1
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Bell DSH, Jerkins T. Testosterone Deficiency is Not Protective Against the Development of Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate in a Type 1 Diabetic Patient. Diabetes Ther 2022; 13:1115-1119. [PMID: 35391594 PMCID: PMC9076779 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-022-01256-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a case of prostate cancer (PC) developing in a hypogonadal patient with well-controlled type 1 diabetes. The purpose of reporting this case is to emphasize that regular prostate examinations and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) measurements should be preformed in the diabetic male, even though the incidence of PC is lower in this group of patients. In addition, these examinations and tests need to be preformed even in the hypogonadal patient with diabetes since the presence of a low serum testosterone (T) level does not preclude the development of PC. This is because the development of PC is not related to serum androgen levels but to the androgen levels within the prostate, and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) levels and not T levels within the prostate gland are responsible for the development of PC. In the hypogonadal male, intraprostatic DHT may be high since DHT can be formed from adrenal androgens, particularly androstenedione, through activation of 5α-reductase 2, which is the minority enzyme in the normal prostate but becomes the major enzyme in the formation and growth of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S. H. Bell
- Southside Endocrinology, 1900 Crestwood Blvd, Suite 201, Irondale, AL 35210 USA
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2
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Parikh R, Tariq SM, Marinac CR, Shah UA. A comprehensive review of the impact of obesity on plasma cell disorders. Leukemia 2022; 36:301-314. [PMID: 34654885 PMCID: PMC8810701 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-021-01443-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) remains an incurable plasma cell malignancy. Although little is known about the etiology of MM, several metabolic risk factors such as obesity, diabetes, poor nutrition, many of which are modifiable, have been linked to the pathogenesis of numerous neoplasms including MM. In this article, we provide a detailed summary of what is known about the impact of obesity on the pathogenesis of MM, its influence on outcomes in MM patients, and discuss potential mechanisms through which obesity is postulated to influence MM risk and prognosis. Along with advancements in treatment modalities to improve survival in MM patients, focused efforts are needed to prevent or intercept MM at its earliest stages. The consolidated findings presented in this review highlight the need for clinical trials to assess if lifestyle modifications can reduce the incidence and improve outcomes of MM in high-risk populations. Data generated from such studies can help formulate evidence-based lifestyle recommendations for the prevention and control of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Parikh
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Myeloma Center, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Syed Maaz Tariq
- Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi City, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Catherine R. Marinac
- Division of Population Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Urvi A. Shah
- Myeloma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York City, NY 10065, USA
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3
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Role of Annual Influenza Vaccination against Lung Cancer in Type 2 Diabetic Patients from a Population-Based Cohort Study. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10153434. [PMID: 34362218 PMCID: PMC8347140 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10153434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients are at a higher risk for developing lung cancer due to immune dysfunction and chronic inflammation. They also have increased morbidity and mortality related to influenza, and it is recommended that they receive an annual influenza vaccination. In this study, we evaluate whether influenza vaccination could reduce the incidence of lung cancer in DM patients. This cohort study included DM patients (≥55 years old) between 1 January 2002 and 31 December 2012 by using the Taiwan Health Insurance Database. Cox proportional hazard regression method was used to compare the relation between the influenza vaccination and lung cancer incidence after adjusting for potential confounders. Sub-group analyses were done according to vaccination status (unvaccinated, total number of vaccinations: 1, 2–3, ≥4) and evaluated the dose-dependent effects on lung cancer events. Among 22,252 eligible DM patients, 7860 (35.32%) received an influenza vaccination and 67.68% (14392) did not receive an influenza vaccination. Lung cancer incidence was significantly lower in the vaccinated group versus the unvaccinated group (adjusted HR 0.77; 95% CI 0.62–0.95, p < 0.05). Significant protective effects were observed among male sex (adjusted HR 0.72; 95% CI 0.55–0.94, p < 0.05) and 55–64 year (adjusted HR 0.61; 95% CI 0.40–0.94, p < 0.05) and ≥75 year (adjusted HR 0.63; 95% CI 0.42–0.92, p < 0.05) age groups, respectively. A dose-dependent protective effect was noted with a significant protective effect in those that received ≥4 vaccinations (adjusted HR 0.42; 95% CI 0.29–0.61, p < 0.001). In sub-group analysis, elder patients with ≥65 years of age were significantly protected from ≥4 vaccinations (adjusted HR 0.37; 95% CI 0.23–0.62, p < 0.001 in 65–74 years and adjusted HR 0.31; 95% CI 0.15–0.66, p = 0.002 in ≥75 years group, respectively). Male sex with ≥4 vaccinations had a significantly lower risk of lung cancer (adjusted HR 0.35; 95% CI 0.21–0.57, p < 0.001). Patients with comorbid conditions that received ≥4 vaccinations were also protected, and was especially significant among those with CCI ≥ 3 (adjusted HR 0.38; 95% CI 0.18–0.80, p = 0.009) as compared to 1 and 2–3 vaccination groups, including those with hypertension (adjusted HR 0.35; 95% CI 0.22–0.57, p < 0.001). This population-based cohort study demonstrated that annual influenza vaccination significantly reduced the lung cancer risk in DM patients and specifically demonstrates that a higher number of vaccinations is related with a more protective effect. Whether this is due to vaccine booster effects on anti-tumor immune regulation among DM patients still needs to be explored.
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Zhang AM, Wellberg EA, Kopp JL, Johnson JD. Hyperinsulinemia in Obesity, Inflammation, and Cancer. Diabetes Metab J 2021; 45:285-311. [PMID: 33775061 PMCID: PMC8164941 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2020.0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative insufficiency of insulin secretion and/or insulin action causes diabetes. However, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus can be associated with an absolute increase in circulating insulin, a state known as hyperinsulinemia. Studies are beginning to elucidate the cause-effect relationships between hyperinsulinemia and numerous consequences of metabolic dysfunctions. Here, we review recent evidence demonstrating that hyperinsulinemia may play a role in inflammation, aging and development of cancers. In this review, we will focus on the consequences and mechanisms of excess insulin production and action, placing recent findings that have challenged dogma in the context of the existing body of literature. Where relevant, we elaborate on the role of specific signal transduction components in the actions of insulin and consequences of chronic hyperinsulinemia. By discussing the involvement of hyperinsulinemia in various metabolic and other chronic diseases, we may identify more effective therapeutics or lifestyle interventions for preventing or treating obesity, diabetes and cancer. We also seek to identify pertinent questions that are ripe for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni M.Y. Zhang
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A. Wellberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Janel L. Kopp
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - James D. Johnson
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Corresponding author: James D. Johnson https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7523-9433 Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2329 W Mall Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Vancouver, BC, Canada E-mail:
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5
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic, progressive, incompletely understood metabolic disorder whose prevalence has been increasing steadily worldwide. Even though little attention has been paid to lung disorders in the context of diabetes, its prevalence has recently been challenged by newer studies of disease development. In this review, we summarize and discuss the role of diabetes mellitus involved in the progression of pulmonary diseases, with the main focus on pulmonary fibrosis, which represents a chronic and progressive disease with high mortality and limited therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Kolahian
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Interfaculty Center of Pharmacogenomics and Drug Research (ICePhA), Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, Tübingen, Germany.
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, Tübingen, Germany.
