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Feng H, Song Y, Lian X, Zhang S, Bai J, Gan F, Lei Q, Wei Y, Huang D. Study on Printability Evaluation of Alginate/Silk Fibroin/Collagen Double-Cross-Linked Inks and the Properties of 3D Printed Constructs. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024. [PMID: 39321210 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c01522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, biological 3D printing has garnered increasing attention for tissue and organ repair. The challenge with 3D-printing inks is to combine mechanical properties as well as biocompatibility. Proteins serve as vital structural components in living systems, and utilizing protein-based inks can ensure that the materials maintain the necessary biological activity. In this study, we incorporated two natural biomaterials, silk fibroin (SF) and collagen (COL), into a low-concentration sodium alginate (SA) solution to create novel composite inks. SF and COL were modified with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) to impart photo-cross-linking properties. The UV light test and 1H NMR results demonstrated successful curing of silk fibroin (SF) and collagen (COL) after modification and grafting. Subsequently, the printability of modified silk fibroin (RSFMA)/SA with varying concentration gradients was assessed using a set of three consecutive printing models, and the material's properties were tested. The research results prove that the addition of RSFMA and ColMA enhances the printability of low-concentration SA solutions, with the Pr values increasing from 0.85 ± 0.02 to 0.90 ± 0.03 and 0.92 ± 0.02, respectively, and the mechanical strength increasing from 0.19 ± 0.01 to 0.28 ± 0.01 and 0.38 ± 0.01 MPa; cytocompatibility has also been improved. Furthermore, rheological tests indicated that all of the inks exhibited shear thinning properties. CCK-8 experiments demonstrated that the addition of ColMA increased the cytocompatibility of the ink system. Overall, the utilization of SF and COL-modified SA materials as inks represents a promising advancement in 3D-printed ink technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Feng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Yufan Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Xiaojie Lian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Siruo Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Functional Proteins, Shanxi Jinbo Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Taiyuan 030032, PR China
| | - Jinxuan Bai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Fangjin Gan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Qi Lei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Yan Wei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Di Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
- Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan 030032, PR China
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Song Y, Hu Q, Liu S, Wang Y, Zhang H, Chen J, Yao G. Electrospinning/3D printing drug-loaded antibacterial polycaprolactone nanofiber/sodium alginate-gelatin hydrogel bilayer scaffold for skin wound repair. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 275:129705. [PMID: 38272418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Skin injuries and defects, as a common clinical issue, still cannot be perfectly repaired at present, particularly large-scale and infected skin defects. Therefore, in this work, a drug-loaded bilayer skin scaffold was developed for repairing full-thickness skin defects. Briefly, amoxicillin (AMX) was loaded on polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofiber via electrospinning to form the antibacterial nanofiber membrane (PCL-AMX) as the outer layer of scaffold to mimic epidermis. To maintain wound wettability and promote wound healing, external human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF) was loaded in sodium alginate-gelatin to form the hydrogel structure (SG-rhEGF) via 3D printing as inner layer of scaffold to mimic dermis. AMX and rhEGF were successfully loaded into the scaffold. The scaffold exhibited excellent physicochemical properties, with elongation at break and tensile modulus were 102.09 ± 6.74% and 206.83 ± 32.10 kPa, respectively; the outer layer was hydrophobic (WCA was 112.09 ± 4.67°), while the inner layer was hydrophilic (WCA was 48.87 ± 5.52°). Meanwhile, the scaffold showed excellent drug release and antibacterial characteristics. In vitro and in vivo studies indicated that the fabricated scaffold could enhance cell adhesion and proliferation, and promote skin wound healing, with favorable biocompatibility and great potential for skin regeneration and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongteng Song
- Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing and Robotics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Qingxi Hu
- Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing and Robotics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Engineering Training Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Suihong Liu
- Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing and Robotics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China; State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yahao Wang
- Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing and Robotics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Haiguang Zhang
- Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing and Robotics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Engineering Training Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Jianghan Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China.
| | - Guotai Yao
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China; Department of Dermatology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.
