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Symmonds J, Gaufin T, Xu C, Raehtz KD, Ribeiro RM, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. Making a Monkey out of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Pathogenesis: Immune Cell Depletion Experiments as a Tool to Understand the Immune Correlates of Protection and Pathogenicity in HIV Infection. Viruses 2024; 16:972. [PMID: 38932264 PMCID: PMC11209256 DOI: 10.3390/v16060972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the underlying mechanisms of HIV pathogenesis is critical for designing successful HIV vaccines and cure strategies. However, achieving this goal is complicated by the virus's direct interactions with immune cells, the induction of persistent reservoirs in the immune system cells, and multiple strategies developed by the virus for immune evasion. Meanwhile, HIV and SIV infections induce a pandysfunction of the immune cell populations, making it difficult to untangle the various concurrent mechanisms of HIV pathogenesis. Over the years, one of the most successful approaches for dissecting the immune correlates of protection in HIV/SIV infection has been the in vivo depletion of various immune cell populations and assessment of the impact of these depletions on the outcome of infection in non-human primate models. Here, we present a detailed analysis of the strategies and results of manipulating SIV pathogenesis through in vivo depletions of key immune cells populations. Although each of these methods has its limitations, they have all contributed to our understanding of key pathogenic pathways in HIV/SIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen Symmonds
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (J.S.); (C.X.); (K.D.R.); (I.P.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Thaidra Gaufin
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA 70433, USA;
| | - Cuiling Xu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (J.S.); (C.X.); (K.D.R.); (I.P.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Kevin D. Raehtz
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (J.S.); (C.X.); (K.D.R.); (I.P.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Ruy M. Ribeiro
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (J.S.); (C.X.); (K.D.R.); (I.P.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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2
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Berendam SJ, Nelson AN, Yagnik B, Goswami R, Styles TM, Neja MA, Phan CT, Dankwa S, Byrd AU, Garrido C, Amara RR, Chahroudi A, Permar SR, Fouda GG. Challenges and Opportunities of Therapies Targeting Early Life Immunity for Pediatric HIV Cure. Front Immunol 2022; 13:885272. [PMID: 35911681 PMCID: PMC9325996 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.885272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Early initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) significantly improves clinical outcomes and reduces mortality of infants/children living with HIV. However, the ability of infected cells to establish latent viral reservoirs shortly after infection and to persist during long-term ART remains a major barrier to cure. In addition, while early ART treatment of infants living with HIV can limit the size of the virus reservoir, it can also blunt HIV-specific immune responses and does not mediate clearance of latently infected viral reservoirs. Thus, adjunctive immune-based therapies that are geared towards limiting the establishment of the virus reservoir and/or mediating the clearance of persistent reservoirs are of interest for their potential to achieve viral remission in the setting of pediatric HIV. Because of the differences between the early life and adult immune systems, these interventions may need to be tailored to the pediatric settings. Understanding the attributes and specificities of the early life immune milieu that are likely to impact the virus reservoir is important to guide the development of pediatric-specific immune-based interventions towards viral remission and cure. In this review, we compare the immune profiles of pediatric and adult HIV elite controllers, discuss the characteristics of cellular and anatomic HIV reservoirs in pediatric populations, and highlight the potential values of current cure strategies using immune-based therapies for long-term viral remission in the absence of ART in children living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella J. Berendam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States,Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States,*Correspondence: Stella J. Berendam, ; Genevieve G. Fouda,
| | - Ashley N. Nelson
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States,Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Bhrugu Yagnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ria Goswami
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Tiffany M. Styles
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Margaret A. Neja
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Caroline T. Phan
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sedem Dankwa
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alliyah U. Byrd
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Carolina Garrido
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Rama R. Amara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ann Chahroudi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States,Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Genevieve G. Fouda
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States,Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States,*Correspondence: Stella J. Berendam, ; Genevieve G. Fouda,
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3
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Kleinman AJ, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. So Pathogenic or So What?-A Brief Overview of SIV Pathogenesis with an Emphasis on Cure Research. Viruses 2022; 14:135. [PMID: 35062339 PMCID: PMC8781889 DOI: 10.3390/v14010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection requires lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) to control disease progression. Although ART has greatly extended the life expectancy of persons living with HIV (PWH), PWH nonetheless suffer from an increase in AIDS-related and non-AIDS related comorbidities resulting from HIV pathogenesis. Thus, an HIV cure is imperative to improve the quality of life of PWH. In this review, we discuss the origins of various SIV strains utilized in cure and comorbidity research as well as their respective animal species used. We briefly detail the life cycle of HIV and describe the pathogenesis of HIV/SIV and the integral role of chronic immune activation and inflammation on disease progression and comorbidities, with comparisons between pathogenic infections and nonpathogenic infections that occur in natural hosts of SIVs. We further discuss the various HIV cure strategies being explored with an emphasis on immunological therapies and "shock and kill".
