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Gong Z, Li Q, Shi J, Ren G. An Artifact in Intracellular Cytokine Staining for Studying T Cell Responses and Its Alleviation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:759188. [PMID: 35126389 PMCID: PMC8813780 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.759188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) is a widely employed ex vivo method for quantitative determination of the activation status of immune cells, most often applied to T cells. ICS test samples are commonly prepared from animal or human tissues as unpurified cell mixtures, and cell-specific cytokine signals are subsequently discriminated by gating strategies using flow cytometry. Here, we show that when ICS samples contain Ly6G+ neutrophils, neutrophils are ex vivo activated by an ICS reagent – phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) – which leads to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) release and death of cytokine-expressing T cells. This artifact is likely to result in overinterpretation of the degree of T cell suppression, misleading immunological research related to cancer, infection, and inflammation. We accordingly devised easily implementable improvements to the ICS method and propose alternative methods for assessing or confirming cellular cytokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Gong
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
| | - Qing Li
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
| | - Jiayuan Shi
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
| | - Guangwen Ren
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
- The Jackson Laboratory Cancer Center, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
- *Correspondence: Guangwen Ren,
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2
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The antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects of Ionophores for the treatment of human infection. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 227:111661. [PMID: 34896767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ionophores are a diverse class of synthetic and naturally occurring ion transporter compounds which demonstrate both direct and in-direct antimicrobial properties against a broad panel of bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic pathogens. In addition, ionophores can regulate the host-immune response during communicable and non-communicable disease states. Although the clinical use of ionophores such as Amphotericin B, Bedaquiline and Ivermectin highlight the utility of ionophores in modern medicine, for many other ionophore compounds issues surrounding toxicity, bioavailability or lack of in vivo efficacy studies have hindered clinical development. The antimicrobial and immunomodulating properties of a range of compounds with characteristics of ionophores remain largely unexplored. As such, ionophores remain a latent therapeutic avenue to address both the global burden of antimicrobial resistance, and the unmet clinical need for new antimicrobial therapies. This review will provide an overview of the broad-spectrum antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties of ionophores, and their potential uses in clinical medicine for combatting infection.
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3
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Dahlgren C, Björnsdottir H, Sundqvist M, Christenson K, Bylund J. Measurement of Respiratory Burst Products, Released or Retained, During Activation of Professional Phagocytes. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2087:301-324. [PMID: 31729000 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0154-9_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Activation of professional phagocytes, potent microbial killers of our innate immune system, is associated with an increased cellular consumption of molecular oxygen (O2). The O2 molecules consumed are reduced by electrons delivered by a membrane localized NADPH-oxidase that initially generate one- and two electron reduced superoxide anions (O2-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), respectively. These oxidants can then be processed into other highly reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can kill microbes, but that may also cause tissue destruction and drive other immune cells into apoptosis. The development of basic techniques to measure and quantify ROS generation by phagocytes is of great importance, and a large number of methods have been used for this purpose. A selection of methods (including chemiluminescence amplified by luminol or isoluminol, absorbance change following reduction of cytochrome c, and fluorescence increase upon oxidation of PHPA) are described in detail in this chapter with special emphasis on how to distinguish between ROS that are released extracellularly, and those that are retained within intracellular organelles. These techniques can be valuable tools in research spanning from basic phagocyte biology to diagnosis of diseases linked to the NADPH-oxidase and more clinically oriented research on innate immune mechanisms and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claes Dahlgren
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Halla Björnsdottir
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martina Sundqvist
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karin Christenson
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Bylund
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Liu Q, Zhang L, Shu Z, Ding Y, Tang XM, Zhao XD. Two paternal mosaicism of mutation in ELANE causing severe congenital neutropenia exhibit normal neutrophil morphology and ROS production. Clin Immunol 2019; 203:53-58. [PMID: 31009763 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Severe congenital neutropenia caused by ELANE gene mutation is a rare disease. To date, only four families were reported with mosaicism. Here we examined the morphology and function of granulocytes isolated from two patients and their mosaic fathers. Analysis of granulocytes isolated from the fathers revealed no genetic mutations. DNA extracted from fractionated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and fingernails obtained from both fathers did harbor the mutation, suggesting mosaicism. Granulocytes isolated from the patients displayed significantly weaker ionomycin-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) responses than those isolated from the fathers. Both patients showed increased expression of neutrophil elastase, whereas the mosaic fathers showed normal expression. Taken together, the results suggest that granulocytes from these SCN patients are immunocompromised, whereas those from the mosaic fathers are normal. These findings may provide new insight into disease diagnosis, prognosis, therapy and genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Liu
- Chong Qing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Chong Qing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Zhou Shu
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Yuan Ding
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Xue-Mei Tang
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhao
- Chong Qing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China; Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.
