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Yuan C, Xu Y, Lu G, Hu Y, Mao W, Ke L, Tong Z, Xia Y, Ma S, Dong X, Xian X, Wu X, Liu G, Li B, Li W. AAV-mediated hepatic LPL expression ameliorates severe hypertriglyceridemia and acute pancreatitis in Gpihbp1 deficient mice and rats. Mol Ther 2024; 32:59-73. [PMID: 37974401 PMCID: PMC10787151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
GPIHBP1 plays an important role in the hydrolysis of triglyceride (TG) lipoproteins by lipoprotein lipases (LPLs). However, Gpihbp1 knockout mice did not develop hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) during the suckling period but developed severe HTG after weaning on a chow diet. It has been postulated that LPL expression in the liver of suckling mice may be involved. To determine whether hepatic LPL expression could correct severe HTG in Gpihbp1 deficiency, liver-targeted LPL expression was achieved via intravenous administration of the adeno-associated virus (AAV)-human LPL gene, and the effects of AAV-LPL on HTG and HTG-related acute pancreatitis (HTG-AP) were observed. Suckling Gpihbp1-/- mice with high hepatic LPL expression did not develop HTG, whereas Gpihbp1-/- rat pups without hepatic LPL expression developed severe HTG. AAV-mediated liver-targeted LPL expression dose-dependently decreased plasma TG levels in Gpihbp1-/- mice and rats, increased post-heparin plasma LPL mass and activity, decreased mortality in Gpihbp1-/- rat pups, and reduced the susceptibility and severity of both Gpihbp1-/- animals to HTG-AP. However, the muscle expression of AAV-LPL had no significant effect on HTG. Targeted expression of LPL in the liver showed no obvious adverse reactions. Thus, liver-targeted LPL expression may be a new therapeutic approach for HTG-AP caused by GPIHBP1 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Yuan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yao Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Guotao Lu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yuepeng Hu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Wenjian Mao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Lu Ke
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhihui Tong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yan Xia
- GeneCradle Therapeutics Inc, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Sisi Ma
- GeneCradle Therapeutics Inc, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Xiaoyan Dong
- GeneCradle Therapeutics Inc, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Xunde Xian
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaobing Wu
- GeneCradle Therapeutics Inc, Beijing 100176, China
| | - George Liu
- GeneCradle Therapeutics Inc, Beijing 100176, China.
| | - Baiqiang Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Weiqin Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.
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Jolly RD, Dittmer KE, Jones BR, Worth AJ, Thompson KG, Johnstone AC, Palmer DN, Van de Water NS, Hemsley KM, Garrick DJ, Winchester BG, Walkley SU. Animal medical genetics: a historical perspective on more than 50 years of research into genetic disorders of animals at Massey University. N Z Vet J 2021; 69:255-266. [PMID: 33969809 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2021.1928564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 50 years, there have been major advances in knowledge and technology regarding genetic diseases, and the subsequent ability to control them in a cost-effective manner. This review traces these advances through research into genetic diseases of animals at Massey University (Palmerston North, NZ), and briefly discusses the disorders investigated during that time, with additional detail for disorders of major importance such as bovine α-mannosidosis, ovine ceroid-lipofuscinosis, canine mucopolysaccharidosis IIIA and feline hyperchylomicronaemia. The overall research has made a significant contribution to veterinary medicine, has provided new biological knowledge and advanced our understanding of similar disorders in human patients, including testing various specific therapies prior to human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Jolly
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - K E Dittmer
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - B R Jones
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - A J Worth
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - K G Thompson
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - A C Johnstone
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - D N Palmer
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - N S Van de Water
- Department of Diagnostic Genetics, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - K M Hemsley
- Childhood Dementia Research Group, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - D J Garrick
- School of Agriculture & Environment, Al Rae Centre for Genetics and Breeding, Massey University, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - B G Winchester
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - S U Walkley
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Rose F. Kennedy Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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Geldenhuys WJ, Lin L, Darvesh AS, Sadana P. Emerging strategies of targeting lipoprotein lipase for metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Drug Discov Today 2016; 22:352-365. [PMID: 27771332 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although statins and other pharmacological approaches have improved the management of lipid abnormalities, there exists a need for newer treatment modalities especially for the management of hypertriglyceridemia. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL), by promoting hydrolytic cleavage of the triglyceride core of lipoproteins, is a crucial node in the management of plasma lipid levels. Although LPL expression and activity modulation is observed as a pleiotropic action of some the commonly used lipid lowering drugs, the deliberate development of drugs targeting LPL has not occurred yet. In this review, we present the biology of LPL, highlight the LPL modulation property of currently used drugs and review the novel emerging approaches to target LPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner J Geldenhuys
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Altaf S Darvesh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Prabodh Sadana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA.
