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Surur AS, Chan CF, Bartz FM, Wong ILK, Nguyen VTD, Schulig L, Link A, Chan TH, Chow LMC, Bednarski PJ. Fexinidazole optimization: enhancing anti-leishmanial profile, metabolic stability and hERG safety. RSC Med Chem 2024:d4md00426d. [PMID: 39297060 PMCID: PMC11404002 DOI: 10.1039/d4md00426d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The lack of adequate anti-leishmanial therapies has led to the continued suffering of millions of people from developing nations. Moreover, optimism for a therapeutic intervention by fexinidazole was dashed due to the inability to maintain cures and control unwanted side effects. To solve these shortcomings, the structural elements of fexinidazole responsible for anti-leishmanial activity and toxicities were explored. Accordingly, a systematic analog design approach was taken for the synthesis of 24 novel analogs. We established the structural features important for activity and identified modifications that improved the hERG receptor safety and liver microsomal metabolic stability. Compared to fexinidazole, the S-configured imidazolooxazole analog 51 exhibited 25-fold greater potency against miltefosine resistant L. donovani amastigotes, greater metabolic stability and little hERG receptor inhibition. Replacement of the toxicophore nitro group for a cyano group resulted in a complete loss of anti-leishmanial activity. The SAR findings should be useful in the further development of this important class of anti-leishmanial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdrrahman Shemsu Surur
- Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald Greifswald 17489 Germany
- CDT-Africa, Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Ethiopia
| | - Chin Fung Chan
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, and State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Frieda-Marie Bartz
- Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald Greifswald 17489 Germany
| | - Iris L K Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, and State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Van T D Nguyen
- Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald Greifswald 17489 Germany
| | - Lukas Schulig
- Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald Greifswald 17489 Germany
| | - Andreas Link
- Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald Greifswald 17489 Germany
| | - Tak Hang Chan
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, and State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Hong Kong SAR China
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University Montreal Quebec H3A 2K6 Canada
| | - Larry M C Chow
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, and State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Patrick J Bednarski
- Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald Greifswald 17489 Germany
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2
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Helena GA, Watanabe T, Kato Y, Shiraki N, Kume S. Activation of cAMP (EPAC2) signaling pathway promotes hepatocyte attachment. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12352. [PMID: 37524826 PMCID: PMC10390557 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39712-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary Human Hepatocyte (PHH) remains undefeated as the gold standard in hepatic studies. Despite its valuable properties, partial attachment loss due to the extraction process and cryopreservation remained the main hurdle in its application. We hypothesized that we could overcome the loss of PHH cell attachment through thawing protocol adjustment and medium composition. We reported a novel use of a medium designed for iPSC-derived hepatocytes, increasing PHH attachment on the collagen matrix. Delving further into the medium composition, we discovered that removing BSA and exposure to cAMP activators such as IBMX and Forskolin benefit PHH attachment. We found that activating EPAC2, the cAMP downstream effector, by S-220 significantly increased PHH attachment. We also found that EPAC2 activation induced bile canaliculi formation in iPS-derived hepatocytes. Combining these factors in studies involving PHH or iPS-hepatocyte culture provides promising means to improve cell attachment and maintenance of hepatic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Aprilia Helena
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B-25 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Watanabe
- Life Science Laboratory, Technology and Development Division, Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., 21 Suzukawa, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1146, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kato
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B-25 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Shiraki
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B-25 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan.
| | - Shoen Kume
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B-25 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan.
