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Zhou L, Hou Y, Pan X, Wang X, Jin H, Yang X, Wang K, Ding X, Wang K, Zhu M, Pan Y, Wang W, Lu L. Trichosanthin-derived peptide Tk-PQ attenuates immune rejection in mouse tracheal allotransplant model by suppressing PI3K-Akt and inducing type II immune polarization. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 125:111081. [PMID: 37862724 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) is one of the main complications affecting long-term survival of post-lung transplantation patients. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of Tk-PQ (a peptide derived from trichosanthin) in alleviating OB in a mouse ectopic tracheal transplant model. We found that post-transplantation treatment of Tk-PQ significant ameliorated OB symptoms including luminal occlusion, epithelial cells loss and fibrosis in the allograft. In addition, Tk-PQ promoted immune suppressive environment by inducing Th2 polarization and increasing Treg population which in turn led to elevated levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4, IL-10, IL-33 and decreased levels of pro-inflammatory IL-1β. Mechanistically, we used transcriptome analysis of splenic T cells from allografted mice to show that Tk-PQ treatment down-regulated the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Indeed, the immune suppression phenotypes of Tk-PQ was recapitulated by a PI3K inhibitor LY294002. Taken together, Tk-PQ regulates post-transplantation immuno-rejection by modulating the balance of T cell response via the PI3K-Akt pathway, making it a promising peptide based immune rejection suppressant for patients receiving allotransplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yafei Hou
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xufeng Pan
- Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Haizhen Jin
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xiaohua Yang
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Kefan Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xuping Ding
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Minfang Zhu
- Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yan Pan
- Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Weimin Wang
- Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Liming Lu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Central Laboratory, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China.
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Lu JQ, Wong KB, Shaw PC. A Sixty-Year Research and Development of Trichosanthin, a Ribosome-Inactivating Protein. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030178. [PMID: 35324675 PMCID: PMC8950148 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tian Hua Fen, a herbal powder extract that contains trichosanthin (TCS), was used as an abortifacient in traditional Chinese medicine. In 1972, TCS was purified to alleviate the side effects. Because of its clinical applications, TCS became one of the most active research areas in the 1960s to the 1980s in China. These include obtaining the sequence information in the 1980s and the crystal structure in 1995. The replication block of TCS on human immunodeficiency virus in lymphocytes and macrophages was found in 1989 and started a new chapter of its development. Clinical studies were subsequently conducted. TCS was also found to have the potential for gastric and colorectal cancer treatment. Studies on its mechanism showed TCS acts as an rRNA N-glycosylase (EC 3.2.2.22) by hydrolyzing and depurinating A-4324 in α-sarcin/ricin loop on 28S rRNA of rat ribosome. Its interaction with acidic ribosomal stalk proteins was revealed in 2007, and its trafficking in mammalian cells was elucidated in the 2000s. The adverse drug reactions, such as inducing immune responses, short plasma half-life, and non-specificity, somehow became the obstacles to its usage. Immunotoxins, sequence modification, or coupling with polyethylene glycerol and dextran were developed to improve the pharmacological properties. TCS has nicely shown the scientific basis of traditional Chinese medicine and how its research and development have expanded the knowledge and applications of ribosome-inactivating proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qi Lu
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; (J.-Q.L.); (K.-B.W.)
| | - Kam-Bo Wong
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; (J.-Q.L.); (K.-B.W.)
| | - Pang-Chui Shaw
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; (J.-Q.L.); (K.-B.W.)
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R&D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence:
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3
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Anywar G, Akram M, Chishti MA. African and Asian Medicinal Plants as a Repository for Prospective Antiviral Metabolites Against HIV-1 and SARS CoV-2: A Mini Review. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:703837. [PMID: 34512337 PMCID: PMC8424073 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.703837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The worldwide burden of viral infections has triggered a resurgence in the search for new and more efficient antiviral drugs. Scientists are also repurposing existing natural compounds such as the antimalarial drug artemisinin from Artemesia annua L. as potential drug candidates for some of the emerging and re-emerging viral infections such as covid-19 Aim: The aim of this review was to analyse the existing literature to explore the actual or potential natural antiviral compounds from African and Asian medicinal plants as lead compounds in the drug discovery process. Methods: We searched the literature on African and Asian medicinal plant species as antiviral agents for HIV-1 and the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in various databases and search engines such as Web of Science, Google Scholar and PubMed. The search was limited to in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies and excluded in silico studies. Results: We present 16 plant species with actual or potential antiviral activity against HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. These plant species span the continents of Africa and Asia where they are widely used for treating several other ailments. Conclusion: Natural compounds from plants can play a significant role in the clinical management of HIV/AIDS and the covid-19 pandemic. More research needs to be conducted to investigate the potential toxicities of the various compounds and their efficacies in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Anywar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Department of Eastern Medicine, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Amjad Chishti
- Department of Eastern Medicine, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Natural Products with Inhibitory Activity against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. Adv Virol 2021; 2021:5552088. [PMID: 34194504 PMCID: PMC8181102 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5552088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are considered one of the main public health problems worldwide. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the current modality of treatment for HIV-1 infection. It comprises the combined use of several drugs and can decrease the viral load and increase the CD4+ T cell count in patients with HIV-1 infection, thereby proving to be an effective modality. This therapy significantly decreases the rate of morbidity and mortality owing to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and prolongs and improves the quality of life of infected patients. However, nonadherence to ART may increase viral resistance to antiretroviral drugs and transmission of drug-resistant strains of HIV. Therefore, it is necessary to continue research for compounds with anti-HIV-1 activity, exhibiting a potential for the development of an alternative or complementary therapy to ART with low cost and fewer side effects. Natural products and their derivatives represent an excellent option owing to their therapeutic potential against HIV. Currently, the derivatives of natural products available as anti-HIV-1 agents include zidovudine, an arabinonucleoside derivative of the Caribbean marine sponge (Tectitethya crypta), which inhibits the reverse transcriptase of the virus. This was the first antiviral agent approved for treatment of HIV infection. Additionally, bevirimat (isolated from Syzygium claviflorum) and calanolide A (isolated from Calophyllum sp.) are inhibitors of viral maturation and reverse transcription process, respectively. In the present review, we aimed to describe the wide repertoire of natural compounds exhibiting anti-HIV-1 activity that can be considered for designing new therapeutic strategies to curb the HIV pandemic.
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Citores L, Iglesias R, Ferreras JM. Antiviral Activity of Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:80. [PMID: 33499086 PMCID: PMC7912582 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are rRNA N-glycosylases from plants (EC 3.2.2.22) that inactivate ribosomes thus inhibiting protein synthesis. The antiviral properties of RIPs have been investigated for more than four decades. However, interest in these proteins is rising due to the emergence of infectious diseases caused by new viruses and the difficulty in treating viral infections. On the other hand, there is a growing need to control crop diseases without resorting to the use of phytosanitary products which are very harmful to the environment and in this respect, RIPs have been shown as a promising tool that can be used to obtain transgenic plants resistant to viruses. The way in which RIPs exert their antiviral effect continues to be the subject of intense research and several mechanisms of action have been proposed. The purpose of this review is to examine the research studies that deal with this matter, placing special emphasis on the most recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José M. Ferreras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (L.C.); (R.I.)