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Kastelein JJP, Ross CJD, Hayden MR. From mutation identification to therapy: discovery and origins of the first approved gene therapy in the Western world. Hum Gene Ther 2013; 24:472-8. [PMID: 23578007 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2013.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John J P Kastelein
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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5
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Nyrén R, Chang CL, Lindström P, Barmina A, Vorrsjö E, Ali Y, Juntti-Berggren L, Bensadoun A, Young SG, Olivecrona T, Olivecrona G. Localization of lipoprotein lipase and GPIHBP1 in mouse pancreas: effects of diet and leptin deficiency. BMC PHYSIOLOGY 2012. [PMID: 23186339 PMCID: PMC3537605 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6793-12-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) hydrolyzes triglycerides in plasma lipoproteins and enables uptake of lipolysis products for energy production or storage in tissues. Our aim was to study the localization of LPL and its endothelial anchoring protein glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high density lipoprotein-binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1) in mouse pancreas, and effects of diet and leptin deficiency on their expression patterns. For this, immunofluorescence microscopy was used on pancreatic tissue from C57BL/6 mouse embryos (E18), adult mice on normal or high-fat diet, and adult ob/ob-mice treated or not with leptin. The distribution of LPL and GPIHBP1 was compared to insulin, glucagon and CD31. Heparin injections were used to discriminate between intracellular and extracellular LPL. RESULTS In the exocrine pancreas LPL was found in capillaries, and was mostly co-localized with GPIHBP1. LPL was releasable by heparin, indicating localization on cell surfaces. Within the islets, most of the LPL was associated with beta cells and could not be released by heparin, indicating that the enzyme remained mostly within cells. Staining for LPL was found also in the glucagon-producing alpha cells, both in embryos (E18) and in adult mice. Only small amounts of LPL were found together with GPIHBP1 within the capillaries of islets. Neither a high fat diet nor fasting/re-feeding markedly altered the distribution pattern of LPL or GPIHBP1 in mouse pancreas. Islets from ob/ob mice appeared completely deficient of LPL in the beta cells, while LPL-staining was normal in alpha cells and in the exocrine pancreas. Leptin treatment of ob/ob mice for 12 days reversed this pattern, so that most of the islets expressed LPL in beta cells. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that both LPL and GPIHBP1 are present in mouse pancreas, and that LPL expression in beta cells is dependent on leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakel Nyrén
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Physiological Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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6
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Dubé JB, Hegele RA. The application of gene therapy in lipid disorders: where are we now? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.12.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kassim SH, Wilson JM, Rader DJ. Gene therapy for dyslipidemia: a review of gene replacement and gene inhibition strategies. CLINICAL LIPIDOLOGY 2010; 5:793-809. [PMID: 22505953 PMCID: PMC3324780 DOI: 10.2217/clp.10.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite numerous technological and pharmacological advances and more detailed knowledge of molecular etiologies, cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide claiming over 17 million lives a year. Abnormalities in the synthesis, processing and catabolism of lipoprotein particles can result in severe hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia or low HDL-C. Although a plethora of antidyslipidemic pharmacological agents are available, these drugs are relatively ineffective in many patients with Mendelian lipid disorders, indicating the need for new and more effective interventions. In vivo somatic gene therapy is one such intervention. This article summarizes current strategies being pursued for the development of clinical gene therapy for dyslipidemias that cannot effectively be treated with existing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadik H Kassim
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, 125 South 31st Street (Suite 2000), PA 19104, USA
| | - James M Wilson
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, 125 South 31st Street (Suite 2000), PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel J Rader
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, 125 South 31st Street (Suite 2000), PA 19104, USA
