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Mueller F, Witteveldt J, Macias S. Antiviral Defence Mechanisms during Early Mammalian Development. Viruses 2024; 16:173. [PMID: 38399949 PMCID: PMC10891733 DOI: 10.3390/v16020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The type-I interferon (IFN) response constitutes the major innate immune pathway against viruses in mammals. Despite its critical importance for antiviral defence, this pathway is inactive during early embryonic development. There seems to be an incompatibility between the IFN response and pluripotency, the ability of embryonic cells to develop into any cell type of an adult organism. Instead, pluripotent cells employ alternative ways to defend against viruses that are typically associated with safeguard mechanisms against transposable elements. The absence of an inducible IFN response in pluripotent cells and the constitutive activation of the alternative antiviral pathways have led to the hypothesis that embryonic cells are highly resistant to viruses. However, some findings challenge this interpretation. We have performed a meta-analysis that suggests that the susceptibility of pluripotent cells to viruses is directly correlated with the presence of receptors or co-receptors for viral adhesion and entry. These results challenge the current view of pluripotent cells as intrinsically resistant to infections and raise the fundamental question of why these cells have sacrificed the major antiviral defence pathway if this renders them susceptible to viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Mueller
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK; (F.M.); (J.W.)
- Centre for Virus Research, MRC-University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Jeroen Witteveldt
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK; (F.M.); (J.W.)
| | - Sara Macias
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK; (F.M.); (J.W.)
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2
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Tian G, Cao C, Li S, Wang W, Zhang Y, Lv Y. rAAV2-Mediated Restoration of GALC in Neural Stem Cells from Krabbe Patient-Derived iPSCs. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16040624. [PMID: 37111381 PMCID: PMC10143348 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Krabbe disease is a rare neurodegenerative fatal disease. It is caused by deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme galactocerebrosidase (GALC), which results in progressive accumulation of galactolipid substrates in myelin-forming cells. However, there is still a lack of appropriate neural models and effective approaches for Krabbe disease. We generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from a Krabbe patient previously. Here, Krabbe patient-derived neural stem cells (K-NSCs) were induced from these iPSCs. By using nine kinds of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors to infect K-NSCs, we found that the rAAV2 vector has high transduction efficiency for K-NSCs. Most importantly, rAAV2-GALC rescued GALC enzymatic activity in K-NSCs. Our findings not only establish a novel patient NSC model for Krabbe disease, but also firstly indicate the potential of rAAV2-mediated gene therapy for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoshuai Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Chunyu Cao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, China
| | - Shuyue Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Yafeng Lv
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, China
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3
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A selective cytotoxic adenovirus vector for concentration of pluripotent stem cells in human pluripotent stem cell-derived neural progenitor cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11407. [PMID: 34075124 PMCID: PMC8169681 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90928-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly sensitive detection of residual undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells is essential for the quality and safety of cell-processed therapeutic products derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). We previously reported the generation of an adenovirus (Ad) vector and adeno-associated virus vectors that possess a suicide gene, inducible Caspase 9 (iCasp9), which makes it possible to sensitively detect undifferentiated hiPSCs in cultures of hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. In this study, we investigated whether these vectors also allow for detection of undifferentiated hiPSCs in preparations of hiPSC-derived neural progenitor cells (hiPSC-NPCs), which have been expected to treat neurological disorders. To detect undifferentiated hiPSCs, the expression of pluripotent stem cell markers was determined by immunostaining and flow cytometry. Using immortalized NPCs as a model, the Ad vector was identified to be the most efficient among the vectors tested in detecting undifferentiated hiPSCs. Moreover, we found that the Ad vector killed most hiPSC-NPCs in an iCasp9-dependent manner, enabling flow cytometry to detect undifferentiated hiPSCs intermingled at a lower concentration (0.002%) than reported previously (0.1%). These data indicate that the Ad vector selectively eliminates hiPSC-NPCs, thus allowing for sensitive detection of hiPSCs. This cytotoxic viral vector could contribute to ensuring the quality and safety of hiPSCs-NPCs for therapeutic use.
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4
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Cappella M, Elouej S, Biferi MG. The Potential of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Test Gene Therapy Approaches for Neuromuscular and Motor Neuron Disorders. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:662837. [PMID: 33937264 PMCID: PMC8080375 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.662837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represents a major advance for the development of human disease models. The emerging of this technique fostered the concept of "disease in a dish," which consists into the generation of patient-specific models in vitro. Currently, iPSCs are used to study pathological molecular mechanisms caused by genetic mutations and they are considered a reliable model for high-throughput drug screenings. Importantly, precision-medicine approaches to treat monogenic disorders exploit iPSCs potential for the selection and validation of lead candidates. For example, antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) were tested with promising results in myoblasts or motor neurons differentiated from iPSCs of patients affected by either Duchenne muscular dystrophy or Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. However, the use of iPSCs needs additional optimization to ensure translational success of the innovative strategies based on gene delivery through adeno associated viral vectors (AAV) for these diseases. Indeed, to establish an efficient transduction of iPSCs with AAV, several aspects should be optimized, including viral vector serotype, viral concentration and timing of transduction. This review will outline the use of iPSCs as a model for the development and testing of gene therapies for neuromuscular and motor neuron disorders. It will then discuss the advantages for the use of this versatile tool for gene therapy, along with the challenges associated with the viral vector transduction of iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Cappella
- Sorbonne University, INSERM, Institute of Myology, Center of Research in Myology, Paris, France
| | - Sahar Elouej
- Sorbonne University, INSERM, Institute of Myology, Center of Research in Myology, Paris, France
| | - Maria Grazia Biferi
- Sorbonne University, INSERM, Institute of Myology, Center of Research in Myology, Paris, France
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5
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Brommel CM, Cooney AL, Sinn PL. Adeno-Associated Virus-Based Gene Therapy for Lifelong Correction of Genetic Disease. Hum Gene Ther 2020; 31:985-995. [PMID: 32718227 PMCID: PMC7495917 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The list of successful gene therapy trials using adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based vectors continues to grow and includes a wide range of monogenic diseases. Replication incompetent AAV genomes typically remain episomal and expression dilutes as cells divide and die. Consequently, long-term transgene expression from AAV is best suited for quiescent cell types, such as retinal cells, myocytes, or neurons. For genetic diseases that involve cells with steady turnover, AAV-conferred correction may require routine readministration, where every dose carries the risk of developing an adaptive immune response that renders treatment ineffective. Here, we discuss innovative approaches to permanently modify the host genome using AAV-based platforms, thus potentially requiring only a single dose. Such approaches include using AAV delivery of DNA transposons, homologous recombination templates into safe harbors, and nucleases for targeting integration. In tissues with continual cell turnover, genetic modification of progenitor cell populations will help ensure persistent therapeutic outcomes. Combining the safety profile of AAV-based gene therapy vectors with the ability to integrate a therapeutic transgene creates novel solutions to the challenge of lifelong curative treatments for human genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashley L. Cooney
