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Mendoza W, Isaza JP, López L, López-Herrera A, Gutiérrez LA. Bovine leukemia virus detection in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Virus Res 2023; 335:199186. [PMID: 37532141 PMCID: PMC10425403 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
To review the available studies on the frequency of detection of the bovine leukemia virus in human samples, a systematic review with meta-analysis of the scientific literature was carried out, including papers published in English, Spanish, and Portuguese in 5 multidisciplinary databases. We collected information from different populations following a detailed and reproducible search protocol in which two researchers verified the inclusion and exclusion criteria. We identified 759 articles, of which only 33 met the inclusion criteria. Analyzed studies reported that the presence of the virus was measured in human samples, such as paraffin-embedded breast tissue and peripheral blood from 10,398 individuals, through serological and molecular techniques. An overall virus frequency of 27% (Ranging between 17 and 37%) was observed, with a high-frequency data heterogeneity between studies. The presence of this virus in different human biological samples suggests the need to investigate further its transmission route to humans and its potential role in developing and progressing diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willington Mendoza
- Grupo Biología de Sistemas, Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Circular 1a Nº 70-01, Bloque 11C - Oficina 417, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan Pablo Isaza
- Grupo Biología de Sistemas, Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Circular 1a Nº 70-01, Bloque 11C - Oficina 417, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Lucelly López
- Grupo de Investigación en Salud Pública, Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Albeiro López-Herrera
- Grupo de Investigación Biodiversidad y Genética Molecular (BIOGEM), Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín, Colombia
| | - Lina A Gutiérrez
- Grupo Biología de Sistemas, Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Circular 1a Nº 70-01, Bloque 11C - Oficina 417, Medellín, Colombia.
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Klarkowski D, O’Brien DP, Shanks L, Singh KP. Causes of false-positive HIV rapid diagnostic test results. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2013; 12:49-62. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2014.866516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Boeras DI, Luisi N, Karita E, McKinney S, Sharkey T, Keeling M, Chomba E, Kraft C, Wall K, Bizimana J, Kilembe W, Tichacek A, Caliendo AM, Hunter E, Allen S. Indeterminate and discrepant rapid HIV test results in couples' HIV testing and counselling centres in Africa. J Int AIDS Soc 2011; 14:18. [PMID: 21477317 PMCID: PMC3086828 DOI: 10.1186/1758-2652-14-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many HIV voluntary testing and counselling centres in Africa use rapid antibody tests, in parallel or in sequence, to establish same-day HIV status. The interpretation of indeterminate or discrepant results between different rapid tests on one sample poses a challenge. We investigated the use of an algorithm using three serial rapid HIV tests in cohabiting couples to resolve unclear serostatuses. Methods Heterosexual couples visited the Rwanda Zambia HIV Research Group testing centres in Kigali, Rwanda, and Lusaka, Zambia, to assess HIV infection status. Individuals with unclear HIV rapid antibody test results (indeterminate) or discrepant results were asked to return for repeat testing to resolve HIV status. If either partner of a couple tested positive or indeterminate with the screening test, both partners were tested with a confirmatory test. Individuals with indeterminate or discrepant results were further tested with a tie-breaker and monthly retesting. HIV-RNA viral load was determined when HIV status was not resolved by follow-up rapid testing. Individuals were classified based on two of three initial tests as "Positive", "Negative" or "Other". Follow-up testing and/or HIV-RNA viral load testing determined them as "Infected", "Uninfected" or "Unresolved". Results Of 45,820 individuals tested as couples, 2.3% (4.1% of couples) had at least one discrepant or indeterminate rapid result. A total of 65% of those individuals had follow-up testing and of those individuals initially classified as "Negative" by three initial rapid tests, less than 1% were resolved as "Infected". In contrast, of those individuals with at least one discrepant or indeterminate result who were initially classified as "Positive", only 46% were resolved as "Infected", while the remainder was resolved as "Uninfected" (46%) or "Unresolved" (8%). A positive HIV serostatus of one of the partners was a strong predictor of infection in the other partner as 48% of individuals who resolved as "Infected" had an HIV-infected spouse. Conclusions In more than 45,000 individuals counselled and tested as couples, only 5% of individuals with indeterminate or discrepant rapid HIV test results were HIV infected. This represented only 0.1% of all individuals tested. Thus, algorithms using screening, confirmatory and tie-breaker rapid tests are reliable with two of three tests negative, but not when two of three tests are positive. False positive antibody tests may persist. HIV-positive partner serostatus should prompt repeat testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debrah I Boeras
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Guan M. Frequency, causes, and new challenges of indeterminate results in Western blot confirmatory testing for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2007; 14:649-59. [PMID: 17409223 PMCID: PMC1951092 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00393-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Guan
- MP Biomedicals Asia Pacific Pte Ltd., 85 Science Park Drive No. 04-01, Singapore Science Park, Singapore 118259, Republic of Singapore.
