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Zia G, Lintz A, Hardin C, Bottiglieri A, Sebek J, Prakash P. Assessment of thermochromic phantoms for characterizing microwave ablation devices. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.23.584886. [PMID: 38617290 PMCID: PMC11014477 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.23.584886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Background and Purpose Thermochromic gel phantoms provide a controlled medium for visual assessment of thermal ablation device performance. However, there are limited studies reporting on the comparative assessment of ablation profiles assessed in thermochromic gel phantoms against those in ex vivo tissue. The objective of this study was to compare microwave ablation zones in a thermochromic tissue mimicking gel phantom and ex vivo bovine liver, and to report on measurements of the temperature dependent dielectric and thermal properties of the phantom. Methods Thermochromic polyacrylamide phantoms were fabricated following a previously reported protocol. Phantom samples were heated to temperatures in the range of 20 - 90 °C in a temperature-controlled water bath, and colorimetric analysis of images of the phantom taken after heating were used to develop a calibration between color changes and temperature to which the phantom was heated. Using a custom, 2.45 GHz water-cooled microwave ablation antenna, ablations were performed in fresh ex vivo liver and phantoms using 65 W applied for 5 min or 10 min ( n = 3 samples in each medium for each power/time combination). Broadband (500 MHz - 6 GHz) temperature-dependent dielectric and thermal properties of the phantom were measured over the temperature range 22 - 100 °C. Measured dielectric and thermal properties of the phantom were employed in a previously validated computational model of microwave ablation to comparatively assess model predicted extents of heating against experimental observations in the phantom. Results Colorimetric analysis showed that the sharp change in gel phantom color commences at a temperature of 57 °C. Short and long axes of the ablation zone in the phantom (as assessed by the 57 °C isotherm) for 65 W, 5 min ablations were aligned with extents of the ablation zone observed in ex vivo bovine liver. However, for the 65 W, 10 min setting, ablations in the phantom were on average 23.7% smaller in short axis and 7.4 % smaller in long axis than those observed in ex vivo liver. Measurements of the temperature dependent relative permittivity, thermal conductivity, and volumetric heat capacity of the phantom largely followed similar trends to published values for ex vivo liver tissue. After incorporating measured dielectric and thermal properties of the phantom, model predictions of ablation zone linear dimensions ranged between 16 - 50% larger than those observed experimentally. Conclusion Thermochromic tissue mimicking phantoms provide a suitable, controlled, and reproducible medium for comparative assessment of microwave ablation devices and energy delivery settings, though ablation zone size and shapes may not accurately represent ablation sizes and shapes observed in ex vivo liver tissue under similar conditions.
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Gray M, Birkenfeld JS, Butterworth I. Noninvasive Monitoring to Detect Dehydration: Are We There Yet? Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2023; 25:23-49. [PMID: 36854261 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-062117-121028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
The need for hydration monitoring is significant, especially for the very young and elderly populations who are more vulnerable to becoming dehydrated and suffering from the effects that dehydration brings. This need has been among the drivers of considerable effort in the academic and commercial sectors to provide a means for monitoring hydration status, with a special interest in doing so outside the hospital or clinical setting. This review of emerging technologies provides an overview of many technology approaches that, on a theoretical basis, have sensitivity to water and are feasible as a routine measurement. We review the evidence of technical validation and of their use in humans. Finally, we highlight the essential need for these technologies to be rigorously evaluated for their diagnostic potential, as a necessary step to meet the need for hydration monitoring outside of the clinical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Gray
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA;
- MIT linQ, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Judith S Birkenfeld
- MIT linQ, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Instituto de Óptica "Daza de Valdés," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ian Butterworth