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Mirsky NA, Ehlen QT, Greenfield JA, Antonietti M, Slavin BV, Nayak VV, Pelaez D, Tse DT, Witek L, Daunert S, Coelho PG. Three-Dimensional Bioprinting: A Comprehensive Review for Applications in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:777. [PMID: 39199735 PMCID: PMC11351251 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11080777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Since three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has emerged, it has continuously to evolved as a revolutionary technology in surgery, offering new paradigms for reconstructive and regenerative medical applications. This review highlights the integration of 3D printing, specifically bioprinting, across several surgical disciplines over the last five years. The methods employed encompass a review of recent literature focusing on innovations and applications of 3D-bioprinted tissues and/or organs. The findings reveal significant advances in the creation of complex, customized, multi-tissue constructs that mimic natural tissue characteristics, which are crucial for surgical interventions and patient-specific treatments. Despite the technological advances, the paper introduces and discusses several challenges that remain, such as the vascularization of bioprinted tissues, integration with the host tissue, and the long-term viability of bioprinted organs. The review concludes that while 3D bioprinting holds substantial promise for transforming surgical practices and enhancing patient outcomes, ongoing research, development, and a clear regulatory framework are essential to fully realize potential future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Quinn T. Ehlen
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | | | | | - Blaire V. Slavin
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Vasudev Vivekanand Nayak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Daniel Pelaez
- Dr. Nasser Ibrahim Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - David T. Tse
- Dr. Nasser Ibrahim Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Lukasz Witek
- Biomaterials Division, NYU Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sylvia Daunert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Paulo G. Coelho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Chrungoo S, Bharadwaj T, Verma D. Nanofibrous polyelectrolyte complex incorporated BSA-alginate composite bioink for 3D bioprinting of bone mimicking constructs. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131123. [PMID: 38537853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Although several bioinks have been developed for 3D bioprinting applications, the lack of optimal printability, mechanical properties, and adequate cell response has limited their practical applicability. Therefore, this work reports the development of a composite bioink consisting of bovine serum albumin (BSA), alginate, and self-assembled nanofibrous polyelectrolyte complex aggregates of gelatin and chitosan (PEC-GC). The nanofibrous PEC-GC aggregates were prepared and incorporated into the bioink in varying concentrations (0 % to 3 %). The bioink samples were bioprinted and crosslinked post-printing by calcium chloride. The average nanofiber diameter of PEC-GC was 62 ± 15 nm. It was demonstrated that PEC-GC improves the printability and cellular adhesion of the developed bioink and modulates the swelling ratio, degradation rate, and mechanical properties of the fabricated scaffold. The in vitro results revealed that the bioink with 2 % PEC-GC had the best post-printing cell viability of the encapsulated MG63 osteosarcoma cells and well oragnized stress fibers, indicating enhanced cell adhesion. The cell viability was >90 %, as observed from the MTT assay. The composite bioink also showed osteogenic potential, as confirmed by the estimation of alkaline phosphatase activity and collagen synthesis assay. This study successfully fabricated a high-shape fidelity bioink with potential in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Chrungoo
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Tanmay Bharadwaj
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Devendra Verma
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India.
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Zhang Y, Pham HM, Tran SD. The Chicken Egg: An Advanced Material for Tissue Engineering. Biomolecules 2024; 14:439. [PMID: 38672456 PMCID: PMC11048217 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The chicken egg, an excellent natural source of proteins, has been an overlooked native biomaterial with remarkable physicochemical, structural, and biological properties. Recently, with significant advances in biomedical engineering, particularly in the development of 3D in vitro platforms, chicken egg materials have increasingly been investigated as biomaterials due to their distinct advantages such as their low cost, availability, easy handling, gelling ability, bioactivity, and provision of a developmentally stimulating environment for cells. In addition, the chicken egg and its by-products can improve tissue engraftment and stimulate angiogenesis, making it particularly attractive for wound healing and tissue engineering applications. Evidence suggests that the egg white (EW), egg yolk (EY), and eggshell membrane (ESM) are great biomaterial candidates for tissue engineering, as their protein composition resembles mammalian extracellular matrix proteins, ideal for cellular attachment, cellular differentiation, proliferation, and survivability. Moreover, eggshell (ES) is considered an excellent calcium resource for generating hydroxyapatite (HA), making it a promising biomaterial for bone regeneration. This review will provide researchers with a concise yet comprehensive understanding of the chicken egg structure, composition, and associated bioactive molecules in each component and introduce up-to-date tissue engineering applications of chicken eggs as biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Zhang
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada; (Y.Z.); (H.M.P.)
| | - Hieu M. Pham
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada; (Y.Z.); (H.M.P.)
- Department of Periodontology, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, 625 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14620, USA
| | - Simon D. Tran
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada; (Y.Z.); (H.M.P.)
