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Li H, Tan P, Rao Y, Bhattacharya S, Wang Z, Kim S, Gangopadhyay S, Shi H, Jankovic M, Huh H, Li Z, Maharjan P, Wells J, Jeong H, Jia Y, Lu N. E-Tattoos: Toward Functional but Imperceptible Interfacing with Human Skin. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3220-3283. [PMID: 38465831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The human body continuously emits physiological and psychological information from head to toe. Wearable electronics capable of noninvasively and accurately digitizing this information without compromising user comfort or mobility have the potential to revolutionize telemedicine, mobile health, and both human-machine or human-metaverse interactions. However, state-of-the-art wearable electronics face limitations regarding wearability and functionality due to the mechanical incompatibility between conventional rigid, planar electronics and soft, curvy human skin surfaces. E-Tattoos, a unique type of wearable electronics, are defined by their ultrathin and skin-soft characteristics, which enable noninvasive and comfortable lamination on human skin surfaces without causing obstruction or even mechanical perception. This review article offers an exhaustive exploration of e-tattoos, accounting for their materials, structures, manufacturing processes, properties, functionalities, applications, and remaining challenges. We begin by summarizing the properties of human skin and their effects on signal transmission across the e-tattoo-skin interface. Following this is a discussion of the materials, structural designs, manufacturing, and skin attachment processes of e-tattoos. We classify e-tattoo functionalities into electrical, mechanical, optical, thermal, and chemical sensing, as well as wound healing and other treatments. After discussing energy harvesting and storage capabilities, we outline strategies for the system integration of wireless e-tattoos. In the end, we offer personal perspectives on the remaining challenges and future opportunities in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbian Li
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Philip Tan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yifan Rao
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Sarnab Bhattacharya
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zheliang Wang
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Sangjun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Susmita Gangopadhyay
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hongyang Shi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Matija Jankovic
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Heeyong Huh
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zhengjie Li
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Pukar Maharjan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jonathan Wells
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hyoyoung Jeong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Yaoyao Jia
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Nanshu Lu
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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Greco F, Bandodkar AJ, Menciassi A. Emerging technologies in wearable sensors. APL Bioeng 2023; 7:020401. [PMID: 37274629 PMCID: PMC10234674 DOI: 10.1063/5.0153940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This Editorial highlights some current challenges and emerging solutions in wearable sensors, a maturing field where interdisciplinary crosstalk is of paramount importance. Currently, investigation efforts are aimed at expanding the application scenarios and at translating early developments from basic research to widespread adoption in personal health monitoring for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. This translation requires addressing several old and new challenges that are summarized in this editorial. The special issue "Emerging technologies in wearable sensors" includes four selected contributions from leading researchers, exploring the topic from different perspectives. The aim is to provide the APL Bioengineering readers with a solid and timely overall vision of the field and with some recent examples of wearable sensors, exploring new research avenues.
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Galliani M, Ferrari LM, Bouet G, Eglin D, Ismailova E. Tailoring inkjet-printed PEDOT:PSS composition toward green, wearable device fabrication. APL Bioeng 2023; 7:016101. [PMID: 36619686 PMCID: PMC9812513 DOI: 10.1063/5.0117278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Inkjet printing remains one of the most cost-efficient techniques for device prototyping and manufacturing, offering considerable freedom of digital design, non-contact, and additive fabrication. When developing novel wearable devices, a balanced approach is required between functional, user-safe materials and scalable manufacturing processes. Here, we propose a tailor-made ink formulation, based on non-hazardous materials, to develop green electronic devices aimed at interfacing with humans. We demonstrate that developed ink exhibits high-resolution inkjet printability, in line with theoretical prediction, on multiple wearable substrates. The ink's chemical composition ensures the pattern's enhanced electrical properties, mechanical flexibility, and stability in water. The cytocompatibility evaluations show no noxious effects from printed films in contact with human mesenchymal stem cells. Finally, we fabricated a printed wearable touch sensor on a non-woven fabric substrate, capable of tracking human steps. This is a step toward the development of green wearable electronics manufacturing, demonstrating a viable combination of materials and processes for biocompatible devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Galliani
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Centre CMP, Département BEL, F-13541 Gardanne, France