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Chen YJ, Zhu JQ, Fu XQ, Su T, Li T, Guo H, Zhu PL, Lee SKW, Yu H, Tse AKW, Yu ZL. Ribosome-Inactivating Protein α-Momorcharin Derived from Edible Plant Momordica charantia Induces Inflammatory Responses by Activating the NF-kappaB and JNK Pathways. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11120694. [PMID: 31779275 PMCID: PMC6949964 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11120694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-momorcharin (α-MMC), a member of the ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) family, has been found in the seeds of Momordica charantia (bitter melon). α-MMC contributes a number of pharmacological activities; however, its inflammatory properties have not been well studied. Here, we aim to determine the inflammatory responses induced by recombinant α-MMC and identify the underlying mechanisms using cell culture and animal models. Recombinant α-MMC was generated in Rosetta™(DE3)pLysS and purified by the way of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) chromatography. Treatment of recombinant α-MMC at 40 μg/mL exerted sub-lethal cytotoxic effect on THP-1 monocytic cells. Transcriptional profiling revealed that various genes coding for cytokines and other proinflammatory proteins were upregulated upon recombinant α-MMC treatment in THP-1 cells, including MCP-1, IL-8, IL-1β, and TNF-α. Recombinant α-MMC was shown to activate IKK/NF-κB and JNK pathways and the α-MMC-induced inflammatory gene expression could be blocked by IKKβ and JNK inhibitors. Furthermore, murine inflammatory models further demonstrated that α-MMC induced inflammatory responses in vivo. We conclude that α-MMC stimulates inflammatory responses in human monocytes by activating of IKK/NF-κB and JNK pathways, raising the possibility that consumption of α-MMC-containing food may lead to inflammatory-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jie Chen
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jia-Qian Zhu
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiu-Qiong Fu
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tao Su
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ting Li
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pei-Li Zhu
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sally Kin-Wah Lee
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hua Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Anfernee Kai-Wing Tse
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai 519087, China
- Correspondence: (A.K.-W.T.); (Z.-L.Y.); Tel.: +86-0756-3620147 (A.K.-W.T.); +852-3411-2465 (Z.-L.Y.)
| | - Zhi-Ling Yu
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: (A.K.-W.T.); (Z.-L.Y.); Tel.: +86-0756-3620147 (A.K.-W.T.); +852-3411-2465 (Z.-L.Y.)
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7
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Ling C, Zhang Y, Li J, Chen W, Ling C. Clinical Use of Toxic Proteins and Peptides from Tian Hua Fen and Scorpion Venom. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 20:285-295. [PMID: 29932034 DOI: 10.2174/1389203719666180622100641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been practiced in China for thousands of years. As a complementary and alternative treatment, herbal medicines that are frequently used in the TCM are the most accepted in the Western world. However, animal materials, which are equally important in the TCM practice, are not well-known in other countries. On the other hand, the Chinese doctors had documented the toxic profiles of hundreds of animals and plants thousand years ago. Furthermore, they saw the potential benefits of these materials and used their toxic properties to treat a wide variety of diseases, such as heavy pain and cancer. Since the 50s of the last century, efforts of the Chinese government and societies to modernize TCM have achieved tremendous scientific results in both laboratory and clinic. A number of toxic proteins have been isolated and their functions identified. Although most of the literature was written in Chinese, this review provide a summary, in English, regarding our knowledge of the clinical use of the toxic proteins isolated from a plant, Tian Hua Fen, and an animal, scorpion, both of which are famous toxic prescriptions in TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ling
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, Florida, FL, United States
| | - Yuanhui Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Baoshan Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Shanghai 201999, China
| | - Jun Li
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, Florida, FL, United States.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wenli Chen
- Department of Oncology, Baoshan Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Shanghai 201999, China
| | - Changquan Ling
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.,E-institute of Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Municipal Education Commission, Shanghai 201203, China
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8
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Wong JH, Ng TB, Wang H, Cheung RCF, Ng CCW, Ye X, Yang J, Liu F, Ling C, Chan K, Ye X, Chan WY. Antifungal Proteins with Antiproliferative Activity on Cancer Cells and HIV-1 Enzyme Inhibitory Activity from Medicinal Plants and Medicinal Fungi. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 20:265-276. [PMID: 29895244 DOI: 10.2174/1389203719666180613085704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A variety of fungi, plants, and their different tissues are used in Traditional Chinese Medicine to improve health, and some of them are recommended for dietary therapy. Many of these plants and fungi contain antifungal proteins and peptides which suppress spore germination and hyphal growth in phytopathogenic fungi. The aim of this article is to review antifungal proteins produced by medicinal plants and fungi used in Chinese medicine which also possess anticancer and human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) enzyme inhibitory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Ho Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hexiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Department of Microbiology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Randy Chi Fai Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Charlene Cheuk Wing Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiuyun Ye
- National Engineering Laboratory for High-Efficiency Enzyme Expression and College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jie Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for High-Efficiency Enzyme Expression and College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chen Ling
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32611, FL, United States
| | - Ki Chan
- Biomedical and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiujuan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Plant Virology of Fujian Province, Institute of Plant Virology, and Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Wai Yee Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Shi WW, Wong KB, Shaw PC. Structural and Functional Investigation and Pharmacological Mechanism of Trichosanthin, a Type 1 Ribosome-Inactivating Protein. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10080335. [PMID: 30127254 PMCID: PMC6115768 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10080335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichosanthin (TCS) is an RNA N-glycosidase that depurinates adenine-4324 in the conserved α-sarcin/ricin loop (α-SRL) of rat 28 S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). TCS has only one chain, and is classified as type 1 ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP). Our structural studies revealed that TCS consists of two domains, with five conserved catalytic residues Tyr70, Tyr111, Glu160, Arg163 and Phe192 at the active cleft formed between them. We also found that the structural requirements of TCS to interact with the ribosomal stalk protein P2 C-terminal tail. The structural analyses suggest TCS attacks ribosomes by first binding to the C-terminal domain of ribosomal P protein. TCS exhibits a broad spectrum of biological and pharmacological activities including anti-tumor, anti-virus, and immune regulatory activities. This review summarizes an updated knowledge in the structural and functional studies and the mechanism of its multiple pharmacological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Shi
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin New Town, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Kam-Bo Wong
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin New Town, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Pang-Chui Shaw
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin New Town, Hong Kong, China.
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Peptide Tk-PQ induces immunosuppression in skin allogeneic transplantation via increasing Foxp3 + Treg and impeding nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Mol Immunol 2018; 101:597-607. [PMID: 30001873 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Solid organ transplantation is used as the last resort for patients with end-stage disease, but allograft rejection is an unsolved problem. Here, we showed that Tk-PQ, a peptide derived from trichosanthin, had an immune-suppressive effect without obvious cytotoxicity in vitro and in a mouse skin allo-transplantation model. In vitro, treatment of Tk-PQ administrated type 2 T helper cell (Th2)/regulatory T-cell (Treg) cytokines, and increased the ratio of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg by repressing the PI3K/mTOR pathway. In addition, Tk-PQ decreased NF-κB activation to downregulate pro-inflammatory cytokines. Tk-PQ treatment in the mouse skin transplantation model also caused the similar molecular and cellular phenotypes. Furthermore, Tk-PQ enhanced the suppressive function of Treg by increasing Foxp3 expression, and substantially improved allograft survival. These finding demonstrate that Tk-PQ has the potential to be used in clinical allogeneic transplantation.
