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Baden LR, Karita E, Mutua G, Bekker LG, Gray G, Page-Shipp L, Walsh SR, Nyombayire J, Anzala O, Roux S, Laher F, Innes C, Seaman MS, Cohen YZ, Peter L, Frahm N, McElrath MJ, Hayes P, Swann E, Grunenberg N, Grazia-Pau M, Weijtens M, Sadoff J, Dally L, Lombardo A, Gilmour J, Cox J, Dolin R, Fast P, Barouch DH, Laufer DS. Assessment of the Safety and Immunogenicity of 2 Novel Vaccine Platforms for HIV-1 Prevention: A Randomized Trial. Ann Intern Med 2016; 164:313-22. [PMID: 26833336 PMCID: PMC5034222 DOI: 10.7326/m15-0880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A prophylactic HIV-1 vaccine is a global health priority. OBJECTIVE To assess a novel vaccine platform as a prophylactic HIV-1 regimen. DESIGN Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Both participants and study personnel were blinded to treatment allocation. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01215149). SETTING United States, East Africa, and South Africa. PATIENTS Healthy adults without HIV infection. INTERVENTION 2 HIV-1 vaccines (adenovirus serotype 26 with an HIV-1 envelope A insert [Ad26.EnvA] and adenovirus serotype 35 with an HIV-1 envelope A insert [Ad35.Env], both administered at a dose of 5 × 1010 viral particles) in homologous and heterologous combinations. MEASUREMENTS Safety and immunogenicity and the effect of baseline vector immunity. RESULTS 217 participants received at least 1 vaccination, and 210 (>96%) completed follow-up. No vaccine-associated serious adverse events occurred. All regimens were generally well-tolerated. All regimens elicited humoral and cellular immune responses in nearly all participants. Preexisting Ad26- or Ad35-neutralizing antibody titers had no effect on vaccine safety and little effect on immunogenicity. In both homologous and heterologous regimens, the second vaccination significantly increased EnvA antibody titers (approximately 20-fold from the median enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers of 30-300 to 3000). The heterologous regimen of Ad26-Ad35 elicited significantly higher EnvA antibody titers than Ad35-Ad26. T-cell responses were modest and lower in East Africa than in South Africa and the United States. LIMITATIONS Because the 2 envelope inserts were not identical, the boosting responses were complex to interpret. Durability of the immune responses elicited beyond 1 year is unknown. CONCLUSION Both vaccines elicited significant immune responses in all populations. Baseline vector immunity did not significantly affect responses. Second vaccinations in all regimens significantly boosted EnvA antibody titers, although vaccine order in the heterologous regimen had a modest effect on the immune response. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, National Institutes of Health, Ragon Institute, Crucell Holland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey R. Baden
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Etienne Karita
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gaudensia Mutua
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Linda-Gail Bekker
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenda Gray
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Liesl Page-Shipp
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen R. Walsh
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julien Nyombayire
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Omu Anzala
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Surita Roux
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fatima Laher
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Craig Innes
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yehuda Z. Cohen
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lauren Peter
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole Frahm
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Hayes
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Edith Swann
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole Grunenberg
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maria Grazia-Pau
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mo Weijtens
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jerry Sadoff
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Len Dally
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Angela Lombardo
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jill Gilmour
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Josephine Cox
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Raphael Dolin
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patricia Fast
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dagna S. Laufer
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
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