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Chen RY, Yen CJ, Lin YJ, Wang JM, Tasi TF, Huang YC, Liu YW, Tsai HW, Lee MH, Hung LY. CPAP enhances and maintains chronic inflammation in hepatocytes to promote hepatocarcinogenesis. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:983. [PMID: 34686650 PMCID: PMC8536685 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04295-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Chronic and persistent inflammation is a well-known carcinogenesis promoter. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common inflammation-associated cancers; most HCCs arise in the setting of chronic inflammation and hepatic injury. Both NF-κB and STAT3 are important regulators of inflammation. Centrosomal P4.1-associated protein (CPAP), a centrosomal protein that participates primarily in centrosome functions, is overexpressed in HCC and can increase TNF-α-mediated NF-κB activation and IL-6-induced STAT3 activation. A transgenic (Tg) mouse model with hepatocyte-specific CPAP expression was established to investigate the physiological role of CPAP in hepatocarcinogenesis. Obvious inflammatory cell accumulation and fatty change were observed in the livers of CPAP Tg mice. The alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level and the expression levels of inflammatory genes, such as IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α, were higher in CPAP Tg mice than in wild type (WT) mice. High-dose/short-term treatment with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) increased the ALT level, proinflammatory gene expression levels, and STAT3 and NF-κB activation in CPAP Tg mice; low-dose/long-term DEN treatment induced more severe liver tumor formation in CPAP Tg mice than in WT mice. CPAP can increase the expression of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 16 (CCL-16), an important chemotactic cytokine, in human hepatocytes. CCL-16 expression is positively correlated with CPAP and TNF-α mRNA expression in the peritumoral part of HCC. In summary, these results suggest that CPAP may promote hepatocarcinogenesis through enhancing the inflammation pathway via increasing the expression of CCL-16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Yu Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | | | - Yih-Jyh Lin
- Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Ming Wang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Fen Tasi
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuan Huang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Wen Liu
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuo General Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Wen Tsai
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hao Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yi Hung
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
- Institute for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- University Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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2
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Dawson HD, Sang Y, Lunney JK. Porcine cytokines, chemokines and growth factors: 2019 update. Res Vet Sci 2020; 131:266-300. [PMID: 32442727 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pigs are a major food source worldwide as well as major biomedical models for human physiology and therapeutics. A thorough understanding of porcine immunity is essential to prevent and treat infectious diseases, and develop effective vaccines and therapeutics. The use of pigs as biomedical models is dependent on the growing molecular and immune toolbox. This paper summarizes current knowledge of swine cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, identifying 289 pig proteins, characterizing knowledge of their gene structures and families. It identifies areas in the current swine genome build that need to be clarified. A broad-based literature and vendor search was conducted to identify defined sets of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies reacting with porcine cytokines, chemokines, growth factors along with availability of cloned recombinant proteins and assays for their quantitation. This process identified numerous reagents that are reportedly reactive with 170 pig cytokines, chemokines, growth factors: 118 have at least one commercial antibody reagent, 66 a cloned recombinant peptide, and 97 with quantitative assays. This affirms the great need to develop and characterize additional reagents. There are panels of reagents for numerous high priority targets that have been essential reagents for characterizing porcine immunity, disease and vaccine responses, and factors regulating development of innate immune responses, polarized macrophages and lymphoid cells including T regulatory cells. Yet there are many areas requiring investment of efforts to more effectively explore the pig immune system. The development of more reagents to understand the complex of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors will clearly advance these initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry D Dawson
- USDA, ARS, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics & Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - Yongming Sang
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209-1561, USA
| | - Joan K Lunney
- USDA, ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA.