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Kleinman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
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4
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Tugizov SM. Human immunodeficiency virus interaction with oral and genital mucosal epithelia may lead to epithelial-mesenchymal transition and sequestration of virions in the endosomal compartments. Oral Dis 2020; 26 Suppl 1:40-46. [PMID: 32862547 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Oral and genital mucosal epithelia are multistratified epithelial barriers with well-developed tight and adherens junctions. These barriers serve as the first line of defense against many pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV interaction with the surface of mucosal epithelial cells, however, may activate transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. When activated, these pathways may lead to the disruption of epithelial junctions and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). HIV-induced impairment of the mucosal barrier may facilitate the spread of pathogenic viral, bacterial, fungal, and other infectious agents. HIV-induced EMT promotes highly motile/migratory cells. In oral and genital mucosa, if EMT occurs within a human papillomavirus (HPV)-infected premalignant or malignant cell environment, the HPV-associated neoplastic process could be accelerated by promoting viral invasion of malignant cells. HIV also internalizes into oral and genital mucosal epithelial cells. The majority (90%) of internalized virions do not cross the epithelium, but are retained in endosomal compartments for several days. These sequestered virions are infectious. Upon interaction with activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells and CD4+ T lymphocytes, epithelial cells containing the virus can be transferred. The induction of HIV-1 release and the cell-to-cell spread of virus from epithelial cells to lymphocytes is mediated by interaction of lymphocyte receptor function-associated antigen-1 with the epithelial cell receptor intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Thus, mucosal epithelial cells may serve as a transient reservoir for HIV, which could play a critical role in viral transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharof M Tugizov
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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5
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Tawfeik AM, Mora A, Osman A, Moneer MM, El-Sheikh N, Elrefaei M. Frequency of CD4+ regulatory T cells, CD8+ T cells, and human papilloma virus infection in Egyptian Women with breast cancer. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2020; 34:2058738420966822. [PMID: 33103515 PMCID: PMC7786412 DOI: 10.1177/2058738420966822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several subsets of regulatory CD4+ T cells (CD4+ Tregs) have been described in peripheral blood and tumor microenvironment of breast cancer (BC) patients and may play a role in the progression of BC. High-risk human papilloma virus (HR-HPV) has a causal role in cervical, head, and neck tumors but the role of HR-HPV in evoking neoplasia in BC is still unclear. In this study we assessed the prevalence of CD4+CD25+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (CD4+Tregs) and CD3+ CD8+ T cells by flow cytometry in peripheral blood from a total of 55 Egyptian women, including 20 treatment-naïve BC, 15 with breast benign lesions (BBL), and 20 healthy volunteers (HV). HR-HPV genotypes type 16, 18, and 31 were investigated in breast tissue from all BC and BBL patients using Real-Time PCR. HR-HPV was detected in 4/20 (20%) and 0/15 (0%) BC and BBL patients respectively. The frequency of CD4+ Tregs was significantly higher in BC compared to BBL and HV, (P < 0.001). In addition, we observed a significantly higher frequency of CD3+ CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood of patients with late stage III BC compared to early stage I and II BC (P = 0.011). However, there was no significant association between the ratio of CD8+ T cell to CD4+ Tregs frequencies and the expression of Estrogen Receptor (ER), Progesterone Receptor (PR), and Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2). These results lead us to postulate that the association between the frequency of CD4+ Tregs and CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood may be a prognostic or predictive parameter in Egyptian women with BC. In addition, HR-HPV infection may be implicated in the development of some types of BC in Egyptian women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany M Tawfeik
- Molecular Immunology Unit for Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mora