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Li C, Zeng M, Chi H, Shen J, Ng TB, Jin G, Lu D, Fan X, Xiong B, Xiao Z, Sha O. Trichosanthin increases Granzyme B penetration into tumor cells by upregulation of CI-MPR on the cell surface. Oncotarget 2018; 8:26460-26470. [PMID: 28460437 PMCID: PMC5432272 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichosanthin is a plant toxin belonging to the family of ribosome-inactivating proteins. It has various biological and pharmacological activities, including anti-tumor and immunoregulatory effects. In this study, we explored the potential medicinal applications of trichosanthin in cancer immunotherapy. We found that trichosanthin and cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor competitively bind to the Golgi-localized, γ-ear containing and Arf-binding proteins. It in turn promotes the translocation of cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor from the cytosol to the plasma membrane, which is a receptor of Granzyme B. The upregulation of this receptor on the tumor cell surface increased the cell permeability to Granzyme B, and the latter is one of the major factors of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated tumor cell apoptosis. These results suggest a novel potential application of trichosanthin and shed light on its anti-tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunman Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Centre, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Meiqi Zeng
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Centre, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Huju Chi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Centre, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Tzi-Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guangyi Jin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Centre, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Desheng Lu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Centre, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinmin Fan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Centre, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Bilian Xiong
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Centre, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhangang Xiao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Ou Sha
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Centre, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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12
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You C, Sun Y, Zhang S, Tang G, Zhang N, Li C, Tian X, Ma S, Luo Y, Sun W, Wang F, Liu X, Xiao Y, Gong Y, Zhang J, Xie C. Trichosanthin enhances sensitivity of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) TRAIL-resistance cells. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:217-227. [PMID: 29483839 PMCID: PMC5821042 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.22811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) has a specific antitumour activity against many malignant tumours. However, more than half of lung cancer cells are resistant to TRAIL-relevant drugs. Trichosanthin (TCS) is a traditional Chinese medicine with strong inhibitive effects on various malignancies. Nevertheless, its function on TRAIL resistance has not been revealed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). To examine the molecular mechanisms of TCS-induced TRAIL sensitivity, we administrated TCS to TRAIL-resistance NSCLC cells, and found that the combination treatment of TCS and TRAIL inhibited cancer cell proliferation and invasion, and induced cell apoptosis and S-phase arrest. This combined therapeutic method regulated the expression levels of extrinsic apoptosis-associated proteins Caspase 3/8 and PARP; intrinsic apoptosis-associated proteins BCL-2 and BAX; invasion-associated proteins E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Vimentin, ICAM-1, MMP-2 and MMP-9; and cell cycle-associated proteins P27, CCNE1 and CDK2. Up-expression and redistribution of death receptors (DRs) on the cell surface were also observed in combined treatment. In conclusion, our results indicated that TCS rendered NSCLC cells sensitivity to TRAIL via upregulating and redistributing DR4 and DR5, inducing apoptosis, and regulating invasion and cell cycle related proteins. Our results provided a potential therapeutic method to enhance TRAIL-sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng You
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Pathology, China Three Gorges University Medical College, Yichang, China
| | - Yingming Sun
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guiliang Tang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Nannan Zhang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunyang Li
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoli Tian
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shijing Ma
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Luo
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjie Sun
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Department of Pathology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington DC, USA
| | - Yu Xiao
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Gong
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junhong Zhang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Conghua Xie
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumour Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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13
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Tuya N, Wang Y, Tong L, Gao W, Yu R, Xue L. Trichosanthin enhances the antitumor effect of gemcitabine in non-small cell lung cancer via inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:5767-5772. [PMID: 29285119 PMCID: PMC5740788 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gemcitabine (GEMZ) is the first-line therapy used against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and studies have focused on investigating the potential effects of agents combined with GEMZ to enhance the anticancer efficacy in NSCLC. Previous studies have reported that trichosanthin (TCS) has various physiological and pharmacological effects, including anti-human influenza virus enzymes, inhibition of protein synthesis and antitumor activity. The purpose of the present study was to investigate if TCS enhanced the antitumor effects of GEMZ in NSCLC. MTT assay demonstrated that TCS significantly enhanced the cytotoxic effect of GEMZ (P>0.05). Furthermore, a propidium iodide/Αnnexin V staining assay revealed that TCS exerted its pharmacological effect by increasing the apoptotic population. In addition, western blot analysis demonstrated that the combination treatment of TCS with GEMZ further decreased the expression level of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and AKT via regulating the expression of insulin growth factor. The results of the present study demonstrated that TCS enhanced the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of GEMZ in A549 cells via regulating the PI3K/AKT pathway. In conclusion, these observations may provide a potential rational basis for a combination strategy for chemotherapy treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naren Tuya
- Department of Biology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, General Hospital of Beijing Military Region, Beijing 100700, P.R. China.,Department of Chemotherapy Oncology, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, P.R. China
| | - Yadi Wang
- Department of Biology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, General Hospital of Beijing Military Region, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Lanmei Tong
- Department of Chemotherapy Oncology, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, P.R. China
| | - Weishi Gao
- Department of Chemotherapy Oncology, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, P.R. China
| | - Rong Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Inner Mongolia Cancer Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, P.R. China
| | - Liying Xue
- Department of Chemotherapy Oncology, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, P.R. China
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14
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Bolognesi A, Bortolotti M, Maiello S, Battelli MG, Polito L. Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins from Plants: A Historical Overview. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21121627. [PMID: 27898041 PMCID: PMC6273060 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21121627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides a historical overview of the research on plant ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs), starting from the first studies at the end of eighteenth century involving the purification of abrin and ricin, as well as the immunological experiments of Paul Erlich. Interest in these plant toxins was revived in 1970 by the observation of their anticancer activity, which has given rise to a large amount of research contributing to the development of various scientific fields. Biochemistry analyses succeeded in identifying the enzymatic activity of RIPs and allowed for a better understanding of the ribosomal machinery. Studies on RIP/cell interactions were able to detail the endocytosis and intracellular routing of ricin, thus increasing our knowledge of how cells handle exogenous proteins. The identification of new RIPs and the finding that most RIPs are single-chain polypeptides, together with their genetic sequencing, has aided in the development of new phylogenetic theories. Overall, the biological properties of these proteins, including their abortifacient, anticancer, antiviral and neurotoxic activities, suggest that RIPs could be utilized in agriculture and in many biomedical fields, including clinical drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bolognesi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Massimo Bortolotti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Stefania Maiello
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Maria Giulia Battelli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Letizia Polito
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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15
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Au KY, Shi WW, Qian S, Zuo Z, Shaw PC. Improvement of the Pharmacological Properties of Maize RIP by Cysteine-Specific PEGylation. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8100298. [PMID: 27763506 PMCID: PMC5086658 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8100298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the pharmacological properties of maize ribosome-inactivating protein (maize RIP) for targeting HIV-infected cells, the previously engineered TAT-fused active form of maize RIP (MOD) was further engineered for cysteine-directed PEGylation. In this work, two potential antigenic sites, namely Lys-78 and Lys-264, were identified. They were mutated to cysteine residue and conjugated with PEG5k or PEG20k. The resultant PEG derivatives of MOD variants were examined for ribosome-inactivating activity, circulating half-life and immunogenicity. Our results showed that MOD-PEG conjugates had two- to five-fold lower biological activity compared to the wild-type. Mutation of the two sites respectively did not decrease the anti-MOD IgG and IgE level in mice, but the conjugation of PEG did dramatically reduce the antigenicity. Furthermore, pharmacokinetics studies demonstrated that attachment of PEG20k prolonged the plasma half-life by five-fold for MOD-K78C and 17-fold for MOD-K264C, respectively. The site-specific mutation together with PEGylation therefore generated MOD derivatives with improved pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Yee Au
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wei-Wei Shi
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
| | - Shuai Qian
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
| | - Zhong Zuo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
| | - Pang-Chui Shaw
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
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16
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Wang L, Shen F, Zhang M, He Q, Zhao H, Yu X, Yang S, Liu Y, Deng N, Zheng J, Zhu L, Liu X. Cytotoxicity mechanism of α-MMC in normal liver cells through LRP1 mediated endocytosis and JNK activation. Toxicology 2016; 357-358:33-43. [PMID: 27262837 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-momorcharin (α-MMC), a type I ribosome-inactivating protein isolated from Momordica charantia, is a potential drug candidate with strong anti-tumor activity. However, α-MMC has a severe hepatotoxicity when applied in vivo, which may greatly hinders its use in clinic in the future. The biological mechanism of hepatotoxicity induced by α-MMC is largely unknown, especially the mechanism by which α-MMC enters the hepatocytes. In this study, we investigated α-MMC-induced cytotoxicity in normal liver L02 cell line as well as the mechanism underlying it. As expected, α-MMC is more toxic in L02 cells than in various normal cells from other organs. The cytotoxic effect of α-MMC on L02 cells is found to be mediated through cell apoptosis as detected by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Importantly, α-MMC was shown to bind to a specific receptor on cell membrane, as the density of the cell membrane receptor is closely related to both the amount of α-MMC endocytosed and the cytotoxicity in different cell lines. By using LRP1 competitive inhibitor α2-M or siRNA targeting LRP1, we further identified that LRP1 protein served as the membrane receptor for α-MMC. Both α2-M and siRNA targeting LRP1 can significantly inhibit α-MMC's endocytosis as well as its cytotoxicity in L02 cells. In addition, it was found that α-MMC can activate the JNK signalling pathways via LRP1 in L02 cells. As JNK activation often leads to cell apoptosis, the activation of JNK may play an important role in α-MMC-induced cytotoxicity. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing that LRP1 mediates the cytotoxicity of α-MMC through (1) endocytosis and induced apoptosis and (2) the activation of the JNK pathway. Our findings shed light on the fundamental mechanism of hepatotoxicity of α-MMC and offer reference to understand its mechanism of lymphocytotoxicity and neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- School of Medical Laboratory Science, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, PR China
| | - Fubing Shen
- School of Medical Laboratory Science, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, PR China.