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3
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Yasgar A, Bougie D, Eastman RT, Huang R, Itkin M, Kouznetsova J, Lynch C, McKnight C, Miller M, Ngan DK, Peryea T, Shah P, Shinn P, Xia M, Xu X, Zakharov AV, Simeonov A. Quantitative Bioactivity Signatures of Dietary Supplements and Natural Products. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:683-701. [PMID: 37200814 PMCID: PMC10186358 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Dietary supplements and natural products are often marketed as safe and effective alternatives to conventional drugs, but their safety and efficacy are not well regulated. To address the lack of scientific data in these areas, we assembled a collection of Dietary Supplements and Natural Products (DSNP), as well as Traditional Chinese Medicinal (TCM) plant extracts. These collections were then profiled in a series of in vitro high-throughput screening assays, including a liver cytochrome p450 enzyme panel, CAR/PXR signaling pathways, and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transporter assay activities. This pipeline facilitated the interrogation of natural product-drug interaction (NaPDI) through prominent metabolizing pathways. In addition, we compared the activity profiles of the DSNP/TCM substances with those of an approved drug collection (the NCATS Pharmaceutical Collection or NPC). Many of the approved drugs have well-annotated mechanisms of action (MOAs), while the MOAs for most of the DSNP and TCM samples remain unknown. Based on the premise that compounds with similar activity profiles tend to share similar targets or MOA, we clustered the library activity profiles to identify overlap with the NPC to predict the MOAs of the DSNP/TCM substances. Our results suggest that many of these substances may have significant bioactivity and potential toxicity, and they provide a starting point for further research on their clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Yasgar
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Danielle Bougie
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Richard T Eastman
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Ruili Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Misha Itkin
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Jennifer Kouznetsova
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Caitlin Lynch
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Crystal McKnight
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Mitch Miller
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Deborah K Ngan
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Tyler Peryea
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Pranav Shah
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Paul Shinn
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Menghang Xia
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Xin Xu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Alexey V Zakharov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
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4
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Eckstrum K, Striz A, Ferguson M, Zhao Y, Sprando R. Evaluation of the utility of the Beta Human Liver Emulation System (BHLES) for CFSAN's regulatory toxicology program. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 161:112828. [PMID: 35066125 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Microphysiological systems (MPS), such as organ-on-a-chip platforms, are an emerging alternative model that may be useful for predicting human physiology and/or toxicity. Due to the interest in these platforms, the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition partnered with Emulate to evaluate the utility of the Beta Human Liver Emulation System (BHLES) for its regulatory science program. Using known hepatotoxic compounds (usnic acid, benzbromarone, tamoxifen, and acetaminophen) and compounds that have no reported human cases of liver toxicity (dimethyl sulfoxide, theophylline, and aminohippurate) the platforms' performance was evaluated. Chemical toxicity was assessed by albumin secretion, urea and LDH release, nuclei number, mitochondrial membrane potential, and apoptosis. System/platform performance was evaluated in terms of sensitivity and specificity, power, and variability and repeatability. Chemical interactions with the Chip material were also assessed. Preliminary findings suggested that for the model test compounds selected, the BHLES was able to accurately predict toxicity, demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity, high power, and low variability. However, some compounds interacted with the Chip material indicating variable exposure levels that should be accounted for when planning experimentation. The details of the evaluation are presented herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Eckstrum
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA.
| | - Anneliese Striz
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
| | - Martine Ferguson
- Office of Analytics and Outreach, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Yang Zhao
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
| | - Robert Sprando
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
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5
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Borah P, Hazarika S, Deka S, Venugopala KN, Nair AB, Attimarad M, Sreeharsha N, Mailavaram RP. Application of Advanced Technologies in Natural Product Research: A Review with Special Emphasis on ADMET Profiling. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 21:751-767. [PMID: 32664837 DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666200714144911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The successful conversion of natural products (NPs) into lead compounds and novel pharmacophores has emboldened the researchers to harness the drug discovery process with a lot more enthusiasm. However, forfeit of bioactive NPs resulting from an overabundance of metabolites and their wide dynamic range have created the bottleneck in NP researches. Similarly, the existence of multidimensional challenges, including the evaluation of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety parameters, has been a concerning issue. Advancement of technology has brought the evolution of traditional natural product researches into the computer-based assessment exhibiting pretentious remarks about their efficiency in drug discovery. The early attention to the quality of the NPs may reduce the attrition rate of drug candidates by parallel assessment of ADMET profiling. This article reviews the status, challenges, opportunities, and integration of advanced technologies in natural product research. Indeed, emphasis will be laid on the current and futuristic direction towards the application of newer technologies in early-stage ADMET profiling of bioactive moieties from the natural sources. It can be expected that combinatorial approaches in ADMET profiling will fortify the natural product-based drug discovery in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pobitra Borah
- Pratiksha Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chandrapur Road, Panikhaiti, Guwahati-26, Assam, India
| | - Sangeeta Hazarika
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh-221005, India
| | - Satyendra Deka
- Pratiksha Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chandrapur Road, Panikhaiti, Guwahati-26, Assam, India
| | - Katharigatta N Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa-31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anroop B Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa-31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahesh Attimarad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa-31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nagaraja Sreeharsha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa-31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raghu P Mailavaram
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Vishnupur (Affiliated to Andhra University), Bhimavaram, W.G. Dist., Andhra Pradesh, India
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6
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Ooka M, Lynch C, Xia M. Application of In Vitro Metabolism Activation in High-Throughput Screening. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218182. [PMID: 33142951 PMCID: PMC7663506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro methods which incorporate metabolic capability into the assays allow us to assess the activity of metabolites from their parent compounds. These methods can be applied into high-throughput screening (HTS) platforms, thereby increasing the speed to identify compounds that become active via the metabolism process. HTS was originally used in the pharmaceutical industry and now is also used in academic settings to evaluate biological activity and/or toxicity of chemicals. Although most chemicals are metabolized in our body, many HTS assays lack the capability to determine compound activity via metabolism. To overcome this problem, several in vitro metabolic methods have been applied to an HTS format. In this review, we describe in vitro metabolism methods and their application in HTS assays, as well as discuss the future perspectives of HTS with metabolic activity. Each in vitro metabolism method has advantages and disadvantages. For instance, the S9 mix has a full set of liver metabolic enzymes, but it displays high cytotoxicity in cell-based assays. In vitro metabolism requires liver fractions or the use of other metabolically capable systems, including primary hepatocytes or recombinant enzymes. Several newly developed in vitro metabolic methods, including HepaRG cells, three-dimensional (3D) cell models, and organ-on-a-chip technology, will also be discussed. These newly developed in vitro metabolism approaches offer significant progress in dissecting biological processes, developing drugs, and making toxicology studies quicker and more efficient.
