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Quaresma PGF, Weissmann L, Zanotto TM, Santos AC, de Matos AHB, Furigo IC, Simabuco FM, Donato J, Bittencourt JC, Lopes-Cendes I, Prada PO. Cdc2-like kinase 2 in the hypothalamus is necessary to maintain energy homeostasis. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 41:268-278. [PMID: 27733761 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the Cdc2-like kinase 2 (CLK2) is expressed in hypothalamic neurons and if it is, whether the hypothalamic CLK2 has a role in the regulation of energy balance. SUBJECTS Swiss mice on chow or high-fat diet (HFD) and db/db mice on chow diet were used to address the role of CLK2 in the hypothalamus. RESULTS Hypothalamic CLK2Thr343 phosphorylation, which induces CLK2 activity, is regulated in vivo by refeeding, insulin and leptin, in a PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase)-dependent manner. The reduction of CLK2 expression in the hypothalamus, by chronic pharmacological inhibition with TG003 or by chronic knockdown with small interfering RNA was sufficient to abolish the anorexigenic effect of insulin and leptin, to increase body weight, fat mass, food intake and to decrease energy expenditure in mice on chow. In contrast, CLK2Thr343 phosphorylation in the hypothalamus in response to insulin, leptin or refeeding was impaired in mice on HFD or in db/db mice. Chronic CLK2 inhibition in the hypothalamus was associated with a slight increase in the fasting blood glucose levels, reduction in PEPCK (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase) expression in the liver and enhanced glucose production from pyruvate, suggesting a regulation of hepatic glucose production. Further, overexpressing CLK2 in the mediobasal hypothalami of mice on HFD or in db/db mice by adenovirus partially reversed the obese phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Thus, our results suggest that protein CLK2 integrates some important hypothalamic pathways, and may be a promising molecule for new therapeutic approaches for obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G F Quaresma
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Medical Clinics, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L Weissmann
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Medical Clinics, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - T M Zanotto
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Medical Clinics, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A C Santos
- Department of Medical Clinics, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A H B de Matos
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - I C Furigo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F M Simabuco
- School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J C Bittencourt
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - I Lopes-Cendes
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - P O Prada
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Medical Clinics, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Yamashita T, Okura M, Ishii-Osai Y, Hida T. Diagnosis of eight groups of xeroderma pigmentosum by genetic complementation using recombinant adenovirus vectors. J Dermatol 2016; 43:1167-1173. [PMID: 26971583 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Because patients with xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) must avoid ultraviolet (UV) light from an early age, an early diagnosis of this disorder is essential. XP is composed of seven genetic complementation groups, XP-A to -G, and a variant type (XP-V). To establish an easy and accurate diagnosis of the eight disease groups, we constructed recombinant adenoviruses that expressed one of the XP cDNA. When fibroblasts derived from patients with XP-A, -B, -C, -D, -F or -G were infected with the adenovirus expressing XPA, XPB, XPC, XPD, XPF or XPG, respectively, and UV-C at 5-20 J/m2 was irradiated, cell viability was clearly recovered by the corresponding recombinant adenoviruses. In contrast, XP-E and XP-V cells were not significantly sensitive to UV irradiation and were barely complemented by the matched recombinant adenoviruses. However, co-infection of Ad-XPA with Ad-XPE increased survival rate of XP-E cells after UV-C exposure. When XP-V cell strains, including one derived from a Japanese patient, were infected with Ad-XPV, exposed to UV-B and cultured with 1 mmol/L of caffeine, flow cytometry detected a characteristic decrease in the S phase in all the XP-V cell strains. From these results, the eight groups of XP could be differentiated by utilizing a set of recombinant adenoviruses, indicating that our procedure provides a convenient and correct diagnostic method for all the XP groups including XP-E and XP-V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiharu Yamashita
- Department of Dermatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Masae Okura
- Department of Dermatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasue Ishii-Osai
- Department of Dermatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tokimasa Hida
- Department of Dermatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Berra CM, de Oliveira CS, Garcia CCM, Rocha CRR, Lerner LK, Lima LCDA, Baptista MDS, Menck CFM. Nucleotide excision repair activity on DNA damage induced by photoactivated methylene blue. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 61:343-56. [PMID: 23567189 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The nucleotide excision repair (NER) mechanism is well known to be involved in the removal of UV-induced lesions. Nevertheless, the involvement of this pathway in the repair of lesions generated after DNA oxidation remains controversial. The effects of visible-light-excited methylene blue (MB), known to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), were examined directly in xeroderma pigmentosum (XP)-A and XP-C NER-deficient human fibroblasts. Initially, MB was confirmed as being incorporated in similar amounts by the cells and that its photoexcitation induces the generation of (1)O2 within cells. The analysis of cell survival indicated that NER-deficient cells were hypersensitive to photoactivated MB. This sensitivity was confirmed with cells silenced for the XPC gene and by host-cell reactivation (HCR) of plasmid exposed to the photosensitizing effects of photoexcited MB. The sensitivity detected by HCR was restored in complemented cells, confirming the participation of XPA and XPC proteins in the repair of DNA lesions induced by photosensitized MB. Furthermore, DNA damage (single- and double-strand breaks and alkali-sensitive sites) was observed in the nuclei of treated cells by alkaline comet assay, with higher frequency of lesions in NER-deficient than in NER-proficient cells. Likewise, NER-deficient cells also presented more γ-H2AX-stained nuclei and G2/M arrest after photoactivated MB treatment, probably as a consequence of DNA damage response. Notwithstanding, the kinetics of both alkali- and FPG-sensitive sites repair were similar among cells, thereby demonstrating not only that MB photoexcitation generates nuclear DNA damage, but also that the removal of these lesions is NER-independent. Therefore, this work provides further evidence that XPA and XPC proteins have specific roles in cell protection and repair/tolerance of ROS-induced DNA damage. Moreover, as XPC-deficient patients do not present neurodegeneration, premature aging, or developmental clinical symptoms, the results indicate that defects in the repair/tolerance of oxidatively generated DNA lesions are not sufficient to explain these severe clinical features of certain XP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Maria Berra
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Carla Santos de Oliveira
- Center of Health and Biological Sciences, University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Camila Carrião Machado Garcia
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Ribeiro Reily Rocha
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Letícia Koch Lerner
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | | | - Maurício da Silva Baptista
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
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Katiyar SK. Green tea prevents non-melanoma skin cancer by enhancing DNA repair. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 508:152-8. [PMID: 21094124 PMCID: PMC3077767 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Excessive exposure of the skin to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation is one of the major factors for the development of skin cancers, including non-melanoma. For the last several centuries the consumption of dietary phytochemicals has been linked to numerous health benefits including the photoprotection of the skin. Green tea has been consumed as a popular beverage world-wide and skin photoprotection by green tea polyphenols (GTPs) has been widely investigated. In this article, we have discussed the recent investigations and mechanistic studies which define the potential efficacy of GTPs on the prevention of non-melanoma skin cancer. UV-induced DNA damage, particularly the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, has been implicated in immunosuppression and initiation of skin cancer. Topical application or oral administration of green tea through drinking water of mice prevents UVB-induced skin tumor development, and this prevention is mediated, at least in part, through rapid repair of DNA. The DNA repair by GTPs is mediated through the induction of interleukin (IL)-12 which has been shown to have DNA repair ability. The new mechanistic investigations support and explain the anti-photocarcinogenic activity, in particular anti-non-melanoma skin cancer, of green tea and explain the benefits of green tea for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh K Katiyar
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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5
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Katiyar SK, Vaid M, van Steeg H, Meeran SM. Green tea polyphenols prevent UV-induced immunosuppression by rapid repair of DNA damage and enhancement of nucleotide excision repair genes. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2010; 3:179-89. [PMID: 20103727 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-09-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UV radiation-induced immunosuppression has been implicated in the development of skin cancers. Green tea polyphenols (GTP) in drinking water prevent photocarcinogenesis in the skin of mice. We studied whether GTPs in drinking water (0.1-0.5%, w/v) prevent UV-induced immunosuppression and (if so) potential mechanisms of this effect in mice. GTPs (0.2% and 0.5%, w/v) reduced UV-induced suppression of contact hypersensitivity (CHS) in response to a contact sensitizer in local (58-62% reductions; P < 0.001) and systemic (51-55% reductions; P < 0.005) models of CHS. Compared with untreated mice, GTP-treated mice (0.2%, w/v) had a reduced number of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer-positive (CPD(+)) cells (59%; P < 0.001) in the skin, showing faster repair of UV-induced DNA damage, and had a reduced (2-fold) migration of CPD(+) cells from the skin to draining lymph nodes, which was associated with elevated levels of nucleotide excision repair (NER) genes. GTPs did not prevent UV-induced immunosuppression in NER-deficient mice but significantly prevented it in NER-proficient mice (P < 0.001); immunohistochemical analysis of CPD(+) cells indicated that GTPs reduced the numbers of UV-induced CPD(+) cells in NER-proficient mice (P < 0.001) but not in NER-deficient mice. Southwestern dot-blot analysis revealed that GTPs repaired UV-induced CPDs in xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A (XPA)-proficient cells of a healthy person but did not in XPA-deficient cells obtained from XPA patients, indicating that a NER mechanism is involved in DNA repair. This study is the first to show a novel NER mechanism by which drinking GTPs prevents UV-induced immunosuppression and that inhibiting UV-induced immunosuppression may underlie the chemopreventive activity of GTPs against photocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh K Katiyar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA.
