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Zhernov YV, Petrova VO, Simanduyev MY, Shcherbakov DV, Polibin RV, Mitrokhin OV, Basov AA, Zabroda NN, Vysochanskaya SO, Al-khaleefa E, Pashayeva KR, Feyziyeva NY. Microbicides for Topical HIV Immunoprophylaxis: Current Status and Future Prospects. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:668. [PMID: 38931337 PMCID: PMC11206355 DOI: 10.3390/ph17060668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbicides, which are classified as topical antiseptic agents, are a revolutionary advancement in HIV prevention aimed to prevent the entry of infectious agents into the human body, thus stopping the sexual transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. Microbicides represent the promise of a new age in preventive measures against one of the world's most pressing health challenges. In addition to their direct antiviral effects during HIV transmission, microbicides also influence vaginal mucosal immunity. This article reviews microbicides by presenting different drug classifications and highlighting significant representatives from each group. It also explains their mechanisms of action and presents information about vaginal mucosal immune responses, emphasizing the critical role they play in responding to HIV during sexual transmission. The article discusses the following groups of microbicides: surfactants or membrane disruptors, vaginal milieu protectors, anionic polymers, dendrimers, carbohydrate-binding proteins, HIV replication inhibitors (reverse transcriptase inhibitors), and multi-purpose prevention technologies, which combine protection against HIV, other sexually transmitted diseases, and contraception. For each chemical compound, the article provides a brief overview of relevant preclinical and clinical research, emphasizing their potential as microbicides. The article offers insights into the multifaceted impact of microbicides, which signify a pivotal step forward in the pursuit of effective and accessible pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury V. Zhernov
- Department of General Hygiene, F. Erismann Institute of Public Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
- A.N. Sysin Research Institute of Human Ecology and Environmental Hygiene, Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Fomin Clinic, 119192 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladislava O. Petrova
- Department of General Hygiene, F. Erismann Institute of Public Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mark Y. Simanduyev
- The Baku Branch, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State University (Sechenov University), Baku AZ1141, Azerbaijan
| | - Denis V. Shcherbakov
- Department of General Hygiene, F. Erismann Institute of Public Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Public Health and Healthcare, Omsk State Medical University, 644099 Omsk, Russia
| | - Roman V. Polibin
- Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, F. Erismann Institute of Public Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg V. Mitrokhin
- Department of General Hygiene, F. Erismann Institute of Public Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem A. Basov
- Department of General Hygiene, F. Erismann Institute of Public Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Diphtheria and Pertussis Surveillance Laboratory, G.N. Gabrichevsky Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 125212 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda N. Zabroda
- Department of General Hygiene, F. Erismann Institute of Public Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sonya O. Vysochanskaya
- Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, F. Erismann Institute of Public Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Diphtheria and Pertussis Surveillance Laboratory, G.N. Gabrichevsky Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 125212 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ezzulddin Al-khaleefa
- Department of General Hygiene, F. Erismann Institute of Public Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Kamilla R. Pashayeva
- The Baku Branch, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State University (Sechenov University), Baku AZ1141, Azerbaijan
| | - Narmina Yu. Feyziyeva
- The Baku Branch, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State University (Sechenov University), Baku AZ1141, Azerbaijan
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The Role of Chloroviruses as Possible Infectious Agents for Human Health: Putative Mechanisms of ATCV-1 Infection and Potential Routes of Transmission. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8010040. [PMID: 36668947 PMCID: PMC9863483 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Chlorovirus genus of the Phycodnaviridae family includes large viruses with a double-stranded DNA genome. Chloroviruses are widely distributed in freshwater bodies around the world and have been isolated from freshwater sources in Europe, Asia, Australia, and North and South America. One representative of chloroviruses is Acanthocystis turfacea chlorella virus 1 (ATCV-1), which is hosted by Chlorella heliozoae. A few publications in the last ten years about the potential effects of ATCV-1 on the human brain sparked interest among specialists in the field of human infectious pathology. The goal of our viewpoint was to compile the scant research on the effects of ATCV-1 on the human body, to demonstrate the role of chloroviruses as new possible infectious agents for human health, and to indicate potential routes of virus transmission. We believe that ATCV-1 transmission routes remain unexplored. We also question whether chlorella-based nutritional supplements are dangerous for ATCV-1 infections. Further research will help to identify the routes of infection, the cell types in which ATCV-1 can persist, and the pathological mechanisms of the virus's effect on the human body.