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Grusky O, Roberts KJ, Swanson AN. Communicating indeterminate HIV Western blot test results to clients: an observational study of three community testing sites. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2006; 20:620-7. [PMID: 16987048 DOI: 10.1089/apc.2006.20.620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined HIV test counselors' beliefs and practices regarding communicating indeterminate HIV test results to clients. There are many reasons for an indeterminate HIV antibody/ Western blot assay including early HIV infection, infection with other contagious diseases, autoimmune diseases, and second or subsequent pregnancies in women. Field observations of three community HIV testing sites and semistructured interviews with 16 HIV test counselors were conducted from August 2002 through June 2003. Counselors defined an indeterminate test result in different ways. They also presented several different theories of causation, yet failed to mention two potential causes of an indeterminate result, association with large animals and infection with other (non-HIV-1) HIV strains. Counselors' understanding of the meaning of an indeterminate HIV test result varied a great deal. Some counselors believed that an indeterminate result truly was ambiguous while others believed it was indicative of being either HIV-positive or HIV-negative. Counselors' primary advice to clients who received an indeterminate result was to retest immediately without a waiting period. Counselors reported that communicating indeterminate test results to clients was a challenging task because clients who received such a result were confused, angry, and/or mistrustful. Results highlight the need for further research to provide reliable estimates of the extensiveness of indeterminate HIV test results and to further assess the nature of counselor and client responses to indeterminate test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Grusky
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1551, USA.
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Kiely P, Stewart Y, Castro L. Analysis of voluntary blood donors with biologic false reactivity on chemiluminescent immunoassays and implications for donor management. Transfusion 2003; 43:584-90. [PMID: 12702178 DOI: 10.1046/j.1537-2995.2003.00386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biologic false-reactive (BFR) results in blood donors are problematic due to both component loss and donor-management issues. This report analyzes the results of a longitudinal study of BFR donors and the implications for donor management. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Donors who gave BFR results on HBsAg, HIV-1/HIV-2, HCV, or HTLV-I/HTLV/II chemiluminescent immunoassays (ChLIAs) (PRISM, Abbott) between May 1997 to March 1999 were analyzed. Donors were followed up for up to three donations after an index BFR episode. In addition, results of any negative donations before the index BFR result but within the study period were included in the analysis. RESULTS For donors who gave an index BFR result on the HBsAg ChLIA, 14.3 percent remained BFR at subsequent donations, whereas for the anti-HIV-1/HIV-2, anti-HCV, and anti-HTLV-I/HTLV-II ChLIAs, the figures were 66.0, 77.4, and 71.6 percent, respectively. For donors who gave a second BFR result, the percentage who remained BFR at subsequent donations was 75.0, 80.6, 84.6, and 74.5 percent for the four assays, respectively. The rate at which negative repeat donors became BFR during the study period was 0.02, 0.07, 0.12, and 0.02 percent for the HBsAg, anti-HIV-1/HIV-2, anti-HCV, and anti-HTLV-I/HTLV-II assays, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that donors who give an index BFR result on the ChLIAs (PRISM, Abbott) should be allowed to continue donating because most donors with a HBsAg BFR result were negative at subsequent donations, and between 22.6 and 34.0 percent of those with BFR results on the HIV-1/HIV-2, HCV, or HTLV-I/HTLV-II assays gave subsequent negative donations. However, donors who give a second BFR result should be counseled and deferred because they were very unlikely to give subsequent negative results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Kiely
- Virus Serology Unit, Australian Red Cross Blood Service-Victoria, PO Box 354, South Melbourne, Victoria 3205, Australia.
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Mahé C, Kaleebu P, Ojwiya A, Whitworth JAG. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Western blot: revised diagnostic criteria with fewer indeterminate results for epidemiological studies in Africa. Int J Epidemiol 2002; 31:985-90. [PMID: 12435773 DOI: 10.1093/ije/31.5.985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Western blot (WB) criteria in epidemiological studies in Africa exhibit an unacceptably high proportion of indeterminate results. New diagnostic criteria are urgently needed. METHODS From 1989 to 1998, WB confirmatory tests were performed after weakly positive or discordant results of two enzyme immunoassays in a large Ugandan population. Enzyme immunoassays (EIA) on new sera taken prospectively from the same individuals one year later were used to assess the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status of these people. A logistic model was used to determine which set of WB bands was the most predictive of HIV status. Diagnostic criteria were then established, based on the likely HIV status determined using the predictive values and the intensity of the bands. RESULTS Using 1109 WB tests, the best diagnostic criteria were based on only two bands (gp160 and p31). These criteria were validated on an independent sample of 587 WB tests, giving a high sensitivity and specificity (90.3% and 97.0%, respectively) and few indeterminate results (2.7%). These criteria classified correctly 96.3% of the sera. CONCLUSION Our diagnostic criteria gave far better results in our population than the existing published criteria. This suggests that new criteria could be developed to improve WB interpretation in African settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Mahé
- Medical Research Council Programme on AIDS in Uganda, Uganda Virus Research Institute, PO Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda.