- Department of Pharmacogenomics, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstrasse. 56, D-72074, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Veronika Leiss
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Interfaculty Center of Pharmacogenomics and Drug Research (ICePhA), Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Nürnberg
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Interfaculty Center of Pharmacogenomics and Drug Research (ICePhA), Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, Tübingen, Germany
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6
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Rastad H, Parsaeian M, Shirzad N, Mansournia MA, Yazdani K. Diabetes mellitus and cancer incidence: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort study. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2019; 18:65-72. [PMID: 31275876 PMCID: PMC6582039 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-019-00391-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the association between diabetes mellitus (DM) and the incidence of cancer at different sites. METHODS Data from the baseline and first three follow-up visits of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study, an ongoing cohort study of adults from four American communities, were used in this study. Of 15,792 persons aged 45-64 years old who participated in the baseline visit, the data of 15,118 participants were available for this study. For each cancer site, a conditional stratified Poisson regression model was fitted to estimate the adjusted relative rate and 95% confidence interval (adj. RR, 95% CI) of its incidence in diabetics compared to non-diabetics. RESULTS We excluded 850 participants with a history of cancer at baseline and 149 participants who developed cancer during 2 years after enrollment, leaving a total of 14,119 participants of whom 1721 were diabetics. Independent of age, body mass index, alcohol consumption, and physical activity, DM decreased the risk of all cancers combined (adj. RR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.60, 0.98) and the risk of prostate cancer (adj. RR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.27, 0.97) and increased the risk of colorectal cancer in non-menopausal women (adj. RR: 12.08, 95% CI: 2.06, 70.94). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, DM may be associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer in non-menopausal women and a decreased risk of prostate cancer and all cancers combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadith Rastad
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 644614155, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Parsaeian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 644614155, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nooshin Shirzad
- Department of Endocrinology, Vali Asr Hospital, Imam Khomeini Complex Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Science Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mansournia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 644614155, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamran Yazdani
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 644614155, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Yunn NO, Kim J, Kim Y, Leibiger I, Berggren PO, Ryu SH. Mechanistic understanding of insulin receptor modulation: Implications for the development of anti-diabetic drugs. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 185:86-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Hosgood HD, Gunter MJ, Murphy N, Rohan TE, Strickler HD. The Relation of Obesity-Related Hormonal and Cytokine Levels With Multiple Myeloma and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. Front Oncol 2018; 8:103. [PMID: 29713614 PMCID: PMC5911620 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents the first detailed overview of the mechanisms that may underlie the relation of obesity with B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) and multiple myeloma (MM). Epidemiologic studies, including meta-analyses of prospective cohorts, have reported that the risks of NHL and MM are significantly increased in obese, relative to normal weight, women and men. Accumulating experimental and clinical evidence suggests that inflammatory cytokines, hyperinsulinemia, and sex hormones could play a role in the association of obesity with B-cell NHL and MM carcinogenesis. There is, however, a paucity of data published from appropriate large prospective cohort studies, and studies concurrently measuring these correlated factors, to formally determine the likely biologic factors driving the relationship of obesity with NHL and MM. Additional strengths and weaknesses of the current literature, as well as study design issues that need to be considered in conducting these studies, such as the exclusion of type 2 diabetics or postmenopausal women using hormone therapy, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dean Hosgood
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Marc J Gunter
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Neil Murphy
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas E Rohan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Howard D Strickler
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
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9
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Yang Y, Liu W, Li D, Qian L, Fu B, Wang C. Altered glycometabolism in zebrafish exposed to thifluzamide. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 183:89-96. [PMID: 28535465 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Thifluzamide exerts toxic effects to zebrafish and causes liver mitochondrial damage. To better understand the further mechanism, adult zebrafish were exposed to a range of thifluzamide concentrations (0, 0.019, 0.19, and 1.90 mg/L) for 28 days. In response to 1.90 mg/L exposure, liver glycogen significantly increased and blood glucose decreased. The expression of genes related to glycometabolism showed corresponding changes. Genes related to mtDNA replication and transcription and genes participating in mitochondrial complexes showed altered expression, which might lead to the inhibition of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). Additionally, the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) was markedly increased at 1.90 mg/L, which might result in the activation of the pentose phosphate pathway. Moreover, the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was significantly reduced at 1.90 mg/L, which might indicate that anaerobic glycolysis was inhibited. This study suggests that the altered gene expression and enzyme activities might be responsible for changes in glycometabolism, as evidenced by the altered expression of glycometabolism-related genes, the increased amount of glycogen in the liver and the decreased blood glucose levels. Overall, thifluzamide caused dysfunctional glycometabolism and led to events that might contribute to various thifluzamide-induced abnormalities in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxian Liu
- College of Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongzhi Li
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Qian
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Fu
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chengju Wang
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Vella V, Nicolosi ML, Giuliano S, Bellomo M, Belfiore A, Malaguarnera R. PPAR-γ Agonists As Antineoplastic Agents in Cancers with Dysregulated IGF Axis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:31. [PMID: 28275367 PMCID: PMC5319972 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia are associated to increased cancer incidence and mortality. Moreover, cancer development and progression as well as cancer resistance to traditional anticancer therapies are often linked to a deregulation/overactivation of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis, which involves the autocrine/paracrine production of IGFs (IGF-I and IGF-II) and overexpression of their cognate receptors [IGF-I receptor, IGF-insulin receptor (IR), and IR]. Recently, new drugs targeting various IGF axis components have been developed. However, these drugs have several limitations including the occurrence of insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia, which, in turn, may affect cancer cell growth and survival. Therefore, new therapeutic approaches are needed. In this regard, the pleiotropic effects of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)-γ agonists may have promising applications in cancer prevention and therapy. Indeed, activation of PPAR-γ by thiazolidinediones (TZDs) or other agonists may inhibit cell growth and proliferation by lowering circulating insulin and affecting key pathways of the Insulin/IGF axis, such as PI3K/mTOR, MAPK, and GSK3-β/Wnt/β-catenin cascades, which regulate cancer cell survival, cell reprogramming, and differentiation. In light of these evidences, TZDs and other PPAR-γ agonists may be exploited as potential preventive and therapeutic agents in tumors addicted to the activation of IGF axis or occurring in hyperinsulinemic patients. Unfortunately, clinical trials using PPAR-γ agonists as antineoplastic agents have reached conflicting results, possibly because they have not selected tumors with overactivated insulin/IGF-I axis or occurring in hyperinsulinemic patients. In conclusion, the use of PPAR-γ agonists in combined therapies of IGF-driven malignancies looks promising but requires future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Vella
- Scienze delle Attività Motorie e Sportive, University Kore, Enna, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Nicolosi
- Endocrinology, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefania Giuliano
- Endocrinology, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Bellomo
- Scienze delle Attività Motorie e Sportive, University Kore, Enna, Italy
| | - Antonino Belfiore
- Endocrinology, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- *Correspondence: Antonino Belfiore,
| | - Roberta Malaguarnera
- Endocrinology, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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Khan KH, Wong M, Rihawi K, Bodla S, Morganstein D, Banerji U, Molife LR. Hyperglycemia and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Protein Kinase B/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) Inhibitors in Phase I Trials: Incidence, Predictive Factors, and Management. Oncologist 2016; 21:855-60. [PMID: 27151652 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2015-0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) pathway is implicated in human cancer growth and progression. Agents targeting this pathway are associated with hyperglycemia due to interaction with the insulin-glucose regulatory axis. Identifying the predictive factors for hyperglycemia in patients treated with these agents may help direct future management. MATERIALS AND METHODS Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients treated consecutively with PI3K, AKT, or mTOR inhibitors in the Drug Development Unit, The Royal Marsden (RM) National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, between 2007 and 2012 were recorded. Baseline variables and their association with grade 3 hyperglycemia (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 3.0) were analyzed by using the chi-square test and Fisher exact test for categorical variables and binary logistic regression for continuous variables. RESULTS A total of 341 patients were treated in 12 phase I trials of PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors, and 298 patients (87.4%) developed hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia was grade 1 in 217 (72.8%) and grade 2 in 61 (20.5%) patients, respectively. Grade ≥3 hyperglycemia was seen in 6.7% of patients (n = 20). According to the chi-square test, age <65 years (p = .03), history of diabetes (p = .003), and treatment with AKT and dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors (p < .0005) predicted the occurrence of grade 3 hyperglycemia. Of 24 patients requiring intervention, 20 received metformin, 2 dietary advice, 1 insulin, and 1 both metformin and insulin. One patient required dose reduction. There were no permanent drug discontinuations, and no hyperglycemia-related dose-limiting toxicities were observed; thus, the recommended phase II dose was not affected by the hyperglycemia observed in our cohort. CONCLUSION Hyperglycemia is common in patients treated with PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors; however, it is manageable with conventional treatment. Predictive factors of age, history of diabetes, and administration of AKT and dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors warrant prospective validation. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE This study reviewed the clinical data of 341 patients treated in 12 phase I trials of agents targeting phosphatidylinositol3-kinase (PI3), protein kinase B (AKT), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), as well as dual inhibitors. Hyperglycemia was evident in 87.4% of patients but was ≥grade 3 in just 6.7%. Age <65 years, history of diabetes, and treatment with AKT and dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors were each associated with grade 3 hyperglycemia. Management of patients was uncomplicated, and no permanent drug discontinuations were necessary. Despite the small study size, these findings support continued caution about enrolling patients with a history of diabetes into such trials. However, clinicians may be reassured, pending prospective validation of these results, that significant hyperglycemia is not frequent and, when it occurs, is manageable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khurum H Khan
- Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden National Health Service Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mabel Wong
- Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden National Health Service Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karim Rihawi
- Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden National Health Service Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shankar Bodla
- Department of Statistics, Royal Marsden National Health Service Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Morganstein
- Department of Endocrinology, The Royal Marsden (RM) National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Udai Banerji
- Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden National Health Service Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lulama R Molife
- Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden National Health Service Trust, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Haseen SD, Khanam A, Sultan N, Idrees F, Akhtar N, Imtiaz F. Elevated fasting blood glucose is associated with increased risk of breast cancer: outcome of case-control study conducted in Karachi, Pakistan. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:675-8. [PMID: 25684506 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.2.675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are several validated risk factors for breast cancer. However the legitimacy of elevated fasting blood glucose (FBG) is not well established. This study was designed to assess this parameter as a risk factor for breast cancer among pre- and post-menopausal women. MATERIALS AND METHODS This case-control study was conducted at Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi from June 2010 to August 2014. Simple random sampling technique was used to collect data of study subjects comprising 175 diagnosed breast cancer patients with positive histopathology from Breast Clinic, surgical unit-1, Civil Hospital, Karachi and 175 healthy controls from various screening programs. Blood samples were analyzed for FBG and serum insulin. RESULTS FBG, HOMA-IR, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly raised in breast cancer cases when compared to control subjects. Cases and controls were further categorized in to two groups using cutoff value of 110 mg/dl to distinguish subjects into normal fasting glucose (<110 mg/dl) and having impaired fasting glucose (≥110-≤125 mg/dl) or diabetes (≥126 mg/dl). Odds ratios were found to be 1.57, 2.15 and 1.17 in overall, pre-menopausal and post-menopausal groups, respectively. (all p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS A statistically significant risk of breast cancer exists in women having elevated fasting blood glucose levels, corresponding to prediabetes and diabetes, among pre and postmenopausal ages, with comparatively greater effects in the premenopausal group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Danish Haseen
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan E-mail :
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13
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Ligibel JA, Strickler HD. Obesity and its impact on breast cancer: tumor incidence, recurrence, survival, and possible interventions. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2015:52-9. [PMID: 23714455 DOI: 10.14694/edbook_am.2013.33.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A positive association between obesity and the risk of incident postmenopausal breast cancer has been consistently observed in epidemiologic studies. Although most studies of premenopausal women have not found a similar relationship between breast cancer and obesity, the prognosis for both pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer is substantially worse among obese than normal-weight individuals. Increasing evidence suggests that these associations may be mechanistically related to sex hormones, insulin, and certain adipokines. Insulin, for example, has important mitogenic/antiapoptotic activity in addition to its metabolic effects, and many breast tumors express high levels of the insulin receptor (IR)-A isoform. Further, the use of metformin, a diabetes medication that reduces insulin levels, has been epidemiologically associated with reduced breast cancer risk among patients with diabetes, and a recent observational study found a higher rate of pathologic complete responses among patients with diabetes and breast cancer who were using metformin. Formal clinical trials of metformin as adjuvant breast cancer therapy have been initiated and are ongoing. Similarly, the effect of lifestyle changes on breast cancer outcomes is actively being investigated. Several lifestyle intervention studies have demonstrated that weight loss, increased physical activity, and dietary changes are feasible in breast cancer populations, and that individuals who make lifestyle changes after breast cancer diagnosis experience several physical and psychologic benefits. In this article, the authors review the evidence linking obesity with breast cancer risk and outcomes and provide an overview of lifestyle intervention studies in patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Ligibel
- From the Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; the Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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14
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Liao W, Gu C, Huang A, Yao J, Sun R. MicroRNA-33b inhibits tumor cell growth and is associated with prognosis in colorectal cancer patients. Clin Transl Oncol 2015; 18:449-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s12094-015-1388-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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15
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Liu X, Hemminki K, Försti A, Sundquist K, Sundquist J, Ji J. Cancer risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and their relatives. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:903-10. [PMID: 25604005 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies indicate that risks of certain cancers are increased in individuals hospitalized for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which may not be representative of the entire population of T2DM patients as most of them are treated in primary health cares. To examine the subsequent cancer risk in individuals with T2DM from hospitals and primary health cares, and in their siblings and spouses, standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were used to assess systematically risks of 35 cancer sites/types in individuals with T2DM using a nationwide Swedish database covering the period 1964 through 2010. Increased SIRs were recorded for 24 cancer sites/types in individuals with T2DM. The highest SIRs were for pancreatic cancer and liver cancer (2.98 and 2.43, respectively). A decreased SIR was noted for prostate cancer. Five cancers showed increased SIRs during the whole follow-up period: colon, liver, pancreatic, endometrial and kidney cancers. T2DM patients in inpatient, outpatient and primary health care showed similar risk patterns. The overall SIRs for cancer in the siblings and spouses of individuals with T2DM were 0.97 and 1.01, respectively. The insulin users showed an overall increased risk of cancer. This study showed increased risks of 24 cancers in individuals with T2DM, but not in their siblings or spouses, suggesting that the profound metabolic disturbances of the underlying disease may explain the observed increases. Further studies examining the endogenous and exogenous factors underlying these associations are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Liu
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Clinical Research Center, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kari Hemminki
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Clinical Research Center, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Asta Försti
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Clinical Research Center, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kristina Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Clinical Research Center, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Jan Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Clinical Research Center, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Jianguang Ji
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Clinical Research Center, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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16
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Zhao W, Guan J, Horswell R, Li W, Wang Y, Wu X, Hu G. HDL cholesterol and cancer risk among patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2014; 37:3196-203. [PMID: 25216507 PMCID: PMC4237978 DOI: 10.2337/dc14-0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and cancer risk among type 2 diabetic patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study of 14,169 men and 23,176 women with type 2 diabetes. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the association of various levels of HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) with cancer risk. RESULTS During a mean follow-up period of 6.4 years, 3,711 type 2 diabetic patients had a cancer diagnosis. A significant inverse association between HDL-C and the risk of cancer was found among men and women. The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of cancer at various levels of HDL-C at baseline (<30, 30-39.9, 40-49.9, 50-59.9, 60-69.9, 70-79.9, and ≥80 mg/dL) were 1.00, 0.87, 0.95, 1.01, 0.61, 0.45, and 0.37, respectively, in men (Ptrend = 0.027) and 1.00, 0.98, 0.88, 0.85, 0.84, 0.86, and 0.84, respectively, in women (Ptrend = 0.025). When stratified by race, BMI, smoking status, or medication use, the inverse association was still present. With an updated mean of HDL-C used in the analysis, the inverse association of HDL-C with cancer risk did not change. The inverse association substantially attenuated after excluding patients who died of or were diagnosed with cancer during the first 2 years of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS The study suggests an inverse association of HDL-C with cancer risk among men and women with type 2 diabetes, whereas the effect of HDL-C was partially mediated by reverse causation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Zhao
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA Department of Endocrinology, China Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Guan
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | | | - Weiqin Li
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA Tianjin Women's and Children's Health Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Xiaocheng Wu
- Louisiana Tumor Registry, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Gang Hu
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
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Abstract
Organismal diet has a profound impact on tissue homeostasis and health in mammals. Adult stem cells are a keystone of tissue homeostasis that alters tissue composition by balancing self-renewal and differentiation divisions. Because somatic stem cells may respond to shifts in organismal physiology to orchestrate tissue remodeling and some cancers are understood to arise from transformed stem cells, there is a likely possibility that organismal diet, stem cell function, and cancer initiation are interconnected. Here we will explore the emerging effects of diet on nutrient-sensing pathways active in mammalian tissue stem cells and their relevance to normal and cancerous growth.