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3
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Neves F, Abrantes J, Lopes AM, Fusinatto LA, Magalhães MJ, van der Loo W, Esteves PJ. Evolution of CCL16 in Glires (Rodentia and Lagomorpha) shows an unusual random pseudogenization pattern. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:59. [PMID: 30786851 PMCID: PMC6383237 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1390-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The C-C motif chemokine ligand 16 (CCL16) is a potent pro-inflammatory chemokine and a chemoattractant for monocytes and lymphocytes. In normal plasma, it is present at high concentrations and elicits its effects on cells by interacting with cell surface chemokine receptors. In the European rabbit and in rodents such as mouse, rat and guinea pig, CCL16 was identified as a pseudogene, while in the thirteen-lined ground squirrel it appears to be potentially functional. To gain insight into the evolution of this gene in the superorder Glires (rodents and lagomorphs), we amplified the CCL16 gene from eleven Leporidae and seven Ochotonidae species. Results We compared our sequences with CCL16 sequences of twelve rodent species retrieved from public databases. The data show that for all leporid species studied CCL16 is a pseudogene. This is primarily due to mutations at the canonical Cys Cys motif, creating either premature stop codons, or disrupting amino acid replacements. In the Mexican cottontail, CCL16 is pseudogenized due to a frameshift deletion. Additionally, in the exon 1 (signal peptide), there are frameshift deletions present in all leporids studied. In contrast, in Ochotona species, CCL16 is potentially functional, except for an allele in Hoffmann’s pika. In rodents, CCL16 is functional in a number of species, but patterns of pseudogenization similar to those observed in lagomorphs also exist. Conclusions Our results suggest that while functional in the Glires ancestor, CCL16 underwent pseudogenization in some species. This process occurred stochastically or in specific lineages at different moments in the evolution of Glires. These observations suggest that the CCL16 had different evolutionary constrains in the Glires group that could be associated with the CCL16 biological function. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-019-1390-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Neves
- CIBIO, InBIO - Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal.,UMIB/UP - Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica/Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Abrantes
- CIBIO, InBIO - Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Ana M Lopes
- CIBIO, InBIO - Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal.,UMIB/UP - Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica/Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luciana A Fusinatto
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), R. São Francisco Xavier 524, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20550-013, Brazil
| | - Maria J Magalhães
- CIBIO, InBIO - Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Wessel van der Loo
- CIBIO, InBIO - Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Pedro J Esteves
- CIBIO, InBIO - Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal. .,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal. .,CITS - Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias de Saúde, CESPU, Gandra, Portugal.
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4
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Genome diversification mechanism of rodent and Lagomorpha chemokine genes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:856265. [PMID: 23991422 PMCID: PMC3749542 DOI: 10.1155/2013/856265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are a large family of small cytokines that are involved in host defence and body homeostasis through recruitment of cells expressing their receptors. Their genes are known to undergo rapid evolution. Therefore, the number and content of chemokine genes can be quite diverse among the different species, making the orthologous relationships often ambiguous even between closely related species. Given that rodents and rabbit are useful experimental models in medicine and drug development, we have deduced the chemokine genes from the genome sequences of several rodent species and rabbit and compared them with those of human and mouse to determine the orthologous relationships. The interspecies differences should be taken into consideration when experimental results from animal models are extrapolated into humans. The chemokine gene lists and their orthologous relationships presented here will be useful for studies using these animal models. Our analysis also enables us to reconstruct possible gene duplication processes that generated the different sets of chemokine genes in these species.