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Osman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- Biotechnology Program, Basic and Applied Sciences Institute, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Manar M Moneer
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nabila El-Sheikh
- Molecular Immunology Unit for Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Elrefaei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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6
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Lien K, Mayer W, Herrera R, Rosbe K, Tugizov SM. HIV-1 proteins gp120 and tat induce the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in oral and genital mucosal epithelial cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226343. [PMID: 31869348 PMCID: PMC6927651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral, cervical, and genital mucosa, covered by stratified squamous epithelia with polarized organization and strong tight and adherens junctions, play a critical role in preventing transmission of viral pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV-1 interaction with mucosal epithelial cells may depolarize epithelia and disrupt their tight and adherens junctions; however, the molecular mechanism of HIV-induced epithelial disruption has not been completely understood. We showed that prolonged interaction of cell-free HIV-1 virions, and viral envelope and transactivator proteins gp120 and tat, respectively, with tonsil, cervical, and foreskin epithelial cells induces an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT is an epigenetic process leading to the disruption of mucosal epithelia and allowing the paracellular spread of viral and other pathogens. Interaction of cell-free virions and gp120 and tat proteins with epithelial cells substantially reduced E-cadherin expression and activated vimentin and N-cadherin expression, which are well-known mesenchymal markers. HIV gp120- and tat-induced EMT was mediated by SMAD2 phosphorylation and activation of transcription factors Slug, Snail, Twist1 and ZEB1. Activation of TGF-β and MAPK signaling by gp120, tat, and cell-free HIV virions revealed the critical roles of these signaling pathways in EMT induction. gp120- and tat-induced EMT cells were highly migratory via collagen-coated membranes, which is one of the main features of mesenchymal cells. Inhibitors of TGF-β1 and MAPK signaling reduced HIV-induced EMT, suggesting that inactivation of these signaling pathways may restore the normal barrier function of mucosal epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Lien
- Department of Medicine, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Wasima Mayer
- Department of Medicine, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Rossana Herrera
- Department of Medicine, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Kristina Rosbe
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Sharof M. Tugizov
- Department of Medicine, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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HIV-specific CD4+Th17 cells from HIV infected long-term non-progressors exhibit lower CTLA-4 expression and reduced apoptosis. Immunobiology 2018; 223:658-662. [PMID: 30005971 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Progressive HIV infection is marked with reduced frequency and impaired function of Th17 cells. Since T-cell functional responses are regulated by various inhibitory receptors; we examined the expression profile of CTLA-4, PD-1, Tim-3 and apoptotic marker: Caspase-3 on virus-specific Th17 cells from HIV-infected Long-Term Non-Progressors (LTNPs), chronic disease progressors and HIV-uninfected healthy controls (HC) using flowcytometry. Real-time PCR was done to analyze the mRNA expression of Th17 and Treg specific genes. LTNPs showed higher frequencies of HIV-specific Th17 cells; higher mRNA expression of IL-17, IL-22 while lower expression of IL-10; along with lower Caspase-3 expression than the progressors. Among inhibitory receptors, expression of CTLA-4 was 27 and 8 fold; PD-1 was 8 and 6 fold while Tim-3 was 7 and 6 fold higher in progressors and LTNPs respectively than HC. Among HIV-infected patients, LTNPs had 3-fold lower expression of CTLA-4 on HIV-specific Th17 cells than progressors (p = 0.06). Caspase-3+ve Th17 cells were associated with HIV-specific Th17 cells expressing CTLA-4 (r = 0.66;p < 0.0001), PD-1 (r = 0.40;p = 0.02) and Tim-3 (r = 0.35;p = 0.04). To conclude, virus-specific Th17 cells from LTNP maintained IL-17 production, expressed low levels of CTLA-4 and reduced apoptosis. The study suggests that such functional competence of Th17 cells could be one of the factors in maintenance of non-progressive HIV infection.