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18
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Jia Y, Xu G, Zhou W, Wang Z, Meng L, Zhou S, Xu X, Yuan H, Tian K. Diabetes promotes DMH-induced colorectal cancer by increasing the activity of glycolytic enzymes in rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110455. [PMID: 25329503 PMCID: PMC4201553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the association between diabetes mellitus and colorectal carcinogenesis as well as the possible mechanism involved in this interaction. Diabetes rat models were induced with a low dose of STZ followed by a low dose of DMH to induce colorectal cancer. The formation of ACF in the colon and the incidence, number and size of tumors were measured. The activity of glycolytic enzymes in colonic tissues was also measured. The results demonstrated that both the total number of ACF and the number of foci that contain a different number of crypts were increased in diabetic rats. At the end of the experimental treatment, the incidence, number and size of tumors were also increased in diabetic rats. Overall, these data indicated that diabetes increased the risk of colorectal cancer. The activity of HK and PK in colonic tissues was increased in diabetic rats, whereas the activity of PDH was decreased. In addition, the activities of these enzymes in intratumor were higher than that of in peritumor. These data indicated that the high rate of glycolysis may play a role in colorectal carcinogenesis in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanglei Jia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, 456 Hospital of PLA, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wenjing Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhenzheng Wang
- Department of Pathology, 456 Hospital of PLA, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Linlin Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Songnan Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xia Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Huiqing Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Keli Tian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
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19
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Park ES, Kang JC, Jang YC, Park JS, Jang SY, Kim DE, Kim B, Shin HS. Cardioprotective effects of rhamnetin in H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells under H₂O₂-induced apoptosis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 153:552-560. [PMID: 24607510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Many studies have emphasized that flavonoids, found in various fruits, vegetables, and seeds, as well as tea and red wine, have potential health-promoting and disease-preventing effects. Rhamnetin is a flavonoid that exhibits antioxidant capabilities. However, little is known about its effect on cardiac myocytes under oxidative stress and the underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells were subjected to H2O2, to study the protective effect of rhamnetin on cell viability, apoptosis, and ROS production. Signaling proteins related to apoptosis, survival, and redox were analyzed by Western blot. Furthermore, the mRNA expressions of SIRTs were tested by real time-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS We investigated the protective effects of rhamnetin against H₂O₂-induced apoptosis in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. Rhamnetin protected cells against H₂O₂-induced cell death without any cytotoxicity, as determined by the XTT assay, LDH assay, TUNEL assay, Hoechst 33342 assay, and Western blot analysis of apoptosis-related proteins. Rhamnetin also enhanced the expression of catalase and Mn-SOD, thereby inhibiting production of intracellular ROS. Furthermore, rhamnetin recovered the H₂O₂-induced decrease in phosphorylation of Akt/GSK-3β and MAPKs (ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and JNK) and pretreatment with their inhibitors, attenuating the rhamnetin-induced cytoprotective effect. Further studies with real time-PCR and a sirtuin inhibitor showed that cardioprotection by rhamnetin occurred through induction of SIRT3 and SIRT4. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggest that rhamnetin may have novel therapeutic potential to protect the heart from ischemia-related injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Seok Park
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, College of Biomedical and Health science, Konkuk University, 322 Danwol-Dong, Chungju 380-701, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Chul Kang
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, College of Biomedical and Health science, Konkuk University, 322 Danwol-Dong, Chungju 380-701, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Chang Jang
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, College of Biomedical and Health science, Konkuk University, 322 Danwol-Dong, Chungju 380-701, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seok Park
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Taegu Health College, Taegu 702-722, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Yi Jang
- Cardiovascular Imaging Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 135-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Eun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Kyungbok University, Pochen 487-717, Republic of Korea
| | - Bokyung Kim
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Functional Genomics, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Chungju 380-701, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Sup Shin
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, College of Biomedical and Health science, Konkuk University, 322 Danwol-Dong, Chungju 380-701, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Singh P, Alex JM, Bast F. Insulin receptor (IR) and insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF-1R) signaling systems: novel treatment strategies for cancer. Med Oncol 2013; 31:805. [PMID: 24338270 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-013-0805-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling system, commonly known for fine-tuning numerous biological processes, has lately made its mark as a much sought-after therapeutic targets for diabetes and cancer. These receptors make an attractive anticancer target owing to their overexpression in variety of cancer especially in prostate and breast cancer. Inhibitors of IGF signaling were subjected to clinical cancer trials with the main objective to confirm the effectiveness of these receptors as a therapeutic target. However, the results that these trials produced proved to be disappointing as the role played by the cross talk between IGF and insulin receptor (IR) signaling pathways at the receptor level or at downstream signaling level became more lucid. Therapeutic strategy for IGF-1R and IR inhibition mainly encompasses three main approaches namely receptor blockade with monoclonal antibodies, tyrosine kinase inhibition (ATP antagonist and non-ATP antagonist), and ligand neutralization via monoclonal antibodies targeted to ligand or recombinant IGF-binding proteins. Other drug-discovery approaches are employed to target IGF-1R, and IR includes antisense oligonucleotides and recombinant IGF-binding proteins. However, therapies with monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibition targeting the IGF-1R are not evidenced to be satisfactory as expected. Factors that are duly held responsible for the unsuccessfulness of these therapies include (a) the existence of the IR isoform A overexpressed on a variety of cancers, enhancing the mitogenic signals to the nucleus leading to the endorsement of cell growth, (b) IGF-1R and IR that form hybrid receptors sensitive to the stimulation of all three IGF axis ligands, and (c) IGF-1R and IR that also have the potential to form hybrid receptors with other tyrosine kinase to potentiate the cellular transformation, tumorigenesis, and tumor vascularization. This mini review is a concerted effort to explore and fathom the well-recognized roles of the IRA signaling system in human cancer phenotype and the main strategies that have been so far evaluated to target the IR and IGF-1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpendra Singh
- Centre for Biosciences, School of Basic and Applied Science, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151001, Punjab, India
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21
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Abstract
Secretin (Sct), a classical gut hormone, is now known to play pleiotropic functions in the body including osmoregulation, digestion, and feeding control. As Sct has long been implicated to regulate metabolism, in this report, we have investigated a potential lipolytic action of Sct. In our preliminary studies, both Sct levels in circulation and Sct receptor (SctR) transcripts in adipose tissue were upregulated during fasting, suggesting a potential physiological relevance of Sct in regulating lipolysis. Using SctR knockout and Sct knockout mice as controls, we show that Sct is able to stimulate lipolysis in vitro in isolated adipocytes dose- and time-dependently, as well as acute lipolysis in vivo. H-89, a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, was found to attenuate lipolytic effects of 1 μM Sct in vitro, while a significant increase in PKA activity upon Sct injection was observed in the adipose tissue in vivo. Sct was also found to stimulate phosphorylation at 660ser of hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) and to bring about the translocation of HSL from cytosol to the lipid droplet. In summary, our data demonstrate for the first time the in vivo and in vitro lipolytic effects of Sct, and that this function is mediated by PKA and HSL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathi Sekar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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22
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Jarvandi S, Davidson NO, Schootman M. Increased risk of colorectal cancer in type 2 diabetes is independent of diet quality. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74616. [PMID: 24069323 PMCID: PMC3771921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor diet increases the risk of both colorectal cancer and type 2 diabetes. We investigated the role of diet in the association between diabetes and colorectal cancer. METHODS We analyzed data from 484,020 individuals, aged 50-71 years who participated in the prospective National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study and were cancer free at baseline (1995-1996). History of diabetes was self-reported. Diet quality was measured with the Healthy Eating Index-2005 (HEI-2005), using a self-administered food-frequency questionnaire. Cox regression models were constructed to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of first primary incident colorectal cancer, overall and by anatomical location. RESULTS During an average follow-up of 9.2 years, we identified 7,598 new cases of colorectal cancer. After controlling for non-dietary confounders, diabetes was associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer (HR 1.27, 95% CI: 1.18, 1.36). Further adjustment for diet quality did not attenuate this association. Diabetes was associated with a HR of 1.23 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.40) in individuals with good diet (quartile 4 of HEI-2005) and 1.58 (95% CI: 1.34, 1.86) in those with poor diet (quartile 1 of HEI-2005), compared to those with no diabetes and good diet. Moreover, diabetes was associated with a stronger risk of proximal than distal colon cancer (HR: 1.33 vs. HR: 1.20), while poor diet was associated with a weaker risk of proximal colon cancer (HR: 1.18 vs. HR: 1.46). CONCLUSION Diabetes and poor diet, independently and additively are associated with the increased risk of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soghra Jarvandi
- Division of Health Behavior Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Nicholas O. Davidson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Mario Schootman
- Division of Health Behavior Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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23
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Fall K, Garmo H, Gudbjörnsdottir S, Stattin P, Zethelius B. Diabetes mellitus and prostate cancer risk; a nationwide case-control study within PCBaSe Sweden. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:1102-9. [PMID: 23580698 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-1046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) increases the risk for cancer at almost all sites, but data on the association with prostate cancer are inconsistent. METHODS We assessed the risk of a prostate cancer diagnosis among men with type 2 (T2)DM in a nationwide population-based case-control study including 44,352 men with prostate cancer identified through the Prostate Cancer data Base Sweden (PCBaSe) between 2002 and 2006 and 221,495 age-matched men from the general population. RESULTS Overall, the risk of prostate cancer among men with T2DM was lower than among men without T2DM [OR, 0.80; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.76-0.85]. The risk decreased with longer disease duration and was observed across all tumor risk categories, although most clearly among men with low risk tumors (OR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.64-0.80). The risk for prostate cancer was reduced among diabetic men on dietary treatment only (OR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.80-0.99) but more markedly among men on oral hypoglycemic agents (OR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.74-0.87) and insulin (OR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.69-0.81). Obese diabetic men (BMI > 30 kg/m(2)) showed a reduced risk (OR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.65-0.80) compared with men without diabetes. There was a trend of decreasing risk with increasing levels of HbA1c (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This nationwide study confirmed a reduced risk of being diagnosed with prostate cancer among men with T2DM, especially for low-risk tumors. An altered hormonal milieu is a plausible explanation, although the possibility of decreased prostate cancer detection among diabetic men cannot be ruled out. IMPACT This is the largest study to examine the association between T2DM and prostate cancer accounting for tumor risk group and diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Fall
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Örebro University Hospital and University, Örebro, Sweden.