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Leukemia cells invading the liver express liver chemokine receptors and possess characteristics of leukemia stem cells in mice with MPD-like myeloid leukemia. Exp Hematol 2011; 39:187-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Extensive expansion and diversification of the chemokine gene family in zebrafish: identification of a novel chemokine subfamily CX. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:222. [PMID: 18482437 PMCID: PMC2416438 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The chemokine family plays important roles in cell migration and activation. In humans, at least 44 members are known. Based on the arrangement of the four conserved cysteine residues, chemokines are now classified into four subfamilies, CXC, CC, XC and CX3C. Given that zebrafish is an important experimental model and teleost fishes constitute an evolutionarily diverse group that forms half the vertebrate species, it would be useful to compare the zebrafish chemokine system with those of mammals. Prior to this study, however, only incomplete lists of the zebrafish chemokine genes were reported. Results We systematically searched chemokine genes in the zebrafish genome and EST databases, and identified more than 100 chemokine genes. These genes were CXC, CC and XC subfamily members, while no CX3C gene was identified. We also searched chemokine genes in pufferfish fugu and Tetraodon, and found only 18 chemokine genes in each species. The majority of the identified chemokine genes are unique to zebrafish or teleost fishes. However, several groups of chemokines are moderately similar to human chemokines, and some chemokines are orthologous to human homeostatic chemokines CXCL12 and CXCL14. Zebrafish also possesses a novel species-specific subfamily consisting of five members, which we term the CX subfamily. The CX chemokines lack one of the two N-terminus conserved cysteine residues but retain the third and the fourth ones. (Note that the XC subfamily only retains the second and fourth of the signature cysteines residues.) Phylogenetic analysis and genome organization of the chemokine genes showed that successive tandem duplication events generated the CX genes from the CC subfamily. Recombinant CXL-chr24a, one of the CX subfamily members on chromosome 24, showed marked chemotactic activity for carp leukocytes. The mRNA was expressed mainly during a certain period of the embryogenesis, suggesting its role in the zebrafish development. Conclusion The phylogenic and genomic organization analyses suggest that a substantial number of chemokine genes in zebrafish were generated by zebrafish-specific tandem duplication events. During such duplications, a novel chemokine subfamily termed CX was generated in zebrafish. Only two human chemokines CXCL12 and CXCL14 have the orthologous chemokines in zebrafish. The diversification observed in the numbers and sequences of chemokines in the fish may reflect the adaptation of the individual species to their respective biological environment.
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7
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Shin YH, Lee GW, Son KN, Lee SM, Kang CJ, Kwon BS, Kim J. Promoter analysis of human CC chemokine CCL23 gene in U937 monocytoid cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 1769:204-8. [PMID: 17368823 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbaexp.2007.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2006] [Revised: 01/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Expression of CCL23 is induced by external stimuli including PMA in monocytes, but its transcriptional regulation has not been studied to date. Serial deletion analysis of its 5' flanking region revealed that the region -293 to +31 was important for induction by PMA. Cis-acting elements at the -269/-264 (NFAT site), -167/-159 (NF-kappaB site), and -51/-43 (AP-1 site) positions were identified as the critical sites for the CCL23 expression in U937 cells. We demonstrated the binding of the transcription factors to the consensus sites. Specific inhibitors for signal pathways reduced PMA-induced expression of CCL23, confirming involvement of these transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hyun Shin
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Institute of Life Sciences and Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 449-701, Korea
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Cappello P, Caorsi C, Bosticardo M, De Angelis S, Novelli F, Forni G, Giovarelli M. CCL16/LEC powerfully triggers effector and antigen-presenting functions of macrophages and enhances T cell cytotoxicity. J Leukoc Biol 2003; 75:135-42. [PMID: 14525962 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0403146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human CC chemokine CCL16, a liver-expressed chemokine, enhances the killing activity of mouse peritoneal macrophages by triggering their expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and Fas ligand. Macrophages also respond to CCL16 by enhancing their production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, regulated on activation, normal T cells expressed and secreted