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Yang F, Wang Y, Sternfeld L, Rodriguez JA, Ross C, Hayden MR, Carriere F, Liu G, Schulz I. The role of free fatty acids, pancreatic lipase and Ca+ signalling in injury of isolated acinar cells and pancreatitis model in lipoprotein lipase-deficient mice. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2009; 195:13-28. [PMID: 18983441 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2008.01933.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM AND METHODS Recurrent pancreatitis is a common complication of severe hypertriglyceridaemia (HTG) often seen in patients carrying various gene mutations in lipoprotein lipase (LPL). This study investigates a possible pathogenic mechanism of cell damage in isolated mouse pancreatic acinar cells and of pancreatitis in LPL-deficient and in wild type mice. RESULTS Addition of free fatty acids (FFA) or of chylomicrons to isolated pancreatic acinar cells caused stimulation of amylase release, and at higher concentrations it also caused cell damage. This effect was decreased in the presence of the lipase inhibitor orlistat. Surprisingly, pancreatic lipase whether in its active or inactive state could act like an agonist by inducing amylase secretion, increasing cellular cGMP levels and converting cell damaging sustained elevations of [Ca(2+)](cyt) to normal Ca(2+) oscillations. Caerulein increases the levels of serum amylase and caused more severe inflammation in the pancreas of LPL-deficient mice than in wild type mice. CONCLUSION We conclude that high concentrations of FFA as present in the plasma of LPL-deficient mice and in patients with HTG lead to pancreatic cell damage and are high risk factors for the development of acute pancreatitis. In addition to its enzymatic effect which leads to the generation of cell-damaging FFA from triglycerides, pancreatic lipase also prevents Ca(2+) overload in pancreatic acinar cells and, therefore, counteracts cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Yang
- Physiological Institute, University of Saarland, Homburg, Saar, Germany
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9
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Vaessen SFC, Sierts JA, Kuivenhoven JA, Schaap FG. Efficient lowering of triglyceride levels in mice by human apoAV protein variants associated with hypertriglyceridemia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 379:542-6. [PMID: 19121291 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.12.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Variation in the apolipoprotein A5 (APOA5) gene has consistently been associated with increased plasma triglyceride (TG) levels in epidemiological studies. In vivo functionality of these variations, however, has thus far not been tested. Using adenoviral over-expression, we evaluated plasma expression levels and TG-lowering efficacies of wild-type human apoAV, two human apoAV variants associated with increased TG (S19W, G185C) and one variant (Q341H) that is predicted to have altered protein function. Injection of mice with adenovirus encoding wild-type or mutant apoAV resulted in an identical dose-dependent elevation of human apoAV levels in plasma. The increase in apoAV levels resulted in pronounced lowering of plasma TG levels at two viral dosages. Unexpectedly, the TG-lowering efficacy of all three apoAV variants was similar to wild-type apoAV. In addition, no effect on TG-hydrolysis-related plasma parameters (free fatty acids, glycerol and post-heparin lipoprotein lipase activity) was apparent upon expression of all apoAV variants. In conclusion, our data indicate that despite their association with hypertriglyceridemia and/or predicted protein dysfunction, the 19W, 185C and 341H apoAV variants are equally effective in reducing plasma TG levels in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan F C Vaessen
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of viral vectors capable of providing efficient gene transfer in diseased tissues without causing any pathogenic effects is pivotal for overcoming the many challenges facing gene therapy. OBJECTIVE Immune responses against viral vectors, inadequate gene expression and inefficient targeting to specific cells in vivo are some of the major problems limiting the clinical utility of viral gene therapy. METHODS This review will focus on recent progress in strategic polymer-based modifications to improve the performance and biocompatibility of a variety of viral vectors. We will discuss the preclinical development of four approaches involving injectable polymers, polyelectrolytes, polymer microspheres and polymer-virus conjugates. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Much progress has been made in creating 'hybrid' gene delivery vectors that combine the strengths of polymers and viruses. With further optimization, these hybrid vectors, which may be safer and more effective, are likely to succeed in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Wang
- University of Minnesota, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 7-105 Hasselmo Hall, 312 Church Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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11
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Wang J, Xian X, Huang W, Chen L, Wu L, Zhu Y, Fan J, Ross C, Hayden MR, Liu G. Expression of LPL in Endothelial-Intact Artery Results in Lipid Deposition and Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 Upregulation in Both LPL and ApoE-Deficient Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:197-203. [PMID: 17038632 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000249683.80414.d9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
Overexpression of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in deendothelialized artery led to profound localized lipid deposition. In this study the role of LPL in atherogenesis in endothelial-intact carotid arteries was assessed in genetically hyperlipidemic LPL- and ApoE-deficient mice.