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24
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Fenton JI, McCaskey SJ. Curcumin and docosahexaenoic acid block insulin-induced colon carcinoma cell proliferation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 88:219-26. [PMID: 23266210 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Diets high in fish and curcumin are associated with a decreased risk of CRC. Insulin resistance and obesity are associated with increased CRC risk and higher reoccurrence rates. We utilized cell culture to determine if dietary compounds could reduce insulin-induced cell proliferation comparing the response in normal and metastatic colon epithelial cells. We treated model normal murine colon epithelial cells (YAMC) and adenocarcinoma cells (MC38) with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or curcumin alone and then co-treatments of the diet-derived compound and insulin were combined. Cell proliferation was stimulated with insulin (1 ug/mL) to model insulin resistance in obesity. Despite the presence of insulin, proliferation was reduced in the MC38 cells treated with 10 μM curcumin (p<0.001) and 50 μM DHA (p<0.001). Insulin stimulated MAPK and MEK phosphorylation was inhibited by DHA and curcumin in MC38 cancer cells. Here we show that curcumin and DHA can block insulin-induced colon cancer cell proliferation in vitro via a MEK mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer I Fenton
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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25
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Galazis N, Afxentiou T, Xenophontos M, Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Atiomo W. Proteomic biomarkers of type 2 diabetes mellitus risk in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 2013; 168:R33-43. [PMID: 23093701 DOI: 10.1530/eje-12-0718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are at increased risk of developing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this study, we attempted to list the proteomic biomarkers of PCOS and T2DM that have been published in the literature so far. We identified eight common biomarkers that were differentially expressed in both women with PCOS and T2DM when compared with healthy controls. These include pyruvate kinase M1/M2, apolipoprotein A-I, albumin, peroxiredoxin 2, annexin A2, α-1-B-glycoprotein, flotillin-1 and haptoglobin. These biomarkers could help improve our understanding of the links between PCOS and T2DM and could be potentially used to identify subgroups of women with PCOS at increased risk of T2DM. More studies are required to further evaluate the role these biomarkers play in women with PCOS and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Galazis
- Division of Human Development, School of Clinical Sciences, Nottingham University Hospitals, University of Nottingham D Floor, East Block, Queens Medical Centre Campus, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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26
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Schweiger M, Paar M, Eder C, Brandis J, Moser E, Gorkiewicz G, Grond S, Radner FPW, Cerk I, Cornaciu I, Oberer M, Kersten S, Zechner R, Zimmermann R, Lass A. G0/G1 switch gene-2 regulates human adipocyte lipolysis by affecting activity and localization of adipose triglyceride lipase. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:2307-17. [PMID: 22891293 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m027409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The hydrolysis of triglycerides in adipocytes, termed lipolysis, provides free fatty acids as energy fuel. Murine lipolysis largely depends on the activity of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), which is regulated by two proteins annotated as comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58) and G0/G1 switch gene-2 (G0S2). CGI-58 activates and G0S2 inhibits ATGL activity. In contrast to mice, the functional role of G0S2 in human adipocyte lipolysis is poorly characterized. Here we show that overexpression or silencing of G0S2 in human SGBS adipocytes decreases and increases lipolysis, respectively. Human G0S2 is upregulated during adipocyte differentiation and inhibits ATGL activity in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, C-terminally truncated ATGL mutants, which fail to localize to lipid droplets, translocate to the lipid droplet upon coexpression with G0S2, suggesting that G0S2 anchors ATGL to lipid droplets independent of ATGL's C-terminal lipid binding domain. Taken together, our results indicate that G0S2 also regulates human lipolysis by affecting enzyme activity and intracellular localization of ATGL. Increased lipolysis is known to contribute to the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, and G0S2 expression has been shown to be reduced in poorly controlled type 2 diabetic patients. Our data indicate that downregulation of G0S2 in adipose tissue could represent one of the underlying causes leading to increased lipolysis in the insulin-resistant state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Schweiger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Al-Talib A, Nezhat F, Tulandi T. Etiology and Fertility Preservation Treatment for Young Women with Endometrial Cancer. J Gynecol Surg 2012. [DOI: 10.1089/gyn.2011.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Al-Talib
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Dammam, Khobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farr Nezhat
- St. Luke's–Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
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28
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Kabat GC, Rohan TE. Is elevated serum insulin a marker of increased risk of colorectal cancer? COLORECTAL CANCER 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/crc.12.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey C Kabat
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461 NY, USA
| | - Thomas E Rohan
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461 NY, USA
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29
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The role of metformin in the management of NAFLD. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2011; 2012:716404. [PMID: 22194737 PMCID: PMC3238361 DOI: 10.1155/2012/716404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disorder worldwide. Its prevalence ranges 10–24% in the general population, reaching 60–95% and 28–55% in obese and diabetic patients, respectively. Although the etiology of NAFLD is still unclear, several lines of evidences have indicated a pathogenetic role of insulin resistance in this disorder. This concept has stimulated several clinical studies where antidiabetic drugs, such as insulin sensitizers including metformin, have been evaluated in insulin-resistant, NAFLD patients. These studies indicate that metformin might be of benefit in the treatment of NAFLD, also in nondiabetic patients, when associated to hypocaloric diet and weight control. However, the heterogeneity of these studies still prevents us from reaching firm conclusions about treatment guidelines. Moreover, metformin could have beneficial tissue-specific effects in NAFLD patients irrespective of its effects as insulin sensitizer.
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A longitudinal study of serum insulin and glucose levels in relation to colorectal cancer risk among postmenopausal women. Br J Cancer 2011; 106:227-32. [PMID: 22127286 PMCID: PMC3251859 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: It is unclear whether circulating insulin or glucose levels are associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer. Few prospective studies have examined this question, and only one study had repeated measurements. Methods: We conducted a prospective study of colorectal cancer risk using the subsample of women in the Women's Health Initiative study whose fasting blood samples, collected at baseline and during follow-up, were analysed for insulin and glucose. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess associations with colorectal cancer risk in both baseline and time-dependent covariates analyses. Results: Among 4902 non-diabetic women with baseline fasting serum insulin and glucose values, 81 incident cases of colorectal cancer were identified over 12 years of follow-up. Baseline glucose levels were positively associated with colorectal cancer and colon cancer risk: multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) comparing the highest (⩾99.5 mg dl−1) with the lowest tertile (<89.5 mg dl−1): 1.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.97–3.15 and 2.25, 95% CI: 1.12–4.51, respectively. Serum insulin and homeostasis model assessment were not associated with risk. Analyses of repeated measurements supported the baseline results. Conclusion: These data suggest that elevated serum glucose levels may be a risk factor for colorectal cancer in postmenopausal women.
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Aljada A, Mousa SA. Metformin and neoplasia: implications and indications. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 133:108-15. [PMID: 21924289 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Metformin has been shown to exert anti-neoplastic and chemopreventive activities in epidemiological and animal studies. This review article discusses the epidemiological studies and examines the possible mechanisms by which metformin exerts its anti-carcinogenic activities in breast, colon, ovarian, lung, and prostate cancers. We performed a systematic review of the clinical studies examining the anti-neoplastic activities of metformin and the potential mechanisms associated with these activities. Several observational and biological studies revealed a significant association between metformin and reduction in cancer incidence. The mechanisms by which metformin exerts these effects are unknown. This action may be mediated through activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, and inhibition of insulin like growth factors (IGFs), and many others. Further laboratory investigation and large, prospective population clinical trials are required to elucidate metformin anti-neoplastic and chemo-preventive actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Aljada
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudia Arabia.