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Grandjean T, Perumal N, Manicam C, Matthey B, Wu T, Thiem DGE, Stein S, Henrich D, Kämmerer PW, Al-Nawas B, Ritz U, Blatt S. Towards optimized tissue regeneration: a new 3D printable bioink of alginate/cellulose hydrogel loaded with thrombocyte concentrate. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1363380. [PMID: 38595995 PMCID: PMC11002213 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1363380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Autologous platelet concentrate (APC) are pro-angiogenic and can promote wound healing and tissue repair, also in combination with other biomaterials. However, challenging defect situations remain demanding. 3D bioprinting of an APC based bioink encapsulated in a hydrogel could overcome this limitation with enhanced physio-mechanical interface, growth factor retention/secretion and defect-personalized shape to ultimately enhance regeneration. Methods This study used extrusion-based bioprinting to create a novel bioink of alginate/cellulose hydrogel loaded with thrombocyte concentrate. Chemico-physical testing exhibited an amorphous structure characterized by high shape fidelity. Cytotoxicity assay and incubation of human osteogenic sarcoma cells (SaOs2) exposed excellent biocompatibility. enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis confirmed pro-angiogenic growth factor release of the printed constructs, and co-incubation with HUVECS displayed proper cell viability and proliferation. Chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay explored the pro-angiogenic potential of the prints in vivo. Detailed proteome and secretome analysis revealed a substantial amount and homologous presence of pro-angiogenic proteins in the 3D construct. Results This study demonstrated a 3D bioprinting approach to fabricate a novel bioink of alginate/cellulose hydrogel loaded with thrombocyte concentrate with high shape fidelity, biocompatibility, and substantial pro-angiogenic properties. Conclusion This approach may be suitable for challenging physiological and anatomical defect situations when translated into clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Grandjean
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Natarajan Perumal
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Caroline Manicam
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Björn Matthey
- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems (Fraunhofer IKTS), Dresden, Germany
| | - Tao Wu
- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems (Fraunhofer IKTS), Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniel G. E. Thiem
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Stein
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dirk Henrich
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Peer W. Kämmerer
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bilal Al-Nawas
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrike Ritz
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Platform for Biomaterial Research, BiomaTiCS Group, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Blatt
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Platform for Biomaterial Research, BiomaTiCS Group, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Kara Özenler A, Distler T, Akkineni AR, Tihminlioglu F, Gelinsky M, Boccaccini AR. 3D bioprinting of mouse pre-osteoblasts and human MSCs using bioinks consisting of gelatin and decellularized bone particles. Biofabrication 2024; 16:025027. [PMID: 38394672 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad2c98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
One of the key challenges in biofabrication applications is to obtain bioinks that provide a balance between printability, shape fidelity, cell viability, and tissue maturation. Decellularization methods allow the extraction of natural extracellular matrix, preserving tissue-specific matrix proteins. However, the critical challenge in bone decellularization is to preserve both organic (collagen, proteoglycans) and inorganic components (hydroxyapatite) to maintain the natural composition and functionality of bone. Besides, there is a need to investigate the effects of decellularized bone (DB) particles as a tissue-based additive in bioink formulation to develop functional bioinks. Here we evaluated the effect of incorporating DB particles of different sizes (≤45 and ≤100μm) and concentrations (1%, 5%, 10% (wt %)) into bioink formulations containing gelatin (GEL) and pre-osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1) or human mesenchymal stem cells (hTERT-MSCs). In addition, we propose a minimalistic bioink formulation using GEL, DB particles and cells with an easy preparation process resulting in a high cell viability. The printability properties of the inks were evaluated. Additionally, rheological properties were determined with shear thinning and thixotropy tests. The bioprinted constructs were cultured for 28 days. The viability, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation capacity of cells were evaluated using biochemical assays and fluorescence microscopy. The incorporation of DB particles enhanced cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation capacity which might be due to the natural collagen and hydroxyapatite content of DB particles. Alkaline phosphatase activity is increased significantly by using DB particles, notably, without an osteogenic induction of the cells. Moreover, fluorescence images display pronounced cell-material interaction and cell attachment inside the constructs. With these promising results, the present minimalistic bioink formulation is envisioned as a potential candidate for bone tissue engineering as a clinically translatable material with straightforward preparation and high cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin Kara Özenler
- İzmir Institute of Technology, Department of Bioengineering, İzmir 35433, Turkey
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen 91058, Germany
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Dresden, 01307, Germany
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Distler
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Ashwini Rahul Akkineni
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Funda Tihminlioglu
- İzmir Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, İzmir 35433, Turkey
| | - Michael Gelinsky
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Aldo R Boccaccini
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen 91058, Germany
