentation, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; (K.T.); (K.I.); (T.A.)
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; (K.I.); (G.Z.)
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7
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Thiol-Amine Functionalized Decorated Carbon Nanotubes for Biomarker Gases Detection. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9050087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thousands of gas molecules are expelled in exhaled breath, and some of them can reveal diseases and metabolomic disorders. For that reason, the development of fast, inexpensive, and reliable sensing devices has been attracting growing interest. Here, we present the development of different chemoresistors based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) decorated with platinum (MWCNT/Pt) and palladium (MWCNT/Pt) nanoparticles and also functionalized with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 11-amino-1-undecanethiol (Thiol-amine). The nanocomposites developed are a proof-of-concept to detect some biomarker molecules. Specifically, the capability to identify and measure different concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), either aromatic (toluene and benzene) and non-aromatic (ethanol and methanol) was assessed. As a result, this paper reports the significant differences in sensing performance achieved according to the metal nanoparticle used, and the high sensitivity obtained when SAMs are grown on the sensitive film, acting as a receptor for biomarker vapours.
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Drabińska N, Flynn C, Ratcliffe N, Belluomo I, Myridakis A, Gould O, Fois M, Smart A, Devine T, Costello BDL. A literature survey of all volatiles from healthy human breath and bodily fluids: the human volatilome. J Breath Res 2021; 15. [PMID: 33761469 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/abf1d0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper comprises an updated version of the 2014 review which reported 1846 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) identified from healthy humans. In total over 900 additional VOCs have been reported since the 2014 review and the VOCs from semen have been added. The numbers of VOCs found in breath and the other bodily fluids are: blood 379, breath 1488, faeces 443, milk 290, saliva 549, semen 196, skin 623 and urine 444. Compounds were assigned CAS registry numbers and named according to a common convention where possible. The compounds have been included in a single table with the source reference(s) for each VOC, an update on our 2014 paper. VOCs have also been grouped into tables according to their chemical class or functionality to permit easy comparison. Careful use of the database is needed, as a number of the identified VOCs only have level 2-putative assignment, and only a small fraction of the reported VOCs have been validated by standards. Some clear differences are observed, for instance, a lack of esters in urine with a high number in faeces and breath. However, the lack of compounds from matrices such a semen and milk compared to breath for example could be due to the techniques used or reflect the intensity of effort e.g. there are few publications on VOCs from milk and semen compared to a large number for breath. The large number of volatiles reported from skin is partly due to the methodologies used, e.g. by collecting skin sebum (with dissolved VOCs and semi VOCs) onto glass beads or cotton pads and then heating to a high temperature to desorb VOCs. All compounds have been included as reported (unless there was a clear discrepancy between name and chemical structure), but there may be some mistaken assignations arising from the original publications, particularly for isomers. It is the authors' intention that this work will not only be a useful database of VOCs listed in the literature but will stimulate further study of VOCs from healthy individuals; for example more work is required to confirm the identification of these VOCs adhering to the principles outlined in the metabolomics standards initiative. Establishing a list of volatiles emanating from healthy individuals and increased understanding of VOC metabolic pathways is an important step for differentiating between diseases using VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Drabińska
- Division of Food Sciences, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-747 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Cheryl Flynn
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Norman Ratcliffe
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Ilaria Belluomo
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, QEQM Building, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom
| | - Antonis Myridakis
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, QEQM Building, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Gould
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Fois
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Smart
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Terry Devine
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Ben De Lacy Costello
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
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9
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van den Broek J, Bischof D, Derron N, Abegg S, Gerber PA, Güntner AT, Pratsinis SE. Screening Methanol Poisoning with a Portable Breath Detector. Anal Chem 2021; 93:1170-1178. [PMID: 33315383 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Methanol poisoning outbreaks after consumption of adulterated alcohol frequently overwhelm health care facilities in developing countries. Here, we present how a recently developed low-cost and handheld breath detector can serve as a noninvasive and rapid diagnostic tool for methanol poisoning. The detector combines a separation column and a micromachined chemoresistive gas sensor fully integrated into a device that communicates wirelessly with a smartphone. The performance of the detector is validated with methanol-spiked breath of 20 volunteers (105 breath samples) after consumption of alcoholic beverages. Breath methanol concentrations were quantified accurately within 2 min in the full breath-relevant range (10-1000 ppm) in excellent agreement (R2 = 0.966) with benchtop mass spectrometry. Bland-Altman analysis revealed sufficient limits of agreement (95% confidence intervals), promising to indicate reliably the clinical need for antidote and hemodialysis treatment. This simple-in-use detector features high diagnostic capability for accurate measurement of methanol in spiked breath, promising for rapid screening of methanol poisoning and assessment of severity. It can be applied readily by first responders to distinguish methanol from ethanol poisoning and monitor in real time the subsequent hospital treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan van den Broek