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Patrick L. Sinn
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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6
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Chen T, Cao F, Wu X, Peng W, Zhi W, Weng J, Zhang X, Wang J. Constructing Gene-Enhanced Tissue Engineering for Regeneration and Repair of Osteochondral Defects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 3:e1900004. [PMID: 32648702 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In situ sustained release of endogenous growth factors from cells is a challenge for repair and regeneration of tissue. Although recombinant adenovirus vectors are an effective delivery system that can prolong the release of growth factors and is very suitable for the therapy of growth factors, these recombinant adenovirus vectors that are widely used at present have low safety and stability in terms of long-term expression. In this study, the above problems are solved by knocking out both E1 and E3 genes at the same time and directly inserting the gene fragments encoding target proteins after the inverted terminal repeats. Finally, the combination of gene therapy with tissue engineering in regeneration and repair of full-thickness defects of osteochondral tissue are applied as an example. The results show that this strategy can achieve complete repair of articular osteochondral defects and recovery of their function, and meanwhile solve the problems of low safety and expression instability of recombinant adenovirus vectors. This method provides a bright prospect for the application of gene enhanced tissue engineering in the regeneration and repair of joint tissue, and also provides a reference for the repair and regeneration of other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, P. R. China
| | - Fei Cao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chengdu First People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, P. R. China
| | - Wenzhen Peng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhi
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, P. R. China
| | - Jie Weng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, P. R. China
| | - Xingdong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, P. R. China
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Influenza a virus-triggered autophagy decreases the pluripotency of human-induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:337. [PMID: 31000695 PMCID: PMC6472374 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1567-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Maternal influenza infection during pregnancy was reported multiple times as the possible cause of many defects and congenital anomalies. Apart from several cases of influenza-related miscarriage during various trimesters of pregnancy, some epidemiological data suggest a link between maternal influenza infection and genetic abnormalities in offspring. However, there are no reports yet describing how maternal influenza alters cellular pathways at early stages of development to result in congenital defects in the fetus. In the present study, using proteomic approaches, we utilized human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) for modeling intrablastocyst infection with influenza virus to not only investigate the vulnerability and responses of pluripotent stem cells to this virus but also to determine the possible impacts of influenza on pluripotency and signaling pathways controlling differentiation and embryogenesis. Our data indicated viral protein production in influenza A virus (IAV)-infected hiPSCs. However, viral replication was restricted in these cells, but cell viability and pluripotency were negatively affected. These events occurred simultaneously with an excessive level of IAV-induced autophagy as well as cytopathic effects. Quantitative SOMAscan screening also indicated that changes in the proteome of hiPSCs corresponded to abnormal differentiation in these cells. Taken together, our results showed that IAV-modulated reduction in hiPSC pluripotency is associated with significant activation of autophagy. Further investigations are required to explore the role of IAV-induced autophagy in leading pluripotent stem cells toward abnormal differentiation and impaired development in early stages of embryogenesis.
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Stanford S, Pink R, Creagh D, Clark A, Lowe G, Curry N, Pasi J, Perry D, Fong S, Hayes G, Chandrakumaran K, Rangarajan S. Adenovirus-associated antibodies in UK cohort of hemophilia patients: A seroprevalence study of the presence of adenovirus-associated virus vector-serotypes AAV5 and AAV8 neutralizing activity and antibodies in patients with hemophilia A. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2019; 3:261-267. [PMID: 31011710 PMCID: PMC6462753 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current treatment for severe hemophilia A is replacement of deficient factor. Although replacement therapy has improved life expectancy and quality, limitations include frequent infusions and high costs. Gene therapy is a potential alternative that utilizes an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector containing the human genetic code for factor 8 (FVIII) that transduces the liver, enabling endogenous production of FVIII. Individuals with preexisting immunity to AAV serotypes may be less likely to benefit from this treatment. OBJECTIVES This study measured seroprevalence of antibodies to AAV5 and 8 in an UK adult hemophilia A cohort. PATIENTS/METHODS Patients were recruited from seven hemophilia centres in the UK. Citrated plasma samples from 100 patients were tested for preexisting activities against AAV5 and 8 using AAV transduction inhibition and total antibodies assays. RESULTS Twent-one percent of patients had antibodies against AAV5 and 23% had antibodies against AAV8. Twenty-five percent and 38% of patients exhibited inhibitors of AAV5 or AAV8 cellular transduction respectively. Overall seroprevalence using either assay against AAV5 was 30% and against AAV8 was 40% in this cohort of hemophilia A patients. Seropositivity for both AAV5 and AAV8 was seen in 24% of participants. CONCLUSIONS Screening for preexisting immunity may be important in identifying patients most likely to benefit from gene therapy. Clinical studies may be needed to evaluate the impact of preexisting immunity on the safety and efficacy of AAV mediated gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Stanford
- Department of Hemophilia, Haemostasis and ThrombosisHampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustBasingstokeHampshireUK
| | - Ruth Pink
- Department of Hemophilia, Haemostasis and ThrombosisHampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustBasingstokeHampshireUK
| | - Desmond Creagh
- Haematology DepartmentRoyal Cornwall HospitalTruroCornwallUK
| | - Amanda Clark
- Bristol Hemophilia Comprehensive Care CentreUniversity Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation TrustBristolUK
| | - Gillian Lowe
- Comprehensive Care Hemophilia CentreUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation TrustBirminghamUK
| | - Nicola Curry
- Oxford Haemophilia and Thrombosis CentreOxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Oxford Comprehensive BRC, Blood ThemeOxfordUK
| | - John Pasi
- Royal London Haemophilia CentreBarts Health NHS TrustLondonUK
| | - David Perry
- Cambridge Haemophilia and Thrombophilia CentreCambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustCambridgeUK
| | | | | | - Kandiah Chandrakumaran
- Peritoneal Malignancy Institute and SurgeryHampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustBasingstokeHampshireUK
| | - Savita Rangarajan
- Department of Hemophilia, Haemostasis and ThrombosisHampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustBasingstokeHampshireUK
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9
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Safety and efficacy evaluations of an adeno-associated virus variant for preparing IL10-secreting human neural stem cell-based therapeutics. Gene Ther 2019; 26:135-150. [PMID: 30692604 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-019-0057-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy technologies are inevitably required to boost the therapeutic performance of cell therapies; thus, validating the efficacy of gene carriers specifically used for preparing cellular therapeutics is a prerequisite for evaluating the therapeutic capabilities of gene and cell combinatorial therapies. Herein, the efficacy of a recombinant adeno-associated virus derivative (rAAVr3.45) was examined to evaluate its potential as a gene carrier for genetically manipulating interleukin-10 (IL10)-secreting human neural stem cells (hNSCs) that can potentially treat ischemic injuries or neurological disorders. Safety issues that could arise during the virus preparation or viral infection were investigated; no replication-competent AAVs were detected in the final cell suspensions, transgene expression was mostly transient, and no severe interference on endogenous gene expression by viral infection occurred. IL10 secretion from hNSCs infected by rAAVr3.45 encoding IL10 did not alter the transcriptional profile of any gene by more than threefold, but the exogenously boosted IL10 was sufficient to provoke immunomodulatory effects in an ischemic brain injury animal model, thereby accelerating the recovery of neurological deficits and the reduction of brain infarction volume. This study presents evidence that rAAVr3.45 can be potentially used as a gene carrier to prepare stem cell therapeutics.