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Zhang H, Luo Y, Hu Z, Chen M, Chen S, Yao Y, Yao J, Shao X, Wu K, Zhu Y, Fu J. Cation-crosslinked κ-carrageenan sub-microgel medium for high-quality embedded bioprinting. Biofabrication 2024; 16:025009. [PMID: 38198708 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad1cf3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting embedded within a microgel bath has emerged as a promising strategy for creating intricate biomimetic scaffolds. However, it remains a great challenge to construct tissue-scale structures with high resolution by using embedded 3D bioprinting due to the large particle size and polydispersity of the microgel medium, as well as its limited cytocompatibility. To address these issues, novel uniform sub-microgels of cell-friendly cationic-crosslinked kappa-carrageenan (κ-Car) are developed through an easy-to-operate mechanical grinding strategy. Theseκ-Car sub-microgels maintain a uniform submicron size of around 642 nm and display a rapid jamming-unjamming transition within 5 s, along with excellent shear-thinning and self-healing properties, which are critical for the high resolution and fidelity in the construction of tissue architecture via embedded 3D bioprinting. Utilizing this new sub-microgel medium, various intricate 3D tissue and organ structures, including the heart, lungs, trachea, branched vasculature, kidney, auricle, nose, and liver, are successfully fabricated with delicate fine structures and high shape fidelity. Moreover, the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells encapsulated within the printed constructs exhibit remarkable viability exceeding 92.1% and robust growth. Thisκ-Car sub-microgel medium offers an innovative avenue for achieving high-quality embedded bioprinting, facilitating the fabrication of functional biological constructs with biomimetic structural organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- Research Institute of Smart Medicine and Biological Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, People's Republic of China
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Atherosclerotic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Luo
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, People's Republic of China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeming Hu
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengxi Chen
- Research Institute of Smart Medicine and Biological Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, People's Republic of China
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Shang Chen
- Research Institute of Smart Medicine and Biological Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, People's Republic of China
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Yudong Yao
- Research Institute of Smart Medicine and Biological Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, People's Republic of China
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqi Shao
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Atherosclerotic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, People's Republic of China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, People's Republic of China
| | - Kerong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Atherosclerotic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, People's Republic of China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, People's Republic of China
| | - Yabin Zhu
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Fu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, People's Republic of China
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9
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Cai B, Kilian D, Ramos Mejia D, Rios RJ, Ali A, Heilshorn SC. Diffusion-Based 3D Bioprinting Strategies. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306470. [PMID: 38145962 PMCID: PMC10885663 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
3D bioprinting has enabled the fabrication of tissue-mimetic constructs with freeform designs that include living cells. In the development of new bioprinting techniques, the controlled use of diffusion has become an emerging strategy to tailor the properties and geometry of printed constructs. Specifically, the diffusion of molecules with specialized functions, including crosslinkers, catalysts, growth factors, or viscosity-modulating agents, across the interface of printed constructs will directly affect material properties such as microstructure, stiffness, and biochemistry, all of which can impact cell phenotype. For example, diffusion-induced gelation is employed to generate constructs with multiple materials, dynamic mechanical properties, and perfusable geometries. In general, these diffusion-based bioprinting strategies can be categorized into those based on inward diffusion (i.e., into the printed ink from the surrounding air, solution, or support bath), outward diffusion (i.e., from the printed ink into the surroundings), or diffusion within the printed construct (i.e., from one zone to another). This review provides an overview of recent advances in diffusion-based bioprinting strategies, discusses emerging methods to characterize and predict diffusion in bioprinting, and highlights promising next steps in applying diffusion-based strategies to overcome current limitations in biofabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Cai
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringStanford University476 Lomita MallStanfordCA94305USA
| | - David Kilian
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringStanford University476 Lomita MallStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Daniel Ramos Mejia
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringStanford University476 Lomita MallStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Ricardo J. Rios
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringStanford University476 Lomita MallStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Ashal Ali
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringStanford University476 Lomita MallStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Sarah C. Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringStanford University476 Lomita MallStanfordCA94305USA