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Petkov S, Kilpeläinen A, Bayurova E, Latanova A, Mezale D, Fridrihsone I, Starodubova E, Jansons J, Dudorova A, Gordeychuk I, Wahren B, Isaguliants M. HIV-1 Protease as DNA Immunogen against Drug Resistance in HIV-1 Infection: DNA Immunization with Drug Resistant HIV-1 Protease Protects Mice from Challenge with Protease-Expressing Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010238. [PMID: 36612231 PMCID: PMC9818955 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA immunization with HIV-1 protease (PR) is advanced for immunotherapy of HIV-1 infection to reduce the number of infected cells producing drug-resistant virus. A consensus PR of the HIV-1 FSU_A strain was designed, expression-optimized, inactivated (D25N), and supplemented with drug resistance (DR) mutations M46I, I54V, and V82A common for FSU_A. PR variants with D25N/M46I/I54V (PR_Ai2mut) and with D25N/M46I/I54V/V82A (PR_Ai3mut) were cloned into the DNA vaccine vector pVAX1, and PR_Ai3mut, into a lentiviral vector for the transduction of murine mammary adenocarcinoma cells expressing luciferase 4T1luc2. BALB/c mice were DNA-immunized by intradermal injections of PR_Ai, PR_Ai2mut, PR_Ai3mut, vector pVAX1, or PBS with electroporation. All PR variants induced specific CD8+ T-cell responses revealed after splenocyte stimulation with PR-derived peptides. Splenocytes of mice DNA-immunized with PR_Ai and PR_Ai2mut were not activated by peptides carrying V82A, whereas splenocytes of PR_Ai3mut-immunized mice recognized both peptides with and without V82A mutation. Mutations M46I and I54V were immunologically silent. In the challenge study, DNA immunization with PR_Ai3mut protected mice from the outgrowth of subcutaneously implanted adenocarcinoma 4T1luc2 cells expressing PR_Ai3mut; a tumor was formed only in 1/10 implantation sites and no metastases were detected. Immunizations with other PR variants were not protective; all mice formed tumors and multiple metastasis in the lungs, liver, and spleen. CD8+ cells of PR_Ai3mut DNA-immunized mice exhibited strong IFN-γ/IL-2 responses against PR peptides, while the splenocytes of mice in other groups were nonresponsive. Thus, immunization with a DNA plasmid encoding inactive HIV-1 protease with DR mutations suppressed the growth and metastatic activity of tumor cells expressing PR identical to the one encoded by the immunogen. This demonstrates the capacity of T-cell response induced by DNA immunization to recognize single DR mutations, and supports the concept of the development of immunotherapies against drug resistance in HIV-1 infection. It also suggests that HIV-1-infected patients developing drug resistance may have a reduced natural immune response against DR HIV-1 mutations causing an immune escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Petkov
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Athina Kilpeläinen
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ekaterina Bayurova
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Research, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune and Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia Latanova
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dzeina Mezale
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Research, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Ilse Fridrihsone
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Research, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Elizaveta Starodubova
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Juris Jansons
- Department of Research, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
- Latvian Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - Alesja Dudorova
- Department of Research, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
- Paul Stradins University Hospital, LV-1002 Riga, Latvia
| | - Ilya Gordeychuk
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Research, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune and Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Britta Wahren
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Isaguliants
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Research, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
- Correspondence:
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Siljic M, Cirkovic V, Jovanovic L, Antonova A, Lebedev A, Ozhmegova E, Kuznetsova A, Vinogradova T, Ermakov A, Monakhov N, Bobkova M, Stanojevic M. Reconstructing the Temporal Origin and the Transmission Dynamics of the HIV Subtype B Epidemic in St. Petersburg, Russia. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122748. [PMID: 36560752 PMCID: PMC9783597 DOI: 10.3390/v14122748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Russia is among the fastest growing in the world. HIV epidemic burden is non-uniform in different Russian regions and diverse key populations. An explosive epidemic has been documented among people who inject drugs (PWID) starting from the mid-1990s, whereas presently, the majority of new infections are linked to sexual transmission. Nationwide, HIV sub-subtype A6 (previously called AFSU) predominates, with the increasing presence of other subtypes, namely subtype B and CRF063_02A. This study explores HIV subtype B sequences from St. Petersburg, collected from 2006 to 2020, in order to phylogenetically investigate and characterize transmission clusters, focusing on their evolutionary dynamics and potential for further growth, along with a socio-demographic analysis of the available metadata. In total, 54% (107/198) of analyzed subtype B sequences were found grouped in 17 clusters, with four transmission clusters with the number of sequences above 10. Using Bayesian MCMC inference, tMRCA of HIV-1 subtype B was estimated to be around 1986 (95% HPD 1984-1991), whereas the estimated temporal origin for the four large clusters was found to be more recent, between 2001 and 2005. The results of our study imply a complex pattern of the epidemic spread of HIV subtype B in St. Petersburg, Russia, still in the exponential growth phase, and in connection to the men who have sex with men (MSM) transmission, providing a useful insight needed for the design of public health priorities and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Siljic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Valentina Cirkovic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Luka Jovanovic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Anastasiia Antonova
- Laboratory of T-Lymphotropic Viruses, N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksey Lebedev
- Laboratory of T-Lymphotropic Viruses, N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Ozhmegova
- Laboratory of T-Lymphotropic Viruses, N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Kuznetsova
- Laboratory of T-Lymphotropic Viruses, N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Aleksei Ermakov
- St. Petersburg City AIDS Center, 190103 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nikita Monakhov
- St. Petersburg City AIDS Center, 190103 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marina Bobkova
- Laboratory of T-Lymphotropic Viruses, N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maja Stanojevic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence:
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Sivay MV, Maksimenko LV, Osipova IP, Nefedova AA, Gashnikova MP, Zyryanova DP, Ekushov VE, Totmenin AV, Nalimova TM, Ivlev VV, Kapustin DV, Pozdnyakova LL, Skudarnov SE, Ostapova TS, Yaschenko SV, Nazarova OI, Chernov AS, Ismailova TN, Maksutov RA, Gashnikova NM. Spatiotemporal dynamics of HIV-1 CRF63_02A6 sub-epidemic. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:946787. [PMID: 36118194 PMCID: PMC9470837 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.946787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 epidemic in Russia is one of the fastest growing in the world reaching 1.14 million people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) in 2021. Since mid-1990s, the HIV-1 epidemic in Russia has started to grow substantially due to the multiple HIV-1 outbreaks among persons who inject drugs (PWID) leading to expansion of the HIV-1 sub-subtype A6 (former Soviet Union (FSU) subtype A). In 2006, a local HIV-1 sub-epidemic caused by the distribution of novel genetic lineage CRF63_02A6 was identified in Siberia. In this study, we used a comprehensive dataset of CRF63_02A6 pol gene sequences to investigate the spatiotemporal dynamic of the HIV-1 CRF63_02A6 sub-epidemic. This study includes all the available CRF63_02A6 HIV-1 pol gene sequences from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) HIV Sequence Database. The HIV-1 subtypes of those sequences were conferred using phylogenetic analysis, and two automated HIV-1 subtyping tools Stanford HIVdb Program and COMET. Ancestral state reconstruction and origin date were estimated using Nextstrain. Evolutionary rate and phylodynamic analysis were estimated using BEAST v 1.10.4. CRF63_02A6 was assigned for 872 pol gene sequences using phylogenetic analysis approach. Predominant number (n = 832; 95.4%) of those sequences were from Russia; the remaining 40 (4.6%) sequences were from countries of Central Asia. Out of 872 CRF63_02A6 sequences, the corresponding genetic variant was assigned for 75.7 and 79.8% of sequences by Stanford and COMET subtyping tools, respectively. Dated phylogenetic analysis of the CRF63_02A6 sequences showed that the virus most likely originated in Novosibirsk, Russia, in 2005. Over the last two decades CRF63_02A6 has been widely distributed across Russia and has been sporadically detected in countries of Central Asia. Introduction of new genetic variant into mature sub-subtype A6 and CRF02_AGFSU epidemics could promote the increase of viral genetic diversity and emergence of new recombinant forms. Further HIV-1 studies are needed due to a continuing rapid virus distribution. Also, the implementation of HIV-1 prevention programs is required to reduce HIV-1 transmission. This study also highlights the discrepancies in HIV-1 subtyping approaches. The reference lists of HIV-1 sequences implemented in widely used HIV-1 automated subtyping tools need to be updated to provide reliable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya V. Sivay