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7
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Gupta R, Schrooders Y, Hauser D, van Herwijnen M, Albrecht W, Ter Braak B, Brecklinghaus T, Castell JV, Elenschneider L, Escher S, Guye P, Hengstler JG, Ghallab A, Hansen T, Leist M, Maclennan R, Moritz W, Tolosa L, Tricot T, Verfaillie C, Walker P, van de Water B, Kleinjans J, Caiment F. Comparing in vitro human liver models to in vivo human liver using RNA-Seq. Arch Toxicol 2020; 95:573-589. [PMID: 33106934 PMCID: PMC7870774 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02937-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The liver plays an important role in xenobiotic metabolism and represents a primary target for toxic substances. Many different in vitro cell models have been developed in the past decades. In this study, we used RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) to analyze the following human in vitro liver cell models in comparison to human liver tissue: cancer-derived cell lines (HepG2, HepaRG 3D), induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells (iPSC-HLCs), cancerous human liver-derived assays (hPCLiS, human precision cut liver slices), non-cancerous human liver-derived assays (PHH, primary human hepatocytes) and 3D liver microtissues. First, using CellNet, we analyzed whether these liver in vitro cell models were indeed classified as liver, based on their baseline expression profile and gene regulatory networks (GRN). More comprehensive analyses using non-differentially expressed genes (non-DEGs) and differential transcript usage (DTU) were applied to assess the coverage for important liver pathways. Through different analyses, we noticed that 3D liver microtissues exhibited a high similarity with in vivo liver, in terms of CellNet (C/T score: 0.98), non-DEGs (10,363) and pathway coverage (highest for 19 out of 20 liver specific pathways shown) at the beginning of the incubation period (0 h) followed by a decrease during long-term incubation for 168 and 336 h. PHH also showed a high degree of similarity with human liver tissue and allowed stable conditions for a short-term cultivation period of 24 h. Using the same metrics, HepG2 cells illustrated the lowest similarity (C/T: 0.51, non-DEGs: 5623, and pathways coverage: least for 7 out of 20) with human liver tissue. The HepG2 are widely used in hepatotoxicity studies, however, due to their lower similarity, they should be used with caution. HepaRG models, iPSC-HLCs, and hPCLiS ranged clearly behind microtissues and PHH but showed higher similarity to human liver tissue than HepG2 cells. In conclusion, this study offers a resource of RNA-Seq data of several biological replicates of human liver cell models in vitro compared to human liver tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajinder Gupta
- Department of Toxicogenomics, School of Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Yannick Schrooders
- Department of Toxicogenomics, School of Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Duncan Hauser
- Department of Toxicogenomics, School of Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel van Herwijnen
- Department of Toxicogenomics, School of Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wiebke Albrecht
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Bas Ter Braak
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, PO Box 9503, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Brecklinghaus
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jose V Castell
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Experimental Hepatology Unit, Valencia, Spain
| | - Leroy Elenschneider
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine Preclinical Pharmacology and In-Vitro Toxicology, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sylvia Escher
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine Preclinical Pharmacology and In-Vitro Toxicology, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Patrick Guye
- InSphero AG, Wagistrasse 27, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ahmed Ghallab
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Tanja Hansen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine Preclinical Pharmacology and In-Vitro Toxicology, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marcel Leist
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated, Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Richard Maclennan
- Cyprotex Discovery, No 24 Mereside, Alderley Park, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
| | | | - Laia Tolosa
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Unidad Hepatología Experimental, Valencia, Spain
| | - Tine Tricot
- Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Catherine Verfaillie
- Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Walker
- Cyprotex Discovery, No 24 Mereside, Alderley Park, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Bob van de Water
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, PO Box 9503, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Kleinjans
- Department of Toxicogenomics, School of Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Caiment