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dario Bischof
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nina Derron
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Abegg
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp A Gerber
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas T Güntner
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sotiris E Pratsinis
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Quantification of volatile metabolites in exhaled breath by selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, SIFT-MS. CLINICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 16:18-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinms.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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11
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Kabir E, Raza N, Kumar V, Singh J, Tsang YF, Lim DK, Szulejko JE, Kim KH. Recent Advances in Nanomaterial-Based Human Breath Analytical Technology for Clinical Diagnosis and the Way Forward. Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Wallace MAG, Pleil JD. Evolution of clinical and environmental health applications of exhaled breath research: Review of methods and instrumentation for gas-phase, condensate, and aerosols. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1024:18-38. [PMID: 29776545 PMCID: PMC6082128 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human breath, along with urine and blood, has long been one of the three major biological media for assessing human health and environmental exposure. In fact, the detection of odor on human breath, as described by Hippocrates in 400 BC, is considered the first analytical health assessment tool. Although less common in comparison to contemporary bio-fluids analyses, breath has become an attractive diagnostic medium as sampling is non-invasive, unlimited in timing and volume, and does not require clinical personnel. Exhaled breath, exhaled breath condensate (EBC), and exhaled breath aerosol (EBA) are different types of breath matrices used to assess human health and disease state. Over the past 20 years, breath research has made many advances in assessing health state, overcoming many of its initial challenges related to sampling and analysis. The wide variety of sampling techniques and collection devices that have been developed for these media are discussed herein. The different types of sensors and mass spectrometry instruments currently available for breath analysis are evaluated as well as emerging breath research topics, such as cytokines, security and airport surveillance, cellular respiration, and canine olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ariel Geer Wallace
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Joachim D Pleil
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
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13
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Casas-Ferreira AM, Nogal-Sánchez MD, Pérez-Pavón JL, Moreno-Cordero B. Non-separative mass spectrometry methods for non-invasive medical diagnostics based on volatile organic compounds: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1045:10-22. [PMID: 30454564 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this review, an assessment of non-separative methods based on mass spectrometry used to analyse volatile organic compounds in the field of bioanalysis is performed. The use of non-separative methods based on mass spectrometry has been established as an attractive option for analysing compounds. These instrumental configurations are suitable for biomedical applications because of their versatility, rapid output of results, and the wide range of volatile organic compounds that can be determined. Here, techniques such as headspace sampling coupled to mass spectrometry, membrane introduction mass spectrometry, selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry, secondary electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and ion mobility mass spectrometry, are evaluated. Samples involving non-invasive methods of collection, such as urine, saliva, breath and sweat, are mainly considered. To the best of our knowledge, a comprehensive review of all the non-separative instrumental configurations applied to the analysis of gaseous samples from all matrices non-invasively collected has not yet been carried out. The assessment of non-separative techniques for the analysis of these type of samples can be considered a key issue for future clinical applications, as they allow real-time sample analysis, without patient suffering. Any contribution to the early diagnosis of disease can be considered a priority for the scientific community. Therefore, the identification and determination of volatile organic compounds related to particular diseases has become an important field or research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Casas-Ferreira
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Miguel Del Nogal-Sánchez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - José Luis Pérez-Pavón
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Bernardo Moreno-Cordero
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
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Abstract