- Department of Retroviruses, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Russia
- *Correspondence: Mariya V. Sivay, ;
| | - Lada V. Maksimenko
- Department of Retroviruses, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Irina P. Osipova
- Department of Retroviruses, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Anastasiya A. Nefedova
- Department of Retroviruses, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Mariya P. Gashnikova
- Department of Retroviruses, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Dariya P. Zyryanova
- Department of Retroviruses, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Vasiliy E. Ekushov
- Department of Retroviruses, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Alexei V. Totmenin
- Department of Retroviruses, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Tatyana M. Nalimova
- Department of Retroviruses, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Vladimir V. Ivlev
- Department of Retroviruses, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Russia
| | | | | | - Sergey E. Skudarnov
- Krasnoyarsk Regional Center for Prevention and Control of AIDS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Tatyana S. Ostapova
- Krasnoyarsk Regional Center for Prevention and Control of AIDS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | | | - Olga I. Nazarova
- Omsk City Center of Prevention and Control of AIDS and Other Infectious Diseases, Omsk, Russia
| | - Aleksander S. Chernov
- Tomsk Regional Center for Prevention and Control of AIDS and Other Infectious Diseases, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Tatyana N. Ismailova
- Tomsk Regional Center for Prevention and Control of AIDS and Other Infectious Diseases, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Rinat A. Maksutov
- Department of Retroviruses, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Natalya M. Gashnikova
- Department of Retroviruses, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Russia
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Medical Care for Tuberculosis-HIV-Coinfected Patients in Russia with Respect to a Changeable Patients’ Structure. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7060086. [PMID: 35736965 PMCID: PMC9228798 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7060086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, tuberculosis (TB) remains the primary cause of mortality in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients in Russia. Since the beginning of 2000, a sharp change in the HIV patients’ structure, to the main known risk factors for HIV infection has taken place in Russia. The transmission of HIV through injectable drug use has begun to decline significantly, giving way to the prevalence of sexual HIV transmission today. These changes may require adjustments to organizational approaches to anti-TB care and the treatment of HIV-positive patients. Our study is aimed at identifying changes in TB-HIV coinfection patients’ structures in 2019 compared to 2000. Based on the results obtained, our goal was to point out the parameters that need to be taken into account when developing approaches to improve the organization of TB control care for people with HIV infection. We have carried out a cross-sectional, retrospective, epidemiological study using government TB registry data from four regions in two federal districts of Russia in 2019. The case histories of 2265 patients from two regions with high HIV prevalence, which are part of the Siberian Federal District of Russia, and 89 patient histories from two regions of low HIV prevalence, which are part of the Central Federal District of Russia, were analyzed. We found that parenteral transmission (69.4%) remains the primary route of HIV transmission among the TB-HIV coinfected. The unemployed of working age without disability account for 80.2% of all coinfected people, while the formerly incarcerated account for 53.7% and the homeless account for 4.1%. Those with primary multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) comprise 56.2% of HIV-TB patients. When comparing the incidence of coinfection with HIV among TB patients, statistically significant differences were obtained. Thus, the chances of coinfection increased by 4.33 times among people with active TB (95% CI: 2.31; 8.12), by 2.97 times among people with MDR-TB (95% CI: 1.66; 5.32), by 5.2 times in people with advanced processes in the lungs, including destruction, (95% CI: 2.78; 9.7), as well as by 10.3 times in the case of death within the first year after the TB diagnosis (95% CI: 2.99; 35.5). The absence of data for the presence of TB during preventive examination was accompanied by a decrease in the chances of detecting coinfection (OR 0.36; 95% CI: 0.2; 0.64). We have identified the probable causes of the high incidence of TB among HIV-infected: HIV-patient social maladaptation usually results in delayed medical care, leading to TB treatment regimen violations. Furthermore, self-administration of drugs triggers MDR-TB within this group. Healthcare providers should clearly explain to patients the critical importance of immediately seeking medical care when initial TB symptoms appear.