| | - Min Zhang
- Isotope Lab, College of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Qianchuan He
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Cardiology (II), Xiangyang Central Hospital, Hubei Province, Xiangyang 441021, PR China
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- Department of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, PR China
| | - Shuxia Yang
- Center of Science and Research, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Nianhua Deng
- School of Medical Laboratory Science, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, PR China
| | - Juecun Zheng
- School of Medical Laboratory Science, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, PR China
| | - Lixia Zhu
- School of Medical Laboratory Science, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, PR China
| | - Xiaolan Liu
- School of Medical Laboratory Science, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, PR China
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17
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Trichosanthin-induced autophagy in gastric cancer cell MKN-45 is dependent on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NF-κB/p53 pathway. J Pharmacol Sci 2016; 131:77-83. [PMID: 27032906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichosanthin (TCS), isolated from the root tuber of Trichosanthes kirilowii tubers in the Cucurbitaceae family, owns a great deal of biological and pharmacological activities including anti-virus and anti-tumor. TCS has been reported to induce cell apoptosis of a diversity of cancers, including cervical cancer, choriocarcinoma, and gastric cancer, etc. However, whether TCS would induce autophagy in gastric cancer cells was seldom investigated. In current study, human gastric cancer MKN-45 cell growth was significantly inhibited by TCS. The anti-proliferation effect of TCS was due to an increased autophagy, which was confirmed by monodansylcadervarine (MDC) staining, up-regulation of Autophagy protein 5 (Atg5), and conversion of LC3 I to LC3 II (autophagosome marker). In addition, TCS induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in MKN-45 cells and ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC) significantly reversed TCS-induced autophagy. Furthermore, NF-κB/p53 pathway was activated during the process of autophagy induced by TCS and the ROS generation was mediated by it in MKN-45 cells. In vivo results showed that TCS exerted significantly anti-tumor effect on MKN-45 bearing mice. Considering the clinical usage of TCS on other human diseases, these research progresses provided a new insight into cancer research and new therapeutic avenues for patients with gastric cancer.
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18
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Wang S, Li Z, Li S, Di R, Ho CT, Yang G. Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) and their important health promoting property. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra02946a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs), widely present in plants, certain fungi and bacteria, can inhibit protein synthesis by removing one or more specific adenine residues from the large subunit of ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains
- College of Life Science
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang
| | - Zhiliang Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains
- College of Life Science
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang
| | - Shiming Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains
- College of Life Science
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang
| | - Rong Di
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology
- Rutgers University
- New Brunswick
- USA
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science
- Rutgers University
- New Brunswick
- USA
| | - Guliang Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains
- College of Life Science
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang
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19
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Akkouh O, Ng TB, Cheung RCF, Wong JH, Pan W, Ng CCW, Sha O, Shaw PC, Chan WY. Biological activities of ribosome-inactivating proteins and their possible applications as antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-pest agents and in neuroscience research. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:9847-63. [PMID: 26394859 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6941-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are enzymes which depurinate ribosomal RNA (rRNA), thus impeding the process of translation resulting in inhibition of protein synthesis. They are produced by various organisms including plants, fungi and bacteria. RIPs from plants are linked to plant defense due to their antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial, and insecticidal activities in which they can be applied in agriculture to combat microbial pathogens and pests. Their anticancer, antiviral, embryotoxic, and abortifacient properties may find medicinal applications. Besides, conjugation of RIPs with antibodies or other carriers to form immunotoxins has been found useful to research in neuroscience and anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouafae Akkouh
- Department of Biology and Medical Laboratory Research, Faculty of Technology, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Zernikdreef 11, 2333 CK, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
| | - Randy Chi Fai Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
| | - Jack Ho Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
| | - Wenliang Pan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
| | - Charlene Cheuk Wing Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
| | - Ou Sha
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University Health Science Centre, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Pang Chui Shaw
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
| | - Wai Yee Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
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20
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Miao J, Jiang Y, Wang D, Zhou J, Fan C, Jiao F, Liu B, Zhang J, Wang Y, Zhang Q. Trichosanthin suppresses the proliferation of glioma cells by inhibiting LGR5 expression and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:2845-52. [PMID: 26397053 PMCID: PMC4722885 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have indicated that trichosanthin (TCS), a bioactive protein extracted and purified from the tuberous root of Trichosanthes kirilowii (a well-known traditional Chinese medicinal plant), produces antitumor effects on various types of cancer cells. However, the effects of TCS on glioma cells are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to investigate the antitumor effects of TCS on the U87 and U251 cell lines. The in vitro effects of TCS on these two cell lines were determined using a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, Annexin V-FITC staining, DAPI staining, Transwell assays, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assays, 5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethyl-imidacar-bocyanine iodide (JC-1) staining and western blotting, which was utilized to assess the expression of leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) and key proteins in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Our data indicated that TCS inhibited the proliferation of glioma cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner and played a role in inhibiting glioma cell invasion and migration. Additional investigation revealed that the expression levels of LGR5 and of key proteins in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway were markedly decreased after TCS treatment. The results suggest that TCS may induce apoptosis in glioma cells by targeting LGR5 and repressing the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. In the future, in vivo experiments should be conducted to examine the potential use of this compound as a novel therapeutic agent for gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Miao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Yilin Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Dongliang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Jingru Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Cungang Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Feng Jiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Yangshuo Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Qingjun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
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21
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Cui L, Song J, Wu L, Huang L, Wang Y, Huang Y, Yu H, Huang Y, You C, Ye J. Smac is another pathway in the anti-tumour activity of Trichosanthin and reverses Trichosanthin resistance in CaSki cervical cancer cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2015; 69:119-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2014.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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22
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Engineering a switch-on peptide to ricin A chain for increasing its specificity towards HIV-infected cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:958-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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23