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8
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Kleinman AJ, Sivanandham R, Pandrea I, Chougnet CA, Apetrei C. Regulatory T Cells As Potential Targets for HIV Cure Research. Front Immunol 2018; 9:734. [PMID: 29706961 PMCID: PMC5908895 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
T regulatory cells (Tregs) are a key component of the immune system, which maintain a delicate balance between overactive responses and immunosuppression. As such, Treg deficiencies are linked to autoimmune disorders and alter the immune control of pathogens. In HIV infection, Tregs play major roles, both beneficial and detrimental. They regulate the immune system such that inflammation and spread of virus through activated T cells is suppressed. However, suppression of immune activation also limits viral clearance and promotes reservoir formation. Tregs can be directly targeted by HIV, thereby harboring a fraction of the viral reservoir. The vital role of Tregs in the pathogenesis and control of HIV makes them a subject of interest for manipulation in the search of an HIV cure. Here, we discuss the origin and generation, homeostasis, and functions of Tregs, particularly their roles and effects in HIV infection. We also present various Treg manipulation strategies, including Treg depletion techniques and interventions that alter Treg function, which may be used in different cure strategies, to simultaneously boost HIV-specific immune responses and induce reactivation of the latent virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Kleinman
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ranjit Sivanandham
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Claire A Chougnet
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati University, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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9
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Abstract
Treatment with antiretroviral therapy dramatically increases the survival of HIV-infected individuals. However, treatment has to be continued for life because it does not lead to the full eradication of infection. HIV persists in resting CD4(+) T cells, and possibly other cell types, and can reemerge from these cells when therapy is interrupted. Here, we review molecular mechanisms that have been proposed to contribute to HIV latency, as well as the relative roles of cis- and trans-acting mechanisms. We also discuss existing and future therapeutic opportunities regarding HIV latency that might lead to a future cure for HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Dahabieh
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94941;
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10
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Pahar B, Pan D, Lala W, Kenway-Lynch CS, Das A. Transforming growth factor-β1 regulated phosphorylated AKT and interferon gamma expressions are associated with epithelial cell survival in rhesus macaque colon explants. Clin Immunol 2015; 158:8-18. [PMID: 25769244 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is an important immunoregulatory cytokine that plays an obligate role in regulating T-cell functions. Here, we demonstrated the role of TGF-β1 in regulating the survival of intestinal epithelial cells (ECs) in rhesus colon explant cultures using either anti-TGF-β1 antibody or recombinant TGF-β1 proteins. Neutralization of endogenous TGF-β1 using anti-TGF-β1 antibodies induced apoptosis of both intestinal ECs and lamina propria (LP) cells. Additionally, endogenous TGF-β1 blocking significantly increased expression of IFNγ, TNFα, CD107a and Perforin in LP cells compared to media and isotype controls. A significant decrease in pAKT expression was detected in anti-TGF-β1 MAbs treated explants compared to isotype and rTGF-β1 protein treated explants. Our results demonstrated TGF-β1 regulated pAKT and IFNγ expressions were associated with epithelial cell survival in rhesus macaque colon explants and suggest a potential role of mucosal TGF-β1 in regulating intestinal homeostasis and EC integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bapi Pahar
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA; Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Diganta Pan
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Wendy Lala
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Carys S Kenway-Lynch
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Arpita Das
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
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11
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Wightman F, Solomon A, Kumar SS, Urriola N, Gallagher K, Hiener B, Palmer S, Mcneil C, Garsia R, Lewin SR. Effect of ipilimumab on the HIV reservoir in an HIV-infected individual with metastatic melanoma. AIDS 2015; 29:504-6. [PMID: 25628259 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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12