Methods and Results—
Human wild-type LPL (hLPLwt), catalytically inactive LPL (hLPL194), or control alkaline phosphatase (hAP) were expressed in endothelial-intact carotid arteries via adenoviral vectors. Compared with Ad-hAP, lipid deposition in the arterial wall increased 10.0- and 5.1-fold for Ad-hLPLwt and Ad-hLPL194 in LPL-deficient mice, and 10.6- and 6.2-fold in ApoE-deficient mice, respectively. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) was upregulated in Ad-hLPLwt and Ad-hLPL194 transferred arteries.
Conclusions—
Endothelial cell associated LPL, either active or inactive, in the arterial wall is a strong proatherosclerotic factor in both LPL- and ApoE-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Hai Dian District, 100083, Beijing, China
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12
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Rip J, Sierts JA, Vaessen SFC, Kastelein JJP, Twisk J, Kuivenhoven JA. Adeno-associated virus LPL(S447X) gene therapy in LDL receptor knockout mice. Atherosclerosis 2006; 194:55-61. [PMID: 17087965 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2006] [Revised: 09/08/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overexpression of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) protects against atherosclerosis in genetically engineered mice. We tested whether a gene therapy vector that delivers human (h) LPL(S447X) cDNA to skeletal muscle could induce similar effects. METHODS LDL receptor knockout (LDLr-/-) mice were injected intramuscular (i.m.) with adeno-associated virus serotype 1 (AAV1) LPL(S447X) or PBS. Four weeks later they were started on an atherogenic diet for 12 weeks. After termination, atherosclerosis was assessed and homogenates of muscle and liver tissue were analyzed. RESULTS AAV1-treated mice showed hLPL concentrations of 768+/-293 ng/mL in post-heparin plasma associated with 48% reductions of fasting triglycerides (TG) levels (p<0.0001). In the absence of an effect on total cholesterol (TC) levels, no effects on atherosclerosis were found. An increase in lipid content of injected muscles was accompanied by a significant decrease of TG (-20%, p<0.0001) and free cholesterol (FC) content (-24%, p<0.0001) in liver homogenates. CONCLUSIONS The data show that transgenic hLPL(S447X) on top of endogenous murine LPL reduces fasting TG levels in plasma but has no effect on atherosclerosis in LDLr-/- mice. While lipid accumulation in the injected muscle was anticipated, this coincided with an interesting decrease of both TG and FC in liver homogenates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap Rip
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Ross CJD, Twisk J, Bakker AC, Miao F, Verbart D, Rip J, Godbey T, Dijkhuizen P, Hermens WTJMC, Kastelein JJP, Kuivenhoven JA, Meulenberg JM, Hayden MR. Correction of feline lipoprotein lipase deficiency with adeno-associated virus serotype 1-mediated gene transfer of the lipoprotein lipase S447X beneficial mutation. Hum Gene Ther 2006; 17:487-99. [PMID: 16716106 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human lipoprotein lipase (hLPL) deficiency, for which there currently exists no adequate treatment, leads to excessive plasma triglycerides (TGs), recurrent abdominal pain, and life-threatening pancreatitis. We have shown that a single intramuscular administration of adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotype 1 vector, encoding the human LPL(S447X) variant, results in complete, long-term normalization of dyslipidemia in LPL(/) mice. As a prelude to gene therapy for human LPL deficiency, we tested the efficacy of AAV1-LPL(S447X) in LPL(/) cats, which demonstrate hypertriglyceridemia (plasma TGs, >10,000 mg/dl) and clinical symptoms similar to LPL deficiency in humans, including pancreatitis. Male LPL(/) cats were injected intramuscularly with saline or AAV1-LPL(S447X) (1 x 10(11)-1.7 x 10(12) genome copies [GC]/kg), combined with oral doses of cyclophosphamide (0-200 mg/m(2) per week) to inhibit an immune response against hLPL. Within 3-7 days after administration of >or=5 x 10(11) GC of AAV1-LPL(S447X) per kilogram, the visible plasma lipemia was completely resolved and plasma TG levels were reduced by >99% to normal levels (10-20 mg/dl); intermediate efficacy (95% reduction) was achieved with 1 x 10(11) GC/kg. Injection in two sites, greatly limiting the amount of transduced muscle, was sufficient to completely correct the dyslipidemia. By varying the dose per site, linear LPL expression was demonstrated over a wide range of local doses (4 x 10(10)-1 x 10(12) GC/site). However, efficacy was transient, because of an anti-hLPL immune response blunting LPL expression. The level and duration of efficacy were significantly improved with cyclophosphamide immunosuppression. We conclude that AAV1-mediated delivery of LPL(S447X) in muscle is an effective means to correct the hypertriglyceridemia associated with feline LPL deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J D Ross