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Sha O, Niu J, Ng TB, Cho EYP, Fu X, Jiang W. Anti-tumor action of trichosanthin, a type 1 ribosome-inactivating protein, employed in traditional Chinese medicine: a mini review. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2013; 71:1387-93. [PMID: 23377374 PMCID: PMC3668121 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-013-2096-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Trichosanthin (TCS) as a midterm abortifacient medicine has been used clinically in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries. Additionally, TCS manifests a host of pharmacological properties, for instance, anti-HIV and anti-tumor activities. TCS has been reported to inhibit cell growth of a diversity of cancers, including cervical cancer, choriocarcinoma, and leukemia/lymphoma, etc. This article purported to review the various anti-tumor activities of TCS and the mechanism of apoptosis it induced in these tumor cells. These research progresses provide an insight into cancer research and treatment as well as disclose new pharmacological properties of the ancient but popular Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ou Sha
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
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24
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Trichosanthin inhibits breast cancer cell proliferation in both cell lines and nude mice by promotion of apoptosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41592. [PMID: 22957017 PMCID: PMC3434199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer ranks as a common and severe neoplasia in women with increasing incidence as well as high risk of metastasis and relapse. Translational and laboratory-based clinical investigations of new/novel drugs are in progress. Medicinal plants are rich sources of biologically active natural products for drug development. The 27-kDa trichosanthin (TCS) is a ribosome inactivating protein purified from tubers of the Chinese herbal plant Trichosanthes kirilowii Maximowicz (common name Tian Hua Fen). In this study, we extended the potential medicinal applications of TCS from HIV, ferticide, hydatidiform moles, invasive moles, to breast cancer. We found that TCS manifested anti-proliferative and apoptosis-inducing activities in both estrogen-dependent human MCF-7 cells and estrogen-independent MDA-MB-231 cells. Flow cytometric analysis disclosed that TCS induced cell cycle arrest. Further studies revealed that TCS-induced tumor cell apoptosis was attributed to activation of both caspase-8 and caspase-9 regulated pathways. The subsequent events including caspase-3 activation, and increased PARP cleavage. With regard to cell morphology, stereotypical apoptotic features were observed. Moreover, in comparison with control, TCS- treated nude mice bearing MDA-MB-231 xenograft tumors exhibited significantly reduced tumor volume and tumor weight, due to the potent effect of TCS on tumor cell apoptosis as determined by the increase of caspase-3 activation, PARP cleavage, and DNA fragmentation using immunohistochemistry. Considering the clinical efficacy and relative safety of TCS on other human diseases, this work opens up new therapeutic avenues for patients with estrogen-dependent and/or estrogen-independent breast cancers.
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Puri M, Kaur I, Perugini MA, Gupta RC. Ribosome-inactivating proteins: current status and biomedical applications. Drug Discov Today 2012; 17:774-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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de Virgilio M, Lombardi A, Caliandro R, Fabbrini MS. Ribosome-inactivating proteins: from plant defense to tumor attack. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:2699-737. [PMID: 22069572 PMCID: PMC3153179 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2112699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are EC3.2.32.22 N-glycosidases that recognize a universally conserved stem-loop structure in 23S/25S/28S rRNA, depurinating a single adenine (A4324 in rat) and irreversibly blocking protein translation, leading finally to cell death of intoxicated mammalian cells. Ricin, the plant RIP prototype that comprises a catalytic A subunit linked to a galactose-binding lectin B subunit to allow cell surface binding and toxin entry in most mammalian cells, shows a potency in the picomolar range. The most promising way to exploit plant RIPs as weapons against cancer cells is either by designing molecules in which the toxic domains are linked to selective tumor targeting domains or directly delivered as suicide genes for cancer gene therapy. Here, we will provide a comprehensive picture of plant RIPs and discuss successful designs and features of chimeric molecules having therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessio Lombardi
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy;
| | - Rocco Caliandro
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy;
| | - Maria Serena Fabbrini
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy;
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Zhao W, Feng D, Sun S, Han T, Sui S. The anti-viral protein of trichosanthin penetrates into human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2010; 42:91-7. [PMID: 20119629 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmp111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichosanthin (TCS) is a type I ribosome-inactivating protein with potent inhibitory activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1, and has been clinically applied in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) therapy. Previous studies revealed that TCS recognized human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) particles. Here, we investigated the physical relationship between TCS and HIV-1 particles, and demonstrated that TCS penetrates into viral particles, where it is protected from various protease digestion. The penetration of TCS exerts no obvious effect on viral integrity. FYY140-142, D176, and K177 were identified as key amino acid residues for the membranetranslocation process. Moreover, TCS penetrated into HIV-1 virions showed potent anti-viral activity. Overall, the observations suggest that the penetration of TCS into HIV-1 particles may be important for eliminating the virus.
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Shen WZ, Sha O, Yew DTW, Kwong WH. Retrograde transport of a traditional Chinese medicine, α-trichosanthin, and its selective neural toxicity. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2009; 47:876-83. [DOI: 10.3109/15563650903234713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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29
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Zhao WL, Feng D, Wu J, Sui SF. Trichosanthin inhibits integration of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 through depurinating the long-terminal repeats. Mol Biol Rep 2009; 37:2093-8. [PMID: 19669933 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9668-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Trichosanthin (TCS) is a type I ribosome-inactivating protein with potent inhibitory activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1. However, the anti-viral mechanism remains elusive. By a well-accepted HIV-1 integration assay, we demonstrated that TCS prevents HIV-1 DNA integration in a dose dependent manner in cell culture. At the same condition, TCS fails to induce obvious cytotoxicity and is also unable to interference viral early events such as viral entry, uncoating or reverse transcription. The HIV-1 integrase can integrate HIV-1 long-terminal repeats into cellular chromosome. The interaction of TCS with these viral integration components was also examined, indicating that TCS does not interact with HIV-1 integrase by the GST-pull down assay, but binds to the long terminal repeats in a transient manner. We further revealed that TCS can efficiently depurinate HIV-1 long-terminal repeats, which may be responsible for the inhibitory activity on HIV-1 integration. In conclusion, we elucidated that TCS specifically inhibits HIV-1 integration by depurinating the long-terminal repeats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Long Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Zhao WL, Zhang F, Feng D, Wu J, Chen S, Sui SF. A novel sorting strategy of trichosanthin for hijacking human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 384:347-51. [PMID: 19409877 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.04.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Trichosanthin (TCS) is a type I ribosome-inactivating protein that plays dual role of plant toxin and anti-viral peptide. The sorting mechanism of such an exogenous protein is in long pursuit. Here, we examined TCS trafficking in cells expressing the HIV-1 scaffold protein Gag, and we found that TCS preferentially targets the Gag budding sites at plasma membrane or late endosomes depending on cell types. Lipid raft membrane but not the Gag protein mediates the association of TCS with viral components. After Gag budding, TCS is then released in association with the virus-like particles to generate TCS-enriched virions. The resulting TCS-enriched HIV-1 exhibits severely impaired infectivity. Overall, the observations indicate the existence of a unique and elaborate sorting strategy for hijacking HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Long Zhao