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6
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Fischer JL, Kumar MS, Day TW, Hardy TM, Hamilton S, Besch-Williford C, Safa AR, Pollok KE, Smith ML. The Xpc gene markedly affects cell survival in mouse bone marrow. Mutagenesis 2009; 24:309-16. [PMID: 19372135 PMCID: PMC2701989 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gep011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The XPC protein (encoded by the xeroderma pigmentosum Xpc gene) is a key DNA damage recognition factor that is required for global genomic nucleotide excision repair (G-NER). In contrast to transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (TC-NER), XPC and G-NER have been reported to contribute only modestly to cell survival after DNA damage. Previous studies were conducted using fibroblasts of human or mouse origin. Since the advent of Xpc-/- mice, no study has focused on the bone marrow of these mice. We used carboplatin to induce DNA damage in Xpc-/- and strain-matched wild-type mice. Using several independent methods, Xpc-/- bone marrow was approximately 10-fold more sensitive to carboplatin than the wild type. Importantly, 12/20 Xpc-/- mice died while 0/20 wild-type mice died. We conclude that G-NER, and XPC specifically, can contribute substantially to cell survival. The data are important in the context of cancer chemotherapy, where Xpc gene status and G-NER may be determinants of response to DNA-damaging agents including carboplatin. Additionally, altered cell cycles and altered DNA damage signalling may contribute to the cell survival end point.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Travis W. Day
- Department of Pharmacology, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | | | - Shari Hamilton
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Research Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Cynthia Besch-Williford
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Research Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Ahmad R. Safa
- Department of Pharmacology, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Karen E. Pollok
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Martin L. Smith
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, 1044 West Walnut Street, Room 155, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. Tel: +1-317-278-0225; Fax: +1-317-278-3331;
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7
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Sarasin A. Progress and Prospects of Xeroderma Pigmentosum Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 637:144-51. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-09599-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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8
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Leite RA, Marchetto MC, Muotri AR, Vasconcelos DDM, de Oliveira ZNP, Machado MCR, Menck CFM. Identification of XP complementation groups by recombinant adenovirus carrying DNA repair genes. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 129:502-6. [PMID: 18685619 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Armelini MG, Lima-Bessa KM, Marchetto MCN, Muotri AR, Chiganças V, Leite RA, Carvalho H, Menck CFM. Exploring DNA damage responses in human cells with recombinant adenoviral vectors. Hum Exp Toxicol 2007; 26:899-906. [PMID: 18042584 DOI: 10.1177/0960327107083556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adenoviral vectors provide efficient means for gene transduction in mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo. We are currently using these vectors to transduce DNA repair genes into repair deficient cells, derived from xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) patients. XP is an autosomal syndrome characterized by a high frequency of skin tumors, especially in areas exposed to sunlight, and, occasionally, developmental and neurological abnormalities. XP cells are deficient in nucleotide excision repair (affecting one of the seven known XP genes, xpa to xpg) or in DNA replication of DNA lesions (affecting DNA polymerase eta, xpv). The adenovirus approach allows the investigation of different consequences of DNA lesions in cell genomes. Adenoviral vectors carrying several xp and photolyases genes have been constructed and successfully tested in cell culture systems and in vivo directly in the skin of knockout model mice. This review summarizes these recent data and proposes the use of recombinant adenoviruses as tools to investigate the mechanisms that provide protection against DNA damage in human cells, as well as to better understand the higher predisposition of XP patients to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa G Armelini
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Marchetto MCN, Correa RG, Menck CFM, Muotri AR. Functional lentiviral vectors for xeroderma pigmentosum gene therapy. J Biotechnol 2006; 126:424-30. [PMID: 16857285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2006.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2006] [Revised: 05/03/2006] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a genetic disease characterized by an autosomal-transmitted genodermatosis involving impaired DNA repair activity, where XP patients present severe sensitivity to sunlight (UVB radiation) and are highly victimized by skin cancer. Complementing XP genes by gene therapy is one potential strategy for helping XP patients. However, current viral-based protocols still lack long-term and stable expression, due to limited post-mitotic infection and gene silencing (in the case of retroviruses) or transient expression and activation of immune response (in the case of adenoviruses). Here we demonstrate that the use of third-generation lentiviral vectors can overcome some of these limitations, rescuing the aberrant phenotype in different categories of the disease (XPA, XPC and XPD). Our results show that lentiviruses are efficient tools to transduce XP fibroblasts and correct repair-defective cellular phenotypes by recovering proper gene expression, normal UV survival and unscheduled DNA synthesis after UV radiation. We propose lentiviral vectors as an attractive alternative for gene therapy protocols focusing on DNA repair genetic diseases.