| | | | - Guenaelle Bouet
- Mines Saint-Étienne, Université Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Saint-Étienne F-42023, France
| | - David Eglin
- Mines Saint-Étienne, Université Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Saint-Étienne F-42023, France
| | - Esma Ismailova
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Centre CMP, Département BEL, F-13541 Gardanne, France
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4
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Crossland SR, Siddle HJ, Culmer P, Brockett CL. A plantar surface shear strain methodology utilising Digital Image Correlation. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 136:105482. [PMID: 36209589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The increase in the global diabetic population is leading to an increase in associated complications such as diabetic foot ulceration (DFU), associated amputations, morbidity, which substantial treatment costs. Early identification of DFU risk is therefore of great benefit. International guidelines recommend off-loading is the most important intervention for healing and prevention of DFU, with current research focused on pressure measurement techniques. The contribution of strain to DFU formation is not well understood due to challenges in measurement. The limited data available in the literature suggest that plantar strain is involved in ulcer formation. As a consequence, there is a need for plantar strain measurement systems to advance understanding and inform clinical treatment. A method was developed to determine plantar strain based on a Digital Image Correlation (DIC) approach. A speckle pattern is applied to the plantar aspect of the foot using a low ink transference method. A raised walkway with transparent panels is combined with a calibrated camera to capture images of the plantar aspect throughout a single stance phase. Plantar strain is then determined using 2D DIC and custom analysis summarises these data into clinically relevant metrics. A feasibility study involving six healthy participants was used to assess the efficacy of this new technique. The feasibility study successfully captured plantar surface strain characteristics continuously throughout the stance phase for all participants. Peak mean and averaged mean strains varied in location between participants when mapped into anatomical regions of plantar interest, ranging from the calcaneus to the metatarsal heads and hallux. This method provides the ability to measure plantar skin strain for use in both research and clinical environments. It has the potential to inform improved understanding of the role of strain in DFU formation. Further studies using this technique can support these ambitions and help differentiate between healthy and abnormal plantar strain regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Crossland
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | - Heidi J Siddle
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Peter Culmer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Claire L Brockett
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Singh A, Ahmed A, Sharma A, Arya S. Graphene and Its Derivatives: Synthesis and Application in the Electrochemical Detection of Analytes in Sweat. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:910. [PMID: 36291046 PMCID: PMC9599499 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors and invasive devices have been studied extensively in recent years as the demand for real-time human healthcare applications and seamless human-machine interaction has risen exponentially. An explosion in sensor research throughout the globe has been ignited by the unique features such as thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of graphene. This includes wearable sensors and implants, which can detect a wide range of data, including body temperature, pulse oxygenation, blood pressure, glucose, and the other analytes present in sweat. Graphene-based sensors for real-time human health monitoring are also being developed. This review is a comprehensive discussion about the properties of graphene, routes to its synthesis, derivatives of graphene, etc. Moreover, the basic features of a biosensor along with the chemistry of sweat are also discussed in detail. The review mainly focusses on the graphene and its derivative-based wearable sensors for the detection of analytes in sweat. Graphene-based sensors for health monitoring will be examined and explained in this study as an overview of the most current innovations in sensor designs, sensing processes, technological advancements, sensor system components, and potential hurdles. The future holds great opportunities for the development of efficient and advanced graphene-based sensors for the detection of analytes in sweat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sandeep Arya
- Department of Physics, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India
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Yao S, Zhou W, Hinson R, Dong P, Wu S, Ives J, Hu X, Huang H, Zhu Y. Ultrasoft Porous 3D Conductive Dry Electrodes for Electrophysiological Sensing and Myoelectric Control. ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2022; 7:2101637. [PMID: 36276406 PMCID: PMC9581336 DOI: 10.1002/admt.202101637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Biopotential electrodes have found broad applications in health monitoring, human-machine interactions, and rehabilitation. Here, we report the fabrication and applications of ultrasoft breathable dry electrodes that can address several challenges for their long-term wearable applications - skin compatibility, wearability, and long-term stability. The proposed electrodes rely on porous and conductive silver nanowire based nanocomposites as the robust mechanical and electrical interface. The highly conductive and conformable structure eliminates the necessity of conductive gel while establishing a sufficiently low electrode-skin impedance for high-fidelity electrophysiological sensing. The introduction of gas-permeable structures via a simple and scalable method based on sacrificial templates improves breathability and skin compatibility for applications requiring long-term skin contact. Such conformable and breathable dry electrodes allow for efficient and unobtrusive monitoring of heart, muscle, and brain activities. In addition, based on the muscle activities captured by the electrodes and a musculoskeletal model, electromyogram-based neural-machine interfaces were realized, illustrating the great potential for prosthesis control, neurorehabilitation, and virtual reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Weixin Zhou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Robert Hinson