- Department of Toxicogenomics, School of Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Orbach SM, Ehrich MF, Rajagopalan P. High-throughput toxicity testing of chemicals and mixtures in organotypic multi-cellular cultures of primary human hepatic cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 51:83-94. [PMID: 29751030 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput screening (HTS) of liver toxicants can bridge the gap in understanding adverse effects of chemicals on humans. Toxicity testing of mixtures is time consuming and expensive, since the number of possible combinations increases exponentially with the number of chemicals. The combination of organotypic culture models (OCMs) and HTS assays can lead to the rapidly evaluation of chemical toxicity in a cost and time-effective manner while prioritizing chemicals that warrant additional investigation. We describe the design, assembly and toxicant response of multi-cellular hepatic organotypic culture models comprised of primary human or rat cells assembled in 96-well plates (denoted as μOCMs). These models were assembled using automated procedures that did not affect hepatocyte function or viability, rendering them ideal for large-scale toxicity evaluations. Rat μOCMs were assembled to obtain insights into deviations from human toxicity. Four test chemicals (acetaminophen, ethanol, isoniazid, and perfluorooctanoic acid) were added to the μOCMs individually or in mixtures. HTS assays were utilized to measure cell death, apoptosis, glutathione depletion, mitochondrial membrane damage, and cytochrome P450 2E1 activity. The μOCMs exhibited increased toxicant sensitivity compared to hepatocyte sandwich cultures. Synergistic and non-synergistic interactions were observed when the toxicants were added as mixtures. Specifically, chemical interactions in the μOCMs were manifested by changes in apoptosis and decreased glutathione. The μOCMs accurately predicted hepatotoxicity for individual and mixtures of toxicants, demonstrating their potential for large-scale toxicity evaluations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia M Orbach
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Suite 245 Goodwin Hall, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Marion F Ehrich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, 205 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Padmavathy Rajagopalan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Suite 245 Goodwin Hall, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissue, Virginia Tech, 333 Kelly Hall, 325 Stanger Street, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, 333 Kelly Hall, 325 Stanger Street, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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9
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Roth AD, Lama P, Dunn S, Hong S, Lee MY. Polymer coating on a micropillar chip for robust attachment of PuraMatrix peptide hydrogel for 3D hepatic cell culture. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 90:634-644. [PMID: 29853133 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.04.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For better mimicking tissues in vivo and developing predictive cell models for high-throughput screening (HTS) of potential drug candidates, three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures have been performed in various hydrogels. In this study, we have investigated several polymer coating materials to robustly attach PuraMatrix peptide hydrogel on a micropillar chip for 3D culture of Hep3B human hepatic cells, which can be used as a tool for high-throughput assessment of compound hepatotoxicity. Among several amphiphilic polymers with maleic anhydride groups tested, 0.01% (w/v) poly(maleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene) (PMA-OD) provided superior coating properties with no PuraMatrix spot detachment from the micropillar chip and no air bubble entrapment in a complementary microwell chip. To maintain Hep3B cell viability in PuraMatrix gel on the chip, gelation conditions were optimized in the presence of additional salts, at different seeding densities, and for growth medium washes. As a result, salts in growth media were sufficient for gelation, and relatively high cell seeding at 6 million cells/mL and two media washes for pH neutralization were required. With optimized 3D cell culture conditions, controlled gene expression and compound toxicity assessment were successfully demonstrated by using recombinant adenoviruses carrying genes for green and red fluorescent proteins as well as six model compounds. Overall, PuraMatrix hydrogel on the chip was suitable for 3D cell encapsulation, gene expression, and rapid toxicity assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander David Roth
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Fenn Hall Room 455, 1960 East 24th Street, Cleveland, OH 44115, United States
| | - Pratap Lama
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Fenn Hall Room 455, 1960 East 24th Street, Cleveland, OH 44115, United States
| | - Stephen Dunn
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Fenn Hall Room 455, 1960 East 24th Street, Cleveland, OH 44115, United States
| | - Stephen Hong
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Fenn Hall Room 455, 1960 East 24th Street, Cleveland, OH 44115, United States
| | - Moo-Yeal Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Fenn Hall Room 455, 1960 East 24th Street, Cleveland, OH 44115, United States.