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Larsson M, Shankar EM, Che KF, Saeidi A, Ellegård R, Barathan M, Velu V, Kamarulzaman A. Molecular signatures of T-cell inhibition in HIV-1 infection. Retrovirology 2013; 10:31. [PMID: 23514593 PMCID: PMC3610157 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular immune responses play a crucial role in the control of viral replication in HIV-infected individuals. However, the virus succeeds in exploiting the immune system to its advantage and therefore, the host ultimately fails to control the virus leading to development of terminal AIDS. The virus adopts numerous evasion mechanisms to hijack the host immune system. We and others recently described the expression of inhibitory molecules on T cells as a contributing factor for suboptimal T-cell responses in HIV infection both in vitro and in vivo. The expression of these molecules that negatively impacts the normal functions of the host immune armory and the underlying signaling pathways associated with their enhanced expression need to be discussed. Targets to restrain the expression of these molecular markers of immune inhibition is likely to contribute to development of therapeutic interventions that augment the functionality of host immune cells leading to improved immune control of HIV infection. In this review, we focus on the functions of inhibitory molecules that are expressed or secreted following HIV infection such as BTLA, CTLA-4, CD160, IDO, KLRG1, LAG-3, LILRB1, PD-1, TRAIL, TIM-3, and regulatory cytokines, and highlight their significance in immune inhibition. We also highlight the ensemble of transcriptional factors such as BATF, BLIMP-1/PRDM1, FoxP3, DTX1 and molecular pathways that facilitate the recruitment and differentiation of suppressor T cells in response to HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Larsson
- Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, 58 185, Sweden.
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13
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Mazigo HD, Nuwaha F, Wilson S, Kinung'hi SM, Morona D, Waihenya R, Heukelbach J, Dunne DW. Epidemiology and interactions of Human Immunodeficiency Virus - 1 and Schistosoma mansoni in sub-Saharan Africa. Infect Dis Poverty 2013; 2:2. [PMID: 23849678 PMCID: PMC3707091 DOI: 10.1186/2049-9957-2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1/AIDS and Schistosoma mansoni are widespread in sub-Saharan Africa and co-infection occurs commonly. Since the early 1990s, it has been suggested that the two infections may interact and potentiate the effects of each other within co-infected human hosts. Indeed, S. mansoni infection has been suggested to be a risk factor for HIV transmission and progression in Africa. If so, it would follow that mass deworming could have beneficial effects on HIV-1 transmission dynamics. The epidemiology of HIV in African countries is changing, shifting from urban to rural areas where the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni is high and public health services are deficient. On the other side, the consequent pathogenesis of HIV-1/S. mansoni co-infection remains unknown. Here we give an account of the epidemiology of HIV-1 and S. mansoni, discuss co-infection and possible biological causal relationships between the two infections, and the potential impact of praziquantel treatment on HIV-1 viral loads, CD4+ counts and CD4+/CD8+ ratio. Our review of the available literature indicates that there is evidence to support the hypothesis that S. mansoni infections can influence the replication of the HIV-1, cell-to-cell transmission, as well as increase HIV progression as measured by reduced CD4+ T lymphocytes counts. If so, then deworming of HIV positive individuals living in endemic areas may impact on HIV-1 viral loads and CD4+ T lymphocyte counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humphrey D Mazigo
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania
- Department of Environmental Health and Communicable Disease Control, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Research Centre, P.O. Box 1462, Mwanza, Tanzania
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Fred Nuwaha
- Department of Environmental Health and Communicable Disease Control, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Shona Wilson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Safari M Kinung'hi
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Research Centre, P.O. Box 1462, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Domenica Morona
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Rebecca Waihenya
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62,000, 00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jorg Heukelbach