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10
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Zhou J, Sharkey J, Shukla R, Plagge A, Murray P. Assessing the Effectiveness of a Far-Red Fluorescent Reporter for Tracking Stem Cells In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:E19. [PMID: 29271879 PMCID: PMC5795970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Far-red fluorescent reporter genes can be used for tracking cells non-invasively in vivo using fluorescence imaging. Here, we investigate the effectiveness of the far-red fluorescent protein, E2-Crimson (E2C), for tracking mouse embryonic cells (mESCs) in vivo following subcutaneous administration into mice. Using a knock-in strategy, we introduced E2C into the Rosa26 locus of an E14-Bra-GFP mESC line, and after confirming that the E2C had no obvious effect on the phenotype of the mESCs, we injected them into mice and imaged them over nine days. The results showed that fluorescence intensity was weak, and cells could only be detected when injected at high densities. Furthermore, intensity peaked on day 4 and then started to decrease, despite the fact that tumour volume continued to increase beyond day 4. Histopathological analysis showed that although E2C fluorescence could barely be detected in vivo at day 9, analysis of frozen sections indicated that all mESCs within the tumours continued to express E2C. We hypothesise that the decrease in fluorescence intensity in vivo was probably due to the fact that the mESC tumours became more vascular with time, thus leading to increased absorbance of E2C fluorescence by haemoglobin. We conclude that the E2C reporter has limited use for tracking cells in vivo, at least when introduced as a single copy into the Rosa26 locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK.
| | - Jack Sharkey
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK.
- Centre for Preclinical Imaging, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK.
| | - Rajeev Shukla
- Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool L12 2AP, UK.
| | - Antonius Plagge
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK.
| | - Patricia Murray
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK.
- Centre for Preclinical Imaging, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK.
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Abstract
The elucidation of cancer pathogenesis has been hindered by limited access to patient samples, tumor heterogeneity and the lack of reliable model organisms. Characterized by their ability to self-renew indefinitely and differentiate into all cell lineages of an organism, pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), provide a powerful and unlimited source to generate differentiated cells that can be used to study disease biology, facilitate drug discovery and development, and provide key insights for developing personalized therapies. This article reviews the recent developments and technologies converting PSCs into clinically relevant model systems for cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Gingold
- Women's Health Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ruoji Zhou
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ihor R Lemischka
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pharmacology and System Therapeutics, The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Dung-Fang Lee
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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12
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Luo C, Lü D, Pan J, Long M. Improving the Gene Transfection in Human Embryonic Stem Cells: Balancing with Cytotoxicity and Pluripotent Maintenance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:8367-8375. [PMID: 26971622 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Manipulation of genes in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is imperative for their highly potential applications; however, the transduction efficiency remains very low. Although existing evidence revealed the type, size, and zeta potential of vector affect gene transfection efficiency in cells, the systematic study in hESCs is scarce. In this study, using poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers ended with amine, hydroxyl, or carboxyl as model, we tested the influences of size and surface group as well as cytotoxicity and endocytosis on hESC gene transfection. We found that in culture medium of mTeSR the particle sizes of G5, G7, G4.5COOH, and G5OH were around 5 nm and G1 had a smaller size of 3.14 nm. G5 and G7 had a slight and significant positive zeta potential, respectively, whereas G1 was slightly negative, and G4.5COOH and G5OH were significantly negative. We demonstrated that only amine-terminated dendrimers accomplished gene transfection in hESCs, which is greater than that from Lipofectamine 2000 transfection. Ten micromolar G5 had the greatest efficiency and was better than 1000 μM G1. Only a low concentration (0.5 and 1 μM) of G7 realized gene delivery. Amine-ended dendrimers, especially with higher generations, were detrimental to the growth and pluripotent maintenance of hESCs. In contrast, similarly sized hydroxyl- and carboxyl-terminated dendrimers exerted much lower cytotoxicity, in which carboxyl-terminated dendrimer maintained pluripotency of hESCs. We also confirmed the endocytosis into and significant exocytosis from hESCs using FITC-labeled G5 dendrimer. These results suggested that careful considerations of size, concentration, and zeta potential, particularly the identity and position of groups, as well as minimized exocytosis in the design of a vector for hESC gene delivery are necessary, which helps to better design an effective vector in hESC gene transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Luo
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University , Chongqing 400044, China
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dongyuan Lü
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jun Pan
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University , Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Mian Long
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
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Bikorimana E, Lapid D, Choi H, Dahl R. Retroviral infection of murine embryonic stem cell derived embryoid body cells for analysis of hematopoietic differentiation. J Vis Exp 2014:e52022. [PMID: 25350134 DOI: 10.3791/52022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are an outstanding model for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of cellular differentiation. They are especially useful for investigating the development of early hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs). Gene expression in ESCs can be manipulated by several techniques that allow the role for individual molecules in development to be determined. One difficulty is that expression of specific genes often has different phenotypic effects dependent on their temporal expression. This problem can be circumvented by the generation of ESCs that inducibly express a gene of interest using technology such as the doxycycline-inducible transgene system. However, generation of these inducible cell lines is costly and time consuming. Described here is a method for disaggregating ESC-derived embryoid bodies (EBs) into single cell suspensions, retrovirally infecting the cell suspensions, and then reforming the EBs by hanging drop. Downstream differentiation is then evaluated by flow cytometry. Using this protocol, it was demonstrated that exogenous expression of a microRNA gene at the beginning of ESC differentiation blocks HPC generation. However, when expressed in EB derived cells after nascent mesoderm is produced, the microRNA gene enhances hematopoietic differentiation. This method is useful for investigating the role of genes after specific germ layer tissue is derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Bikorimana
- Harper Cancer Research Institute; Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | - Danica Lapid
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame
| | - Hyewon Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame
| | - Richard Dahl
- Harper Cancer Research Institute; Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame;
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14
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Wang R, Wang J, Acharya D, Paul AM, Bai F, Huang F, Guo YL. Antiviral responses in mouse embryonic stem cells: differential development of cellular mechanisms in type I interferon production and response. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:25186-98. [PMID: 24966329 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.537746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently reported that mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) are deficient in expressing type I interferons (IFNs) in response to viral infection and synthetic viral RNA analogs (Wang, R., Wang, J., Paul, A. M., Acharya, D., Bai, F., Huang, F., and Guo, Y. L. (2013) J. Biol. Chem. 288, 15926-15936). Here, we report that mESCs are able to respond to type I IFNs, express IFN-stimulated genes, and mediate the antiviral effect of type I IFNs against La Crosse virus and chikungunya virus. The major signaling components in the IFN pathway are expressed in mESCs. Therefore, the basic molecular mechanisms that mediate the effects of type I IFNs are functional in mESCs; however, these mechanisms may not yet be fully developed as mESCs express lower levels of IFN-stimulated genes and display weaker antiviral activity in response to type I IFNs when compared with fibroblasts. Further analysis demonstrated that type I IFNs do not affect the stem cell state of mESCs. We conclude that mESCs are deficient in type I IFN expression, but they can respond to and mediate the cellular effects of type I IFNs. These findings represent unique and uncharacterized properties of mESCs and are important for understanding innate immunity development and ESC physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jundi Wang
- From the Departments of Biological Sciences and
| | | | | | - Fengwei Bai
- From the Departments of Biological Sciences and
| | - Faqing Huang
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
| | - Yan-Lin Guo
- From the Departments of Biological Sciences and
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15
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Um SH. Delivering factors for reprogramming a somatic cell to pluripotency. Int J Stem Cells 2014; 5:6-11. [PMID: 24298349 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc.2012.5.1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
An adult cell originates from stem cell. The stem cell is usually categorized into three species including an embryonic stem cell (ESc), an adult stem cell, and an induced stem cell (iPSc). iPSc features pluripotency, which is meant to be differentiated into any types of cells. Accordingly, it is much attractive to anyone who pursuit a regenerative medicine, owing to the potential almighty. They are simply produced by reprogramming a somatic cell via a transfer of transcription factors. The efficiency and productivity of iPS are considerably subject to delivering methods of exogenous genes into a variety of targeted mammalians. Conventional and well-run gene delivery techniques have been reviewed here. This details the methods and principles of delivery factors and provides an overview of the research, with an emphasis on their potential for use as clinical therapeutic platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soong Ho Um