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Abstract
The widespread epidemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes has raised concern for the impact of these disorders as risk factors for cancer and has renewed the interest for studies regarding the involvement of hyperinsulinemia and insulin receptor (IR) in cancer progression. Overexpression of IR in cancer cells may explain their increased sensitivity to hyperinsulinemia. Moreover, IR isoform A (IR-A) together with autocrine production of its ligand IGF2 is emerging as an important mechanism of normal and cancer stem cell expansion and is a feature of several malignancies. De novo activation of the IR-A/IGF2 autocrine loop also represents a mechanism of resistance to anticancer therapies. Increasing knowledge of the IR role in cancer has important implications for cancer prevention, which should include control of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia in the population and meticulous evaluation of new antidiabetic drugs for their metabolic:mitogenic ratio. We are now aware that several anticancer treatments may induce or worsen insulin resistance that may limit therapy efficacy. Future anticancer therapies need to target the IR-A pathway in order to inhibit the tumor promoting effect of IR without impairing the metabolic effect of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Belfiore
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario, località Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
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Prognostic role of diabetes mellitus in hepatocellular carcinoma patients after curative treatments: a meta-analysis. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2011; 10:346-55. [PMID: 21813381 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(11)60059-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognostic role of diabetes mellitus (DM) coexisting with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains controversial. To clarify its impact on survival in HCC patients after curative treatments, a meta-analysis was performed. DATA SOURCES Eligible studies were identified through multiple search strategies in the databases PubMed (MEDLINE), EMBASE, the Cochrane Library and ACP Journal Club between January 1950 and March 2010. Ten studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria, and data were aggregated comparing overall survival and recurrence-free survival in HCC patients according to DM status. RESULTS The pooled hazard ratios (HRs) estimate for overall survival was 1.34 (95% CI, 1.18-1.51; P<0.0001) and for recurrence-free survival was 1.48 (95% CI, 1.00-2.18; P<0.0001), showing a worse survival for HCC with coexisting DM. However, the patients with DM had a shorter survival time in HCV-related HCC (HR=1.71; 95% CI, 1.10-2.66; P=0.016), while HBV-related cases were not significantly different (HR=1.29; 95% CI, 0.69-2.40; P=0.182). Meanwhile, the coexistence of DM impaired overall survival in HCC patients with a small tumor burden (HR=1.63; 95% CI, 1.25-2.12; P<0.0001). CONCLUSION HCC patients with coexisting DM have a shorter survival time and a higher risk for tumor recurrence after curative treatments, while the precise value should be defined in more clinical trials with consistent methodology, especially prospective studies.
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Lambe M, Wigertz A, Garmo H, Walldius G, Jungner I, Hammar N. Impaired glucose metabolism and diabetes and the risk of breast, endometrial, and ovarian cancer. Cancer Causes Control 2011; 22:1163-71. [PMID: 21688131 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-011-9794-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological evidence indicates that individuals with type 2 diabetes are at an increased risk of cancer. Elevated glucose levels, below the diagnostic threshold for diabetes, have also been suggested to be associated with increased cancer risks. METHODS We investigated possible associations between glucose levels and the risk of breast, endometrial, and ovarian cancer in a cohort of more than 230,000 women, for which information on outcome and potential confounders was obtained by record linkage to population-based registers. RESULTS Diabetes was associated with an increased risk of postmenopausal breast cancer (HR = 1.22, 95% CI 1.04-1.43). An indication of a slightly elevated breast cancer risk was also found in postmenopausal women with impaired glucose metabolism (HR = 1.11, 95% CI 0.96-1.28). Diabetes (HR = 1.46, 95% CI 1.09-1.96) and impaired glucose metabolism (HR = 1.41, 95% CI 1.08-1.85) were associated with an increased risk of endometrial cancer. No associations were found between glucose levels and ovarian cancer risk. Following adjustment for BMI, estimates were attenuated for endometrial cancer, while point estimates for breast and ovarian cancer remained essentially unchanged. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that glucose levels below the diagnostic threshold for diabetes modify the risk not only of endometrial cancer but possibly also of postmenopausal breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Lambe
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, PO Box 281, 171 77, Stockholm. Sweden.
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Li L, Yang Y, Yang G, Lu C, Yang M, Liu H, Zong H. The role of JAZF1 on lipid metabolism and related genes in vitro. Metabolism 2011; 60:523-30. [PMID: 20580384 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2010.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
JAZF1 is a novel gene that is associated with diabetes mellitus and prostate cancer according to genomewide association studies; however, little is known about the function of this gene in regulating metabolism. In the present study, we have shown the expression of JAZF1 in various mouse tissues. To elucidate its role in metabolism, we investigated the influence of an overexpression of JAZF1 on 3T3-L1 adipose cells and hepatoma carcinoma Hepa1-6 cells that represent target tissues for diabetes and insulin resistance. In both cells, JAZF1 overexpression led to a substantial reduction in the expression of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, fatty acid synthetase, and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 messenger RNA (mRNA). The level of hormone-sensitive lipase mRNA significantly increased. The expression of JAZF1 in 3T3-L1 adipocyte exhibited suppressive effects on lipid accumulation and decreased droplet size. In addition, the transcription for glucose transport 1 was significantly higher than the control in the Hepa1-6 cell line; but it was not significantly different in 3T3-L1. These results showed that JAZF1 in adipocytes and liver cells reduces lipid synthesis and increases lipolysis mainly by down-regulating the levels of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1, acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, and fatty acid synthetase mRNA expression and by increasing hormone-sensitive lipase mRNA expression. Because it had an effect on the decrease of the maturation of lipid droplets and fat storage, we speculate that JAZF1 might represent a potential target against diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- The Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics in the Ministry of Education and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China.
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Malaguarnera R, Belfiore A. The insulin receptor: a new target for cancer therapy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2011; 2:93. [PMID: 22654833 PMCID: PMC3356071 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2011.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A large body of evidences have shown that both the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) and the insulin receptor (IR) play a role in cancer development and progression. In particular, IR overactivation by IGF-II is common in cancer cells, especially in dedifferentiated/stem-like cells. In spite of these findings, until very recently, only IGF-IR but not IR has been considered a target in cancer therapy. Although several preclinical studies have showed a good anti-cancer activity of selective anti-IGF-IR drugs, the results of the clinical first trials have been disappointing. In fact, only a small subset of malignant tumors has shown an objective response to these therapies. Development of resistance to anti-IGF-IR drugs may include upregulation of IR isoform A (IR-A) in cancer cells and its overactivation by increased secretion of autocrine IGF-II. These findings have led to the concept that co-targeting IR together with IGF-IR may increase therapy efficacy and prevent adaptive resistance to selective anti-IGF-IR drugs. IR blockade should be especially considered in tumors with high IR-A:IGF-IR ratio and high levels of autocrine IGF-II. Conversely, insulin sensitizers, which ameliorate insulin resistance associated with metabolic disorders and cancer treatments, may have important implications for cancer prevention and management. Only few drugs co-targeting the IR and IGF-IR are currently available. Ideally, future IR targeting strategies should be able to selectively inhibit the tumor promoting effects of IR without impairing its metabolic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Malaguarnera
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Magna Graecia of CatanzaroCatanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonino Belfiore
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Magna Graecia of CatanzaroCatanzaro, Italy
- *Correspondence: Antonino Belfiore, Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario, Viale Europa, località Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy. e-mail:
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Edwards KL, Riche DM, Stroup JS, Goldman-Levine JD, Padiyara RS, Cross LB, Kane MP. Insulin glargine and cancer risk: an opinion statement of the Endocrine and Metabolism Practice and Research Network of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy. Pharmacotherapy 2010; 30:955-65. [PMID: 20795850 DOI: 10.1592/phco.30.9.955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus has reached epidemic proportions worldwide, eliciting extensive research on both the disease process and its treatment. Regardless of diabetes type, the progressive nature of the disease makes insulin the long-term mainstay of diabetes management. Recently, the insulin analog glargine was reported in several epidemiologic studies to be associated with an increased risk of cancer. Inconsistent study results and media attention have caused much angst and concern to health care professionals and the general population. A clear understanding of the current evidence is needed to adequately develop a patient-oriented risk:benefit assessment. Members of the Endocrine and Metabolism Practice and Research Network of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy evaluated available evidence to provide guidance and discussion on the risk of cancer with insulin glargine use. We believe the current link between insulin glargine and cancer is tenuous but merits further evaluation. An independent analysis of all available glargine clinical trial data should be performed, and a vigorous postmarketing safety study of glargine should be conducted. Until more substantial data are available, however, neither the choice of initial insulin therapy nor insulin maintenance regimens should be influenced by the current information linking insulin glargine to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal L Edwards
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Dallas, Texas 75216, USA.