- Department of Community Health, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - David W Dunne
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
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14
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Abstract
Chronic HIV infection, which is primarily characterized by the progressive depletion of total CD4(+) T cells, also causes persistent inflammation and immune activation. This is followed by profound changes in cellular and tissue microenvironments that often lead to prolonged immune dysfunction. The global nature of this immune dysfunction suggests that factors that are involved in immune cell survival, proliferation, differentiation and maturation are all affected. Of particular interest is the transcriptional factor Foxo3a that regulates a number of genes that are critical in the development and the maintenance of T and B cells, dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. Alterations in the microenvironment mediated by HIV infection cause significant increase in the transcriptional activity of Foxo3a; this has major impact on T cell and B cell immunity. In fact, recent findings from HIV infected individuals highlight three important points: (1) the alteration of Foxo3a signaling during HIV infection deregulates innate and adaptive immune responses; (2) Foxo3a-mediated effects are reversible and could be restored by interfering with the Foxo3a pathway; and (3) down-regulation of Foxo3a transcriptional activity in elite controllers (ECs) represents a molecular signature, or a correlate of immunity, associated with natural protection and lack of disease progression. In this review, we will discuss how HIV-infection altered microenvironments could result in impaired immune responses via the Foxo3a signaling pathway. Defining precisely the molecular mechanisms of how persistent inflammation and immune activation are able to influence the Foxo3a pathway could ultimately help in the development of novel approaches to improve immune responses in HIV infected subjects.
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15
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Kakita N, Kanto T, Itose I, Kuroda S, Inoue M, Matsubara T, Higashitani K, Miyazaki M, Sakakibara M, Hiramatsu N, Takehara T, Kasahara A, Hayashi N. Comparative analyses of regulatory T cell subsets in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a crucial role of CD25(-) FOXP3(-) T cells. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:2573-83. [PMID: 22419479 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play pivotal role in cancer-induced immunoediting. Increment of CD25(high+) FOXP3+ natural Tregs has been reported in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the involvement of other type of Tregs remain elusive. We aimed to clarify whether FOXP3- Tregs are increased and functionally suppressive or not in patients with HCC. We enrolled 184 hepatitis C-infected patients with chronic liver diseases or HCC, 57 healthy subjects and 27 HCC patients with other etiology. Distinct Treg subsets were phenotypically identified by the expression of CD4, CD25, CD127 and forkhead/winged helix transcription factor (FOXP3). Their gene profiles, frequency and suppressor functions against T cell proliferation were compared among the subjects. To examine the molecules involving in Treg differentiation, we cultured naive CD4+ T cells in the presence of HCC cells and dendritic cells. We determined two types of CD4+ CD127- T cells with comparable regulatory ability; one is CD25(high+) cells expressing FOXP3 (CD25(high+) FOXP3+ Tregs) and the other is CD25- cells without FOXP3- expression (CD25- FOXP3- cells). The peripheral or intrahepatic frequency of CD25- FOXP3- Tregs in HCC patients is higher than those in other groups, of which significance is more than CD25(high+) FOXP3+ cells. Of importance, CD25- FOXP3- Tregs, but not CD25(high+) FOXP3+ cells, dynamically change in patients accompanied by the ablation or the recurrence of HCC. CD25- FOXP3- T cells with CD127- IL-10+ phenoype are inducible in vitro from naive CD4(+) T cells, in which programmed cell death 1 ligand 1, immunoglobulin-like transcript 4 and human leukocyte antigen G are involved.. In conclusion, CD25- FOXP3- Tregs with suppressive capacity are increased in patients with HCC, suggesting their distinct roles from CD25+ FOXP3+ Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naruyasu Kakita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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16