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
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16
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Rieck S, Zimmermann K, Wenzel D. Transduction of murine embryonic stem cells by magnetic nanoparticle-assisted lentiviral gene transfer. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1058:89-96. [PMID: 23592033 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2013_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Genetic modification of embryonic stem (ES) cells is a valuable technique when combined with cell replacement strategies. Obtaining stable transgene expression and low-cytotoxicity lentiviral transduction of ES cells is advantageous. It has been shown that the efficiency of transfection and transduction approaches can be increased by magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). Here, we present a protocol for MNP-assisted lentiviral transduction of adherent mouse ES cells. The application of MNPs increased transduction efficiency and provided the opportunity of cell positioning by a magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Rieck
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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17
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Abstract
One of the great advantages of embryonic stem (ES) cells over other cell types is their accessibility to genetic manipulation. They can easily undergo genetic modifications while remaining pluripotent, and can be selectively propagated, allowing the clonal expansion of genetically altered cells in culture. Since the first isolation of ES cells in mice, many effective techniques have been developed for gene delivery and manipulation of ES cells. These include transfection, electroporation, and infection protocols, as well as different approaches for inserting, deleting, or changing the expression of genes. These methods proved to be extremely useful in mouse ES cells, for monitoring and directing differentiation, discovering unknown genes, and studying their function, and are now being extensively implemented in human ES cells (HESCs). This chapter describes the different approaches and methodologies that have been applied for the genetic manipulation of HESCs and their applications. Detailed protocols for generating clones of genetically modified HESCs by transfection, electroporation, and infection will be described, with special emphasis on the important technical details that are required for this purpose. All protocols are equally effective in human-induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Eiges
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, 3235, Jerusalem, 91031, Israel,
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18
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Brafman DA, Moya N, Allen-Soltero S, Fellner T, Robinson M, McMillen ZL, Gaasterland T, Willert K. Analysis of SOX2-expressing cell populations derived from human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2013; 1:464-78. [PMID: 24286033 PMCID: PMC3841266 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
SOX2 is involved in several cell and developmental processes, including maintenance of embryonic stem cells, differentiation of neural progenitor cells, and patterning of gut endoderm. To study its role in a human system, we generated a human embryonic stem cell (hESC) line harboring a reporter gene encoding GFP in the SOX2 locus. This SOX2 reporter line faithfully recapitulates expression of the SOX2 gene in undifferentiated human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), neural progenitor cells (NPCs), and anterior foregut endoderm (AFE). In undifferentiated hESCs, GFP expression corresponds to those cells with highest levels of expression of genes associated with the pluripotent state. In NPCs, expression of GFP can be employed to isolate cells expressing markers associated with NPC multipotency. In AFE, we used transcriptome-wide expression analysis to identify cell surface markers with elevated expression in this population, thereby facilitating isolation and purification of this hPSC-derived cell population. A SOX2-GFP hESC line is used to isolate and characterize multiple cell types A cell surface marker signature allows for the purification of endodermal progeny Targeted gene insertion with adeno-associated virus (AAV) is highly efficient
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Brafman
- Stem Cell Program, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0695, USA
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19
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Stable transfection using episomal vectors to create modified human embryonic stem cells. Methods Mol Biol 2013. [PMID: 23546763 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-348-0_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Gene delivery into stem cells can be achieved using viral and nonviral methods. Nonviral methods are more appealing and the use of episomal vectors that do not integrate into the genome enables expression of transgene that are not subject to genomic loci effects that could affect expression levels. Here we describe in detail transfection and stable pooled clone creation of human embryonic stem cells with episomal vectors.
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20
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Ellis BL, Hirsch ML, Barker JC, Connelly JP, Steininger RJ, Porteus MH. A survey of ex vivo/in vitro transduction efficiency of mammalian primary cells and cell lines with Nine natural adeno-associated virus (AAV1-9) and one engineered adeno-associated virus serotype. Virol J 2013; 10:74. [PMID: 23497173 PMCID: PMC3607841 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to deliver a gene of interest into a specific cell type is an essential aspect of biomedical research. Viruses can be a useful tool for this delivery, particularly in difficult to transfect cell types. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a useful gene transfer vector because of its ability to mediate efficient gene transduction in numerous dividing and quiescent cell types, without inducing any known pathogenicity. There are now a number of natural for that designed AAV serotypes that each has a differential ability to infect a variety of cell types. Although transduction studies have been completed, the bulk of the studies have been done in vivo, and there has never been a comprehensive study of transduction ex vivo/in vitro. METHODS Each cell type was infected with each serotype at a multiplicity of infection of 100,000 viral genomes/cell and transduction was analyzed by flow cytometry + . RESULTS We found that AAV1 and AAV6 have the greatest ability to transduce a wide range of cell types, however, for particular cell types, there are specific serotypes that provide optimal transduction. CONCLUSIONS In this work, we describe the transduction efficiency of ten different AAV serotypes in thirty-four different mammalian cell lines and primary cell types. Although these results may not be universal due to numerous factors such as, culture conditions and/ or cell growth rates and cell heterogeneity, these results provide an important and unique resource for investigators who use AAV as an ex vivo gene delivery vector or who work with cells that are difficult to transfect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Ellis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Matthew L Hirsch
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jenny C Barker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jon P Connelly
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Robert J Steininger
- Department of Pharmacology, Green Center for Systems Biology, Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Matthew H Porteus
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-9148, USA
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21
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Lee NS, Rohan JG, Zitting M, Kamath S, Weitz A, Sipos A, Salvaterra PM, Hasegawa K, Pera M, Chow RH. A novel dual-color reporter for identifying insulin-producing beta-cells and classifying heterogeneity of insulinoma cell lines. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35521. [PMID: 22530041 PMCID: PMC3329476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many research studies use immortalized cell lines as surrogates for primary beta- cells. We describe the production and use of a novel "indirect" dual-fluorescent reporter system that leads to mutually exclusive expression of EGFP in insulin-producing (INS(+)) beta-cells or mCherry in non-beta-cells. Our system uses the human insulin promoter to initiate a Cre-mediated shift in reporter color within a single transgene construct and is useful for FACS selection of cells from single cultures for further analysis. Application of our reporter to presumably clonal HIT-T15 insulinoma cells, as well as other presumably clonal lines, indicates that these cultures are in fact heterogeneous with respect to INS(+) phenotype. Our strategy could be easily applied to other cell- or tissue-specific promoters. We anticipate its utility for FACS purification of INS(+) and glucose-responsive beta-like-cells from primary human islet cell isolates or in vitro differentiated pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Sook Lee
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics and Zilkha Neurogenetics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.
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22
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Transduction of E13 murine neural precursor cells by non-immunogenic recombinant adeno-associated viruses induces major changes in neuronal phenotype. Neuroscience 2012; 210:82-98. [PMID: 22406416 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neural precursor cells (NPCs) provide a cellular model to compare transduction efficiency and toxicity for a series of recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs). Results led to the choice of rAAV9 as a preferred candidate to transduce NPCs for in vivo transplantation. Importantly, transduction promoted a neuronal phenotype characterized by neurofilament M (NFM) with a concomitant decrease in the embryonic marker, nestin, without significant change in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). In marked contrast to recent studies for induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), exposure to rAAVs is non-immunogenic and these do not result in genetic abnormalities, thus bolstering the earlier use of NPCs such as those isolated from E13 murine cells for clinical applications. Mechanisms of cellular interactions were explored by treatment with genistein, a pan-specific inhibitor of protein receptor tyrosine kinases (PRTKs) that blocked the transduction and differentiation, thus implying a central role for this pathway for inducing infectivity along with observed phenotypic changes and as a method for drug design. Implantation of transduced NPCs into adult mouse hippocampus survived up to 28 days producing a time line for targeting or migration to dentate gyrus and CA3-1 compatible with future clinical applications. Furthermore, a majority showed commitment to highly differentiated neuronal phenotypes. Lack of toxicity and immune response of rAAVs plus ability for expansion of NPCs in vitro auger well for their isolation and suggest potential therapeutic applications in repair or replacement of diseased neurons in neurodegeneration.