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4H4
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Wu X, Wang J, Fan J, Chen M, Chen L, Huang W, Liu G. Localized vessel expression of lipoprotein lipase in rabbits leads to rapid lipid deposition in the balloon-injured arterial wall. Atherosclerosis 2006; 187:65-73. [PMID: 16191430 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2005] [Revised: 05/23/2005] [Accepted: 08/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies on mice demonstrated that lipoprotein lipase (LPL) located in the arterial wall might play a pro-atherogenic role. There are major differences between humans and mice in lipoprotein metabolism and in susceptibility to atherosclerosis. We have therefore used rabbits fed normal chow diet as a model to assess such localized effects by adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of human catalytically active wild type LPL (hLPLwt) and an inactive mutant (hLPL194) to balloon-injured carotid arteries. By morphometric analysis on cryosections stained with Oil Red O (ORO) we found 7- and 4-fold increases, respectively, of lipid deposition in the arterial walls 7 days after infection with adenovirus expressing hLPLwt or hLPL194, when compared with a virus expressing human alkaline phosphatase (hAP) as control. Macrophages were detected in the arteries expressing both forms of LPL, but apoB was only found in arteries expressing hLPLwt. Expression of the LPL gene products was transient and was gone after 2 weeks, but the accumulated lipid deposits remained between the neointimal and the media layers even after 8 weeks. Our data demonstrate that expression of LPL in the arterial wall (with or without lipase activity) leads to lipid accumulation in balloon-injured rabbit arteries, and could result in enhanced formation of atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Wu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 XueYuan Road, HaiDian District, Beijing 100083, China
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15
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Correction of Feline Lipoprotein Lipase Deficiency with Adeno-Associated Virus Serotype 1-Mediated Gene Transfer of the Lipoprotein Lipase S447X Beneficial Mutation. Hum Gene Ther 2006. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.ft-198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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17
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Rip J, Nierman MC, Sierts JA, Petersen W, Van den Oever K, Van Raalte D, Ross CJD, Hayden MR, Bakker AC, Dijkhuizen P, Hermens WT, Twisk J, Stroes E, Kastelein JJP, Kuivenhoven JA, Meulenberg JM. Gene therapy for lipoprotein lipase deficiency: working toward clinical application. Hum Gene Ther 2006; 16:1276-86. [PMID: 16259561 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2005.16.1276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) deficiency causes hypertriglyceridemia and recurrent, potentially life-threatening pancreatitis. There currently is no adequate treatment for this disease. Previously, we showed that intramuscular administration of an adeno-associated virus serotype 1 (AAV1) vector encoding the human LPL(S447X) variant cDNA (AAV1-LPL(S447X)) normalized the dyslipidemia of LPL-/- mice for more than 1 year. In preparation for a clinical trial, we evaluated the safety and biodistribution of AAV1-LPL(S447X) in wild-type mice and fully characterized six LPL-deficient patients. Toxicological analysis in mice showed that intramuscular administration was well tolerated. Acute inflammatory response markers were transiently increased, and anti- AAV1 antibodies were generated. Histological analyses indicated a dose-dependent reversible spleen hyperplasia, and myositis at the injection sites. Biodistribution data showed short-term vector leakage from injection sites into the circulation, followed by liver-mediated clearance. Persistence of vector DNA was limited to the injected muscle and draining lymph nodes, and spread to reproductive organs was limited. Characterization of LPL-deficient patients showed that all patients presented with hypertriglyceridemia and recurrent pancreatitis. LPL catalytic activity was absent, but LPL protein levels were 20-100% of normal. Myoblasts derived from skeletal muscle biopsies of these patients were efficiently transduced by AAV1-LPL(S447X) and secreted active LPL. These data support the initiation of a clinical trial in LPL-deficient patients, for which regulatory approval has been granted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap Rip
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Abstract