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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Wang J, Zou W. A general introduction of HIV/AIDS treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine in China. Virol Sin 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12250-007-0048-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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An Q, Lei Y, Jia N, Zhang X, Bai Y, Yi J, Chen R, Xia A, Yang J, Wei S, Cheng X, Fan A, Mu S, Xu Z. Effect of site-directed PEGylation of trichosanthin on its biological activity, immunogenicity, and pharmacokinetics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 24:643-9. [PMID: 18023612 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioeng.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Trichosanthin (TCS) is a type I ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) with multiple biological and pharmacological activities. It has been approved effective in the clinical treatment of AIDS and tumor, but its strong immunogenicity and short plasma half-life have limited the clinical administration. To reduce the immunogenicity and prolong the plasma half-life of this compound, three TCS muteins (M(1), M(2) and M(3)) and two PEGylated TCS muteins (PM(1) and PM(2)) were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis and PEGylation, respectively. Compared with the unmodified TCS, both PEGylated TCS showed a 3- to 4-fold decrease in immunogenicity, a 0.5- to 0.8-fold decrease in non-specific toxicity, and a 4.5- to 6-fold increase in plasma half-life. But there is a problem of activity reduction. The increased circulating half-life in vivo may compensate for the reduced activity. Together with the other benefits of PEGylation such as reduced immunogenicity and toxicity, it is worthwhile to further explore the potential application of the PEGylated TCS as a better therapeutic agent for AIDS and tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunxing An
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710033, China
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Zhang K, Xu J, Huang X, Wu L, Wen C, Hu Y, Su Y, Chen Y, Zhang Z. Trichosanthin down-regulated p210Bcr-Abl and enhanced imatinib-induced growth arrest in chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line K562. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2007; 60:581-7. [PMID: 17435997 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-007-0457-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2006] [Accepted: 03/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Trichosanthin (TCS), an active component extracted from the root tubers of traditional Chinese medical herb Tian-Hua-Fen of the Cucurbitaceae family, has long been used for medical purpose in China; there is increasing interest in developing TCS as cancer therapeutic agents. The present study was to investigate the growth arrest of K562 cells and its molecular mechanisms, which the drugs induced by TCS and the possible functional interaction of TCS with imatinib (STI571) to K562 cells. METHODS Trypan blue exclusive staining was used to access the cell growth inhibition; western blot was used to evaluate the p210(Bcr-Abl), phosphorylated tyrosine kinase (PTK), and some signaling molecules involving in cell proliferation and apoptosis in K562 cells. RESULTS TCS and imatinib inhibited K562 cells at a time- and dose-dependent manners, respectively; TCS down-regulated p210(Bcr-Abl) at a time- and dose-dependent manners; TCS synergistically enhanced imatinib-induced K562 cell growth arrest and down-regulation of p210(Bcr-Abl), PTK activities, procaspase-3, Hsp90,NF-kappaB and PKC. CONCLUSION The results suggest that TCS not only by itself involves but also synergizes activities of imatinib to induce K562 cell growth arrest, down-regulation of p210(Bcr-Abl) and its downstream signals and to stimulate the effect of the tyrosine kinase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunzhong Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fujian 350004, People's Republic China
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An Q, Wei S, Mu S, Zhang X, Lei Y, Zhang W, Jia N, Cheng X, Fan A, Li Z, Xu Z. Mapping the antigenic determinants and reducing the immunogenicity of trichosanthin by site-directed mutagenesis. J Biomed Sci 2006; 13:637-43. [PMID: 16977428 DOI: 10.1007/s11373-006-9095-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2006] [Accepted: 06/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichosanthin (TCS) is a type I ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) possessing multiple pharmacological properties. One of its interesting properties is to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication but its strong immunogenicity has limited the repeated clinical administration. To map the antigenic determinants and reduce the immunogenicity of TCS, two potential antigenic sites (YFF81-83 and KR173-174) were identified by computer modeling, and then three TCS mutants namely TCS(YFF81-83ACS), TCS(KR173-174CG), and TCS(YFF-KR) were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis. The RI activity and DNase-like activity of the three constructed TCS mutants were similar to natural TCS but with much lower immunogenicity. Results suggested that the two selected sites are all located at or near the antigenic determinants of TCS. In toxicity studies, the LD(50) of the three TCS mutants was not different from natural TCS. These findings would be useful in designing a better therapeutic agent for AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunxing An
- Department of Microbiology, Fourth Medical University of PLA, Xi'an, 710032, China
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Zhang XY, Wu Y, Yan JY, Gao Y, Wang Y, Mi SL, An CC. Y55 and D78 are crucial amino acid residues of a new IgE epitope on trichosanthin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 343:1251-6. [PMID: 16581017 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.03.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2006] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Trichosanthin (TCS) possesses many biological and pharmaceutical activities, but its strong immunogenicity limits its clinical application. To reduce the immunogenicity of TCS, we modified the reported method for the prediction of antigenic site and identified two crucial amino acid residues (Y55 and D78) for a new epitope. We mutated these two residues into glycine and serine, respectively, and obtained three mutants, Y55G, D78S, and Y55G/D78S. These mutants induced less amount of Ig and IgG antibodies in C57BL/6J mice than wild-type TCS (wTCS) (p<0.01) and almost lost the ability to induce IgE antibody production. The mutants stimulated fewer TCS-specific B cells in C57BL/6J mice than wTCS (p<0.01). Compared with wTCS, Y55G, D78S, and Y55G/D78S lost 26.9%, 17.9%, and 98.7% specific binding ability to anti-TCS monoclonal antibody TCS4E9, respectively. These mutants still retained RNA N-glycosidase activity. In conclusion, Y55 and D78 are two crucial amino acid residues of a new IgE epitope on TCS, and their mutation reduces the immunogenicity of TCS, but still retained the enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yue Zhang
- The National Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
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Huang H, Chan H, Wang YY, Ouyang DY, Zheng YT, Tam SC. Trichosanthin suppresses the elevation of p38 MAPK, and Bcl-2 induced by HSV-1 infection in Vero cells. Life Sci 2006; 79:1287-92. [PMID: 16725160 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2005] [Revised: 03/11/2006] [Accepted: 03/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Trichosanthin (TCS) is a type 1 ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) effective against HIV-1 and HSV-1 replication. The mechanism of its antiviral activity is not clear. Many believe that it is related to ribosome inactivation. Some RIPs and viral infection affect the phosphorylation of MAPK and Bcl-2 and these proteins may be the common element linking RIP and viral infection. This study investigated the effect of HSV-1 infection on p38 MAPK and Bcl-2 as well as possible interference by TCS. Results showed that HSV-1 infection induced an elevation of phosphorylated p38 and Bcl-2 in Vero cells, which could be partially blocked by TCS. At the same time, both viral replication and host cells viability were lowered. Viral replication, Vero cell viability, p38 MAPK and Bcl-2 were further reduced with the addition of a p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB203580). This suggested that TCS may interfere with MAPK and Bcl-2 signals generated by infection leading to inhibition of viral replication. In summary, our results demonstrated that HSV-1 infection in Vero cells induced an elevation of p38 MAPK and Bcl-2. TCS suppressed this rise and reduced viral replication. The MAPK family may play a role in the antiviral mechanism of TCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Huang
- Department of Physiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Szalai K, Schöll I, Förster-Waldl E, Polito L, Bolognesi A, Untersmayr E, Riemer AB, Boltz-Nitulescu G, Stirpe F, Jensen-Jarolim E. Occupational sensitization to ribosome-inactivating proteins in researchers. Clin Exp Allergy 2005; 35:1354-60. [PMID: 16238796 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are expressed in many plants. Because of their anti-infectious and anti-proliferative effects, intensive research is going on for applying these toxins in therapy against viral infections or malignancies. Recently, we demonstrated that type I allergy against RIPs from elderberry can occur. OBJECTIVE Stimulated by our study, a group of RIP researchers reported that some of the employees had suspected allergy to RIPs. METHODS AND RESULTS We tested their sera in ELISA on natural RIPs. Specific IgE in four subjects were found against dianthin30, gelonin, momordin, PAP-S, saporin, ricin and volkensin. In contrast, asparin and lychnin did not show any IgE binding. When separating extracts of plants containing the toxins in SDS-PAGE, RIPs appeared to be the predominant constituents. Interestingly, among the other plant proteins, they were exclusively recognized by IgE in immunoblot. RIPs derived from close botanical families share high sequence homologies. Nevertheless, in IgE inhibition experiments with human sera, cross-reactivity between RIPs also derived from non-related plants could be demonstrated. CONCLUSION We conclude that sensitization and IgE induction to RIPs may occur upon exposure. This has to be considered when applying them in therapy against malignancies or viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Szalai