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23
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Asuri P, Bartel MA, Vazin T, Jang JH, Wong TB, Schaffer DV. Directed evolution of adeno-associated virus for enhanced gene delivery and gene targeting in human pluripotent stem cells. Mol Ther 2012; 20:329-38. [PMID: 22108859 PMCID: PMC3277219 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient approaches for the precise genetic engineering of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can enhance both basic and applied stem cell research. Adeno- associated virus (AAV) vectors are of particular interest for their capacity to mediate efficient gene delivery to and gene targeting in various cells. However, natural AAV serotypes offer only modest transduction of human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (hESCs and hiPSCs), which limits their utility for efficiently manipulating the hPSC genome. Directed evolution is a powerful means to generate viral vectors with novel capabilities, and we have applied this approach to create a novel AAV variant with high gene delivery efficiencies (~50%) to hPSCs, which are importantly accompanied by a considerable increase in gene-targeting frequencies, up to 0.12%. While this level is likely sufficient for numerous applications, we also show that the gene-targeting efficiency mediated by an evolved AAV variant can be further enhanced (>1%) in the presence of targeted double- stranded breaks (DSBs) generated by the co-delivery of artificial zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs). Thus, this study demonstrates that under appropriate selective pressures, AAV vectors can be created to mediate efficient gene targeting in hPSCs, alone or in the presence of ZFN- mediated double-stranded DNA breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth Asuri
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1462, USA
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24
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Hirsch ML, Fagan BM, Dumitru R, Bower JJ, Yadav S, Porteus MH, Pevny LH, Samulski RJ. Viral single-strand DNA induces p53-dependent apoptosis in human embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27520. [PMID: 22114676 PMCID: PMC3219675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are primed for rapid apoptosis following mild forms of genotoxic stress. A natural form of such cellular stress occurs in response to recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) single-strand DNA genomes, which exploit the host DNA damage response for replication and genome persistence. Herein, we discovered a unique DNA damage response induced by rAAV transduction specific to pluripotent hESCs. Within hours following rAAV transduction, host DNA damage signaling was elicited as measured by increased gamma-H2AX, ser15-p53 phosphorylation, and subsequent p53-dependent transcriptional activation. Nucleotide incorporation assays demonstrated that rAAV transduced cells accumulated in early S-phase followed by the induction of apoptosis. This lethal signaling sequalae required p53 in a manner independent of transcriptional induction of Puma, Bax and Bcl-2 and was not evident in cells differentiated towards a neural lineage. Consistent with a lethal DNA damage response induced upon rAAV transduction of hESCs, empty AAV protein capsids demonstrated no toxicity. In contrast, DNA microinjections demonstrated that the minimal AAV origin of replication and, in particular, a 40 nucleotide G-rich tetrad repeat sequence, was sufficient for hESC apoptosis. Our data support a model in which rAAV transduction of hESCs induces a p53-dependent lethal response that is elicited by a telomeric sequence within the AAV origin of replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Hirsch
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MLH); (RJS)
| | - B. Matthew Fagan
- Human Embryonic Stem Cell Core Facility, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Raluca Dumitru
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jacquelyn J. Bower
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Swati Yadav
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matthew H. Porteus
- Department of Pediatrics-Cancer Biology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Larysa H. Pevny
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - R. Jude Samulski
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MLH); (RJS)
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25
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Magnetically enhanced adeno-associated viral vector delivery for human neural stem cell infection. Biomaterials 2011; 32:8654-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Lee S, Kim JS, Chu HS, Kim GW, Won JI, Jang JH. Electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds for controlled release of adeno-associated viral vectors. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:3868-76. [PMID: 21745607 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The integration of viral gene delivery with key features of biomaterial scaffolds that modulate viral delivery in a controlled manner offers a promising strategy for numerous tissue engineering applications. In this study adeno-associated virus (AAV), which is widely utilized in human gene therapy as a gene carrier due to its safety and efficient gene delivery capability, was encapsulated within electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds composed of blended mixtures of elastin-like polypeptides (ELP) and poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and was employed to transduce fibroblasts adherent on the scaffolds. Combinatorial interactions between ELP and PCL chains upon physical blending significantly altered the mechanical properties (i.e. wettability, elastic modulus, strain, etc.) of the ELP/PCL composites, thus providing key tools to mediate controlled release of AAV vectors and robust cellular transduction on the fibrous scaffolds. The ability of ELP/PCL composites to manipulate the controlled release of AAV-mediated gene delivery for subsequent high-efficiency cellular transduction will provide tremendous opportunities for a variety of tissue engineering applications.
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27
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Hwang JH, Lee S, Kim E, Kim JS, Lee CH, Ahn IS, Jang JH. Heparin-coated superparamagnetic nanoparticle-mediated adeno-associated virus delivery for enhancing cellular transduction. Int J Pharm 2011; 421:397-404. [PMID: 22016032 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have been exploited as an elegant vehicle to enhance gene delivery efficiencies in gene therapy applications. We developed a magnetically guided adeno-associated virus (AAV) delivery system for enhancing gene delivery to HEK293T and PC12 cell lines. Wild-type AAV2 and a novel AAV vector, AAVr3.45, which was directly evolved in a previous study to possess diverse cell tropisms, were used as gene carriers. Additionally, the affinity of each viral vector to heparin was employed as a moiety to immobilize virus onto heparin-coated SPIONs (HpNPs). Magnetically guided AAV delivery resulted fast and efficient cellular transduction. Importantly, a short exposure of virus to target cells under a magnetic field (<180min) yielded comparable transduction produced by the conventional gene-delivery protocol (i.e., 24h-incubation of virus with target cells prior to replacing with fresh medium). Additionally, magnetic guidance of AAV encoding nerve growth factor (NGF) produced sufficient functional NGF, leading to robust neurite elongation by PC12 as compared to direct NGF protein delivery or non-magnetic delivery. The successful establishment of a magnetically guided AAV delivery system, with the ability to efficiently and rapidly infect target cells, will provide a powerful platform for a variety of gene therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ho Hwang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
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28
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Ramachandra CJA, Shahbazi M, Kwang TWX, Choudhury Y, Bak XY, Yang J, Wang S. Efficient recombinase-mediated cassette exchange at the AAVS1 locus in human embryonic stem cells using baculoviral vectors. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:e107. [PMID: 21685448 PMCID: PMC3167641 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insertion of a transgene into a defined genomic locus in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is crucial in preventing random integration-induced insertional mutagenesis, and can possibly enable persistent transgene expression during hESC expansion and in their differentiated progenies. Here, we employed homologous recombination in hESCs to introduce heterospecific loxP sites into the AAVS1 locus, a site with an open chromatin structure that allows averting transgene silencing phenomena. We then performed Cre recombinase mediated cassette exchange using baculoviral vectors to insert a transgene into the modified AAVS1 locus. Targeting efficiency in the master hESC line with the loxP-docking sites was up to 100%. Expression of the inserted transgene lasted for at least 20 passages during hESC expansion and was retained in differentiated cells derived from the genetically modified hESCs. Thus, this study demonstrates the feasibility of genetic manipulation at the AAVS1 locus with homologous recombination and using viral transduction in hESCs to facilitate recombinase-mediated cassette exchange. The method developed will be useful for repeated gene targeting at a defined locus of the hESC genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrishan J A Ramachandra
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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29
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Elastin-like polypeptide matrices for enhancing adeno-associated virus-mediated gene delivery to human neural stem cells. Gene Ther 2011; 19:329-37. [PMID: 21654823 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2011.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The successful development of efficient and safe gene delivery vectors continues to be a major obstacle to gene delivery in stem cells. In this study, we have developed an elastin-like polypeptide (ELP)-mediated adeno-associated virus (AAV) delivery system for transducing fibroblasts and human neural stem cells (hNSCs). AAVs have significant promise as therapeutic vectors because of their safety and potential for use in gene targeting in stem cell research. ELP has been recently employed as a biologically inspired 'smart' biomaterial that exhibits an inverse temperature phase transition, thereby demonstrating promise as a novel drug carrier. The ELP that was investigated in this study was composed of a repetitive penta-peptide with [Val-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly]. A novel AAV variant, AAV r3.45, which was previously engineered by directed evolution to enhance transduction in rat NSCs, was nonspecifically immobilized onto ELPs that were adsorbed beforehand on a tissue culture polystyrene surface (TCPS). The presence of different ELP quantities on the TCPS led to variations in surface morphology, roughness and wettability, which were ultimately key factors in the modulation of cellular transduction. Importantly, with substantially reduced viral quantities compared with bolus delivery, ELP-mediated AAV delivery significantly enhanced delivery efficiency in fibroblasts and hNSCs, which have great potential for use in tissue engineering applications and neurodegenerative disorder treatments, respectively. The enhancement of cellular transduction in stem cells, as well as the feasibility of ELPs for utilization in three-dimensional scaffolds, will contribute to the advancement of gene therapy for stem cell research and tissue regenerative medicine.