- MIT linQ, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Leuko Labs Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Buisson C, Mounien L, Sicard F, Landrier JF, Tishkova V, Sabouroux P. Dielectric and Biological Characterization of Liver Tissue in a High-Fat Diet Mouse Model. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3434. [PMID: 37050495 PMCID: PMC10098745 DOI: 10.3390/s23073434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis may be caused by type 2 diabetes or obesity and is one of the origins of chronic liver disease. A non-invasive technique based on microwave propagation can be a good solution to monitor hepatic tissue pathologies. The present work is devoted to the dielectric permittivity measurements in healthy and fatty liver in the microwave range. A mouse model following normal and high sugar/glucose (HFS) diets was used. We demonstrated the change in the triglyceride and glucose concentration in the hepatic tissue of HFS diet mice. The difference in the dielectric permittivity of healthy and fatty liver was observed in the range from 100 MHz to 2 GHz. The dielectric permittivity was found to be 42 in the healthy tissue and 31 in the fatty liver tissue at 1 GHz. The obtained results demonstrate that dielectric permittivity can be a sensitive tool to distinguish between healthy and fatty hepatic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Buisson
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CINaM, Marseille, France
| | - Lourdes Mounien
- Aix-Marseille Université, C2VN, INRAE, INSERM, Marseille, France
| | - Flavie Sicard
- Aix-Marseille Université, C2VN, INRAE, INSERM, Marseille, France
- PhenoMARS Aix-Marseille Technology Platform, CriBiom, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Pierre Sabouroux
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
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Naik BV. Design analysis and validation of coaxial probe for tissue dielectric properties evaluation used in specific absorption rate measurement. Electromagn Biol Med 2021; 41:60-70. [PMID: 34856852 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2021.2001652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study distinguishes the design and analysis of a coaxial probe for measurement of biological body dielectric properties, in this measurement estimating the human tissue-equivalent liquid (TEL) permittivity and conductivity, to monitor and maintain the international standards for specific absorption rate (SAR) evaluation over the frequency band of 800 MHz-5 GHz. In addition, deionized (DI) water and ethanediol dielectric properties have been evaluated and the designed probe results compared to the commercial Dielectric Assessment kit (DAK) 3.5 probe. The obtained results are in good agreement with each other, moreover, the SAR calculation and each source of uncertainty budget analysis are estimated. Therefore, this fabricated probe may be suitable for liquid dielectric properties measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhukya Venkanna Naik
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India.,Academy of Innovative and Scientific Research (Acsir), Ghaziabad, India
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5
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Maenhout G, Markovic T, Nauwelaers B. Controlled Measurement Setup for Ultra-Wideband Dielectric Modeling of Muscle Tissue in 20-45 °C Temperature Range. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:7644. [PMID: 34833716 PMCID: PMC8617941 DOI: 10.3390/s21227644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to design electromagnetic applicators for diagnostic and therapeutic applications, an adequate dielectric tissue model is required. In addition, tissue temperature will heavily influence the dielectric properties and the dielectric model should, thus, be extended to incorporate this temperature dependence. Thus, this work has a dual purpose. Given the influence of temperature, dehydration, and probe-to-tissue contact pressure on dielectric measurements, this work will initially present the first setup to actively control and monitor the temperature of the sample, the dehydration rate of the investigated sample, and the applied probe-to-tissue contact pressure. Secondly, this work measured the dielectric properties of porcine muscle in the 0.5-40 GHz frequency range for temperatures from 20 °C to 45 °C. Following measurements, a single-pole Cole-Cole model is presented, in which the five Cole-Cole parameters (ϵ∞, σs, Δϵ, τ, and α) are given by a first order polynomial as function of tissue temperature. The dielectric model closely agrees with the limited dielectric models known in literature for muscle tissue at 37 °C, which makes it suited for the design of in vivo applicators. Furthermore, the dielectric data at 41-45 °C is of great importance for the design of hyperthermia applicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertjan Maenhout
- Division Telemic, Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, Box 2444, 3001 Leuven, Belgium or (T.M.); (B.N.)
| | - Tomislav Markovic
- Division Telemic, Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, Box 2444, 3001 Leuven, Belgium or (T.M.); (B.N.)