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Gialouri A, Saravanou SF, Loukelis K, Chatzinikolaidou M, Pasparakis G, Bouropoulos N. Thermoresponsive Alginate-Graft-pNIPAM/Methyl Cellulose 3D-Printed Scaffolds Promote Osteogenesis In Vitro. Gels 2023; 9:984. [PMID: 38131970 PMCID: PMC10743144 DOI: 10.3390/gels9120984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, a sodium alginate-based copolymer grafted by thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) chains was used as gelator (Alg-g-PNIPAM) in combination with methylcellulose (MC). It was found that the mechanical properties of the resulting gel could be enhanced by the addition of MC and calcium ions (Ca2+). The proposed network is formed via a dual crosslinking mechanism including ionic interactions among Ca2+ and carboxyl groups and secondary hydrophobic associations of PNIPAM chains. MC was found to further reinforce the dynamic moduli of the resulting gels (i.e., a storage modulus of ca. 1500 Pa at physiological body and post-printing temperature), rendering them suitable for 3D printing in biomedical applications. The polymer networks were stable and retained their printed fidelity with minimum erosion as low as 6% for up to seven days. Furthermore, adhered pre-osteoblastic cells on Alg-g-PNIPAM/MC printed scaffolds presented 80% viability compared to tissue culture polystyrene control, and more importantly, they promoted the osteogenic potential, as indicated by the increased alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium, and collagen production relative to the Alg-g-PNIPAM control scaffolds. Specifically, ALP activity and collagen secreted by cells were significantly enhanced in Alg-g-PNIPAM/MC scaffolds compared to the Alg-g-PNIPAM counterparts, demonstrating their potential in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Gialouri
- Department of Materials Science, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece;
| | | | - Konstantinos Loukelis
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Maria Chatzinikolaidou
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - George Pasparakis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece;
| | - Nikolaos Bouropoulos
- Department of Materials Science, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece;
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Chemical Engineering and High Temperature Chemical Processes, 26504 Patras, Greece
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11
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Kim J, Raja N, Choi YJ, Gal CW, Sung A, Park H, Yun HS. Enhancement of properties of a cell-laden GelMA hydrogel-based bioink via calcium phosphate phase transition. Biofabrication 2023; 16:015010. [PMID: 37871585 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad05e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
To improve the properties of the hydrogel-based bioinks, a calcium phosphate phase transition was applied, and the products were examined. We successfully enhanced the mechanical properties of the hydrogels by adding small amounts (< 0.5 wt%) of alpha-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) to photo-crosslinkable gelatin methacrylate (GelMA). As a result of the hydrolyzing calcium phosphate phase transition involvingα-TCP, which proceeded for 36 h in the cell culture medium, calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite was produced. Approximately 18 times the compressive modulus was achieved for GelMA with 0.5 wt%α-TCP (20.96 kPa) compared with pure GelMA (1.18 kPa). Although cell proliferation decreased during the early stages of cultivation, both osteogenic differentiation and mineralization activities increased dramatically when the calcium phosphate phase transition was performed with 0.25 wt%α-TCP. The addition ofα-TCP improved the printability and fidelity of GelMA, as well as the structural stability and compressive modulus (approximately six times higher) after three weeks of culturing. Therefore, we anticipate that the application of calcium phosphate phase transition to hydrogels may have the potential for hard tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jueun Kim
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeon-ro, Yeseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Advanced Biomaterials Research, Ceramic Materials Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science, 797 Changwon-daero, Seongasna-gu, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Naren Raja
- Department of Advanced Biomaterials Research, Ceramic Materials Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science, 797 Changwon-daero, Seongasna-gu, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Jin Choi
- Department of Advanced Biomaterials Research, Ceramic Materials Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science, 797 Changwon-daero, Seongasna-gu, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Woo Gal
- Department of Advanced Biomaterials Research, Ceramic Materials Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science, 797 Changwon-daero, Seongasna-gu, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Aram Sung
- Department of Advanced Biomaterials Research, Ceramic Materials Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science, 797 Changwon-daero, Seongasna-gu, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Honghyun Park
- Department of Advanced Biomaterials Research, Ceramic Materials Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science, 797 Changwon-daero, Seongasna-gu, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui-Suk Yun
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeon-ro, Yeseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Advanced Biomaterials Research, Ceramic Materials Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science, 797 Changwon-daero, Seongasna-gu, Changwon, Republic of Korea
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12
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Windisch J, Reinhardt O, Duin S, Schütz K, Rodriguez NJN, Liu S, Lode A, Gelinsky M. Bioinks for Space Missions: The Influence of Long-Term Storage of Alginate-Methylcellulose-Based Bioinks on Printability as well as Cell Viability and Function. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300436. [PMID: 37125819 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Bioprinting is considered a key technology for future space missions and is currently being established on the International Space Station (ISS). With the aim to perform bioink production as a critical and resource-consuming preparatory step already on Earth and transport a bioink cartridge "ready to use" to the ISS, the storability of bioinks is investigated. Hydrogel blends based on alginate and methylcellulose are laden with either green microalgae of the species Chlorella vulgaris or with different human cell lines including immortilized human mesenchymal stem cells, SaOS-2 and HepG2, as well as with primary human dental pulp stem cells. The bioinks are filled into printing cartridges and stored at 4°C for up to four weeks. Printability of the bioinks is maintained after storage. Viability and function of the cells embedded in constructs bioprinted from the stored bioinks are investigated during subsequent cultivation: The microalgae survive the storage period very well and show no loss of growth and functionality, however a significant decrease is visible for human cells, varying between the different cell types. The study demonstrates that storage of bioinks is in principle possible and is a promising starting point for future research, making complex printing processes more effective and reproducible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Windisch