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30
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Jang JH, Schaffer DV, Shea LD. Engineering biomaterial systems to enhance viral vector gene delivery. Mol Ther 2011; 19:1407-15. [PMID: 21629221 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrating viral gene delivery with engineered biomaterials is a promising strategy to overcome a number of challenges associated with virus-mediated gene delivery, including inefficient delivery to specific cell types, limited tropism, spread of vectors to distant sites, and immune responses. Viral vectors can be combined with biomaterials either through encapsulation within the material or immobilization onto a material surface. Subsequent biomaterial-based delivery can increase the vector's residence time within the target site, thereby potentially providing localized delivery, enhancing transduction, and extending the duration of gene expression. Alternatively, physical or chemical modification of viral vectors with biomaterials can be employed to modulate the tropism of viruses or reduce inflammatory and immune responses, both of which may benefit transduction. This review describes strategies to promote viral gene delivery technologies using biomaterials, potentially providing opportunities for numerous applications of gene therapy to inherited or acquired disorders, infectious disease, and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hyung Jang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
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31
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Tashiro K, Kawabata K, Inamura M, Takayama K, Furukawa N, Sakurai F, Katayama K, Hayakawa T, Furue MK, Mizuguchi H. Adenovirus vector-mediated efficient transduction into human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell Reprogram 2011; 12:501-7. [PMID: 20726775 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2010.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the transduction efficiency in human embryonic stem (ES) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells using an adenovirus (Ad) vector. RT-PCR analysis revealed the expression of the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor, a receptor for Ad, in these cells. However, gene expression after the transduction with an Ad vector was observed only in the periphery of ES and iPS cell colonies, when human ES and iPS cells were passaged as small colonies. This suggests that the Ad vector could not enter inside the ES and iPS cell colonies by their tight connection. We thus attempted to transduce foreign genes into the dissociated form of human ES and iPS cells, which were passaged using Rho-associated kinase inhibitor. In this condition, transduction efficiency in human ES and iPS cells was markedly increased and transgene expression was observed even inside the colonies by using Ad vectors. Furthermore, Ad vector-mediated transduction did not alter the expression of undifferentiated markers such as Oct-3/4, Nanog, and SSEA-4. Our results indicate that Ad vectors are effective tools for transduction into human ES and iPS cells.
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32
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An evolved adeno-associated viral variant enhances gene delivery and gene targeting in neural stem cells. Mol Ther 2011; 19:667-75. [PMID: 21224831 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2010.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene delivery to, and gene targeting in, stem cells would be a highly enabling technology for basic science and biomedical application. Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors have demonstrated the capacity for efficient delivery to numerous cells, but their application to stem cells has been limited by low transduction efficiency. Due to their considerable advantages, however, engineering AAV delivery systems to enhance gene delivery to stem cells may have an impact in stem cell biology and therapy. Therefore, using several diverse AAV capsid libraries-including randomly mutagenized, DNA shuffled, and random peptide insertion variants-we applied directed evolution to create a "designer" AAV vector with enhanced delivery efficiency for neural stem cells (NSCs). A novel AAV variant, carrying an insertion of a selected peptide sequence on the surface of the threefold spike within the heparin-binding site, emerged from this evolution. Importantly, this evolved AAV variant mediated efficient gene delivery to rat, mouse, and human NSCs, as well as efficient gene targeting within adult NSCs, and it is thus promising for applications ranging from basic stem cell biology to clinical translation.
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33
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Goldstein RS. Transplantation of mammalian embryonic stem cells and their derivatives to avian embryos. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2010; 6:473-83. [PMID: 20533000 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-010-9161-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Xenografting of normal and transformed mammalian tissues and cells to chick embryos has been performed for almost 100 years. Embryonic stem cells, derived more than 25 years ago from murine, and more than 10 years ago from human blastocysts, have transformed many fields of biological research. There is a growing body of studies combining these two widely-used experimental systems. This review surveys those reports in which murine or human embryonic stem cells, or differentiated derivatives of these pluripotent stem cells, were transplanted to embryonated chick eggs. Many of these studies have utilized the unique characteristics of both experimental models to obtain answers to developmental questions that are difficult or impossible to approach with xenografting to adult rodents or tissue culture-only techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald S Goldstein
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel.