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10
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Innovative organotypic in vitro models for safety assessment: aligning with regulatory requirements and understanding models of the heart, skin, and liver as paradigms. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:557-569. [PMID: 29362863 PMCID: PMC5818581 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of improved, innovative models for the detection of toxicity of drugs, chemicals, or chemicals in cosmetics is crucial to efficiently bring new products safely to market in a cost-effective and timely manner. In addition, improvement in models to detect toxicity may reduce the incidence of unexpected post-marketing toxicity and reduce or eliminate the need for animal testing. The safety of novel products of the pharmaceutical, chemical, or cosmetics industry must be assured; therefore, toxicological properties need to be assessed. Accepted methods for gathering the information required by law for approval of substances are often animal methods. To reduce, refine, and replace animal testing, innovative organotypic in vitro models have emerged. Such models appear at different levels of complexity ranging from simpler, self-organized three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures up to more advanced scaffold-based co-cultures consisting of multiple cell types. This review provides an overview of recent developments in the field of toxicity testing with in vitro models for three major organ types: heart, skin, and liver. This review also examines regulatory aspects of such models in Europe and the UK, and summarizes best practices to facilitate the acceptance and appropriate use of advanced in vitro models.
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Pérez-Del Palacio J, Díaz C, Vergara N, Algieri F, Rodríguez-Nogales A, de Pedro N, Rodríguez-Cabezas ME, Genilloud O, Gálvez J, Vicente F. Exploring the Role of CYP3A4 Mediated Drug Metabolism in the Pharmacological Modulation of Nitric Oxide Production. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:202. [PMID: 28446877 PMCID: PMC5388737 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric-oxide synthase, the enzyme responsible for mammalian nitric oxide generation, and cytochrome P450, the major enzymes involved in drug metabolism, share striking similarities. Therefore, it makes sense that cytochrome P450 drug mediated biotransformations might play an important role in the pharmacological modulation of nitric oxide synthase. In this work, we have undertaken an integrated in vitro assessment of the hepatic metabolism and nitric oxide modulation of previously described dual inhibitors (imidazoles and macrolides) of these enzymes in order assess the implication of CYP450 activities over production of nitric oxide. In vitro systems based in human liver microsomes and activated mouse macrophages were developed for these purposes. Additionally in vitro production the hepatic metabolites of dual inhibitor, roxithromycin, was investigated achieving the identification and isolation of main hepatic biotransformation products. Our results suggested that for some macrolide compounds, the cytochrome P450 3A4 derived drug metabolites have an important effect on nitric oxide production and might critically contribute to the pharmacological immunomodulatory activity observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Pérez-Del Palacio
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores de AndalucíaGranada, Spain
| | - Caridad Díaz
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores de AndalucíaGranada, Spain
| | - Noemí Vergara
- Calcium Metabolism and Vascular Calcification Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research, University Hospital Reina Sofia, Nephrology Service, University of CórdobaCordoba, Spain
| | - Francesca Algieri
- Department of Pharmacology, ibs, CIBER-EHD, Center for Biomedical Research, University of GranadaGranada, Spain
| | - Alba Rodríguez-Nogales
- Department of Pharmacology, ibs, CIBER-EHD, Center for Biomedical Research, University of GranadaGranada, Spain
| | - Nuria de Pedro
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores de AndalucíaGranada, Spain
| | - M Elena Rodríguez-Cabezas
- Department of Pharmacology, ibs, CIBER-EHD, Center for Biomedical Research, University of GranadaGranada, Spain
| | - Olga Genilloud
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores de AndalucíaGranada, Spain
| | - Julio Gálvez
- Department of Pharmacology, ibs, CIBER-EHD, Center for Biomedical Research, University of GranadaGranada, Spain
| | - Francisca Vicente
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores de AndalucíaGranada, Spain
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Li AP. Evaluation of Adverse Drug Properties with Cryopreserved Human Hepatocytes and the Integrated Discrete Multiple Organ Co-culture (IdMOC(TM)) System. Toxicol Res 2015; 31:137-49. [PMID: 26191380 PMCID: PMC4505344 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2015.31.2.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human hepatocytes, with complete hepatic metabolizing enzymes, transporters and cofactors, represent the gold standard for in vitro evaluation of drug metabolism, drug-drug interactions, and hepatotoxicity. Successful cryopreservation of human hepatocytes enables this experimental system to be used routinely. The use of human hepatocytes to evaluate two major adverse drug properties: drug-drug interactions and hepatotoxicity, are summarized in this review. The application of human hepatocytes in metabolism-based drug-drug interaction includes metabolite profiling, pathway identification, P450 inhibition, P450 induction, and uptake and efflux transporter inhibition. The application of human hepatocytes in toxicity evaluation includes in vitro hepatotoxicity and metabolism-based drug toxicity determination. A novel system, the Integrated Discrete Multiple Organ Co-culture (IdMOC) which allows the evaluation of nonhepatic toxicity in the presence of hepatic metabolism, is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert P Li