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5
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Facilitation of hippocampal long-term potentiation and reactivation of latent HIV-1 via AMPK activation: Common mechanism of action linking learning, memory, and the potential eradication of HIV-1. Med Hypotheses 2018; 116:61-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Björnsdottir H, Welin A, Dahlgren C, Karlsson A, Bylund J. Quantification of heterotypic granule fusion in human neutrophils by imaging flow cytometry. Data Brief 2015; 6:386-93. [PMID: 26862586 PMCID: PMC4707292 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human neutrophils are filled with intracellular storage organelles, called granules and secretory vesicles, which differ in their content of soluble matrix proteins and membrane-bound molecules. To date, at least four distinct granule/vesicle subsets have been identified. These organelles may secrete their content extracellularly following mobilization to and fusion with the plasma membrane, but some of them may also fuse with internal membrane-enclosed organelles, typically a plasma membrane-derived phagosome. There are also instances where different granules appear to fuse with one another, a process that would enable mixing of their matrix and membrane components. Such granule fusion enables e.g., myeloperoxidase-processing of intragranular oxygen radicals, a key event in the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (Björnsdottir et al., 2015) [1]. Described herein are data that show the quantification of such heterotypic granule–granule fusion by the use of imaging flow cytometry, a technique that combines flow cytometry with microscopy. The analysis described is based on immunofluorescent staining of established granule markers (lactoferrin and/or NGAL for one granule subset; the specific granules, and CD63 for another granule subset, the azurophil granules) and calculation of a colocalization score for resting and PMA-stimulated neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halla Björnsdottir
- Department Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Amanda Welin
- Department Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- Corresponding author.
| | - Claes Dahlgren
- Department Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Karlsson
- Department Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Bylund
- Department Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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Bylund J, Björnsdottir H, Sundqvist M, Karlsson A, Dahlgren C. Measurement of respiratory burst products, released or retained, during activation of professional phagocytes. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1124:321-38. [PMID: 24504962 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-845-4_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Activation of professional phagocytes, potent microbial killers of our innate immune system, is associated with an increase in cellular consumption of molecular oxygen (O2). The consumed O2 is utilized by an NADPH-oxidase to generate highly reactive oxygen species (ROS) by a one electron reduction, initially generating superoxide anion (O2 (-)) that then dismutates to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The ROS are strongly bactericidal molecules but may also cause tissue destruction, and are capable of driving immune competent cells of both the innate and the adaptive immune systems into apoptosis. The development of basic techniques to measure/quantify ROS generation by phagocytes during activation of the respiratory burst is of great importance, and a large number of methods have been used for this purpose. A selection of methods, including chemiluminescence amplified by luminol or isoluminol, the absorbance change following reduction of cytochrome c, and the fluorescence increase upon oxidation of PHPA, are described in detail in this chapter with special emphasis on how to distinguish between ROS that are released extracellularly, and those that are retained within intracellular organelles. These techniques can be valuable tools in research spanning from basic phagocyte biology to more clinically oriented research on innate immune mechanisms and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Bylund
- The Phagocyte Research Group, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Kevin Ii DA, Meujo DA, Hamann MT. Polyether ionophores: broad-spectrum and promising biologically active molecules for the control of drug-resistant bacteria and parasites. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2009; 4:109-46. [PMID: 23480512 PMCID: PMC4896753 DOI: 10.1517/17460440802661443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens continue to emerge, there is a substantial amount of pressure to identify new drug candidates. Carboxyl polyethers, also referred to as polyether antibiotics, are a unique class of compounds with outstanding potency against a variety of critical infectious disease targets including protozoa, bacteria and viruses. The characteristics of these molecules that are of key interest are their selectivity and high potency against several MDR etiological agents. OBJECTIVE Although many studies have been published about carboxyl polyether antibiotics, there are no recent reviews of this class of drugs. The purpose of this review is to provide the reader with an overview of the spectrum of activity of polyether antibiotics, their mechanism of action, toxicity and potential as drug candidates to combat drug-resistant infectious diseases. CONCLUSION Polyether ionophores show a high degree of promise for the potential control of drug-resistant bacterial and parasitic infections. Despite the long history of use of this class of drugs, very limited medicinal chemistry and drug optimization studies have been reported, thus leaving the door open to these opportunities in the future. Scifinder and PubMed were the main search engines used to locate articles relevant to the topic presented in the present review. Keywords used in our search were specific names of each of the 88 compounds presented in the review as well as more general terms such as polyethers, ionophores, carboxylic polyethers and polyether antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dion A Kevin Ii
- Professor of Pharmacy, Chemistry & Biochemistry University of Mississippi, National Center for Natural Products Research, CSO of Triton Biopharma, Department of Pharmacognosy, 407 Faser Hall, University, MS 38677, USA +1 662 915 5730 ; +1 662 915 6975 ;
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Bréchard S, Tschirhart EJ. Regulation of superoxide production in neutrophils: role of calcium influx. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:1223-37. [PMID: 18519744 PMCID: PMC2567897 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0807553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon stimulation, activation of NADPH oxidase complexes in neutrophils produces a burst of superoxide anions contributing to oxidative stress and the development of inflammatory process. Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE), whereby the depletion of intracellular stores induces extracellular calcium influx, is known to be a crucial element of NADPH oxidase regulation. However, the mechanistic basis mediating SOCE is still only partially understood, as is the signal-coupling pathway leading to modulation of store-operated channels. This review emphasizes the role of calcium influx in the control of the NADPH oxidase and summarizes the current knowledge of pathways mediating this extracellular calcium entry in neutrophils. Such investigations into the cross-talk between NADPH oxidase and calcium might allow the identification of novel pharmacological targets with clinical use, particularly in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Bréchard
- Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
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Daniel DS, Dai G, Singh CR, Lindsey DR, Smith AK, Dhandayuthapani S, Hunter RL, Jagannath C. The reduced bactericidal function of complement C5-deficient murine macrophages is associated with defects in the synthesis and delivery of reactive oxygen radicals to mycobacterial phagosomes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:4688-98. [PMID: 16982908 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.7.4688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Complement C5-deficient (C5(-/-)) macrophages derived from B.10 congenic mice were found to be defective in killing intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). They were bacteriostatic after activation with IFN-gamma alone but bactericidal in the combined presence of IFN-gamma and C5-derived C5a anaphylatoxin that was deficient among these macrophages. Reduced killing correlated with a decreased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the C5(-/-) macrophages measured using fluorescent probes. Furthermore, a lack of colocalization of p47(phox) protein of the NADPH oxidase (phox) complex with GFP-expressing MTB (gfpMTB) indicated a defective assembly of the phox complex on phagosomes. Reconstitution with C5a, a known ROS activator, enhanced the assembly of phox complex on the phagosomes as well as the production of ROS that inhibited the growth of MTB. Protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms are involved in the phosphorylation and translocation of p47(phox) onto bacterial phagosomes. Western blot analysis demonstrated a defective phosphorylation of PKC (alpha, beta, delta) and PKC-zeta in the cytosol of C5(-/-) macrophages compared with C5 intact (C5(+/+)) macrophages. Furthermore, in situ fluorescent labeling of phagosomes indicated that PKC-beta and PKC-zeta were the isoforms that are not phosphorylated in C5(-/-) macrophages. Because Fc receptor-mediated phox assembly was normal in both C5(-/-) and C5(+/+) macrophages, the defect in phox assembly around MTB phagosomes was specific to C5 deficiency. Reduced bactericidal function of C5(-/-) macrophages thus appears to be due to a defective assembly and production of ROS that prevents effective killing of intracellular MTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sundarsingh Daniel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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