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Froelich S, Tai A, Wang P. Lentiviral vectors for immune cells targeting. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2010; 32:208-18. [PMID: 20085508 DOI: 10.3109/08923970903420582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors (LVs) are efficient gene delivery vehicles suitable for delivering long-term transgene expression in various cell types. Engineering LVs to have the capacity to transduce specific cell types is of great interest to advance the translation of LVs toward the clinic. Here we provide an overview of innovative approaches to target LVs to cells of the immune system. In this overview we distinguish between two types of LV targeting strategies: (i) targeting of the vectors to specific cells by LV surface modifications, and (ii) targeting at the level of transgene transcription by insertion of tissue-specific promoters to drive transgene expression. It is clear that each strategy is of enormous value but ultimately combining these approaches may help reduce the effects of off-target expression and improve the efficiency and safety of LVs for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Froelich
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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35
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Xu J, Jin C, Hao S, Luo G, Fu D. Pancreatic cancer: gene therapy approaches and gene delivery systems. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 10:73-88. [PMID: 19857184 DOI: 10.1517/14712590903321454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Due to the absence of early diagnosis, the highly invasive and metastatic features and the lack of effective therapeutic modalities, the prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer is poor. Gene therapy is currently regarded as a potential and promising therapeutic modality for pancreatic cancer. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This article summarizes an update of gene therapy approaches and reviews the latest progress in gene delivery systems that have been tested on pancreatic cancer. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The treatment effectiveness of gene combination therapy is better than that of the regulation of single-gene or single gene therapy approaches. Naked DNA is limited because of degradation by intracellular and extracellular nucleases. Virus vectors show high transfection efficiency but are limited due to immunogenicity, inflammatory response and potential carcinogenicity. Non-viral vectors, such as cationic polymers or inorganic nanoparticles, show an important feature that they can be easily modified, and the progress of materials science will provide more and better non-viral vectors, accordingly improving the efficiency and safety of gene therapy, which will make them the most promising vectors for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xu
- Fudan University, Pancreatic Disease Institution, Huashan Hospital, Department of General Surgery, Shanghai, China
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36
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Saha K, Jaenisch R. Technical challenges in using human induced pluripotent stem cells to model disease. Cell Stem Cell 2010; 5:584-95. [PMID: 19951687 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2009.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reprogramming of human somatic cells uses readily accessible tissue, such as skin or blood, to generate embryonic-like induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). This procedure has been applied to somatic cells from patients who are classified into a disease group, thus creating "disease-specific" iPSCs. Here, we examine the challenges and assumptions in creating a disease model from a single cell of the patient. Both the kinetics of disease onset and progression as well as the spatial localization of disease in the patient's body are challenges to disease modeling. New tools in genetic modification, reprogramming, biomaterials, and animal models can be used for addressing these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishanu Saha
- The Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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37
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Abstract
One of the great advantages of embryonic stem (ES) cells over other cell types is their accessibility to genetic manipulation. They can easily undergo genetic modifications while remaining pluripotent and can be selectively propagated, allowing the clonal expansion of genetically altered cells in culture. Since the first isolation of ES cells in mice, many effective techniques have been developed for gene delivery and manipulation of ES cells. These include transfection, electroporation, and infection protocols, as well as different approaches for inserting, deleting, or changing the expression of genes. These methods proved to be extremely useful in mouse ES cells, for monitoring and directing differentiation, discovering unknown genes and studying their function, and are now being initiated in human ES (HESC) cells. This chapter describes the different approaches and methodologies that have been applied for the genetic manipulation of HESCs and their applications. Detailed protocols for generating clones of genetically modified HESCs by transfection, electroporation, and infection will be described, with special emphasis on the important technical details that are required for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvina Epsztejn-Litman
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Medical Genetics Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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38
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The combined use of viral transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory elements to improve baculovirus-mediated transient gene expression in human embryonic stem cells. J Biosci Bioeng 2010; 109:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2009.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Revised: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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39
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Limaye A, Hall B, Kulkarni AB. Manipulation of mouse embryonic stem cells for knockout mouse production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; Chapter 19:Unit 19.13 19.13.1-24. [PMID: 19731225 DOI: 10.1002/0471143030.cb1913s44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell lines has allowed for the gene?ration of the knockout mouse. ES cells that are genetically altered in culture can then be manipulated to derive a whole mouse containing the desired mutation. To successfully generate a knockout mouse, however, the ES cells must be carefully cultivated in a pluripotent state throughout the gene-targeting experiment. This unit describes detailed step-by-step protocols, reagents, equipment, and strategies needed for the successful generation of gene knockout embryonic stem cells using homologous recombination technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Advait Limaye
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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40
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Okada Y, Ueshin Y, Hasuwa H, Takumi K, Okabe M, Ikawa M. Targeted gene modification in mouse ES cells using integrase-defective lentiviral vectors. Genesis 2009; 47:217-23. [PMID: 19208434 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors efficiently integrate into the host genome of both dividing and nondividing cells, and so they have been used for stable transgene expression in biological and biomedical studies. However, recent studies have highlighted the risk of insertional mutagenesis and subsequent oncogenesis. Here, we used an integrase-defective lentiviral (IDLV) vector to decrease the chance of random integration and examined the feasibility of lentiviral vector-mediated gene targeting into murine embryonic stem (ES) cells. After transduction with wild-type lentiviral vectors, none of the 512 G418 resistant clones were found to be homologous recombinant clones. Although the transduction efficiency was lower with the IDLV vectors (5.9% of wild-type), successful homologous recombination was observed in nine out of the 941 G418 resistant clones (0.83 +/- 1.32%). Pluripotency of the homologous recombinant ES cells was confirmed by the production of chimeric mice and subsequent germ line transmission. Because lentiviral vectors can efficiently transduce a variety of stem cell types, our strategy has potential relevance for secure gene-manipulation in therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Okada
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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41
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Brokhman I, Pomp O, Fishman L, Tennenbaum T, Amit M, Itzkovitz-Eldor J, Goldstein RS. Genetic Modification of Human Embryonic Stem Cells With Adenoviral Vectors: Differences of Infectability Between Lines and Correlation of Infectability With Expression of the Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor. Stem Cells Dev 2009; 18:447-56. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2008.0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Brokhman
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Oz Pomp
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Lital Fishman
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | | | - Michal Amit
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Ronald S. Goldstein
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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42
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Calcedo R, Vandenberghe LH, Gao G, Lin J, Wilson JM. Worldwide epidemiology of neutralizing antibodies to adeno-associated viruses. J Infect Dis 2009; 199:381-90. [PMID: 19133809 PMCID: PMC10826927 DOI: 10.1086/595830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 561] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) have unique gene-transfer properties that speak to their potential as carriers for gene therapy or vaccine applications. However, the presence of neutralizing antibodies to AAV as a result of previous exposure can significantly limit effective gene transfer. In this study, we obtained 888 human serum samples from healthy volunteers in 10 countries around the world. Samples were assayed for neutralizing antibodies to AAV1, AAV2, AAV7, and AAV8, as well as to a novel, structurally distinct AAV vector, rh32.33, in an in vitro transduction inhibition assay. Our data revealed that neutralizing antibodies to AAV2 were the most prevalent antibodies in all regions, followed by antibodies to AAV1. The seroprevalences of antibodies to AAV7 and to AAV8 were lower than that for antibodies to AAV1, and neutralization of AAVrh32.33 was only rarely detected. Our data also indicate a strong linkage of seroreactivity between apparently distinct serotypes that has not been predicted previously in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Calcedo
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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43
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Giudice A, Trounson A. Genetic modification of human embryonic stem cells for derivation of target cells. Cell Stem Cell 2009; 2:422-33. [PMID: 18462693 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2008.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) may yield models to study organogenesis, produce cells and tissues for therapies, and identify clinically relevant compounds for disease treatment. Optimal conditions for specific differentiation of hESCs are still being determined. Incorporation of fluorescent reporter genes will enable high-throughput screening to identify fate-specifying molecules. Ectopic expression, or silencing, of key developmental genes can also direct differentiation toward specific lineages. Here, we briefly overview various genetic modifications used to generate useful hESC lines. We identify strengths and limitations to each method and propose the most suitable approaches for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Giudice
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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44
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Abstract
Generic methods for genetic manipulation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are important for both present research and future commercial applications. To date, differences in cell derivation and culture have required independent optimization of transfection and transduction protocols and some lines have remained refractile to all methods. Here we describe a culture protocol that has been extensively tested in 12 different hESC lines (1, 2) and shown to support efficient gene transfer independent of the method of gene delivery or history of the cell line. The system is based on Matrigel monolayer culture and conditioned medium from mouse embryonic feeder cells (MEFs) and entails transient high-density culture followed by rapid adaptation to low density for gene transfer. Under these conditions, plasmid transfection, virus infection, and siRNA transfection are highly effective. Stable genetically modified hESC lines can be generated with plasmid transfection, viral infection, or electroporation without loss of pluripotency or differentiation potential. The majority of lines generated in this system display a normal karyotype.