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Meeran SM, Mantena SK, Katiyar SK. Prevention of ultraviolet radiation-induced immunosuppression by (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in mice is mediated through interleukin 12-dependent DNA repair. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:2272-80. [PMID: 16609044 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-2672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Solar UV radiation-induced immunosuppression is considered to be a risk factor for melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers. We previously have shown that topical application of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) prevents UV-induced immunosuppression in mice. We studied whether prevention of UV-induced immunosuppression by EGCG is mediated through interleukin 12 (IL-12)-dependent DNA repair. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN IL-12 knockout (KO) mice on C3H/HeN background and DNA repair-deficient cells from xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A (XPA) patients were used in this study. The effect of EGCG was determined on UV-induced suppression of contact hypersensitivity and UV-induced DNA damage in the form of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) in mice and XPA-deficient cells using immunohistochemistry and dot-blot analysis. RESULTS Topical treatment with EGCG prevented UV-induced suppression of the contact hypersensitivity in wild-type (WT) mice but did not prevent it in IL-12 KO mice. Injection of anti-IL-12 monoclonal antibody to WT mice blocked the preventive effect of EGCG on UV-induced immunosuppression. EGCG reduced or repaired UV-induced DNA damage in skin faster in WT mice as shown by reduced number of CPDs(+) cells and reduced the migration of CPD(+) antigen-presenting cells from the skin to draining lymph nodes. In contrast, this effect of EGCG was not seen in IL-12 KO mice. Further, EGCG was able to repair UV-induced CPDs in XPA-proficient cells obtained from healthy person but did not repair in XPA-deficient cells, indicating that nucleotide excision repair mechanism is involved in DNA repair. CONCLUSIONS These data identify a new mechanism by which EGCG prevents UV-induced immunosuppression, and this may contribute to the chemopreventive activity of EGCG in prevention of photocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M Meeran
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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12
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Lima-Bessa KM, Chiganças V, Stary A, Kannouche P, Sarasin A, Armelini MG, de Fátima Jacysyn J, Amarante-Mendes GP, Cordeiro-Stone M, Cleaver JE, Menck CFM. Adenovirus mediated transduction of the human DNA polymerase eta cDNA. DNA Repair (Amst) 2006; 5:925-34. [PMID: 16798111 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2006.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2006] [Revised: 05/08/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is an autosomal recessive photosensitive disorder with an extremely high incidence of skin cancers. Seven complementation groups, corresponding to seven proteins involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER), are associated with this syndrome. However, in XP variant patients, the disorder is caused by defects in DNA polymerase eta; this error prone polymerase, encoded by POLH, is involved in translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) on DNA templates damaged by ultraviolet light (UV). We constructed a recombinant adenovirus carrying the human POLH cDNA linked to the EGFP reporter gene (AdXPV-EGFP) and infected skin fibroblasts from both XPV and XPA patients. Twenty-four hours after infection, the DNA polymerase eta-EGFP fusion protein was detected by Western blot analysis, demonstrating successful transduction by the adenoviral vector. Protein expression was accompanied by reduction in the high sensitivity of XPV cells to UV, as determined by cell survival and apoptosis-induction assays. Moreover, the pronounced UV-induced inhibition of DNA synthesis in XPV cells and their arrest in S phase were attenuated in AdXPV-EGFP infected cells, confirming that the transduced polymerase was functional. However, over-expression of polymerase eta mediated by AdXPV-EGFP infection did not result in enhancement of cell survival, prevention of apoptosis, or higher rate of nascent DNA strand growth in irradiated XPA cells. These results suggest that TLS by DNA polymerase eta is not a limiting factor for recovery from cellular responses induced by UV in excision-repair deficient fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keronninn Moreno Lima-Bessa
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374 São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
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13