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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Xia X, Hou F, Li J, Nie H. Ribosomal protein L10a, a bridge between trichosanthin and the ribosome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 336:281-6. [PMID: 16126173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2005] [Accepted: 08/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Trichosanthin is a type I ribosome-inactivating protein with many pharmacological activities. The trichosanthin-coupled Sepharose affinity purification revealed a protein, which was identified by mass spectrometry as the ribosomal protein L10a. The interaction between trichosanthin and recombinant L10a was further confirmed by in vitro binding assay. Kinetic analysis by surface plasmon resonance technology revealed that L10a had a high affinity to trichosanthin with a K(D) of 7.78nM. The study with mutated forms of trichosanthin demonstrated that this specific association correlates with the ribosome-inactivating activity of trichosanthin. This finding might provide insight into the mechanisms by which trichosanthin inactivates ribosome and that underlies its pharmacological effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechun Xia
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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Wang YY, Ouyang DY, Huang H, Chan H, Tam SC, Zheng YT. Enhanced apoptotic action of trichosanthin in HIV-1 infected cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 331:1075-80. [PMID: 15882987 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.03.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Trichosanthin (TCS) is a type 1 ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) effective against HIV-1 replication. The mechanism is not clear. Present results suggested that the antiviral action may be partly mediated through enhanced apoptosis on infected cells. TCS induced apoptosis in normal H9 cells and this action was more potent in those infected with HIV-1. In flow cytometry study, TCS induced larger population of apoptotic H9 cells chronically infected with HIV-1 in a dose-dependent manner. At TCS concentration of 25 microg/ml, 8.4% of normal H9 cells were found to be apoptotic whereas the same concentration induced 24.5% in HIV-1 chronically infected cells. Such difference was not found in the control experiments without TCS treatment. Two other studies supported this action. Cytotoxic study showed that cell viability was always lower in HIV-1 infected cells after TCS treatment, and DNA fragmentation study confirmed more laddering in infected cells. The mechanism of TCS induced apoptosis in normal or infected H9 cells is not clear. Results in this study demonstrated that TCS is more effective in inducing apoptosis in HIV-1 infected cells. This may explain in part the antiviral action of TCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
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Chan HM, Tam SC. Role of blood transfusion in trichosanthin-induced anaphylaxis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2005; 20:73-76. [PMID: 21783570 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2004.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2004] [Accepted: 10/21/2004] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Trichosanthin (TCS) is a type 1 ribosome inactivating protein extracted from Chinese medicinal herb. It possesses various biological functions such as abortifacient, anti-tumor and anti-viral activities. Clinical trial of this compound against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) had been conducted. However, its use is limited by its high immunogenicity that elicits hypersensitivity reaction. This may lead to fatal anaphylactic response. The study described an approach of using blood transfusion to reduce TCS induced anaphylaxis in rats using a cross-circulation model. A TCS-sensitized Sprague Dawley rat was connected to a normal rat via the femoral vessels in a cross-circulation circuit before antigenic challenge. The donor rat served as a blood exchange basin to lower the level of the blood-borne components responsible for the anaphylactic reaction in the sensitized rat. Our results showed that cross-circulation shortened the duration of circulatory hypotension and reduced mortality of TCS induced anaphylaxis. The control group not undergoing cross-circulation had a mortality of 50% at 2h post-TCS challenge and there was no mortality in the cross-circulation group. This demonstrated that prior blood transfusion can be one of the alternatives to reduce anaphylactic response of TCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Chan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China
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Xia XF, Wang F, Yang M, Sui SF. Trichosanthin’s interfacial interactions with phospholipids: a monolayer study. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2004; 39:105-12. [PMID: 15556338 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2003.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Lipid monolayer at the air/water interface, as half a membrane, was used here to investigate the interaction between trichosanthin (TCS), a ribosome inactivating protein, and phospholipid membrane. First, the protein adsorption experiments showed that the negatively charged DPPG caused obvious enrichment of TCS beneath the monolayer, indicating electrostatic attraction between TCS and the negatively charged phospholipid. Second, when TCS was incorporated into the phospholipid monolayer, it could not be completely squeezed out until the monolayer collapsed. The results were demonstrated to be irrelative with the phospholipid headgroup, suggesting a strong hydrophobic force between TCS and phospholipid hydrocarbon chain was involved in the interaction. Third, the protein/membrane interaction was further studied with fluorescence microscope. The results showed that TCS could penetrate into both the condensed and the fluid phase of the DPPG monolayer under low pH condition and eventually resulted in a homogeneous phospholipid phase. The breakage of ordered packing of phospholipid by TCS may be responsible for this homogenizing effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Xia
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, State-Key Laboratory of Biomembrane, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Kondo T, Kurihara S, Yoshikawa T, Mizukami H. Effect of N- and C-terminal deletions on the RNA N-glycosidase activity and the antigenicity of karasurin-A, a ribosome-inactivating protein from Trichosanthes kirilowii var. japonica. Biotechnol Lett 2004; 26:1873-8. [PMID: 15672231 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-004-6033-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2004] [Accepted: 10/25/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Karasurin-A, from root tubers of Trichosanthes kirilowii var. japonica, is a type I ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) that displays activity of RNA N-glycosidase to remove an adenine in the conserved sarcin/ricin loop of the largest RNA in the ribosome. We expressed recombinant proteins of karasurin-A and its various mutants with N- or C-terminal deletions in Escherichia coli as fusion proteins with maltose-binding protein (MBP), and compared their enzymatic activities and antigenicities. Muteins of karasurin-A generated by deleting either the first 100 N-terminal or the last 30 C-terminal amino acid residues lost activity of RNA N-glycosidase. The mutant proteins whose 80 N-terminal or 20 C-terminal amino acids were deleted could depurinate rRNA although the activities were decreased drastically. The antigenicities of the recombinant proteins were considerably reduced by deleting 20 amino acid residues from either N- or C-terminal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Kondo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan.
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Abstract
The main results of the research performed in the last 30 years on ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are reviewed, with emphasis on the new, controversial and uncertain aspects. The nature, distribution, mechanism of action and properties of these proteins are briefly reported, together with their possible applications. A pattern appears of a still largely unexplored subject, whose role in nature is probably important, and not limited to the biology of plants, since RIPs have been found also in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorenzo Stirpe
- Dipartimento di Patologia Sperimentale, Università di Bologna, I-40125 Bologna, Italy.
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Li ZH, Nie BM, Chen H, Chen SY, He P, Lu Y, Guo XK, Liu JX. In vitro anti-coxsackievirus B 3 effect of ethyl acetate extract of Tian-hua-fen. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10:2263-6. [PMID: 15259078 PMCID: PMC4724964 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i15.2263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigation the anti-coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3m) effect of the ethyl acetate extract of Tian-hua-fen on HeLa cells infected with CVB3m.