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45
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Liu X, Luo M, Guo C, Yan Z, Wang Y, Lei-Butters DCM, Engelhardt JF. Analysis of adeno-associated virus progenitor cell transduction in mouse lung. Mol Ther 2008; 17:285-93. [PMID: 19034263 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2008.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Although recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) has been widely used in lung gene therapy approaches, it remains unclear to what extent commonly used AAV serotypes transduce adult progenitors in the lung. In this study, we evaluated the life span and proliferative capacity of rAAV1-, 2-, and 5-transduced airway cells in mouse lung, using a LacZ-CRE reporter transgenic model and Cre-expressing rAAV. In this model, the expression of CRE recombinase led to permanent genetic marking of transduced cells and their descendants with LacZ. To investigate whether the rAAV-transduced cells included airway progenitors, we injured the airways of rAAV-infected mice with Naphthalene, while simultaneously labeling with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) to identify slow-cycling progenitor/stem cells that entered the cell cycle and retained label. Both rAAV5 and rAAV1 vectors were capable of transducing a subset of long-lived Clara cells and alveolar type II (ATII) cells that retained nucleotide label and proliferated following lung injury. Importantly, rAAV1 and 5 appeared to preferentially transduce conducting airway epithelial progenitors that had the capacity to clonally expand, both in culture and in vivo following lung injury. These studies suggest that rAAV may be a useful vector for gene targeting of airway stem/progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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46
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Abstract
Viruses can be engineered to efficiently deliver exogenous genes, but their natural gene delivery properties often fail to meet human therapeutic needs. Therefore, engineering viral vectors with new properties, including enhanced targeting abilities and resistance to immune responses, is a growing area of research. This review discusses protein engineering approaches to generate viral vectors with novel gene delivery capabilities. Rational design of viral vectors has yielded successful advances in vitro, and to an extent in vivo. However, there is often insufficient knowledge of viral structure-function relationships to reengineer existing functions or create new capabilities, such as virus-cell interactions, whose molecular basis is distributed throughout the primary sequence of the viral proteins. Therefore, high-throughput library and directed evolution methods offer alternative approaches to engineer viral vectors with desired properties. Parallel and integrated efforts in rational and library-based design promise to aid the translation of engineered viral vectors toward the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- David V Schaffer
- The Department of Chemical Engineering, the Department of Bioengineering, and The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3220, USA.
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47
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Green JJ, Zhou BY, Mitalipova MM, Beard C, Langer R, Jaenisch R, Anderson DG. Nanoparticles for gene transfer to human embryonic stem cell colonies. NANO LETTERS 2008; 8:3126-30. [PMID: 18754690 PMCID: PMC3814161 DOI: 10.1021/nl8012665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We develop biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles to facilitate nonviral gene transfer to human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Small (approximately 200 nm), positively charged (approximately 10 mV) particles are formed by the self assembly of cationic, hydrolytically degradable poly(beta-amino esters) and plasmid DNA. By varying the end group of the polymer, we can tune the biophysical properties of the resulting nanoparticles and their gene-delivery efficacy. We created an OCT4-driven GFP hES cell line to allow the rapid identification of nanoparticles that facilitate gene transfer while maintaining an hESC undifferentiated state. Using this cell system, we synthesized nanoparticles that have gene delivery efficacy that is up to 4 times higher than that of the leading commercially available transfection agent, Lipofectamine 2000. Importantly, these materials have minimal toxicity and do not adversely affect hESC colony morphology or cause nonspecific differentiation.
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48
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Suzuki K, Mitsui K, Aizawa E, Hasegawa K, Kawase E, Yamagishi T, Shimizu Y, Suemori H, Nakatsuji N, Mitani K. Highly efficient transient gene expression and gene targeting in primate embryonic stem cells with helper-dependent adenoviral vectors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:13781-6. [PMID: 18768795 PMCID: PMC2544531 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0806976105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem (hES) cells are regarded as a potentially unlimited source of cellular materials for regenerative medicine. For biological studies and clinical applications using primate ES cells, the development of a general strategy to obtain efficient gene delivery and genetic manipulation, especially gene targeting via homologous recombination (HR), would be of paramount importance. However, unlike mouse ES (mES) cells, efficient strategies for transient gene delivery and HR in hES cells have not been established. Here, we report that helper-dependent adenoviral vectors (HDAdVs) were able to transfer genes in hES and cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fasicularis) ES (cES) cells efficiently. Without losing the undifferentiated state of the ES cells, transient gene transfer efficiency was approximately 100%. Using HDAdVs with homology arms, approximately one out of 10 chromosomal integrations of the vector was via HR, whereas the rate was only approximately 1% with other gene delivery methods. Furthermore, in combination with negative selection, approximately 45% of chromosomal integrations of the vector were targeted integrations, indicating that HDAdVs would be a powerful tool for genetic manipulation in hES cells and potentially in other types of human stem cells, such as induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaoru Mitsui
- *Division of Gene Therapy, Research Center for Genomic Medicine
| | - Emi Aizawa
- *Division of Gene Therapy, Research Center for Genomic Medicine
| | - Kouichi Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Stem Cell Research Center and
| | - Eihachiro Kawase
- Department of Development and Differentiation, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, and
| | | | - Yoshihiko Shimizu
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka, Saitama 350-1241, Japan; and
| | - Hirofumi Suemori
- Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Stem Cell Research Center and
| | - Norio Nakatsuji
- Department of Development and Differentiation, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, and
- **Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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49
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Craft AM, Krisky DM, Wechuck JB, Lobenhofer EK, Jiang Y, Wolfe DP, Glorioso JC. Herpes simplex virus-mediated expression of Pax3 and MyoD in embryoid bodies results in lineage-Related alterations in gene expression profiles. Stem Cells 2008; 26:3119-29. [PMID: 18787207 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2008-0417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ability of embryonic stem cells to develop into multiple cell lineages provides a powerful resource for tissue repair and regeneration. Gene transfer offers a means to dissect the complex events in lineage determination but is limited by current delivery systems. We designed a high-efficiency replication-defective herpes simplex virus gene transfer vector (JDbetabeta) for robust and transient expression of the transcription factors Pax3 and MyoD, which are known to be involved in skeletal muscle differentiation. JDbetabeta-mediated expression of each gene in day 4 embryoid bodies (early-stage mesoderm) resulted in the induction of unique alterations in gene expression profiles, including the upregulation of known target genes relevant to muscle and neural crest development, whereas a control enhanced green fluorescent protein expression vector was relatively inert. This vector delivery system holds great promise for the use of gene transfer to analyze the impact of specific genes on both regulatory genetic events and commitment of stem cells to particular lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- April M Craft
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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50
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Braam SR, Denning C, van den Brink S, Kats P, Hochstenbach R, Passier R, Mummery CL. Improved genetic manipulation of human embryonic stem cells. Nat Methods 2008; 5:389-92. [PMID: 18391958 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Low efficiency of transfection limits the ability to genetically manipulate human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), and differences in cell derivation and culture methods require optimization of transfection protocols. We transiently transferred multiple independent hESC lines with different growth requirements to standardized feeder-free culture, and optimized conditions for clonal growth and efficient gene transfer without loss of pluripotency. Stably transfected lines retained differentiation potential, and most lines displayed normal karyotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan R Braam
- Hubrecht Institute, Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
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