Existing approaches to the treatment of refractory hypercholesterolaemia, severe hypertriglyceridaemia, low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and certain inherited disorders of intracellular lipid metabolism are ineffective in a substantial number of patients. Somatic gene therapy is considered to be a potential approach to the therapy of several of these lipid disorders. In many cases preclinical proof-of-principle studies have already been performed, and in one (homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia) a clinical trial has been conducted. Other clinical gene therapy trials for dyslipidaemia are likely to be initiated within the next several years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uli C Broedl
- University of Munich, Department of InternalMedicine II, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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19
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Rip J, Nierman MC, Sierts JA, Petersen W, Den Oever KV, Raalte DV, Ross CJ, Hayden MR, Bakker AC, Dijkhuizen P, Hermens WT, Twisk J, Stroes E, Kastelein JJP, Kuivenhoven JA, Meulenberg JM. Gene Therapy for Lipoprotein Lipase Deficiency: Working Toward Clinical Application. Hum Gene Ther 2005. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2005.16.ft-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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20
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Ross CJD, Liu G, Kuivenhoven JA, Twisk J, Rip J, van Dop W, Excoffon KJDA, Lewis SME, Kastelein JJ, Hayden MR. Complete Rescue of Lipoprotein Lipase–Deficient Mice by Somatic Gene Transfer of the Naturally Occurring LPL
S447X
Beneficial Mutation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25:2143-50. [PMID: 16002740 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000176971.27302.b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The naturally occurring human lipoprotein lipase S447X variant (LPL
S447X
) exemplifies a gain-of function mutation with significant benefits including decreased plasma triglycerides (TG), increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and reduced risk of coronary artery disease. The S447X variant may be associated with higher LPL catalytic activity; however, in vitro data supporting this hypothesis are contradictory. We wanted to investigate the in vivo mechanism by which the LPL
S447X
variant improves the lipid profile of S447X carriers. We conducted a functional assessment of human LPL
S447X
compared with LPL
WT
in mice. LPL variants were compared in the absence of endogenous mouse LPL in newborn LPL
−/−
mice by adenoviral-mediated gene transfer. LPL
−/−
mice normally exhibit severe hypertriglyceridemia and die within 48 hours of birth. LPL
WT
gene transfer prolonged the survival of mice up to 21 days. In contrast, LPL
S447X
completely rescued 95% of the mice to adulthood and increased LPL catalytic activity in postheparin plasma 2.1-fold compared with LPL
WT
at day 3 (
P
=0.003). LPL
S447X
also reduced plasma TG 99% from baseline (
P
<0.001), 2-fold more than LPL
WT
, (
P
<0.01) and increased plasma HDL cholesterol 2.9-fold higher than LPL
WT
(
P
<0.01). These data provide in vivo evidence that the increased catalytic activity of LPL
S447X
improves plasma TG clearance and increases the HDL cholesterol pool compared with LPL
WT
.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J D Ross
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Vancouver, Canada
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21
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Ross CJD, Twisk J, Meulenberg JM, Liu G, van den Oever K, Moraal E, Hermens WT, Rip J, Kastelein JJP, Kuivenhoven JA, Hayden MR. Long-term correction of murine lipoprotein lipase deficiency with AAV1-mediated gene transfer of the naturally occurring LPL(S447X) beneficial mutation. Hum Gene Ther 2004; 15:906-19. [PMID: 15353045 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2004.15.906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human lipoprotein lipase (LPL) deficiency causes profound hypertriglyceridemia and life-threatening pancreatitis. We recently developed an adult murine model for LPL deficiency: LPL -/- mice display grossly elevated plasma triglyceride (TG) levels (>200-fold) and very low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C < 10% of normal). We used this animal model to test the efficacy of adeno-associated virus-mediated expression of hLPL(S447X) (AAV1-LPL(S447X)) in muscle for the treatment of LPL deficiency. Intramuscular administration of AAV1-LPL(S447X) resulted in dose-dependent expression of hLPL protein and LPL activity (up to 33% of normal murine levels) in postheparin plasma. Remarkably, visible hyperlipidemia was resolved within 1 week; plasma TG was reduced to near-normal levels (from 99.0 to 1.8 mmol/L), and plasma HDL-C was increased 6-fold (from 0.2 to 1.1 mmol/L). At 8 months after administration of AAV1-LPL(S447X), an intravenous lipid challenge showed efficient, near-normal clearance of plasma TG. Histologic analyses of injected muscle further indicated that abnormal muscle morphology observed in LPL -/- mice was reversed after treatment. Expression of therapeutic levels of LPL(S447X), and the subsequent beneficial effect on plasma lipid levels, has lasted for more than 1 year. We therefore conclude that AAV1-mediated transfer of LPL(S447X) into murine skeletal muscle results in long-term near-correction of dyslipidemia associated with LPL deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J D Ross