- Imec, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Bart Nauwelaers
- Division Telemic, Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, Box 2444, 3001 Leuven, Belgium or (T.M.); (B.N.)
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Ištuk N, Porter E, O’Loughlin D, McDermott B, Santorelli A, Abedi S, Joachimowicz N, Roussel H, O’Halloran M. Dielectric Properties of Ovine Heart at Microwave Frequencies. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:531. [PMID: 33809672 PMCID: PMC8002248 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11030531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate knowledge of the dielectric properties of biological tissues is important in dosimetry studies and for medical diagnostic, monitoring and therapeutic technologies. In particular, the dielectric properties of the heart are used in numerical simulations of radiofrequency and microwave heart ablation. In one recent study, it was demonstrated that the dielectric properties of different components of the heart can vary considerably, contrary to previous literature that treated the heart as a homogeneous organ with measurements that ignored the anatomical location. Therefore, in this study, we record and report the dielectric properties of the heart as a heterogeneous organ. We measured the dielectric properties at different locations inside and outside of the heart over the 500 MHz to 20 GHz frequency range. Different parts of the heart were identified based on the anatomy of the heart and their function; they include the epicardium, endocardium, myocardium, exterior and interior surfaces of atrial appendage, and the luminal surface of the great vessels. The measured dielectric properties for each part of the heart are reported at both a single frequency (2.4 GHz), which is of interest in microwave medical applications, and as parameters of a broadband Debye model. The results show that in terms of dielectric properties, different parts of the heart should not be considered the same, with more than 25% difference in dielectric properties between some parts. The specific Debye models and single frequency dielectric properties from this study can be used to develop more detailed models of the heart to be used in electromagnetic modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko Ištuk
- Translational Medical Device Laboratory, National University of Ireland Galway, Costello Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland; (B.M.); (M.O.)
| | - Emily Porter
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (E.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Declan O’Loughlin
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, D02 PN40 Dublin 2, Ireland;
| | - Barry McDermott
- Translational Medical Device Laboratory, National University of Ireland Galway, Costello Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland; (B.M.); (M.O.)
| | - Adam Santorelli
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (E.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Soroush Abedi
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Génie Electrique et Electronique de Paris, 75252 Paris, France; (S.A.); (N.J.); (H.R.)
- Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, CNRS, Laboratoire de Génie Electrique et Electronique de Paris, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nadine Joachimowicz
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Génie Electrique et Electronique de Paris, 75252 Paris, France; (S.A.); (N.J.); (H.R.)
- Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, CNRS, Laboratoire de Génie Electrique et Electronique de Paris, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hélène Roussel
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Génie Electrique et Electronique de Paris, 75252 Paris, France; (S.A.); (N.J.); (H.R.)
- Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, CNRS, Laboratoire de Génie Electrique et Electronique de Paris, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Martin O’Halloran
- Translational Medical Device Laboratory, National University of Ireland Galway, Costello Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland; (B.M.); (M.O.)
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Manjula V, Prasad TV, Balakrishna K, Raju KCJ, Vishwam T. Influence of hydrogen bond networks in Glycerol / N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone mixtures studied by dielectric relaxation spectroscopy. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Rahman M, Lahri R, Ahsan S, Thanou M, Kosmas P. Assessing Changes in Dielectric Properties Due to Nanomaterials Using a Two-Port Microwave System. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20216228. [PMID: 33142855 PMCID: PMC7663291 DOI: 10.3390/s20216228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Detecting changes in the dielectric properties of tissues at microwave frequencies can offer simple and cost effective tools for cancer detection. These changes can be enhanced by the use of nanoparticles (NPs) that are characterised by both increased tumour uptake and high dielectric constant. This paper presents a two-port experimental setup to assess the impact of contrast enhancement on microwave signals. The study focuses on carbon nanotubes, as they have been previously shown to induce high microwave dielectric contrast. We investigate multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNT) and their -OH functionalised version (MWNT-OH) dispersed in tissue phantoms as contrast enhancing NPs, as well as salt (NaCl) solutions as reference mixtures which can be easily dissolved inside water mixtures and thus induce dielectric contrast changes reliably. MWNT and MWNT-OH are characterised by atomic force microscopy, and their dielectric properties are measured when dispersed in 60% glycerol–water mixtures. Salt concentrations between 10 and 50 mg/mL in 60% glycerol mixtures are also studied as homogeneous samples known to affect the dielectric constant. Contrast enhancement is then evaluated using a simplified two-port microwave system to identify the impact on microwave signals with respect to dielectric contrast. Numerical simulations are also conducted to compare results with the experimental findings. Our results suggest that this approach can be used as a reliable method to screen and assess contrast enhancing materials with regards to a microwave system’s ability to detect their impact on a target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Rahman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK; (M.R.); (R.L.); (M.T.)