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Siniavin A, Grinkina S, Osipov A, Starkov V, Tsetlin V, Utkin Y. Anti-HIV Activity of Snake Venom Phospholipase A2s: Updates for New Enzymes and Different Virus Strains. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031610. [PMID: 35163532 PMCID: PMC8835987 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of the HIV epidemic, lasting more than 30 years, the main goal of scientists was to develop effective methods for the prevention and treatment of HIV infection. Modern medicines have reduced the death rate from AIDS by 80%. However, they still have side effects and are very expensive, dictating the need to search for new drugs. Earlier, it was shown that phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) from bee and snake venoms block HIV replication, the effect being independent on catalytic PLA2 activity. However, the antiviral activity of human PLA2s against Lentiviruses depended on catalytic function and was mediated through the destruction of the viral membrane. To clarify the role of phospholipolytic activity in antiviral effects, we analyzed the anti-HIV activity of several snake PLA2s and found that the mechanisms of their antiviral activity were similar to that of mammalian PLA2. Our results indicate that snake PLA2s are capable of inhibiting syncytium formation between chronically HIV-infected cells and healthy CD4-positive cells and block HIV binding to cells. However, only dimeric PLA2s had pronounced virucidal and anti-HIV activity, which depended on their catalytic activity. The ability of snake PLA2s to inactivate the virus may provide an additional barrier to HIV infection. Thus, snake PLA2s might be considered as candidates for lead molecules in anti-HIV drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Siniavin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (A.O.); (V.S.); (V.T.)
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Svetlana Grinkina
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexey Osipov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (A.O.); (V.S.); (V.T.)
| | - Vladislav Starkov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (A.O.); (V.S.); (V.T.)
| | - Victor Tsetlin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (A.O.); (V.S.); (V.T.)
| | - Yuri Utkin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (A.O.); (V.S.); (V.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-495-3366522
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8
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Rudometova NB, Shcherbakova NS, Shcherbakov DN, Mishenova EV, Delgado E, Ilyichev AA, Karpenko LI, Thomson MM. Genetic Diversity and Drug Resistance Mutations in Reverse Transcriptase and Protease Genes of HIV-1 Isolates from Southwestern Siberia. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2021; 37:716-723. [PMID: 33677988 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2020.0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of a pol gene fragment encoding protease and part of reverse transcriptase was carried out for 55 sera collected in 2016 and 2018 from HIV-1-infected patients diagnosed in 2014-2018 living in the south of Western Siberia, Russia: Altai Territory (n = 11), Republic of Altai (n = 15), Kemerovo region (n = 18), and Novosibirsk region (n = 11). CRF63_02A was the dominant genetic form (>70%) in the Altai Territory and Kemerovo and Novosibirsk regions, with subsubtype A6 comprising <30% of samples. In the Altai Republic, subsubtype A6 was predominant (53%), with 33% of viruses belonging to CRF63_02A. Four CRF63_02A/A6 unique recombinant forms were identified in the Altai Territory, Kemerovo Region, and the Altai Republic. A majority (11 of 15) of CRF63_02A viruses from Kemerovo were grouped in a cluster. Antiretroviral (ARV) drug resistance mutations were found in 6 (14%) of 43 drug-naive patients. This study provides new insights in HIV-1 molecular epidemiology and prevalence of transmitted ARV drug resistance mutations in Southwestern Siberia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda B. Rudometova
- Department of Bioengineering, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Nadezhda S. Shcherbakova
- Department of Bioengineering, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Dmitry N. Shcherbakov
- Department of Bioengineering, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Elena V. Mishenova
- Budgetary Health Care Institution of the Republic of Altai “Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS”, Gorno-Altaysk, Russia
| | - Elena Delgado
- HIV Biology and Variability Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexander A. Ilyichev
- Department of Bioengineering, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Larisa I. Karpenko
- Department of Bioengineering, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Michael M. Thomson
- HIV Biology and Variability Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Zhernov YV, Konstantinov AI, Zherebker A, Nikolaev E, Orlov A, Savinykh MI, Kornilaeva GV, Karamov EV, Perminova IV. Antiviral activity of natural humic substances and shilajit materials against HIV-1: Relation to structure. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 193:110312. [PMID: 33065073 PMCID: PMC7554000 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Natural products, such as humic substances (HS) and shilajit, are known to possess antiviral activity. Humic-like components are often called as carriers of biological activity of shilajit. The goal of this study was to evaluate anti-HIV activity of well characterized HS isolated from coal, peat, and peloids, and compare it to that of water-soluble organic matter (OM) isolated from different samples of Shilajit. The set of humic materials included 16 samples of different fractional composition: humic acid (HA), hymatomelanic acid (HMA), fulvic acid (FA). The set of shilajit OM included 19 samples of different geographic origin and level of alteration. The HIV-1 p24 antigen assay and cell viability test were used for assessment of antiviral activity. The HIV-1 Bru strain was used to infect CEM-SS cells. The obtained EC50 values varied from 0.37 to 1.4 mg L-1 for the humic materials, and from 14 to 142 mg L-1 for the shilajit OM. Hence, all humic materials used in this study outcompeted largely the shilajit materials with respect to anti-HIV activity: For the humic materials, the structure-activity relationships revealed strong correlation between the EC50 values and the content of aromatic carbon indicating the most important role of aromatic structures. For shilajit OM, the reverse relationship was obtained indicating the different mechanism of shilajit activity. The FTICRMS molecular assignments were used for ChEMBL data mining in search of the active humic molecules. As potential carriers of antiviral activity were identified aromatic structures with alkyl substituents, terpenoids, N-containing analogs of typical flavonoids, and aza-podophyllotoxins. The conclusion was made that the typical humic materials and Shilajit differ greatly in molecular composition, and the humic materials have substantial preferences as a natural source of antiviral agents as compared to shilajit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury V Zhernov
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, Moscow, 115522, Russia
| | | | - Alexander Zherebker
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Moscow Region, 143026, Russia
| | - Eugene Nikolaev
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Moscow Region, 143026, Russia
| | - Alexey Orlov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Moscow Region, 143026, Russia
| | - Mikhail I Savinykh
- Scientific and Production Company "Sibdalmumiyo" Ltd., Novokuznetsk, Russia
| | - Galina V Kornilaeva
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology FSBI «National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After the Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya», Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Eduard V Karamov
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology FSBI «National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After the Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya», Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Irina V Perminova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Chemistry, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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10
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Schlösser M, Kartashev VV, Mikkola VH, Shemshura A, Saukhat S, Kolpakov D, Suladze A, Tverdokhlebova T, Hutt K, Heger E, Knops E, Böhm M, Di Cristanziano V, Kaiser R, Sönnerborg A, Zazzi M, Bobkova M, Sierra S. HIV-1 Sub-Subtype A6: Settings for Normalised Identification and Molecular Epidemiology in the Southern Federal District, Russia. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040475. [PMID: 32331438 PMCID: PMC7232409 DOI: 10.3390/v12040475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Russia has one of the largest and fastest growing HIV epidemics. However, epidemiological data are scarce. Sub-subtype A6 is most prevalent in Russia but its identification is challenging. We analysed protease/reverse transcriptase-, integrase-sequences, and epidemiological data from 303 patients to develop a methodology for the systematisation of A6 identification and to describe the HIV epidemiology in the Russian Southern Federal District. Drug consumption (32.0%) and heterosexual contact (27.1%) were the major reported transmission risks. This study successfully established the settings for systematic identification of A6 samples. Low frequency of subtype B (3.3%) and large prevalence of sub-subtype A6 (69.6%) and subtype G (23.4%) were detected. Transmitted PI- (8.8%) and NRTI-resistance (6.4%) were detected in therapy-naive patients. In therapy-experienced patients, 17.3% of the isolates showed resistance to PIs, 50.0% to NRTI, 39.2% to NNRTIs, and 9.5% to INSTIs. Multiresistance was identified in 52 isolates, 40 corresponding to two-class resistance and seven to three-class resistance. Two resistance-associated-mutations significantly associated to sub-subtype A6 samples: A62VRT and G190SRT. This study establishes the conditions for a systematic annotation of sub-subtype A6 to normalise epidemiological studies. Accurate knowledge on South Russian epidemiology will allow for the development of efficient regional frameworks for HIV-1 infection management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madita Schlösser
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (M.S.); (V.H.M.); (K.H.); (E.H.); (E.K.); (M.B.); (V.D.C.); (R.K.)
| | - Vladimir V. Kartashev
- Russian Southern Federal Center for HIV Control, 344000 Rostov-na-Donu, Russia; (V.V.K.); (D.K.); (A.S.); (T.T.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rostov State Medical University, 344022 Rostov-na-Donu, Russia;
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Visa H. Mikkola
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (M.S.); (V.H.M.); (K.H.); (E.H.); (E.K.); (M.B.); (V.D.C.); (R.K.)
| | - Andrey Shemshura
- Clinical Center of HIV/AIDS of the Ministry of Health of Krasnodar Region, 350015 Krasnodar, Russia;
| | - Sergey Saukhat
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rostov State Medical University, 344022 Rostov-na-Donu, Russia;
| | - Dmitriy Kolpakov
- Russian Southern Federal Center for HIV Control, 344000 Rostov-na-Donu, Russia; (V.V.K.); (D.K.); (A.S.); (T.T.)
| | - Alexandr Suladze
- Russian Southern Federal Center for HIV Control, 344000 Rostov-na-Donu, Russia; (V.V.K.); (D.K.); (A.S.); (T.T.)