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories LLC, 9221 Rumsey Road Suite 8, Columbia, MD 21045
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13
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Pomponio G, Savary CC, Parmentier C, Bois F, Guillouzo A, Romanelli L, Richert L, Di Consiglio E, Testai E. In vitro kinetics of amiodarone and its major metabolite in two human liver cell models after acute and repeated treatments. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 30:36-51. [PMID: 25546373 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The limited value of in vitro toxicity data for the in vivo extrapolation has been often attributed to the lack of kinetic data. Here the in vitro kinetics of amiodarone (AMI) and its mono-N-desethyl (MDEA) metabolite was determined and modelled in primary human hepatocytes (PHH) and HepaRG cells, after single and repeated administration of clinically relevant concentrations. AMI bioavailability was influenced by adsorption to the plastic and the presence of protein in the medium (e.g. 10% serum protein reduced the uptake by half in HepaRG cells). The cell uptake was quick (within 3h), AMI metabolism was efficient and a dynamic equilibrium was reached in about a week after multiple dosing. In HepaRG cells the metabolic clearance was higher than in PHH and increased over time, as well as CYP3A4. The interindividual variability in MDEA production in PHHs was not proportional to the differences in CYP3A4 activities, suggesting the involvement of other CYPs and/or AMI-related CYP inhibition. After repeated treatment AMI showed a slight potential for bioaccumulation, whereas much higher intracellular MDEA levels accumulated over time, especially in the HepaRG cells, associated with occurrence of phospholipidosis. The knowledge of in vitro biokinetics is important to transform an actual in vitro concentration-effect into an in vivo dose-effect relationship by using appropriate modelling, thus improving the in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Pomponio
- Mechanism of Toxicity Unit, Environment and Primary Prevention Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; Università Sapienza, Dipartimento di Fisiologia "V. Erspamer", Rome, Italy
| | - Camille C Savary
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR991, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | | | - Frederic Bois
- Institut National de L'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, DRC/VIVA/METO, Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - André Guillouzo
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR991, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Luca Romanelli
- Università Sapienza, Dipartimento di Fisiologia "V. Erspamer", Rome, Italy
| | - Lysiane Richert
- KaLy-Cell, 20A Rue du Général Leclerc, Plobsheim, France; Universite de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Emma Di Consiglio
- Mechanism of Toxicity Unit, Environment and Primary Prevention Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Testai
- Mechanism of Toxicity Unit, Environment and Primary Prevention Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Wang YM, Chai SC, Brewer CT, Chen T. Pregnane X receptor and drug-induced liver injury. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 10:1521-32. [PMID: 25252616 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.963555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The liver plays a central role in transforming and clearing foreign substances. The continuous exposure of the liver to xenobiotics sometimes leads to impaired liver function, referred to as drug-induced liver injury (DILI). The pregnane X receptor (PXR) tightly regulates the expression of genes in the hepatic drug-clearance system and its undesired activation plays a role in DILI. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the recent progress in understanding PXR-mediated DILI and highlights the efforts made to assess and manage PXR-mediated DILI during drug development. EXPERT OPINION Future efforts are needed to further elucidate the mechanisms of PXR-mediated liver injury, including the epigenetic regulation and polymorphisms of PXR. Novel in vitro models containing functional PXR could improve our ability to predict and assess DILI during drug development. PXR inhibitors may provide chemical tools to validate the potential of PXR as a therapeutic target and to develop drugs to be used in the clinic to manage PXR-mediated DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Ming Wang
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics , 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105 , USA
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Abstract
The accuracy of preclinical safety evaluation to predict human toxicity is hindered by species difference in drug metabolism and toxic mechanism between human and nonhuman animals. In vitro human-based experimental systems allowing the assessment of human-specific drug properties represent a logical and practical approach to provide human-specific information. An advantage of in vitro approaches is that they require only limited amounts of time and resources, and, most importantly, do not invoke harm to human patients. Human hepatocytes, with complete hepatic metabolizing enzymes, transporters and cofactors, represent a practical and useful experimental system to assess drug metabolism. The use of human hepatocytes to evaluate two major adverse drug properties, drug–drug interactions and hepatotoxicity, are reviewed. The application of human hepatocytes in metabolism-based drug–drug interactions includes metabolite profiling, pathway identification, CYP450 inhibition, CYP450 induction, and uptake and efflux transporter inhibition. The application of human hepatocytes in toxicity evaluation includes in vitro hepatotoxicity and metabolism-based drug toxicity determination. Correlation of drug toxicity with proteomics and genomics data may allow the discovery of clinical biomarkers for early detection of liver toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert P Li