| | - Rachita Lahri
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK; (M.R.); (R.L.); (M.T.)
| | - Syed Ahsan
- Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, King’s College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK;
| | - Maya Thanou
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK; (M.R.); (R.L.); (M.T.)
| | - Panagiotis Kosmas
- Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, King’s College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK;
- Correspondence:
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Cavagnaro M, Ruvio G. Numerical Sensitivity Analysis for Dielectric Characterization of Biological Samples by Open-Ended Probe Technique. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20133756. [PMID: 32635581 PMCID: PMC7374459 DOI: 10.3390/s20133756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dielectric characterization of biological tissues has become a fundamental aspect of the design of medical treatments based on electromagnetic energy delivery and their pre-treatment planning. Among several measuring techniques proposed in the literature, broadband and minimally-invasive open-ended probe measurements are best-suited for biological tissues. However, several challenges related to measurement accuracy arise when dealing with biological tissues in both ex vivo and in vivo scenarios such as very constrained set-ups in terms of limited sample size and probe positioning. By means of the Finite Integration Technique in the CST Studio Suite® software, the numerical accuracy of the reconstruction of the complex permittivity of a high water-content tissue such as liver and a low water-content tissue such as fat is evaluated for different sample dimensions, different location of the probe, and considering the influence of the background environment. It is found that for high water-content tissues, the insertion depth of the probe into the sample is the most critical parameter on the accuracy of the reconstruction. Whereas when low water-content tissues are measured, the probe could be simply placed in contact with the surface of the sample but a deeper and wider sample is required to mitigate biasing effects from the background environment. The numerical analysis proves to be a valid tool to assess the suitability of a measurement set-up for a target accuracy threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Cavagnaro
- Department of Information Engineering, Electronics, and Telecommunications, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-4458-5465
| | - Giuseppe Ruvio
- School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland;
- Endowave Ltd., Dublin 2, Ireland
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10
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Silva NP, Bottiglieri A, Conceição RC, O’Halloran M, Farina L. Characterisation of Ex Vivo Liver Thermal Properties for Electromagnetic-Based Hyperthermic Therapies. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E3004. [PMID: 32466323 PMCID: PMC7285484 DOI: 10.3390/s20103004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Electromagnetic-based hyperthermic therapies induce a controlled increase of temperature in a specific tissue target in order to increase the tissue perfusion or metabolism, or even to induce cell necrosis. These therapies require accurate knowledge of dielectric and thermal properties to optimise treatment plans. While dielectric properties have been well investigated, only a few studies have been conducted with the aim of understanding the changes of thermal properties as a function of temperature; i.e., thermal conductivity, volumetric heat capacity and thermal diffusivity. In this study, we experimentally investigate the thermal properties of ex vivo ovine liver in the hyperthermic temperature range, from 25 °C to 97 °C. A significant increase in thermal properties is observed only above 90 °C. An analytical model is developed to model the thermal properties as a function of temperature. Thermal properties are also investigated during the natural cooling of the heated tissue. A reversible phenomenon of the thermal properties is observed; during the cooling, thermal properties followed the same behaviour observed in the heating process. Additionally, tissue density and water content are evaluated at different temperatures. Density does not change with temperature; mass and volume losses change proportionally due to water vaporisation. A 30% water loss was observed above 90 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno P. Silva
- Translational Medical Device Lab, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland; (N.P.S.); (A.B.); (M.O.)