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Poiesz BJ, Papsidero LD, Ehrlich G, Sherman M, Dube S, Poiesz M, Dillon K, Ruscetti FW, Slamon D, Fang C, Williams A, Duggan D, Glaser J, Gottlieb A, Goldberg J, Ratner L, Phillips P, Han T, Friedman-Kien A, Siegal F, Rai K, Sawitsky A, Sheremata LW, Dosik H, Cunningham C, Montagna R. Prevalence of HTLV-I-associated T-cell lymphoma. Am J Hematol 2001; 66:32-8. [PMID: 11426489 DOI: 10.1002/1096-8652(200101)66:1<32::aid-ajh1004>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In order to assess the prevalence rate of HTLV-1-associated T-cell lymphomas and human retrovirus infection in general, approximately 21,000 individuals representing various patient populations, retroviral risk groups, and blood donors were examined for HTLV-I, HTLV-II, HIV-1, or HIV-2 infection using serologic and PCR assays. The prevalence rates among volunteer blood donors were 0.02% and 0% for HTLV and HIV, respectively. Significantly increased HTLV prevalence rates were observed among paid blood donors, African American health care clinic patients, Amerindians, recipients of HTLV-positive cellular blood products, intravenous drug users, sexual contacts and family members of HTLV-positive people, and patients with primary thrombocytosis and other-than-low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Among some of these groups there were significant differences in the prevalence of HTLV-I versus HTLV-II. The eight HTLV-positive NHL patients all had mature, high-grade, CD4+ T-cell lymphomas with clonally integrated HTLV-I, for a prevalence of 4% among other-than-low-grade NHL patients. Seven of the eight died from their disease within 2 years despite treatment. Interestingly, two groups at risk for HTLV infection, namely needle stick victims and recipients of HTLV-infected and/or pooled plasma products, showed no evidence for infection. Significantly increased HIV-1 prevalence was observed among paid blood donors, African Americans, homosexuals, female prostitutes, hemophiliacs, and other-than-low-grade NHL patients. Only one patient was infected with HIV-2. Of the nine HIV-positive, other-than-low-grade NHL patients, seven HIV-1 positives had B-cell lymphomas, one HIV-1 positive had an HTLV-I-positive CD4+ T-cell lymphoma, and one infected with HIV-2 had a CD4+ T-cell lymphoma that was HTLV negative. The data indicate that HTLV-I lymphoma, while uncommon, is not necessarily rare among other-than-low-grade NHL cases in the United States and, given its poor prognosis, should probably be studied separately in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Poiesz
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Health Science Center, Syracuse, USA.
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Dodd RY, Stramer SL. Indeterminate results in blood donor testing: what you don't know can hurt you. Transfus Med Rev 2000; 14:151-60. [PMID: 10782499 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-7963(00)80005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Y Dodd
- Transmissible Diseases Department, American Red Cross, Jerome H. Holland Laboratory, Rockville, MD 20855, USA
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Baskar PV, Collins GD, Dorsey-Cooper BA, Pyle RS, Nagel JE, Dwyer D, Dunston G, Johnson CE, Kendig N, Israel E, Nalin DR, Adler WH. Serum antibodies to HIV-1 are produced post-measles virus infection: evidence for cross-reactivity with HLA. Clin Exp Immunol 1998; 111:251-6. [PMID: 9486389 PMCID: PMC1904900 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1998.00488.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Convalescent sera obtained from patients who were recently recovered from an acute measles virus infection were tested for the presence of anti-HIV-1 antibodies by Western blot analysis. While 16% (17/104) of control sera displayed reactive bands to a variety of HIV proteins, 62% (45/73) of convalescent sera demonstrated immunoreactive bands corresponding to HIV-1 Pol and Gag, but not Env antigens. This cross-reactivity appears to be the result of an active measles infection. No HIV-1 immunoblot reactivity (0/10) was observed in sera obtained from young adults several weeks after a combined measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccination. Interestingly, examination of anti-HLA typing sera specific for either class I and class II molecules revealed that 46% (19/41) of these sera contained cross-reactive antibodies to HIV-1 proteins. Absorption of measles sera with mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR)-activated lymphocytes and/or HIV-1 recombinant proteins significantly decreased or removed the presence of these HIV-1-immunoreactive antibodies. Together, these findings suggest that the immune response to a natural measles virus infection results in the production of antibodies to HIV-1 and possibly autoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Baskar