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering at University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill and NC State University, Chapel Hill/Raleigh, North Carolina 27599/27695, USA
| | - Penghao Dong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Shuang Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Jasmine Ives
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Xiaogang Hu
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering at University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill and NC State University, Chapel Hill/Raleigh, North Carolina 27599/27695, USA
| | - He Huang
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering at University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill and NC State University, Chapel Hill/Raleigh, North Carolina 27599/27695, USA
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
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Vivaldi F, Dallinger A, Poma N, Bonini A, Biagini D, Salvo P, Borghi F, Tavanti A, Greco F, Di Francesco F. Sweat analysis with a wearable sensing platform based on laser-induced graphene. APL Bioeng 2022; 6:036104. [PMID: 36147196 PMCID: PMC9489259 DOI: 10.1063/5.0093301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The scientific community has shown increasing interest in laser scribing for the direct fabrication of conductive graphene-based tracks on different substrates. This can enable novel routes for the noninvasive analysis of biofluids (such as sweat or other noninvasive matrices), whose results can provide the rapid evaluation of a person's health status. Here, we present a wearable sensing platform based on laser induced graphene (LIG) porous electrodes scribed on a flexible polyimide sheet, which samples sweat through a paper sampler. The device is fully laser manufactured and features a two layer design with LIG-based vertical interconnect accesses. A detailed characterization of the LIG electrodes including pore size, surface groups, surface area in comparison to electroactive surface area, and the reduction behavior of different LIG types was performed. The bare LIG electrodes can detect the electrochemical oxidation of both uric acid and tyrosine. Further modification of the surface of the LIG working electrode with an indoaniline derivative [4-((4-aminophenyl)imino)-2,6-dimethoxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one] enables the voltammetric measurement of pH with an almost ideal sensitivity and without interference from other analytes. Finally, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to measure the concentrations of ions through the analysis of the sweat impedance. The device was successfully tested in a real case scenario, worn on the skin during a sports session. In vitro tests proved the non-cytotoxic effect of the device on the A549 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Dallinger
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - A Bonini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - D Biagini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - P Salvo
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - F Borghi
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces, Department of Physics, University of Milan, Via Celoria 16, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - A Tavanti
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - F Di Francesco
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Ferrari LM, Hanna GA, Volpe P, Ismailova E, Bremond F, Zuluaga MA. One-class autoencoder approach for optimal electrode set identification in wearable EEG event monitoring . ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2021; 2021:7128-7131. [PMID: 34892744 DOI: 10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A limiting factor towards the wide use of wearable devices for continuous healthcare monitoring is their cumbersome and obtrusive nature. This is particularly true in electroencephalography (EEG), where numerous electrodes are placed in contact with the scalp to perform brain activity recordings. In this work, we propose to identify the optimal wearable EEG electrode set, in terms of minimal number of electrodes, comfortable location and performance, for EEG-based event detection and monitoring. By relying on the demonstrated power of autoencoder (AE) networks to learn latent representations from high-dimensional data, our proposed strategy trains an AE architecture in a one-class classification setup with different electrode combinations as input data. The model performance is assessed using the F-score. Alpha waves detection is the use case through which we demonstrate that the proposed method allows to detect a brain state from an optimal set of electrodes. The so-called wearable configuration, consisting of electrodes in the forehead and behind the ear, is the chosen optimal set, with an average F-score of 0.78. This study highlights the beneficial impact of a learning-based approach in the design of wearable devices for real-life event-related monitoring.