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories LLC, 9221 Rumsey Road Suite 8, Columbia, MD 21045, USA
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16
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Bianchini D, Omlin A, Pezaro C, Lorente D, Ferraldeschi R, Mukherji D, Crespo M, Figueiredo I, Miranda S, Riisnaes R, Zivi A, Buchbinder A, Rathkopf DE, Attard G, Scher HI, de Bono J, Danila DC. First-in-human Phase I study of EZN-4176, a locked nucleic acid antisense oligonucleotide to exon 4 of the androgen receptor mRNA in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:2579-86. [PMID: 24169353 PMCID: PMC3833213 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer remains dependent of androgen receptor (AR) signalling, even after emergence of castration resistance. EZN-4176 is a third-generation antisense oligonucleotide that binds to the hinge region (exon 4) of AR mRNA resulting in full-length AR mRNA degradation and decreased AR protein expression. This Phase I study aimed to evaluate EZN-4176 in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). METHODS Patients with progressing CRPC were eligible; prior abiraterone and enzalutamide treatment were allowed. EZN-4176 was administered as a weekly (QW) 1-h intravenous infusion. The starting dose was 0.5 mg kg(-1) with a 4-week dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) period and a 3+3 modified Fibonacci dose escalation design. After determination of the DLT for weekly administration, an every 2 weeks schedule was initiated. RESULTS A total of 22 patients were treated with EZN-4176. At 10 mg kg(-1) QW, two DLTs were observed due to grade 3-4 ALT or AST elevation. No confirmed biochemical or soft tissue responses were observed. Of eight patients with <5 circulating tumour cells at baseline, a conversion to <5 was observed in three (38%) patients. The most common EZN-4176-related toxicities (all grades) were fatigue (59%), reversible abnormalities in liver function tests ALT (41%) and AST (41%) and infusion-related reactions including chills (36%) and pyrexia (14%). CONCLUSION Activity of EZN-4176 at the doses and schedules explored was minimal. The highest dose of 10 mg kg(-1) QW was associated with significant but reversible transaminase elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bianchini
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group and Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey, UK
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) and Weill Cornell Medical College, Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Omlin
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group and Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey, UK
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) and Weill Cornell Medical College, Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, New York, NY, USA
| | - C Pezaro
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group and Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey, UK
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) and Weill Cornell Medical College, Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, New York, NY, USA
| | - D Lorente
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group and Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey, UK
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) and Weill Cornell Medical College, Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, New York, NY, USA
| | - R Ferraldeschi
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group and Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey, UK
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) and Weill Cornell Medical College, Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, New York, NY, USA
| | - D Mukherji
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group and Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey, UK
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) and Weill Cornell Medical College, Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Crespo
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group and Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey, UK
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) and Weill Cornell Medical College, Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, New York, NY, USA
| | - I Figueiredo
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group and Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey, UK
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) and Weill Cornell Medical College, Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Miranda
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group and Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey, UK
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) and Weill Cornell Medical College, Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, New York, NY, USA
| | - R Riisnaes
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group and Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey, UK
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) and Weill Cornell Medical College, Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Zivi
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group and Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey, UK
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) and Weill Cornell Medical College, Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Buchbinder
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group and Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey, UK
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) and Weill Cornell Medical College, Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, New York, NY, USA
| | - D E Rathkopf
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group and Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey, UK
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) and Weill Cornell Medical College, Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, New York, NY, USA
| | - G Attard
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group and Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey, UK