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anna Bottiglieri
- Translational Medical Device Lab, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland; (N.P.S.); (A.B.); (M.O.)
| | - Raquel C. Conceição
- Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica, Faculdade de Ciências Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Martin O’Halloran
- Translational Medical Device Lab, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland; (N.P.S.); (A.B.); (M.O.)
| | - Laura Farina
- Translational Medical Device Lab, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland; (N.P.S.); (A.B.); (M.O.)
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 W2TY Galway, Ireland
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Yilmaz T, Ates Alkan F. In Vivo Dielectric Properties of Healthy and Benign Rat Mammary Tissues from 500 MHz to 18 GHz. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E2214. [PMID: 32295215 PMCID: PMC7218889 DOI: 10.3390/s20082214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This work investigates the in vivo dielectric properties of healthy and benign rat mammary tissues in an attempt to expand the dielectric property knowledge of animal models. The outcomes of this study can enable testing of microwave medical technologies on animal models and interpretation of tissue alteration-dependent in vivo dielectric properties of mammary tissues. Towards this end, in vivo dielectric properties of healthy rat mammary tissues and chemically induced benign rat mammary tumors including low-grade adenosis, sclerosing adenosis, and adenosis were collected with open-ended coaxial probes from 500 MHz to 18 GHz. The in vivo measurements revealed that the dielectric properties of benign rat mammary tumors are higher than the healthy rat mammary tissues by 9.3% to 35.5% and 19.6% to 48.7% for relative permittivity and conductivity, respectively. Furthermore, to our surprise, we found that the grade of the benign tissue affects the dielectric properties for this study. Finally, a comparison with ex vivo healthy human mammary tissue dielectric properties revealed that the healthy rat mammary tissues best replicate the dielectric properties of healthy medium density human samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Yilmaz
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Fatma Ates Alkan
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, Beykent University, Istanbul 34520, Turkey;
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Effect of Open-Ended Coaxial Probe-to-Tissue Contact Pressure on Dielectric Measurements. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20072060. [PMID: 32268598 PMCID: PMC7181017 DOI: 10.3390/s20072060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Open-ended coaxial probes are widely used to gather dielectric properties of biological tissues. Due to the lack of an agreed data acquisition protocol, several environmental conditions can cause inaccuracies when comparing dielectric data. In this work, the effect of a different measurement probe-to-tissue contact pressure was monitored in the frequency range from 0.5 to 20 GHz. Therefore, we constructed a controlled lifting platform with an integrated pressure sensor to exert a constant pressure on the tissue sample during the dielectric measurement. In the pressure range from 7.74 kPa to 77.4 kPa, we observed a linear correlation of - 0 . 31 ± 0 . 09 % and - 0 . 32 ± 0 . 14 % per kPa for, respectively, the relative real and imaginary complex permittivity. These values are statistically significant compared with the reported measurement uncertainty. Following the literature in different biology-related disciplines regarding pressure-induced variability in measurements, we hypothesize that these changes originate from squeezing out the interstitial and extracellular fluid. This process locally increases the concentration of membranes, cellular organelles, and proteins in the sensed volume. Finally, we suggest moving towards a standardized probe-to-tissue contact pressure, since the literature has already demonstrated that reprobing at the same pressure can produce repeatable data within a 1% uncertainty interval.