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia (UBC), Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, V5Z-4H4
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22
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Abstract
This article provides an update of liver-directed gene therapy for dyslipidemia, reviewing papers published since 2002 and summarizing progress in gene transfer vectors. Despite the availability of polypharmacy and other therapeutic interventions, the treatment of severe dyslipidemia remains a challenge and continues to be an important target for experimental gene therapy. Gene therapy strategies that focus on long-term therapeutic efficacy of different regimens are emerging from small animal experiments, and new therapeutic genes and/or new approaches have been developed. A novel strategy for gene therapy for diabetes was published recently. Gene therapy for dyslipidemia and diabetes is still in its infancy. Nonetheless, recent progress in this area is encouraging and bodes well for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Oka
- Departments of Molecular & Cellular Biology and Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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23
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Wellington CL, Brunham LR, Zhou S, Singaraja RR, Visscher H, Gelfer A, Ross C, James E, Liu G, Huber MT, Yang YZ, Parks RJ, Groen A, Fruchart-Najib J, Hayden MR. Alterations of plasma lipids in mice via adenoviral-mediated hepatic overexpression of human ABCA1. J Lipid Res 2003; 44:1470-80. [PMID: 12730295 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m300110-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) is a widely expressed lipid transporter essential for the generation of HDL. ABCA1 is particularly abundant in the liver, suggesting that the liver may play a major role in HDL homeostasis. To determine how hepatic ABCA1 affects plasma HDL cholesterol levels, we treated mice with an adenovirus (Ad)-expressing human ABCA1 under the control of the cytomegalovirus promoter. Treated mice showed a dose-dependent increase in hepatic ABCA1 protein, ranging from 1.2-fold to 8.3-fold using doses from 5 x 108 to 1.5 x 109 pfu, with maximal expression observed on Day 3 posttreatment. A selective increase in HDL cholesterol occurred at Day 3 in mice treated with 5 x 108 pfu Ad-ABCA1, but higher doses did not further elevate HDL cholesterol levels. In contrast, total cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, non-HDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B levels all increased in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that excessive overexpression of hepatic ABCA1 in the absence of its normal regulatory sequences altered total lipid homeostasis. At comparable expression levels, bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic mice, which express ABCA1 under the control of its endogenous regulatory sequences, showed a greater and more specific increase in HDL cholesterol than Ad-ABCA1-treated mice. Our results suggest that appropriate regulation of ABCA1 is critical for a selective increase in HDL cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl L Wellington
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, British Columbia Children's and Women's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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24
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Abstract
The compilation of a dense gene map and eventually a whole genome sequence (WGS) of the domestic cat holds considerable value for human genome annotation, for veterinary medicine, and for insight into the evolution of genome organization among mammals. Human association and veterinary studies of the cat, its domestic breeds, and its charismatic wild relatives of the family Felidae have rendered the species a powerful model for human hereditary diseases, for infectious disease agents, for adaptive evolutionary divergence, for conservation genetics, and for forensic applications. Here we review the advantages, rationale, and present strategy of a feline genome project, and we describe the disease models, comparative genomics, and biological applications posed by the full resolution of the cat's genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J O'Brien
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, USA.