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) and Weill Cornell Medical College, Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, New York, NY, USA
| | - H I Scher
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group and Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey, UK
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) and Weill Cornell Medical College, Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, New York, NY, USA
| | - J de Bono
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group and Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey, UK
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) and Weill Cornell Medical College, Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, New York, NY, USA
- ENZON Pharmaceuticals Inc.; Bridgewater, NJ, USA
| | - D C Danila
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group and Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey, UK
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) and Weill Cornell Medical College, Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, New York, NY, USA
- ENZON Pharmaceuticals Inc.; Bridgewater, NJ, USA
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Robinson TJW, Liu JC, Vizeacoumar F, Sun T, Maclean N, Egan SE, Schimmer AD, Datti A, Zacksenhaus E. RB1 status in triple negative breast cancer cells dictates response to radiation treatment and selective therapeutic drugs. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78641. [PMID: 24265703 PMCID: PMC3827056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) includes basal-like and claudin-low subtypes for which only chemotherapy and radiation therapy are currently available. The retinoblastoma (RB1) tumor suppressor is frequently lost in human TNBC. Knockdown of RB1 in luminal BC cells was shown to affect response to endocrine, radiation and several antineoplastic drugs. However, the effect of RB1 status on radiation and chemo-sensitivity in TNBC cells and whether RB1 status affects response to divergent or specific treatment are unknown. Using multiple basal-like and claudin-low cell lines, we hereby demonstrate that RB-negative TNBC cell lines are highly sensitive to gamma-irradiation, and moderately more sensitive to doxorubicin and methotrexate compared to RB-positive TNBC cell lines. In contrast, RB1 status did not affect sensitivity of TNBC cells to multiple other drugs including cisplatin (CDDP), 5-fluorouracil, idarubicin, epirubicin, PRIMA-1met, fludarabine and PD-0332991, some of which are used to treat TNBC patients. Moreover, a non-biased screen of ∼3400 compounds, including FDA-approved drugs, revealed similar sensitivity of RB-proficient and -deficient TNBC cells. Finally, ESA+/CD24−/low/CD44+ cancer stem cells from RB-negative TNBC lines were consistently more sensitive to gamma-irradiation than RB-positive lines, whereas the effect of chemotherapy on the cancer stem cell fraction varied irrespective of RB1 expression. Our results suggest that patients carrying RB-deficient TNBCs would benefit from gamma-irradiation as well as doxorubicin and methotrexate therapy, but not necessarily from many other anti-neoplastic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. W. Robinson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (TJWR); (EZ)
| | - Jeff C. Liu
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frederick Vizeacoumar
- S.M.A.R.T. High Throughput Facility, Mount Sinai Hospital, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Sun
- S.M.A.R.T. High Throughput Facility, Mount Sinai Hospital, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neil Maclean
- Clinical Studies Resource Centre, OCI, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sean E. Egan
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aaron D. Schimmer
- Clinical Studies Resource Centre, OCI, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alessandro Datti
- S.M.A.R.T. High Throughput Facility, Mount Sinai Hospital, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Eldad Zacksenhaus
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (TJWR); (EZ)
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Garside H, Marcoe KF, Chesnut-Speelman J, Foster AJ, Muthas D, Kenna JG, Warrior U, Bowes J, Baumgartner J. Evaluation of the use of imaging parameters for the detection of compound-induced hepatotoxicity in 384-well cultures of HepG2 cells and cryopreserved primary human hepatocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 28:171-81. [PMID: 24189122 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major cause of failed drug development, withdrawal and restricted usage. Therefore screening assays which aid selection of candidate drugs with reduced propensity to cause DILI are required. We have investigated the toxicity of 144 drugs, 108 of which caused DILI, using assays identified in the literature as having some predictivity for hepatotoxicity. The validated assays utilised either HepG2 cells, HepG2 cells in the presence of rat S9 fraction or isolated human hepatocytes. All parameters were quantified by multiplexed and automated high content fluorescence microscopy, at appropriate time points after compound administration (4, 24 or 48h). The individual endpoint which identified drugs that caused DILI with greatest precision was maximal fold induction in CM-H2DFFDA staining in hepatocytes after 24h (41% sensitivity, 86% specificity). However, hierarchical clustering analysis of all endpoints provided the most sensitive identification of drugs which caused DILI (58% sensitivity, 75% specificity). We conclude that multi-parametric high content cell toxicity assays can enable in vitro detection of drugs that have high propensity to cause DILI in vivo but that many DILI compounds exhibit few in vitro signals when evaluated using these assays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Muthas
- AstraZeneca, Drug Safety and Metabolism, R&D, SE, Sweden
| | | | | | - Joanne Bowes
- AstraZeneca, Drug Safety and Metabolism, R&D, UK
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