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Ichikawa K, Tagawa Y, Kawai M, Asamoto M, Shirai T. Promoting Effects of Streptozotocin-induced Diabetes on Induction of Hepatic Preneoplastic Lesions by Diethylnitrosamine in Rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2010; 23:125-31. [PMID: 22272023 PMCID: PMC3234616 DOI: 10.1293/tox.23.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes on induction of hepatic
preneoplastic lesions by diethylnitrosamine (DEN) were investigated in male
Fischer rats. A single dose of STZ was injected intravenously either 2
weeks before or after initiation with DEN. The blood glucose levels were
significantly elevated from 1 week after STZ-injection until autopsy. The
numbers of GST-P positive foci at 1 week after DEN administration in the
STZ-injected rats were similar to those in the non-diabetic rats. In
contrast, both the numbers and areas of GST-P positive foci > 2 mm in
diameter 8 weeks after DEN administration were increased significantly in
the rats treated with STZ after DEN exposure compared with the non-diabetic
control rats. The results suggest that hepatic preneoplastic lesions
initiated with DEN are promoted by STZ treatment-inducing diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhito Ichikawa
- Drug Safety Management Department, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho
Co., Ltd., 35 Higashisotobori-cho, Higashi-ku, Nagoya 461-8631, Japan
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology,
Nagoya City University Medical School, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku,
Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Tagawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Sanwa Kagaku
Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., 363 Shiosaki, Hokusei-cho, Inabe-shi, Mie 511-0406,
Japan
| | - Masaomi Kawai
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Sanwa Kagaku
Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., 363 Shiosaki, Hokusei-cho, Inabe-shi, Mie 511-0406,
Japan
| | - Makoto Asamoto
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology,
Nagoya City University Medical School, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku,
Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Shirai
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology,
Nagoya City University Medical School, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku,
Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
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Kodama Y, Ozaki K, Sano T, Matsuura T, Narama I. Enhanced tumorigenesis of forestomach tumors induced by N-Methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in rats with hypoinsulinemic diabetes. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:1604-9. [PMID: 20497417 PMCID: PMC11158099 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01589.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia in prediabetic and diabetic patients are thought to increase the risk of developing neoplasms because insulin is a growth factor with pre-eminent metabolic but also mitogenic effects. To determine the effect of hypoinsulinemic diabetic conditions on carcinogenesis, we examined N-Methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)-induced forestomach carcinogenesis in hypoinsulinemic diabetic WBN/Kob rats aged about 45 weeks (DM) compared with non-diabetic younger WBN/Kob rats (C1), non-diabetic Wistar rats age-matched to DM (C2), and non-diabetic Wistar rats age-matched to C1 (C3). All rats were treated with MNNG by gavage and were killed at 40 weeks after dosing. Various-sized tumors were disseminated throughout the forestomach of all rats, and the ratio of the area of tumors to the whole forestomach area was 23.3% in the DM group and was higher than in the C1-3 (4.2-14.3%) groups. The incidence of carcinoma was much higher in the DM group (36.8%) than in the C1-3 (7.1-16.7%) groups, and the incidence of papilloma was also significantly higher in the DM group (84.2%) than in the C1-3 (28.5-50.0%) groups. The average thickness of the squamous epithelium in the non-neoplastic mucosa was significantly greater in the DM group (50.8 mum) than in the C1-3 (29.6-37.9 microm) groups. Immunohistochemically, the Ki-67-positive index in the non-tumorous mucosa of the DM group (42.0%) was significantly higher than that of the C1-3 groups (18.8-33.3%). These results suggest that prolonged hyperglycemic conditions without hyperinsulinemia enhance tumorigenesis of MNNG-induced tumors by enhanced proliferative activity of the squamous epithelium in the rat forestomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Kodama
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Schmitz-Dräger B, Bismarck E, Lümmen G. Risiken und Prävention des Prostatakarzinoms. Urologe A 2010; 49:233-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00120-010-2240-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yamasaki K, Hayashi Y, Okamoto S, Osanai M, Lee GH. Insulin-independent promotion of chemically induced hepatocellular tumor development in genetically diabetic mice. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:65-72. [PMID: 19775285 PMCID: PMC11159896 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus has been proposed as an epidemiological risk factor for human liver cancer development. One reasonable possibility is that this is attributable to hyperinsulinemia compensatory for obesity-related insulin resistance. However, diabetes mellitus is a complex disease with multiple abnormal conditions essentially caused by hyperglycemia. Therefore, it is not evident whether hyperinsulinemia is prerequisite for the elevated cancer risk. To gain a clue to answer this question, we characterized chemically induced hepatocarcinogenesis in diabetic model mice genetically deficient for insulin. Akita inbred mice originating from the C57BL/6 strain carry a heterozygous germline mutation of the insulin II gene and suffer from inherited insulin deficiency and diabetes in an autosomal dominant manner. They were mated with normal C3H/HeJ mice with high sensitivity to liver carcinogenesis and the resultant F(1) littermates, which were either normal or insulin deficient, were exposed to diethylnitrosamine and induced hepatocellular tumors were evaluated for number, size, proliferative activity, and apoptosis. Unexpectedly, both mean and total volumes of hepatocellular tumors in the insulin-deficient animals were more than twofold larger than those in the normal controls, with no significant difference in tumor number. The tumors in insulin-deficient mice showed a significantly lower frequency of apoptosis but no alteration in cell proliferation. In conclusion, our results indicate that insulin-independent liver tumor promotion occurred in diabetic mice. Clearly, insulin-independent mechanisms for the human case also deserve consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohtaro Yamasaki
- Department of Pathology, Kochi University School of Medicine, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
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Stocks T, Rapp K, Bjørge T, Manjer J, Ulmer H, Selmer R, Lukanova A, Johansen D, Concin H, Tretli S, Hallmans G, Jonsson H, Stattin P. Blood glucose and risk of incident and fatal cancer in the metabolic syndrome and cancer project (me-can): analysis of six prospective cohorts. PLoS Med 2009; 6:e1000201. [PMID: 20027213 PMCID: PMC2791167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prospective studies have indicated that elevated blood glucose levels may be linked with increased cancer risk, but the strength of the association is unclear. We examined the association between blood glucose and cancer risk in a prospective study of six European cohorts. METHODS AND FINDINGS The Metabolic syndrome and Cancer project (Me-Can) includes cohorts from Norway, Austria, and Sweden; the current study included 274,126 men and 275,818 women. Mean age at baseline was 44.8 years and mean follow-up time was 10.4 years. Excluding the first year of follow-up, 18,621 men and 11,664 women were diagnosed with cancer, and 6,973 men and 3,088 women died of cancer. We used Cox regression models to calculate relative risk (RR) for glucose levels, and included adjustment for body mass index (BMI) and smoking status in the analyses. RRs were corrected for regression dilution ratio of glucose. RR (95% confidence interval) per 1 mmol/l increment of glucose for overall incident cancer was 1.05 (1.01-1.10) in men and 1.11 (1.05-1.16) in women, and corresponding RRs for fatal cancer were 1.15 (1.07-1.22) and 1.21 (1.11-1.33), respectively. Significant increases in risk among men were found for incident and fatal cancer of the liver, gallbladder, and respiratory tract, for incident thyroid cancer and multiple myeloma, and for fatal rectal cancer. In women, significant associations were found for incident and fatal cancer of the pancreas, for incident urinary bladder cancer, and for fatal cancer of the uterine corpus, cervix uteri, and stomach. CONCLUSIONS Data from our study indicate that abnormal glucose metabolism, independent of BMI, is associated with an increased risk of cancer overall and at several cancer sites. Our data showed stronger associations among women than among men, and for fatal cancer compared to incident cancer. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Stocks
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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Ansari NA, Rasheed Z. Non-enzymatic glycation of proteins: From diabetes to cancer. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW-SUPPLEMENT SERIES B-BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990750809040027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Belfiore A, Frasca F, Pandini G, Sciacca L, Vigneri R. Insulin receptor isoforms and insulin receptor/insulin-like growth factor receptor hybrids in physiology and disease. Endocr Rev 2009; 30:586-623. [PMID: 19752219 DOI: 10.1210/er.2008-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 719] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, the insulin receptor (IR) gene has acquired an additional exon, exon 11. This exon may be skipped in a developmental and tissue-specific manner. The IR, therefore, occurs in two isoforms (exon 11 minus IR-A and exon 11 plus IR-B). The most relevant functional difference between these two isoforms is the high affinity of IR-A for IGF-II. IR-A is predominantly expressed during prenatal life. It enhances the effects of IGF-II during embryogenesis and fetal development. It is also significantly expressed in adult tissues, especially in the brain. Conversely, IR-B is predominantly expressed in adult, well-differentiated tissues, including the liver, where it enhances the metabolic effects of insulin. Dysregulation of IR splicing in insulin target tissues may occur in patients with insulin resistance; however, its role in type 2 diabetes is unclear. IR-A is often aberrantly expressed in cancer cells, thus increasing their responsiveness to IGF-II and to insulin and explaining the cancer-promoting effect of hyperinsulinemia observed in obese and type 2 diabetic patients. Aberrant IR-A expression may favor cancer resistance to both conventional and targeted therapies by a variety of mechanisms. Finally, IR isoforms form heterodimers, IR-A/IR-B, and hybrid IR/IGF-IR receptors (HR-A and HR-B). The functional characteristics of such hybrid receptors and their role in physiology, in diabetes, and in malignant cells are not yet fully understood. These receptors seem to enhance cell responsiveness to IGFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Belfiore
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Ospedale Garibaldi-Nesima, 95122 Catania, Italy.