chemokines, and interleukin (IL)-1 beta, TNF-alpha, and IL-12. The effect of CCL16 is almost as strong as that of lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma, two of the best macrophage activators. Moreover, CCL16-activated macrophages overexpress membrane CD80, CD86, and CD40 costimulatory molecules and extensively phagocytose tumor cell debris. On exposure to such debris, they activate a strong, tumor-specific, cytolytic response in virgin T cells. Furthermore, cytolytic T cells generated in the presence of CCL16 display a higher cytotoxicity and activate caspase-8 in tumor target cells. This ability to activate caspase-8 depends on their overexpression of TNF-alpha and Fas ligand induced by CCL16. These data reveal a new function for CCL16 in the immune-response scenario. CCL16 significantly enhances the effector and the antigen-presenting function of macrophages and augments T cell lytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Cappello
- Department of Clinical and Bilogical Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
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9
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Nomiyama H, Egami K, Tanase S, Miura R, Hirakawa H, Kuhara S, Ogasawara J, Morishita S, Yoshie O, Kusuda J, Hashimoto K. Comparative DNA sequence analysis of mouse and human CC chemokine gene clusters. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2003; 23:37-45. [PMID: 12639297 DOI: 10.1089/10799900360520432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The CC chemokines are a closely related subfamily of the chemokine superfamily. Most of the CC chemokine genes form a cluster on chromosome 11 in mice and chromosome 17 in humans. To date, 11 and 16 functional genes have been localized within the mouse and human clusters, respectively. Notably, some of the genes within these clusters appear to have no counterparts between the two species, and the orthologous relationships of some of the genes are difficult to establish solely on the basis of amino acid similarity. In this study, we have taken a comparative genomic approach to reveal some of the features that may be involved in the dynamic evolution of these gene clusters. We sequenced a 122-kb region containing five chemokine genes of the mouse CC cluster. This mouse sequence was combined with those determined by the Mouse Genome Sequencing Project, and the entire sequence of the mouse CC cluster was compared with that of the corresponding cluster in the human genome by percent identity plot and dot-plot analyses. Although no additional chemokine genes have been found in these clusters, our analysis has revealed that numerous gene rearrangements have occurred even after the diversification of rodents and primates, resulting in several species-specific chemokine genes and pseudogenes. In addition, phylogenetic analysis and comparison of the genomic sequences unambiguously identified the orthologous relationships of some of the chemokine genes in the mouse and human CC gene clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisayuki Nomiyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Kumamoto University Medical School, Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan.
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Abstract
Chemokines are a superfamily of small, heparin-binding cytokines that induce directed migration of various types of leukocytes through interactions with a group of seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors. At present, over 40 members have been identified in humans. Until a few years ago, chemokines were mainly known as potent attractants for leukocytes such as neutrophils and monocytes, and were thus mostly regarded as the mediators of acute and chronic inflammatory responses. They had highly complex ligand-receptor relationships and their genes were regularly mapped on chromosomes 4 and 17 in humans. Recently, novel chemokines have been identified in rapid succession, mostly through application of bioinformatics on expressed sequence tag databases. A number of surprises have followed the identification of novel chemokines. They are constitutively expressed in lymphoid and other tissues with individually characteristic patterns. Most of them turned out to be highly specific for lymphocytes and dendritic cells. They have much simpler ligand-receptor relationships, and their genes are mapped to chromosomal loci different from the traditional chemokine gene clusters. Thus, the emerging chemokines are functionally and genetically quite different from the classical "inflammatory chemokines" and may be classified as "immune (system) chemokines" because of their profound importance in the genesis, homeostasis and function of the immune system. The emergence of immune chemokines has brought about a great deal of impact on the current immunological research, leading us to a better understanding on the fine traffic regulation of lymphocytes and dendritic cells. The immune chemokines and their receptors are also likely to be important future targets for therapeutic intervention of our immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Yoshie
- Department of Microbiology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan.