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Becker C, Lacchini S, Muotri AR, da Silva GJJ, Castelli JB, Vassallo PF, Menck CFM, Krieger JE. Skeletal muscle cells expressing VEGF induce capillary formation and reduce cardiac injury in rats. Int J Cardiol 2006; 113:348-54. [PMID: 16675047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2005] [Accepted: 11/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We tested a preemptive combined cell/gene therapy strategy of skeletal myoblasts transfected with Ad(5)RSVVEGF-165 in an ischemia/reperfusion rat model to increase collateral blood flow to nonischemic heart tissue. METHODS Lewis rats were injected with placebo (Control), 10(6) skeletal myoblasts (SkM), or 10(6) skeletal myoblasts transfected with Ad(5)RSVVEGF-165 (SkM(+)) into the left ventricle 1week before ischemia. Left ventricle end-diastolic pressure, scar area, and capillary density were assessed 4weeks later. RESULTS Local expression of human vascular endothelial growth factor was accompanied by an increase in capillary density in the SkM(+) group compared with that in the SkM and Control groups (700+/-40 vs. 289+/-18 and 318+/-59capillaries/mm(2), respectively; p<0.05). After 3weeks, the myocardial scar area was reduced in SkM(+) vs. Control (5.3+/-0.4% and 14.8+/-1.6%, p<0.05), while injected cells alone (SkM) did not cause improvement compared with Control (11.8+/-2.1% vs. 14.8+/-1.6%, p>0.05). The decrease in the scar area in SkM(+) was accompanied by an increase in the capillary density compared with that in SkM and Control 30days after cell injection (1005+/-108 vs. 524+/-16 and 528+/-26capillaries/mm(2), respectively; p<0.05). The scar areas were discrete (5.3-14.8%) and left ventricle end-diastolic pressure in all groups were comparable (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS The combined cell/gene therapy strategy of genetically modified myoblast cells expressing angiogenic factors injected into the myocardium induced capillary formation and prevented the extension and development of cardiac damage associated with ischemia/reperfusion in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Becker
- Heart Institute (InCor)-LIM-13, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Chiganças V, Sarasin A, Menck CFM. CPD-photolyase adenovirus-mediated gene transfer in normal and DNA-repair-deficient human cells. J Cell Sci 2005; 117:3579-92. [PMID: 15252127 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.01241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) are the most frequent and deleterious lesions generated in the mammalian genome after UV-C irradiation. The persistence of these lesions in DNA can be toxic and mutagenic, and also represents a specific signal to apoptosis. To investigate the CPDs repair in situ and consequent UV-induced apoptosis in human cells, we generated a recombinant adenovirus vector containing the gene encoding a CPD-photolyase-EGFP fusion protein (Adphr-EGFP). Adphr-EGFP-infected cells are proficient in photorepair, which prevents apoptotic cell death in comparison with samples kept in the dark, indicating that the fusion protein is functional in CPD recognition and removal. By using local UV irradiation, foci of the photolyase fusion protein were observed in UV-damaged areas of the nuclei in colocalization with NER enzymes. Phr-EGFP migration to CPD sites and redistribution after photorepair was followed, and shown to present similar kinetics in normal or DNA-repair-deficient cells. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an investigation of CPDs repair in situ employing a CPD-photolyase-EGFP enzyme. The Adphr-EGFP vector can be an informative tool to investigate the repair and cellular consequences of UV-induced lesions in primary human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Chiganças
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374. Ed. Biomédicas 2, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
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Armelini MG, Muotri AR, Marchetto MCN, de Lima-Bessa KM, Sarasin A, Menck CFM. Restoring DNA repair capacity of cells from three distinct diseases by XPD gene-recombinant adenovirus. Cancer Gene Ther 2005; 12:389-96. [PMID: 15650764 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The nucleotide excision repair (NER) is one of the major human DNA repair pathways. Defects in one of the proteins that act in this system result in three distinct autosomal recessive syndromes: xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), Cockayne syndrome (CS) and trichothiodystrophy (TTD). TFIIH is a nine-protein complex essential for NER activity, initiation of RNA polymerase II transcription and with a possible role in cell cycle regulation. XPD is part of the TFIIH complex and has a helicase function, unwinding the DNA in the 5' --> 3' direction. Mutations in the XPD gene are found in XP, TTD and XP/CS patients, the latter