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Shokrekhodaei M, Quinones S. Review of Non-invasive Glucose Sensing Techniques: Optical, Electrical and Breath Acetone. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E1251. [PMID: 32106464 PMCID: PMC7085605 DOI: 10.3390/s20051251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Annual deaths in the U.S. attributed to diabetes are expected to increase from 280,210 in 2015 to 385,840 in 2030. The increase in the number of people affected by diabetes has made it one of the major public health challenges around the world. Better management of diabetes has the potential to decrease yearly medical costs and deaths associated with the disease. Non-invasive methods are in high demand to take the place of the traditional finger prick method as they can facilitate continuous glucose monitoring. Research groups have been trying for decades to develop functional commercial non-invasive glucose measurement devices. The challenges associated with non-invasive glucose monitoring are the many factors that contribute to inaccurate readings. We identify and address the experimental and physiological challenges and provide recommendations to pave the way for a systematic pathway to a solution. We have reviewed and categorized non-invasive glucose measurement methods based on: (1) the intrinsic properties of glucose, (2) blood/tissue properties and (3) breath acetone analysis. This approach highlights potential critical commonalities among the challenges that act as barriers to future progress. The focus here is on the pertinent physiological aspects, remaining challenges, recent advancements and the sensors that have reached acceptable clinical accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryamsadat Shokrekhodaei
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Stella Quinones
- Department of Metallurgical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA;
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Amin B, Shahzad A, Farina L, Parle E, McNamara L, O'Halloran M, Elahi MA. Dielectric characterization of diseased human trabecular bones at microwave frequency. Med Eng Phys 2020; 78:21-28. [PMID: 32037281 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2020.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to determine whether in vitro dielectric properties of human trabecular bones, can distinguish between osteoporotic and osteoarthritis patients' bone samples. Specifically this study enlightens intra-patient variation of trabecular bone microarchitecture and dielectric properties, inter-disease comparison of bone dielectric properties, and finally establishes the correlation to traditional bone histomorphometry parameter (bone volume fraction) for diseased bone tissue. Bone cores were obtained from osteoporotic and osteoarthritis patients (n = 12). These were scanned using microCT to examine bone volume fraction. An open-ended coaxial probe measurement technique was employed to measure dielectric properties over the 0.5 - 8.5 GHz frequency range. The dielectric properties of osteoarthritis patients are significantly higher than osteoporotic patients; with an increase of 41% and 45% for relative permittivity and conductivity respectively. The dielectric properties within each patient vary significantly, variation in relative permittivity and conductivity was found to be greater than 25% and 1.4% respectively. A weak correlation (r = 0.5) is observed between relative permittivity and bone volume fraction. Osteoporotic and osteoarthritis bones can be differentiated based on difference of dielectric properties. Although these do not correlate strongly to bone volume fraction, it should be noted that bone volume fraction is a poor predictor of fracture risk. The dielectric properties of bones are found to be influenced by mineralization levels of bones. Therefore, dielectric properties of bones may have potential as a diagnostic measure of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Amin
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland; Translational Medical Device Lab, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland.
| | - Atif Shahzad
- Translational Medical Device Lab, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland; School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland.
| | - Laura Farina
- Translational Medical Device Lab, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland; CURAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland.
| | - Eoin Parle
- Mechanobiology and Medical Devices Research Group (MMDRG), Centre for Biomechanics Research (BioMEC), Biomedical Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland.
| | - Laoise McNamara
- Mechanobiology and Medical Devices Research Group (MMDRG), Centre for Biomechanics Research (BioMEC), Biomedical Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland.
| | - Martin O'Halloran
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland; Translational Medical Device Lab, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland; School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland; CURAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland.
| | - Muhammad Adnan Elahi
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland; Translational Medical Device Lab, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland.