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Sadikot S, Sosale A, Nigam A, Ahmed J, Singh S, Zargar A, Misra A, PrasannaKumar K, Wangnoo S, Makker B, Bajaj S, Singh J, Dhruv U, Jali M, Sinha N, Sai K, SadasivRao Y, Murthy S, Reddy A. No “Barge in” on “Glargine”! Diabetes Metab Syndr 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Loeb S, Helfand BT, Kan D, Isaacs WB, Catalona WJ. Does diabetes mellitus modify the association between 17q12 risk variant and prostate cancer aggressiveness? BJU Int 2009; 104:1200-3. [PMID: 19627283 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2009.08656.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine further the relationship between diabetes mellitus (DM), genotype and prostate cancer aggressiveness. Specifically, we sought to evaluate for effect modification between DM, a newly discovered prostate cancer susceptibility locus on chromosome 17q12 (single nucleotide polymorphism rs4430796) and prostate cancer features. PATIENTS AND METHODS In 593 genotyped men treated with radical prostatectomy (RP), we examined RP features stratified by DM and rs4430796 carrier status. RESULTS Despite a significantly higher body mass index among patients with DM, individual pathological features were similar between men with and without DM. Using a dominant model, 17q12 carriers were less likely to have DM and more likely to have a RP Gleason score of >or=7. However, the presence or absence of DM did not modify the relationship between 17q12 susceptibility alleles and pathological features. CONCLUSION Among 17q12 risk allele carriers, there was no significant relationship between DM and adverse tumour features. However, there were relatively few men with DM (7%) in our RP cohort, particularly compared with its 21% prevalence in the USA population aged >60 years. It is unclear whether this reflects selection bias, genetic protection from prostate cancer among patients with DM, or both. Despite these limitations, the present data suggest that DM alone does not appear to modify any association between 17q12 risk alleles with prostate cancer features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Loeb
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Belfiore A, Genua M, Malaguarnera R. PPAR-γ agonists and their effects on IGF-I receptor signaling: Implications for cancer. PPAR Res 2009; 2009:830501. [PMID: 19609453 PMCID: PMC2709717 DOI: 10.1155/2009/830501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now well established that the development and progression of a variety of human malignancies are associated with dysregulated activity of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system. In this regard, promising drugs have been developed to target the IGF-I receptor or its ligands. These therapies are limited by the development of insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia, which in turn, may stimulate cancer growth. Novel therapeutic approaches are, therefore, required. Synthetic PPAR-γ agonists, such as thiazolidinediones (TZDs), are drugs universally used as antidiabetic agents in patients with type 2 diabetes. In addition of acting as insulin sensitizers, PPAR-γ agonists mediate in vitro and in vivo pleiotropic anticancer effects. At least some of these effects appear to be linked with the downregulation of the IGF system, which is induced by the cross-talk of PPAR-γ agonists with multiple components of the IGF system signaling. As hyperinsulinemia is an emerging cancer risk factor, the insulin lowering action of PPAR-γ agonists may be expected to be also beneficial to reduce cancer development and/or progression. In light of these evidences, TZDs or other PPAR-γ agonists may be exploited in those tumors "addicted" to the IGF signaling and/or in tumors occurring in hyperinsulinemic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Belfiore
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
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Kabat GC, Kim M, Chlebowski RT, Khandekar J, Ko MG, McTiernan A, Neuhouser ML, Parker DR, Shikany JM, Stefanick ML, Thomson CA, Rohan TE. A longitudinal study of the metabolic syndrome and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:2046-53. [PMID: 19567502 PMCID: PMC6204126 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome, characterized by abdominal obesity, high blood glucose levels, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease. Several studies have examined the association of the individual components of the metabolic syndrome with breast cancer; to date, however, no study has assessed the metabolic syndrome per se in relation to breast cancer risk. Furthermore, previous studies have relied only on baseline assessment of components of the syndrome. Therefore, we assessed the association of the metabolic syndrome with the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer among women in the 6% sample of subjects in the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial and the 1% sample of women in the observational study who had repeated measurements of the components of the syndrome during follow-up. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the association of breast cancer risk with the presence of the metabolic syndrome, as well as its components, at baseline and in time-dependent analyses. After exclusion of women with diabetes, among 4,888 women with baseline measurements, 165 incident cases of breast cancer were ascertained over a median of 8 years of follow-up. The presence of the metabolic syndrome at baseline was not associated with altered risk. Of the individual components measured at baseline, diastolic blood pressure showed a borderline positive association with breast cancer. In time-dependent covariate analyses, however, certain scenarios indicated a positive association between the metabolic syndrome and breast cancer, due primarily to positive associations with serum glucose, serum triglycerides, and diastolic blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey C Kabat
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Meenakshisundaram R, Piumelli N, Pierpaoli L, Gragnoli C. CHOP 5'UTR-c.279T>C and +nt30C>T variants are not associated with overweight condition or with tumors/cancer in Italians - a case-control study. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2009; 28:90. [PMID: 19558691 PMCID: PMC2711059 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-28-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with obesity and has been shown recently to be associated with tumors/cancer. HNF1-beta and JAZF1 genes are associated with T2D and prostate cancer. We have previously shown that CHOP 5'UTR-c.279T>C and +nt30C>T haplotype variants contribute to T2D. CHOP deficiency causes obesity in mice, thus CHOP gene variants may contribute to human obesity. Furthermore, CHOP mediates apoptosis and is implicated in cancer pathogenesis. Hence, we aimed at identifying any potential association of CHOP 5'UTR-c.279T>C and +nt30C>T genotypes and corresponding haplotypes with overweight condition/pre-obesity and tumors/cancer in an Italian dataset. Methods We recruited from Italy 45 overweight subjects (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25) and 44 control subjects (BMI < 25) as well as 54 cases with at least one cancer or at least one tumor and 43 control subjects without tumors/cancer from the general population. We excluded allelic departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in cases and control subjects, separately. Results We assessed the power to detect risk odds ratios by association tests in our datasets. We tested the hypothesis of association of CHOP 5'UTR-c.279T>C and +nt30C>T genotypes and haplotypes with tumors/cancer and, separately, with overweight condition. Both associations were not significant. Conclusion From our study, we may conclude that CHOP 5'UTR-c.279T>C and +nt30C>T genotypes and corresponding haplotypes are not associated with tumors/cancer and pre-obesity. However, more studies are warranted to establish the role of CHOP variants in tumor/cancer predisposition and in overweight condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandran Meenakshisundaram
- Department of Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology and Biostatistics, Penn State Milton S, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.
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