Aspartame is a synthetic dipeptide artificial sweetener, frequently used in foods, medications, and beverages, notably carbonated and powdered soft drinks. Since 1981, when aspartame was first approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, researchers have debated both its recommended safe dosage (40 mg/kg/d) and its general safety to organ systems. This review examines papers published between 2000 and 2016 on both the safe dosage and higher-than-recommended dosages and presents a concise synthesis of current trends. Data on the safe aspartame dosage are controversial, and the literature suggests there are potential side effects associated with aspartame consumption. Since aspartame consumption is on the rise, the safety of this sweetener should be revisited. Most of the literature available on the safety of aspartame is included in this review. Safety studies are based primarily on animal models, as data from human studies are limited. The existing animal studies and the limited human studies suggest that aspartame and its metabolites, whether consumed in quantities significantly higher than the recommended safe dosage or within recommended safe levels, may disrupt the oxidant/antioxidant balance, induce oxidative stress, and damage cell membrane integrity, potentially affecting a variety of cells and tissues and causing a deregulation of cellular function, ultimately leading to systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arbind Kumar Choudhary
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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15
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Kistler M, Muntean A, Höllriegl V, Matuschek G, Zimmermann R, Hoeschen C, de Angelis MH, Rozman J. A systemic view on the distribution of diet-derived methanol and hepatic acetone in mice. J Breath Res 2017; 12:017102. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aa8a15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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16
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Smith D, Španěl P. On the importance of accurate quantification of individual volatile metabolites in exhaled breath. J Breath Res 2017. [PMID: 28635619 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aa7ab5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is argued that shortcomings of certain approaches to breath analysis research based on superficial interpretation of non-quantitative data are inadvertently inhibiting the progression of non-invasive breath analysis into clinical practice. The objective of this perspective is to suggest more clinically profitable approaches to breath research. Thus, following a discourse on the challenges and expectations in breath research, a brief indication is given of the analytical techniques currently used for the analysis of very humid exhaled breath. The seminal work that has been carried out using GC-MS revealed that exhaled breath comprises large numbers of trace volatile organic compounds, VOCs. Unfortunately, analysis of these valuable GC-MS data is mostly performed using chemometrics to distinguish the VOC content of breath samples collected from patients and healthy controls, and reliable quantification of the VOCs is rarely deemed necessary. This limited approach ignores the requirements of clinically acceptable biomarkers and misses the opportunity to identify relationships between the concentrations of individual VOCs and certain related physiological or metabolic parameters. Therefore, a plea is made for more effort to be directed towards the positive identification and accurate quantification of individual VOCs in exhaled breath, which are more physiologically meaningful as best exemplified by the quantification of breath nitric oxide, NO. Support for the value of individual VOC quantification is illustrated by the SIFT-MS studies of breath hydrogen cyanide, HCN, a biomarker of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, breath acetic acid as an indicator of airways acidification in cystic fibrosis patients, and n-pentane as a breath biomarker of inflammation in idiopathic bowel disease patients. These single VOCs could be used as non-invasive monitors of the efficacy of therapeutic intervention. The increase of breath methanol following the ingestion of a known amount of the sweetener aspartame impressively shows that accurate breath analysis is a reliable indicator of blood concentrations. However, using individual VOCs for specific disease diagnosis does have its problems and it is, perhaps, more appropriate to see their concentrations as proxy markers of general underlying physiological change. We dedicate this perspective to Lars Gustafsson for his seminal work on breath research and especially for his pioneering work on nitric oxide measurements in exhaled breath in asthma, which best shows the utility and value of the quantification of individual breath biomarkers on which this perspective focuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Smith
- Trans Spectra Limited, 9 The Elms, Newcastle under Lyme, United Kingdom
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17
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Spesyvyi A, Smith D, Španěl P. Ion chemistry at elevated ion–molecule interaction energies in a selected ion flow-drift tube: reactions of H3O+, NO+ and O2+ with saturated aliphatic ketones. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:31714-31723. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05795d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rate coefficients and product ion branching ratios determined for proton transfer, association and charge transfer reactions provide insight into reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatolii Spesyvyi
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences
- 18223 Prague 8
- Czech Republic
| | - David Smith
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences
- 18223 Prague 8
- Czech Republic
| | - Patrik Španěl
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences
- 18223 Prague 8
- Czech Republic
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18