exhibiting both XP and CS symptoms. Correction of DNA repair defects of these cells by transducing the complementing wild-type gene is one potential strategy for helping these patients. Over the last years, adenovirus vectors have been largely used in gene delivering because of their efficient transduction, high titer, and stability. In this work, we present the construction of a recombinant adenovirus carrying the XPD gene, which is coexpressed with the EGFP reporter gene by an IRES sequence, making it easier to follow cell infection. Infection by this recombinant adenovirus grants full correction of SV40-transformed and primary skin fibroblasts obtained from XP-D, TTD and XP/CS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Gava Armelini
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900 SP, Brazil
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16
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Marchetto MCN, Muotri AR, Burns DK, Friedberg EC, Menck CFM. Gene transduction in skin cells: preventing cancer in xeroderma pigmentosum mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:17759-64. [PMID: 15598745 PMCID: PMC539722 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0406304101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
UV radiation is the most common risk factor for skin cancer. Patients with the autosomal recessive DNA repair disorder xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) suffer high incidence of skin cancer after sunlight exposure. XP-mutant mice are attractive models to study this syndrome, as they, too, develop UV radiation-induced skin tumors, mimicking the human phenotype. Recombinant adenovirus carrying the human XPA gene was used for in vivo gene therapy in UVB-irradiated skin of such mice. Virus s.c. injection led to the expression of the XPA protein in basal keratinocytes and prevented deleterious effects in the skin, including late development of squamous cell carcinoma. Thus, efficient adenovirus gene delivery to the skin is a promising tool for reconstitution of specific DNA repair defects in XP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carolina N Marchetto
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil
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Böhm M, Wolff I, Scholzen TE, Robinson SJ, Healy E, Luger TA, Schwarz T, Schwarz A. alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone protects from ultraviolet radiation-induced apoptosis and DNA damage. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:5795-802. [PMID: 15569680 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m406334200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation is a well established epidemiologic risk factor for malignant melanoma. This observation has been linked to the relative resistance of normal melanocytes to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation-induced apoptosis, which consequently leads to accumulation of UVB radiation-induced DNA lesions in melanocytes. Therefore, identification of physiologic factors regulating UVB radiation-induced apoptosis and DNA damage of melanocytes is of utmost biological importance. We show that the neuropeptide alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) blocks UVB radiation-induced apoptosis of normal human melanocytes in vitro. The anti-apoptotic activity of alpha-MSH is not mediated by filtering or by induction of melanin synthesis in melanocytes. alpha-MSH neither leads to changes in the cell cycle distribution nor induces alterations in the expression of the apoptosis-related proteins Bcl(2), Bcl(x), Bax, p53, CD95 (Fas/APO-1), and CD95L (FasL). In contrast, alpha-MSH markedly reduces the formation of UVB radiation-induced DNA damage as demonstrated by reduced amounts of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, ultimately leading to reduced apoptosis. The reduction of UV radiation-induced DNA damage by alpha-MSH appears to be related to induction of nucleotide excision repair, because UV radiation-mediated apoptosis was not blocked by alpha-MSH in nucleotide excision repair-deficient fibroblasts. These data, for the first time, demonstrate regulation of UVB radiation-induced apoptosis of human melanocytes by a neuropeptide that is physiologically expressed within the epidermis. Apart from its ability to induce photoprotective melanin synthesis, alpha-MSH appears to exert the capacity to reduce UV radiation-induced DNA damage and, thus, may act as a potent protection factor against the harmful effects of UV radiation on the genomic stability of epidermal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Böhm
- Department of Dermatology and the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cell Biology and Immunobiology of the Skin, University of Münster, Von Esmarch-Str. 58, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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