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Jamjoom GA, Maatouk J, Gazal M, Damanhouri L, Awliaa A, Ruwaihi N, Bawazeer M, Halabi H, Adel AA, Abdulla A. Follow-up of HIV western blot indeterminate results. Ann Saudi Med 1997; 17:518-21. [PMID: 17339781 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.1997.518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Indeterminate results obtained with the Western blot (WB) confirmatory test on HIV enzyme immunoassay (EIA)-positive samples, constituted 15.6% (444/2849) over a 2.5-year period at the referral laboratory for the Western region at the King Fahd General Hospital, Jeddah. Two hundred and fourteen WB-indeterminate samples were followed up by repeat WB testing of subsequent samples from the same patients over a 3-12 month period. One hundred and forty-two samples (66.4%) gave negative results. Sixty-five samples (30%) remained indeterminate. Only seven samples (3.3%) not initially meeting WHO criteria for positivity turned clear-cut positive, with high EIA readings on follow-up. It was discovered initally that a significant proportion of indeterminates was due to low-grade cross-contamination between samples as a result of aerosol backflow during aspiration in the washing procedure. This was eliminated by rinsing the lines between samples, separating samples with high EIA from those with low EIA, and rerunning indeterminate samples. A reduction of indeterminates from 21% to 8.5% subsequently followed. After this improvement, most of the samples that remained indeterminate had low EIA readings, and few bands of mainly anti-gag (p55, p24 or p18) or anti-pol (p51) antibodies, while the few turning positive all had anti-gp160, in addition to anti-p24 or p55. Interestingly, over the last year and a half of the study, 1.4% of the total samples (21/1506) had repeatedly high EIA readings but were negative by WB. In addition, 16 samples (1.1%) were positive for HIV-2. A separate computer-based system for the storage of data was very helpful in ascertaining proper follow-up of indeterminate WB results.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Jamjoom
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, King Fahd General Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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DiGiacomo RF, Hopkins SG. Food animal and poultry retroviruses and human health. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1997; 13:177-90. [PMID: 9071753 DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30371-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In summary, studies reported to date have largely failed to demonstrate human infection with animal and poultry retroviruses or an association between human diseases and these viruses. A number of studies, most of them serologic, have attempted to demonstrate human infection with these viruses. The lack of antibodies in apparently exposed groups of persons suggests an absence of infection. However, another possible explanation is that humans may be immunologically unresponsive to infection with these viruses. Although attempts to infect normal human cells in vitro with many of these viruses have not been reported, BLV and BIV appear to grow poorly or not at all. On the other hand, ALSV subgroup D infect and transform human cells in vitro. However, the production of infectious virus in vitro has been low or nonexistent. This may explain the absence of antibodies in human populations. Furthermore, many of the methods used to detect infection, either directly or indirectly, have either low sensitivity or problems with specificity. Several epidemiologic studies have tried to show a relationship between human and animal leukemia or lymphoma. In many of these studies the actual exposure to retroviruses is unknown and exposure to animals may merely represent exposure to other risk factors that are more important but were either not considered or are undefined; alternatively, a common exposure may be responsible for malignancy in humans and animals with no interspecies relationship. Based on the reported studies, these viruses appear unlikely to be responsible for any significant occurrence of human disease, particularly lymphoid malignancies. Although a definitive statement of no risk to human health is probably unwarranted, the evidence to date indicates that the risk is low and perhaps nonexistent. Thus, no specific public health recommendations regarding retrovirus-infected animals or poultry are warranted at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F DiGiacomo
- Seattle-King County Department of Public Health, Washington, USA
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Abstract
In the past 15 years HIV infection and AIDS have become pandemic in the world. Infectious and neoplastic complications have evolved in response to medical advances and to the appearance of HIV infection in different populations. Because AIDS patients live longer with severe immunosuppression and new treatments have controlled opportunistic infections, the spectrum of complications of AIDS has changed. New and more effective antiretroviral drugs are being developed, and physicians are learning how to use them more effectively. Currently, medical management of HIV-infected patients focuses on the appropriate use of antiretrovirals and the prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment of complicating illnesses. A coordinated continuum of care and patient education and involvement are also key elements of effective management of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Gold
- Department of Medicine, Bronx-Lebanon Hospital Center, New York, USA
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