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25
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Yoshihara Y. Visualizing selective neural pathways with WGA transgene: combination of neuroanatomy with gene technology. Neurosci Res 2002; 44:133-40. [PMID: 12354628 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-0102(02)00130-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Functional logic employed by the nervous system for information processing resides mainly in the wiring patterns among specific types of neurons. Therefore, detailed knowledge on neuronal networks is essential for understanding a wide range of brain functions. A powerful and long-awaited method for analyzing the neuronal connectivity patterns would be to deliver tracers selectively to specific types of neurons and at the same time to label transsynaptically their axonal target neurons. For this purpose, we took advantage of a unique property of plant lectin, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), which has been used as a transsynaptic tracer in classical neuroanatomical studies. We developed a novel genetic strategy that employs WGA cDNA as a transgene, for the visualization of selective and functional neural pathways in the nervous system. In this article, I will introduce several examples of neural pathways visualized with the WGA transgene and discuss about its further refinement and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Yoshihara
- Laboratory for Neurobiology of Synapse, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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26
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Chetboul V, Klonjkowski B, Lefebvre HP, Desvaux D, Laroute V, Rosenberg D, Maurey C, Crespeau F, Adam M, Adnot S, Eloit M, Pouchelon JL. Short-term efficiency and safety of gene delivery into canine kidneys. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16:608-14. [PMID: 11239040 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/16.3.608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene delivery of biologically active molecules to the kidney may have potential therapeutic applications in renal and cardiovascular diseases. Recombinant adenovirus is one of the most efficient vectors for in vivo gene delivery. However, in vivo toxicity at the site of administration has to be evaluated for the successful use of adenovirus-mediated gene transfer. The aim of this study was to document precisely the short-term safety of different routes of intra-renal adenoviral administration and to compare their transduction efficiency. METHODS Dog puppies were injected with an adenoviral vector expressing the beta-galactosidase reporter gene in both kidneys via three different routes, i.e. intra-renal-ureteral route (IU) and intra-renal-arterial route with (IAC) or without (IA) clamping of the renal vein. Toxicity of viral administration was assayed on day 4 at both physiological and histological levels. Renal samples were monitored for the presence of nuclear beta-galactosidase-expressing cells. RESULTS All renal physiological parameters (glomerular filtration rate, effective renal plasma flow, and electrolyte excretion fractions) remained stable whatever the route of viral administration. No histological lesion was detected in any of the haematoxylin-eosin-stained kidney sections, and there was no evidence of ischaemia-reperfusion injury in the kidneys subjected to venous clamping. Efficient transgene expression was obtained in dog kidneys following IAC and IU injection of adenoviral vectors. Gene transfer via the IAC route induced gene expression predominantly in the cortical interstitial cells. Retrograde IU adenoviral injection resulted in reduced transduction efficiency compared with the IAC route, with transgene expression occurring mainly in the distal tubular and pyelic epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS The two major findings of this study were (i) the absence of acute histological and functional renal alteration following intra-arterial and intra-ureteral injections of adenoviral vectors in both kidneys of healthy dogs, and (ii) the efficiency of transgene expression with specific cellular targeting according to the route of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Chetboul
- Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort, CHU Henri-Mondor, Créteil, France
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27
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Kawashiri MA, Rader DJ. Gene therapy for lipid disorders. CURRENT CONTROLLED TRIALS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2000; 1:120-127. [PMID: 11714424 PMCID: PMC59613 DOI: 10.1186/cvm-1-2-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2000] [Accepted: 09/24/2000] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Lipid disorders are associated with atherosclerotic vascular disease, and therapy is associated with a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events. Current approaches to the treatment of lipid disorders are ineffective in a substantial number of patients. New therapies for refractory hypercholesterolemia, severe hypertriglyceridemia, and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol are needed: somatic gene therapy is one viable approach. The molecular etiology and pathophysiology of most of the candidate diseases are well understood. Animal models exist for the diseases and in many cases preclinical proof-of-principle studies have already been performed. There has been progress in the development of vectors that provide long-term gene expression. New clinical gene therapy trials for lipid disorders are likely to be initiated within the next few years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel J Rader
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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