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Pazos MD, Hu Y, Elani Y, Browning KL, Jiang N, Yetisen AK. Tattoo Inks for Optical Biosensing in Interstitial Fluid. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2101238. [PMID: 34510804 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The persistence of traditional tattoo inks presents an advantage for continuous and long-term health monitoring in point of care devices. The replacement of tattoo pigments with optical biosensors aims a promising alternative for monitoring blood biomarkers. Tattoo inks functionalization enables the control of interstitial biomarkers with correlated concentrations in plasma, to diagnose diseases, evaluate progression, and prevent complications associated with physio pathological disorders or medication mismatches. The specific biomarkers in interstitial fluid provide a new source of information, especially for skin diseases. The study of tattoo inks displays insufficient regulation in their composition, a lack of reports of the related complications, and a need for further studies on their degradation kinetics. This review focuses on tattoo optical biosensors for monitoring dermal interstitial biomarkers and discusses the clinical advantages and main challenges for in vivo implantation. Tattoo functionalization provides a minimally invasive, reversible, biocompatible, real-time sensing with long-term permanence and multiplexing capabilities for the control, diagnosis, and prevention of illness; it enables self-controlling management by the patient, but also the possibility of sending the records to the doctor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martalu D Pazos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Leo Foundation Center for Cutaneous Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Yubing Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Yuval Elani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Kathryn L Browning
- Leo Foundation Center for Cutaneous Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Nan Jiang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ali K Yetisen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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10
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Leitner C, Benatti S, Keller K, Cossettini A, Kartsch V, Penasso H, Benini L, Greco F, Baumgartner C. UStEMG: an Ultrasound Transparent Tattoo-based sEMG System for Unobtrusive Parallel Acquisitions of Muscle Electro-mechanics. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2021; 2021:7077-7082. [PMID: 34892732 DOI: 10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Human machine interfaces follow machine learning approaches to interpret muscles states, mainly from electrical signals. These signals are easy to collect with tiny devices, on tight power budgets, interfaced closely to the human skin. However, natural movement behavior is not only determined by muscle activation, but it depends on an orchestration of several subsystems, including the instantaneous length of muscle fibers, typically inspected by means of ultrasound (US) imaging systems. This work shows for the first time an ultra-lightweight (7 g) electromyography (sEMG) system transparent to ultrasound, which enables the simultaneous acquisition of sEMG and US signals from the same location. The system is based on ultrathin and skin-conformable temporary tattoo electrodes (TTE) made of printed conducting polymer, connected to a tiny, parallel-ultra-low power acquisition platform (BioWolf). US phantom images recorded with the TTE had mean axial and lateral resolutions of 0.90±0.02 mm and 1.058±0.005 mm, respectively. The root mean squares for sEMG signals recorded with the US during biceps contractions were at 57±10 µV and mean frequencies were at 92±1 Hz. We show that neither ultrasound images nor electromyographic signals are significantly altered during parallel and synchronized operation.Clinical relevance- Modern prosthetic engineering concepts use interfaces connected to muscles or nerves and employ machine learning models to infer on natural movement behavior of amputated limbs. However, relying only on a single data source (e.g., electromyography) reduces the quality of a fine-grained motor control. To address this limitation, we propose a new and unobtrusive device capable of capturing the electrical and mechanical behavior of muscles in a parallel and synchronized fashion. This device can support the development of new prosthetic control and design concepts, further supporting clinical movement science in the configuration of better simulation models.
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11
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Ghaffari R, Yang DS, Kim J, Mansour A, Wright JA, Model JB, Wright DE, Rogers JA, Ray TR. State of Sweat: Emerging Wearable Systems for Real-Time, Noninvasive Sweat Sensing and Analytics. ACS Sens 2021; 6:2787-2801. [PMID: 34351759 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Skin-interfaced wearable systems with integrated colorimetric assays, microfluidic channels, and electrochemical sensors offer powerful capabilities for noninvasive, real-time sweat analysis. This Perspective details recent progress in the development and translation of novel wearable sensors for personalized assessment of sweat dynamics and biomarkers, with precise sampling and real-time analysis. Sensor accuracy, system ruggedness, and large-scale deployment in remote environments represent key opportunity areas, enabling broad deployment in the context of field studies, clinical trials, and recent commercialization. On-body measurements in these contexts show good agreement compared to conventional laboratory-based sweat analysis approaches. These device demonstrations highlight the utility of biochemical sensing platforms for personalized assessment of performance, wellness, and health across a broad range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roozbeh Ghaffari
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
- Epicore Biosystems, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Da Som Yang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
| | - Joohee Kim
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
| | - Amer Mansour
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - John A. Wright