| | - Tatiana Tverdokhlebova
- Russian Southern Federal Center for HIV Control, 344000 Rostov-na-Donu, Russia; (V.V.K.); (D.K.); (A.S.); (T.T.)
| | - Katharina Hutt
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (M.S.); (V.H.M.); (K.H.); (E.H.); (E.K.); (M.B.); (V.D.C.); (R.K.)
| | - Eva Heger
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (M.S.); (V.H.M.); (K.H.); (E.H.); (E.K.); (M.B.); (V.D.C.); (R.K.)
| | - Elena Knops
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (M.S.); (V.H.M.); (K.H.); (E.H.); (E.K.); (M.B.); (V.D.C.); (R.K.)
| | - Michael Böhm
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (M.S.); (V.H.M.); (K.H.); (E.H.); (E.K.); (M.B.); (V.D.C.); (R.K.)
| | - Veronica Di Cristanziano
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (M.S.); (V.H.M.); (K.H.); (E.H.); (E.K.); (M.B.); (V.D.C.); (R.K.)
| | - Rolf Kaiser
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (M.S.); (V.H.M.); (K.H.); (E.H.); (E.K.); (M.B.); (V.D.C.); (R.K.)
| | - Anders Sönnerborg
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Maurizio Zazzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Marina Bobkova
- Department of General Virology, Gamaleya Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Saleta Sierra
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (M.S.); (V.H.M.); (K.H.); (E.H.); (E.K.); (M.B.); (V.D.C.); (R.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-221-4788-5807
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11
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Neshumaev D, Lebedev A, Malysheva M, Boyko A, Skudarnov S, Ozhmegova E, Antonova A, Kazennova E, Bobkova M. Molecular Surveillance of HIV-1 Infection in Krasnoyarsk Region, Russia: Epidemiology, Phylodynamics and Phylogeography. Curr HIV Res 2020; 17:114-125. [PMID: 31210113 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x17666190618155816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The information about the dynamics of the viral population and migration events that affect the epidemic in different parts of the Russia is insufficient. Possibly, the huge size of the country and limited transport accessibility to certain territories may determine unique traits of the HIV-1 evolutionary history in different regions. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore the genetic diversity of HIV-1 in the Krasnoyarsk region and reconstruct spatial-temporal dynamics of the infection in the region. METHODS The demographic and virologic data from 281 HIV-infected individuals in Krasnoyarsk region collected during 2011-2016 were analyzed. The time to the most recent common ancestor, evolutionary rates, population growth, and ancestral geographic movements was estimated using Bayesian coalescent-based methods. RESULTS The study revealed moderate diversity of the HIV-1 subtypes found in the region, which included A6 (92.3%), CRF063_02A (4.3%), B (1.1%), and unique recombinants (2.5%). Phylogenetic reconstruction revealed that the A6 subtype was introduced into Krasnoyarsk region by one viral lineage, which arose around 1996.9 (1994.5-1999.5). The phylogeography analysis pointed to Krasnoyarsk city as the geographical center of the epidemic, which further spread to central neighboring districts of the region. At least two epidemic growth phases of subtype A6 were identified which included exponential growth in early-2000s followed by the decline in the mid/late 2010s. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates a change in the genetic diversity of HIV-1 in the Krasnoyarsk region. At the beginning of the epidemic, subtype A6 prevailed, subtypes B and CRF063_02A appeared in the region later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Neshumaev
- Krasnoyarsk Regional AIDS Centre, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
| | - Aleksey Lebedev
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Marina Malysheva
- Krasnoyarsk Regional AIDS Centre, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
| | - Anatoly Boyko
- Krasnoyarsk Regional AIDS Centre, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey Skudarnov
- Krasnoyarsk Regional AIDS Centre, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina Ozhmegova
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anastasia Antonova
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Elena Kazennova
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Marina Bobkova
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
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12
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Murzakova A, Kireev D, Baryshev P, Lopatukhin A, Serova E, Shemshura A, Saukhat S, Kolpakov D, Matuzkova A, Suladze A, Nosik M, Eremin V, Shipulin G, Pokrovsky V. Molecular Epidemiology of HIV-1 Subtype G in the Russian Federation. Viruses 2019; 11:E348. [PMID: 30995717 PMCID: PMC6521041 DOI: 10.3390/v11040348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although HIV-1 subtype A has predominated in Russia since the end of the 20th century, other viral variants also circulate in this country. The dramatic outbreak of HIV-1 subtype G in 1988-1990 represents the origin of this variant spreading in Russia. However, full genome sequencing of the nosocomial viral variant and an analysis of the current circulating variants have not been conducted. We performed near full-length genome sequencing and phylogenetic and recombination analyses of 11 samples; the samples were determined to be subtype G based on an analysis of the pol region. Three samples were reliably obtained from patients infected during the nosocomial outbreak. The other 8 samples were obtained from patients who were diagnosed in 2010-2015. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that a man from the Democratic Republic of the Congo was the origin of the outbreak. We also found that currently circulating viral variants that were genotyped as subtype G according to their pol region are in fact unique recombinant forms. These recombinant forms are similar to the BG-recombinants from Western Europe, particularly Spain and Portugal. The limitations of subtyping based on the pol region suggest that these viral variants are more widespread in Europe than is currently supposed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dmitry Kireev
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Pavel Baryshev
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia.