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11
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Forssmann U, Mägert H, Adermann K, Escher SE, Forssmann W. Hemofiltrate CC chemokines with unique biochemical properties: HCC‐1/CCL14a and HCC‐2/CCL15. J Leukoc Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.70.3.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Forssmann
- IPF PharmaCeuticals GmbH, Institute of the Medical School of Hanover, Section of Pharmacology, D‐30625 Hanover, Germany
| | - Hans‐Jürgen Mägert
- IPF PharmaCeuticals GmbH, Institute of the Medical School of Hanover, Section of Pharmacology, D‐30625 Hanover, Germany
| | - Knut Adermann
- IPF PharmaCeuticals GmbH, Institute of the Medical School of Hanover, Section of Pharmacology, D‐30625 Hanover, Germany
| | - Sylvia E. Escher
- IPF PharmaCeuticals GmbH, Institute of the Medical School of Hanover, Section of Pharmacology, D‐30625 Hanover, Germany
| | - Wolf‐Georg Forssmann
- IPF PharmaCeuticals GmbH, Institute of the Medical School of Hanover, Section of Pharmacology, D‐30625 Hanover, Germany
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12
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Nomiyama H, Hieshima K, Nakayama T, Sakaguchi T, Fujisawa R, Tanase S, Nishiura H, Matsuno K, Takamori H, Tabira Y, Yamamoto T, Miura R, Yoshie O. Human CC chemokine liver-expressed chemokine/CCL16 is a functional ligand for CCR1, CCR2 and CCR5, and constitutively expressed by hepatocytes. Int Immunol 2001; 13:1021-9. [PMID: 11470772 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/13.8.1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver-expressed chemokine (LEC)/CCL16 is a human CC chemokine selectively expressed in the liver. Here, we investigated its receptor usage by calcium mobilization and chemotactic assays using mouse L1.2 pre-B cell lines stably expressing a panel of 12 human chemokine receptors. At relatively high concentrations, LEC induced calcium mobilization and chemotaxis via CCR1 and CCR2. LEC also induced calcium mobilization, but marginal chemotaxis via CCR5. Consistently, LEC was found to bind to CCR1, CCR2 and CCR5 with relatively low affinities. The binding of LEC to CCR8 was much less significant. In spite of its binding to CCR5, LEC was unable to inhibit infection of an R5-type HIV-1 to activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells even at high concentrations. In human liver sections, hepatocytes were strongly stained by anti-LEC antibody. HepG2, a human hepatocarcinoma cell line, was found to constitutively express LEC. LEC was also present in the plasma samples from healthy adult donors at relatively high concentrations (0.3--4 nM). Taken together, LEC is a new low-affinity functional ligand for CCR1, CCR2 and CCR5, and is constitutively expressed by liver parenchymal cells. The presence of LEC in normal plasma at relatively high concentrations may modulate inflammatory responses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Calcium Signaling/immunology
- Cell Line
- Chemokines, CC/biosynthesis
- Chemokines, CC/blood
- Chemokines, CC/metabolism
- Chemokines, CC/physiology
- Chemotaxis/immunology
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV-1/immunology
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Humans
- Kupffer Cells
- Ligands
- Liver/metabolism
- Mice
- Protein Binding/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, CCR1
- Receptors, CCR2
- Receptors, CCR5/metabolism
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Receptors, Chemokine/physiology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nomiyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Kumamoto University Medical School, Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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13
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Giovarelli M, Cappello P, Forni G, Salcedo T, Moore PA, LeFleur DW, Nardelli B, Di Carlo E, Lollini PL, Ruben S, Ullrich S, Garotta G, Musiani P. Tumor rejection and immune memory elicited by locally released LEC chemokine are associated with an impressive recruitment of APCs, lymphocytes, and granulocytes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:3200-6. [PMID: 10706711 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.6.3200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The human beta chemokine known as LEC (also called NCC-4, HCC-4, or LMC) displays chemotactic activity for monocytes and dendritic cells. The possibility that its local presence increases tumor immunogenicity is addressed in this paper. TSA parental cells (TSA-pc) are poorly immunogenic adenocarcinoma cells that grow progressively, kill both nu/nu and syngeneic BALB/c mice, and give rise to lung metastases. TSA cells engineered to release LEC (TSA-LEC) are still able to grow in nu/nu mice, but are promptly rejected and display a marginal metastatic phenotype in BALB/c mice. Rejection is associated with a marked T lymphocyte and granulocyte infiltration, along with extensive macrophage and dendritic cell recruitment. NK cells and CD4+ T lymphocytes are uninfluential in TSA-LEC cell rejection, whereas both CD8+ lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes play a major role. An antitumor immune memory is established very quickly after rejection, since 6 days later 75% of BALB/c mice were already resistant to a TSA-pc challenge. Spleen cells from rejecting mice display specific cytotoxic activity against TSA-pc and secrete IFN-gamma and IL-2 when restimulated by TSA-pc. The ability of LEC to markedly improve recognition of poorly immunogenic cells by promoting APC-T cell cross-talk suggests that it could be an effective component of antitumor vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Giovarelli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Orbassano, Italy.
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