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
- Epicore Biosystems, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeffrey B. Model
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
- Epicore Biosystems, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Donald E. Wright
- Epicore Biosystems, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - John A. Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
- Epicore Biosystems, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Tyler R. Ray
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawai’i at Ma̅noa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai’i at Ma̅noa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, United States
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Ghaffari R, Rogers JA, Ray TR. Recent progress, challenges, and opportunities for wearable biochemical sensors for sweat analysis. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2021; 332:129447. [PMID: 33542590 PMCID: PMC7853653 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2021.129447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Sweat is a promising, yet relatively unexplored biofluid containing biochemical information that offers broad insights into the underlying dynamic metabolic activity of the human body. The rich composition of electrolytes, metabolites, hormones, proteins, nucleic acids, micronutrients, and exogenous agents found in sweat dynamically vary in response to the state of health, stress, and diet. Emerging classes of skin-interfaced wearable sensors offer powerful capabilities for the real-time, continuous analysis of sweat produced by the eccrine glands in a manner suitable for use in athletics, consumer wellness, military, and healthcare industries. This perspective examines the rapid and continuous progress of wearable sweat sensors through the most advanced embodiments that address the fundamental challenges currently restricting widespread deployment. It concludes with a discussion of efforts to expand the overall utility of wearable sweat sensors and opportunities for commercialization, in which advances in biochemical sensor technologies will be critically important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roozbeh Ghaffari
- -Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- -Epicore Biosystems, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John A. Rogers
- -Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- -Epicore Biosystems, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
- -Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- -Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tyler R. Ray
- -Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI
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Taccola S, Poliziani A, Santonocito D, Mondini A, Denk C, Ide AN, Oberparleiter M, Greco F, Mattoli V. Toward the Use of Temporary Tattoo Electrodes for Impedancemetric Respiration Monitoring and Other Electrophysiological Recordings on Skin. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21041197. [PMID: 33567724 PMCID: PMC7915056 DOI: 10.3390/s21041197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of dry, ultra-conformable and unperceivable temporary tattoo electrodes (TTEs), based on the ink-jet printing of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) on top of commercially available temporary tattoo paper, has gained increasing attention as a new and promising technology for electrophysiological recordings on skin. In this work, we present a TTEs epidermal sensor for real time monitoring of respiration through transthoracic impedance measurements, exploiting a new design, based on the application of soft screen printed Ag ink and magnetic interlink, that guarantees a repositionable, long-term stable and robust interconnection of TTEs with external “docking” devices. The efficiency of the TTE and the proposed interconnection strategy under stretching (up to 10%) and over time (up to 96 h) has been verified on a dedicated experimental setup and on humans, fulfilling the proposed specific application of transthoracic impedance measurements. The proposed approach makes this technology suitable for large-scale production and suitable not only for the specific use case presented, but also for real time monitoring of different bio-electric signals, as demonstrated through specific proof of concept demonstrators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Taccola
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, 56025 Pisa, Italy; (A.P.); (A.M.)
- Future Manufacturing Processes Research Group, School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Correspondence: (S.T.); (F.G.); (V.M.)
| | - Aliria Poliziani
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, 56025 Pisa, Italy; (A.P.); (A.M.)
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, 56025 Pisa, Italy
- Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà, 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniele Santonocito
- Emerging Application Department, MED-EL Elektromedizinische Geräte Gesellschaft m.b.H., Fürstenweg 77a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (D.S.); (C.D.); (A.N.I.); (M.O.)
| | - Alessio Mondini
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, 56025 Pisa, Italy; (A.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Christian Denk
- Emerging Application Department, MED-EL Elektromedizinische Geräte Gesellschaft m.b.H., Fürstenweg 77a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (D.S.); (C.D.); (A.N.I.); (M.O.)
| | - Alessandro Noriaki Ide
- Emerging Application Department, MED-EL Elektromedizinische Geräte Gesellschaft m.b.H., Fürstenweg 77a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (D.S.); (C.D.); (A.N.I.); (M.O.)
| | - Markus Oberparleiter
- Emerging Application Department, MED-EL Elektromedizinische Geräte Gesellschaft m.b.H., Fürstenweg 77a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (D.S.); (C.D.); (A.N.I.); (M.O.)
| | - Francesco Greco
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, 56025 Pisa, Italy; (A.P.); (A.M.)
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: (S.T.); (F.G.); (V.M.)
| | - Virgilio Mattoli
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, 56025 Pisa, Italy; (A.P.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence: (S.T.); (F.G.); (V.M.)
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