METHODS: HeLa cells were infected with CVB3m and the cytopathic effects (CPE) were observed through light microscope and crystal violet staining on 96-well plate and A600 was detected using spectrophotometer. The protective effect of the extract to HeLa cells and the mechanism of the effect were also evaluated through the change of CPE and value of A600.
RESULTS: The extract had some toxicity to HeLa cells at a higher concentration while had a marked inhibitory effect on cell pathological changes at a lower concentration. Consistent results were got through these two methods. We also investigated the mechanism of its anti-CVB3m effect and the results indicated that the extract represented an inhibitory effect through all the processes of CVB3m attachment, entry, biosynthesis and assemble in cells.
CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate that the ethyl acetate extract of Tian-hua-fen has a significant protective effect on HeLa cells infected with CVB3m in a dose-dependent manner and this effect exists through the process of CVB3m attachment, entry, biosynthesis and assemble in cells, suggesting that the ethyl acetate extract of Tian-hua-fen can be developed as an anti-virus agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Hong Li
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Second Medical University, Shanghai 200025, China
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45
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Wang JH, Tam SC, Huang H, Ouyang DY, Wang YY, Zheng YT. Site-directed PEGylation of trichosanthin retained its anti-HIV activity with reduced potency in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 317:965-71. [PMID: 15094363 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.03.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Trichosanthin (TCS) was the first ribosome inactivating protein found to possess anti-HIV-1 activity. Phase I/II clinical trial of this compound had been done. Antigenicity and short plasma half-life were the major side effects preventing further clinical trial. Modification of TCS is therefore necessary to revive the interest to develop this compound as an anti-HIV agent. Three potential antigenic sites (Ser-7, Lys-173, and Gln-219) were identified by computer modeling. Through site-directed mutagenesis, these three antigenic amino acids were mutated to a cysteine residue resulting in 3 TCS mutants, namely S7C, K173C, and Q219C. These mutants were further coupled to polyethylene glycol with a molecular size of 20kDa (PEG) via the cysteine residue. This produced another three TCS derivatives, namely PEG20k-S7C, PEG20k-K173C, and PEG20k-Q219C. PEGylation had been widely used recently to decrease immunogenicity by masking the antigenic sites and prolong plasma half-life by expanding the molecular size. The in vitro anti-HIV-1 activity of these mutants and derivatives was tested. Results showed that the anti-HIV-1 activity of S7C, K173C, and Q219C was decreased by about 1.5- to 5.5-fold with slightly lower cytotoxicity. On the other hand, PEGylation produced larger decrease (20- to 30-fold) in anti-HIV activity. Cytotoxicity was, however, weakened only slightly by about 3-fold. The in vitro study showed that the anti-HIV activity of PEGylated TCS was retained with reduced potency. The in vivo activity is expected to have only slightly changed due to other beneficial effects like prolonged half-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hua Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, PR China
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46
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Cos P, Maes L, Vanden Berghe D, Hermans N, Pieters L, Vlietinck A. Plant substances as anti-HIV agents selected according to their putative mechanism of action. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2004; 67:284-293. [PMID: 14987070 DOI: 10.1021/np034016p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite the continuous advances made in antiretroviral combination therapy, AIDS has become the leading cause of death in Africa and the fourth worldwide. Today, many research groups are exploring the biodiversity of the plant kingdom to find new and better anti-HIV drugs with novel mechanisms of action. In this review, plant substances showing a promising anti-HIV activity are discussed according to the viral targets with which they interact. Most of these compounds, however, interfere with early steps in the HIV replication, such as the virus entry steps and the viral enzymes reverse transcriptase and integrase, whereas until now almost no plant compounds have been found to interact with the many other viral targets. Since some plant substances are known to modulate several cellular factors, such as NF-kappa B and TNF-alpha, which are also involved in the replication of HIV, their role as potential anti-HIV products is also discussed. In conclusion, several plant-derived antiviral agents are good candidates to be further studied for their potential in the systemic therapy and/or prophylaxis of HIV infections, most probably in combination with other anti-HIV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cos
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
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47
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Wang JH, Nie HL, Huang H, Tam SC, Zheng YT. Independency of anti-HIV-1 activity from ribosome-inactivating activity of trichosanthin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 302:89-94. [PMID: 12593852 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)00119-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Trichosanthin (TCS) is a type I ribosome-inactivating (RI) protein possessing multiple biological and pharmacological activities. Its major action is inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication but the mechanism is still elusive. All evidences showed that this action is related to its RI activity. Previous studies found that TCS mutants with reduced RI activity simultaneously lost some anti-HIV activity. In this study, an exception was demonstrated by two TCS mutants retaining almost all RI activity but were devoid of anti-HIV-1 activity. Five mutants were constructed by using site-directed mutagenesis with either deletion or addition of amino acids to the C-terminal sequence. Results showed that the RI activity of mutants with C-terminal deletion mutants (TCS(C2), TCS(C4), and TCS(C14)) decreased by 1.2-3.3-fold with parallel downshifting of its anti-HIV-1 activity (1.4-4.8-fold). Another two mutants, TCS(C19aa) and TCS(KDEL) having 19 amino acid extension and a KDEL signal sequence added to the C-terminal sequence, retained all RI activity but subsequently lost most of the anti-HIV-1 activity. These findings suggested that ribosome inactivation alone might not be adequate to explain the anti-HIV action of TCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hua Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
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48
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Xia XF, Wang F, Sui SF. Effect of phospholipid on trichosanthin adsorption at the air-water interface. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1515:1-11. [PMID: 11597347 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(01)00348-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Trichosanthin (TCS) is a toxic protein with multiple pharmacological properties. It belongs to the type I ribosome inactivating protein (RIP) family and can inactivate the eukaryotic ribosome through its RNA N-glycosidase activity. The interaction between TCS and phospholipid membrane was thought to be essential for its physiological effect, for it must get across the cell membrane before it can enter the cytoplasm and exert its RIP function. In order to study the TCS-phospholipid interaction, the difference between spontaneous and phospholipid induced adsorption of TCS at the air-water interface was investigated, and the results were analyzed according to the diffusion-penetration-rearrangement adsorption model. The results showed that both negatively charged 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol (DPPG) and neutral 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine can accelerate the adsorption rate, while there exists a possible membrane induced conformational change of TCS which is specific for the negatively charged DPPG. We also proposed a revised model for the diffusion controlled initial adsorption period.
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Affiliation(s)
- X F Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane, Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, PR China
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49
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Zheng YT, Chan WL, Chan P, Huang H, Tam SC. Enhancement of the anti-herpetic effect of trichosanthin by acyclovir and interferon. FEBS Lett 2001; 496:139-42. [PMID: 11356198 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(01)02391-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Trichosanthin (TCS) is a type I ribosome-inactivating protein that has a wide range of pharmacological activities. The present study investigated the effectiveness of TCS on herpes simplex virus (HSV-1). The anti-viral activity and toxicity of TCS on Vero cells were measured. Results showed that the ED(50), TD(50) and the therapeutic indices were 38.5, 416.5 and 10.9 microg/ml, respectively. Anti-viral activity of TCS was substantially potentiated when it was used in conjunction with other anti-viral agents. The ED(50) of TCS was reduced 125-fold by acyclovir at a concentration of 0.001 microg/ml, which was practically devoid of significant anti-viral activity. Similarly, the ED(50) of TCS was reduced 100-fold by interferon-alpha2a at a concentration of 100 IU/ml. In conclusion, TCS is effective against HSV-1 and other anti-viral agents such as acyclovir or interferon can potentiate its action substantially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y T Zheng
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Sepkowitz
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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