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Multiclass Classification of Hepatic Anomalies with Dielectric Properties: From Phantom Materials to Rat Hepatic Tissues. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20020530. [PMID: 31963628 PMCID: PMC7014510 DOI: 10.3390/s20020530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Open-ended coaxial probes can be used as tissue characterization devices. However, the technique suffers from a high error rate. To improve this technology, there is a need to decrease the measurement error which is reported to be more than 30% for an in vivo measurement setting. This work investigates the machine learning (ML) algorithms’ ability to decrease the measurement error of open-ended coaxial probe techniques to enable tissue characterization devices. To explore the potential of this technique as a tissue characterization device, performances of multiclass ML algorithms on collected in vivo rat hepatic tissue and phantom dielectric property data were evaluated. Phantoms were used for investigating the potential of proliferating the data set due to difficulty of in vivo data collection from tissues. The dielectric property measurements were collected from 16 rats with hepatic anomalies, 8 rats with healthy hepatic tissues, and in house phantoms. Three ML algorithms, k-nearest neighbors (kNN), logistic regression (LR), and random forests (RF) were used to classify the collected data. The best performance for the classification of hepatic tissues was obtained with 76% accuracy using the LR algorithm. The LR algorithm performed classification with over 98% accuracy within the phantom data and the model generalized to in vivo dielectric property data with 48% accuracy. These findings indicate first, linear models, such as logistic regression, perform better on dielectric property data sets. Second, ML models fitted to the data collected from phantom materials can partly generalize to in vivo dielectric property data due to the discrepancy between dielectric property variability.
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Ewertowska E, Andaluz A, Moll X, Aguilar A, Garcia F, Fondevila D, Quesada R, Trujillo M, Burdío F, Berjano E. Development of a catheter-based technique for endoluminal radiofrequency sealing of pancreatic duct. Int J Hyperthermia 2019; 36:677-686. [PMID: 31317817 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2019.1627585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Endoluminal sealing of the pancreatic duct by glue or sutures facilitates the management of the pancreatic stump. Our objective was to develop a catheter-based alternative for endoluminal radiofrequency (RF) sealing of the pancreatic duct. Materials and methods: We devised a novel RF ablation technique based on impedance-guided catheter pullback. First, bench tests were performed on ex vivo models to tune up the technique before the in vivo study, after which endoluminal RF sealing of a ∼10 cm non-transected pancreatic duct was conducted on porcine models using a 3 Fr catheter. After 30 days, sealing effectiveness was assessed by a permeability test and a histological analysis. Results: The RF technique was feasible in all cases and delivered ∼5 W of power on an initial impedance of 308 ± 60 Ω. Electrical impedance evolution was similar in all cases and provided guidance for modulating the pullback speed to avoid tissue sticking and achieve a continuous lesion. During the follow-up the animals rate of weight gain was significantly reduced (p < 0.05). Apart from signs of exocrine atrophy, no other postoperative complications were found. At necropsy, the permeability test failed and the catheter could not be reintroduced endoluminally, confirming that sealing had been successful. The histological analysis revealed a homogeneous exocrine atrophy along the ablated segment in all the animals. Conclusions: Catheter-based RF ablation could be used effectively and safely for endoluminal sealing of the pancreatic duct. The findings suggest that a fully continuous lesion may not be required to obtain complete exocrine atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Ewertowska
- a BioMIT, Department of Electronic Engineering , Universitat Politècnica de València , Valencia , Spain
| | - Anna Andaluz
- b Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Xavier Moll
- b Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Adrià Aguilar
- b Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Felix Garcia
- b Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Dolors Fondevila
- b Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Rita Quesada
- c Department of Experimental and Health Sciences , Universitat Pompeu Fabra , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Macarena Trujillo
- d BioMIT, Department of Applied Mathematics , Universitat Politècnica de València , València , Spain
| | - Fernando Burdío
- e Department of Surgery , Hospital del Mar , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Enrique Berjano
- a BioMIT, Department of Electronic Engineering , Universitat Politècnica de València , Valencia , Spain