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Olena Reinhardt
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sarah Duin
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kathleen Schütz
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nuria Juliana Novoa Rodriguez
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Suihong Liu
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Lode
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Gelinsky
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
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Liu S, Cheng L, Liu Y, Zhang H, Song Y, Park JH, Dashnyam K, Lee JH, Khalak FAH, Riester O, Shi Z, Ostrovidov S, Kaji H, Deigner HP, Pedraz JL, Knowles JC, Hu Q, Kim HW, Ramalingam M. 3D Bioprinting tissue analogs: Current development and translational implications. J Tissue Eng 2023; 14:20417314231187113. [PMID: 37464999 PMCID: PMC10350769 DOI: 10.1177/20417314231187113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is a promising and rapidly evolving technology in the field of additive manufacturing. It enables the fabrication of living cellular constructs with complex architectures that are suitable for various biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering, disease modeling, drug screening, and precision regenerative medicine. The ultimate goal of bioprinting is to produce stable, anatomically-shaped, human-scale functional organs or tissue substitutes that can be implanted. Although various bioprinting techniques have emerged to develop customized tissue-engineering substitutes over the past decade, several challenges remain in fabricating volumetric tissue constructs with complex shapes and sizes and translating the printed products into clinical practice. Thus, it is crucial to develop a successful strategy for translating research outputs into clinical practice to address the current organ and tissue crises and improve patients' quality of life. This review article discusses the challenges of the existing bioprinting processes in preparing clinically relevant tissue substitutes. It further reviews various strategies and technical feasibility to overcome the challenges that limit the fabrication of volumetric biological constructs and their translational implications. Additionally, the article highlights exciting technological advances in the 3D bioprinting of anatomically shaped tissue substitutes and suggests future research and development directions. This review aims to provide readers with insight into the state-of-the-art 3D bioprinting techniques as powerful tools in engineering functional tissues and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suihong Liu
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing and Robotics, School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Engineering Training Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijia Cheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Clinical Medical College and Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yakui Liu
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Haiguang Zhang
- Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing and Robotics, School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Engineering Training Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongteng Song
- Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jeong-Hui Park
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science, BK21 NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
- Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Khandmaa Dashnyam
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Lee
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science, BK21 NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
- Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
- UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Fouad Al-Hakim Khalak
- NanoBioCel Research Group, Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oliver Riester
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Strasse 17, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Zheng Shi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Clinical Medical College and Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Serge Ostrovidov
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Systems Engineering, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kaji
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Systems Engineering, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hans-Peter Deigner
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Strasse 17, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - José Luis Pedraz
- NanoBioCel Research Group, Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jonathan C Knowles
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science, BK21 NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
- UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, Rowland Hill Street, London, UK
| | - Qingxi Hu
- Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing and Robotics, School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Engineering Training Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science, BK21 NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
- Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
- UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Murugan Ramalingam
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Clinical Medical College and Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Strasse 17, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- Joint Research Laboratory on Advanced Pharma Development Initiative, A Joined Venture of TECNALIA and School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/ EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Bioprinting Laboratory, Centro de investigación Lascaray Ikergunea, Avenida Miguel de Unamuno, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Atilim University, Ankara, Turkey
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
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