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Lara HH, Ixtepan-Turrent L, Garza-Treviño EN, Badillo-Almaraz JI, Rodriguez-Padilla C. Antiviral mode of action of bovine dialyzable leukocyte extract against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. BMC Res Notes 2011; 4:474. [PMID: 22044844 PMCID: PMC3219789 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-4-474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine dialyzable leukocyte extract (bDLE) is derived from immune leukocytes obtained from bovine spleen. DLE has demonstrated to reduce transcription of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) and inactivate the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Therefore, we decided to clarify the mode of antiviral action of bDLE on the inhibition of HIV-1 infection through a panel of antiviral assays. RESULTS The cytotoxicity, HIV-1 inhibition activity, residual infectivity of bDLE in HIV-1, time of addition experiments, fusion inhibition of bDLE for fusogenic cells and the duration of cell protection even after the removal of bDLE were all assessed in order to discover more about the mode of the antiviral action.HIV-1 infectivity was inhibited by bDLE at doses that were not cytotoxic for HeLa-CD4-LTR-β-gal cells. Pretreatment of HIV-1 with bDLE did not decrease the infectivity of these viral particles. Cell-based fusion assays helped to determine if bDLE could inhibit fusion of Env cells against CD4 cells by membrane fusion and this cell-based fusion was inhibited only when CD4 cells were treated with bDLE. Infection was inhibited in 80% compared with the positive (without EDL) at all viral life cycle stages in the time of addition experiments when bDLE was added at different time points. Finally, a cell-protection assay against HIV-1 infection by bDLE was performed after treating host cells with bDLE for 30 minutes and then removing them from treatment. From 0 to 7 hours after the bDLE was completely removed from the extracellular compartment, HIV-1 was then added to the host cells. The bDLE was found to protect the cells from HIV-1 infection, an effect that was retained for several hours. CONCLUSIONS bDLE acted as an antiviral compound and prevented host cell infection by HIV-1 at all viral life cycle stages. These cell protection effects lingered for hours after the bDLE was removed. Interestingly, bDLE inhibited fusion of fusogenic cells by acting only on CD4 cells. bDLE had no virucidal effect, but could retain its antiviral effect on target cells after it was removed from the extracellular compartment, protecting the cells from infection for hours.bDLE, which has no reported side effects or toxicity in clinical trials, should therefore be further studied to determine its potential use as a therapeutic agent in HIV-1 infection therapy, in combination with known antiretrovirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto H Lara
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.
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17
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Ghorpade DS, Kaveri SV, Bayry J, Balaji KN. Cooperative regulation of NOTCH1 protein-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling by NOD1, NOD2, and TLR2 receptors renders enhanced refractoriness to transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)- or cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4)-mediated impairment of human dendritic cell maturation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:31347-60. [PMID: 21768114 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.232413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) as sentinels of the immune system are important for eliciting both primary and secondary immune responses to a plethora of microbial pathogens. Cooperative stimulation of a complex set of pattern-recognition receptors, including TLR2 and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors on DCs, acts as a rate-limiting factor in determining the initiation and mounting of the robust immune response. It underscores the need for "decoding" these multiple receptor interactions. In this study, we demonstrate that TLR2 and NOD receptors cooperatively regulate functional maturation of human DCs. Intriguingly, synergistic stimulation of TLR2 and NOD receptors renders enhanced refractoriness to TGF-β- or CTLA-4-mediated impairment of human DC maturation. Signaling perturbation data suggest that NOTCH1-PI3K signaling dynamics assume critical importance in TLR2- and NOD receptor-mediated surmounting of CTLA-4- and TGF-β-suppressed maturation of human DCs. Interestingly, the NOTCH1-PI3K signaling axis holds the capacity to regulate DC functions by virtue of PKCδ-MAPK-dependent activation of NF-κB. This study provides mechanistic and functional insights into TLR2- and NOD receptor-mediated regulation of DC functions and unravels NOTCH1-PI3K as a signaling cohort for TLR2 and NOD receptors. These findings serve in building a conceptual foundation for the design of improved strategies for adjuvants and immunotherapies against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devram Sampat Ghorpade
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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