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Pollacco DA, Farrugia L, Conti MC, Farina L, Schembri Wismayer P, Sammut CV. Characterization of the dielectric properties of biological tissues using mixture equations and correlations to different states of hydration. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2019. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aafc1a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Amin B, Elahi MA, Shahzad A, Porter E, O’Halloran M. A review of the dielectric properties of the bone for low frequency medical technologies. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2019; 5. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aaf210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Meaney P, Rydholm T, Brisby H. A Transmission-Based Dielectric Property Probe for Clinical Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E3484. [PMID: 30332809 PMCID: PMC6209935 DOI: 10.3390/s18103484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a transmission-based, open-ended coaxial dielectric probe that can be used in clinical situations and overcomes many of the limitations related to the typical reflection-based dielectric probes. The approach utilizes the low profile, open-ended coaxial cables enabling clinicians to still probe relatively compact spaces. The sensing depth can be extended to as large as 1.5 to 2 cm compared with the more typical range of 0.3 mm for conventional probes and is dramatically less affected by measurement technique variability including poor sample contact and cable bending. As a precursor to an actual clinical implementation, we study the technique in a range of homogeneous liquids with substantially varying dielectric properties. The initial results demonstrate good agreement between the transmission-based probe and commercial, reflection-based probes and pave the way for more substantial clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Meaney
- Electrical Engineering Department, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
| | - Tomas Rydholm
- Electrical Engineering Department, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Helena Brisby
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Dielectric properties of bones for the monitoring of osteoporosis. Med Biol Eng Comput 2018; 57:1-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s11517-018-1887-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Open-Ended Coaxial Probe Technique for Dielectric Measurement of Biological Tissues: Challenges and Common Practices. Diagnostics (Basel) 2018; 8:diagnostics8020040. [PMID: 29874833 PMCID: PMC6023382 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics8020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Electromagnetic (EM) medical technologies are rapidly expanding worldwide for both diagnostics and therapeutics. As these technologies are low-cost and minimally invasive, they have been the focus of significant research efforts in recent years. Such technologies are often based on the assumption that there is a contrast in the dielectric properties of different tissue types or that the properties of particular tissues fall within a defined range. Thus, accurate knowledge of the dielectric properties of biological tissues is fundamental to EM medical technologies. Over the past decades, numerous studies were conducted to expand the dielectric repository of biological tissues. However, dielectric data is not yet available for every tissue type and at every temperature and frequency. For this reason, dielectric measurements may be performed by researchers who are not specialists in the acquisition of tissue dielectric properties. To this end, this paper reviews the tissue dielectric measurement process performed with an open-ended coaxial probe. Given the high number of factors, including equipment- and tissue-related confounders, that can increase the measurement uncertainty or introduce errors into the tissue dielectric data, this work discusses each step of the coaxial probe measurement procedure, highlighting common practices, challenges, and techniques for controlling and compensating for confounders.
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O'Loughlin D, Oliveira BL, Elahi MA, Glavin M, Jones E, Popović M, O'Halloran M. Parameter Search Algorithms for Microwave Radar-Based Breast Imaging: Focal Quality Metrics as Fitness Functions. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 17:E2823. [PMID: 29211018 PMCID: PMC5751619 DOI: 10.3390/s17122823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Inaccurate estimation of average dielectric properties can have a tangible impact on microwave radar-based breast images. Despite this, recent patient imaging studies have used a fixed estimate although this is known to vary from patient to patient. Parameter search algorithms are a promising technique for estimating the average dielectric properties from the reconstructed microwave images themselves without additional hardware. In this work, qualities of accurately reconstructed images are identified from point spread functions. As the qualities of accurately reconstructed microwave images are similar to the qualities of focused microscopic and photographic images, this work proposes the use of focal quality metrics for average dielectric property estimation. The robustness of the parameter search is evaluated using experimental dielectrically heterogeneous phantoms on the three-dimensional volumetric image. Based on a very broad initial estimate of the average dielectric properties, this paper shows how these metrics can be used as suitable fitness functions in parameter search algorithms to reconstruct clear and focused microwave radar images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan O'Loughlin
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland.
| | - Bárbara L Oliveira
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland.
| | - Muhammad Adnan Elahi
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland.
| | - Martin Glavin
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland.
| | - Edward Jones
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland.
| | | | - Martin O'Halloran
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland.
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