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Ahmed N, Bezabeh T, Ijare OB, Myers R, Alomran R, Aliani M, Nugent Z, Banerji S, Kim J, Qing G, Bshouty Z. Metabolic Signatures of Lung Cancer in Sputum and Exhaled Breath Condensate Detected by 1H Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Feasibility Study. MAGNETIC RESONANCE INSIGHTS 2016; 9:29-35. [PMID: 27891048 PMCID: PMC5117486 DOI: 10.4137/mri.s40864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lung cancer is one of the most lethal cancers. Currently, there are no biomarkers for early detection, monitoring treatment response, and detecting recurrent lung cancer. We undertook this study to determine if 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of sputum and exhaled breath condensate (EBC), as a noninvasive tool, can identify metabolic biomarkers of lung cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sputum and EBC samples were collected from 20 patients, comprising patients with pathologically confirmed non-small cell lung cancer (n = 10) and patients with benign respiratory conditions (n = 10). Both sputum and EBC samples were collected from 18 patients; 2 patients provided EBC samples only. 1H MR spectra were obtained on a Bruker Avance 400 MHz nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer. Sputum samples were further confirmed cytologically to distinguish between true sputum and saliva. RESULTS In the EBC samples, median concentrations of propionate, ethanol, acetate, and acetone were higher in lung cancer patients compared to the patients with benign conditions. Median concentration of methanol was lower in lung cancer patients (0.028 mM) than in patients with benign conditions (0.067 mM; P = 0.028). In the combined sputum and saliva and the cytologically confirmed sputum samples, median concentrations of N-acetyl sugars, glycoprotein, propionate, lysine, acetate, and formate were lower in the lung cancer patients than in patients with benign conditions. Glucose was found to be consistently absent in the combined sputum and saliva samples (88%) as well as in the cytologically confirmed sputum samples (86%) of lung cancer patients. CONCLUSION Absence of glucose in sputum and lower concentrations of methanol in EBC of lung cancer patients discerned by 1H MRS may serve as metabolic biomarkers of lung cancer for early detection, monitoring treatment response, and detecting recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naseer Ahmed
- CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Tedros Bezabeh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Current address: College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Guam, Guam, USA
| | - Omkar B. Ijare
- Department of Chemistry, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Renelle Myers
- Department of Respirology, Health Sciences Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Reem Alomran
- CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Michel Aliani
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | - Shantanu Banerji
- CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Julian Kim
- CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Gefei Qing
- Department of Pathology, Health Sciences Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Zoheir Bshouty
- Department of Respirology, Health Sciences Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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19
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Status of selected ion flow tube MS: accomplishments and challenges in breath analysis and other areas. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:1183-201. [PMID: 27212131 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reflects our observations of recent accomplishments made using selected ion flow tube MS (SIFT-MS). Only brief descriptions are given of SIFT-MS as an analytical method and of the recent extensions to the underpinning analytical ion chemistry required to realize more robust analyses. The challenge of breath analysis is given special attention because, when achieved, it renders analysis of other air media relatively straightforward. Brief overviews are given of recent SIFT-MS breath analyses by leading research groups, noting the desirability of detection and quantification of single volatile biomarkers rather than reliance on statistical analyses, if breath analysis is to be accepted into clinical practice. A 'strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats' analysis of SIFT-MS is made, which should help to increase its utility for trace gas analysis.
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Chambers-Bédard C, Ross BM. Quantification of methanol in the presence of ethanol by selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2016; 22:159-164. [PMID: 27882880 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The quantification of trace compounds in alcoholic beverages is a useful means to both investigate the chemical basis of beverage flavor and to facilitate quality control during the production process. One compound of interest is methanol which, due to it being toxic, must not exceed regulatory limits. The analysis of headspace gases is a desirable means to do this since it does not require direct sampling of the liquid material. One established means to conduct headspace analysis is selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS). The high concentration of ethanol present in the headspace of alcoholic drinks complicates the analysis, however, via reacting with the precursor ions central to this technique. We therefore investigated whether methanol could be quantified in the presence of a large excess of ethanol using SIFT-MS. We found that methanol reacted with ionized ethanol to generate product ions that could be used to quantify methanol concentrations and used this technique to quantify methanol in beverages containing different quantities of ethanol. We conclude that SIFT-MS can be used to quantify trace compounds in alcoholic beverages by determining the relevant reaction chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian M Ross
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada P7B5E1 and Northern Ontario School of Medicine, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada P7B5E1.
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