| | | | - Ekaterina Serova
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Andrey Shemshura
- Clinical Center of HIV/AIDS of the Ministry of Health of Krasnodar Region, 350015 Krasnodar, Russia.
| | - Sergey Saukhat
- Department of Epidemiology, Rostov State Medical University, 344022 Rostov-on-Don, Russia.
| | - Dmitry Kolpakov
- Rostov Research Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, 344000 Rostov-on-Don, Russia.
| | - Anna Matuzkova
- Rostov Research Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, 344000 Rostov-on-Don, Russia.
| | - Alexander Suladze
- Rostov Research Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, 344000 Rostov-on-Don, Russia.
| | - Marina Nosik
- Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Vladimir Eremin
- Republican Research and Practical Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 220114 Minsk, Belarus.
| | - German Shipulin
- Center of Strategical Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Ministry of Health, 119121 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Vadim Pokrovsky
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia.
- Department of infectious diseases with courses of epidemiology and phthisiology, RUDN University, 117198 Moscow, Russia.
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13
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Abstract
HIV-1 env sequencing enables predictions of viral coreceptor tropism and phylogenetic investigations of transmission events. The aim of the study was to estimate the contribution of non-R5 strains to the viral spread in Poland. Partial proviral env sequences were retrieved from baseline blood samples of patients with newly diagnosed HIV-1 infection between 2008-2014, including 46 patients with recent HIV-1 infection (RHI), and 246 individuals with long-term infection (LTHI). These sequences were subjected to the genotypic coreceptor tropism predictions and phylogenetic analyses to identify transmission clusters. Overall, 27 clusters with 57 sequences (19.5%) were detected, including 15 sequences (26.3%) from patients with RHI. The proportion of non-R5 strains among all study participants was 23.3% (68/292), and was comparable between patients with RHI and LTHI (11/46, 23.9% vs 57/246, 23.2%; p = 1.000). All 11 patients with non-R5 strains and RHI were men having sex with men (MSM). Among these patients, 4 had viral sequences grouped within phylogenetic cluster with another sequence of non-R5 strain obtained from patient with LTHI, indicating potential acquisition of non-R5 HIV-1 for at least 4/46 (8.7%) patients with RHI. We were unable to confirm the contribution of patients with RHI to the forward transmission of non-R5 strains, but a relatively high proportion of non-R5 strains among them deserves attention due to the limited susceptibility to CCR5 antagonists.
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14
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Vasylyeva TI, Liulchuk M, du Plessis L, Fearnhill E, Zadorozhna V, Babii N, Scherbinska A, Novitsky V, Pybus OG, Faria NR. The Changing Epidemiological Profile of HIV-1 Subtype B Epidemic in Ukraine. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 35:155-163. [PMID: 30430838 PMCID: PMC6360399 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2018.0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
While HIV-1 subtype B has caused a large epidemic in the Western world, its transmission in Ukraine remains poorly understood. We assessed the genetic diversity of HIV-1 subtype B viruses circulating in Ukraine, characterized the transmission group structure, and estimated key evolutionary and epidemiological parameters. We analyzed 120 HIV-1 subtype B pol sequences (including 46 newly generated) sampled from patients residing in 11 regions of Ukraine between 2002 and 2017. Phylogenies were estimated using maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic methods. A Bayesian molecular clock coalescent analysis was used to estimate effective population size dynamics and date the most recent common ancestors of identified clades. A phylodynamic birth-death model was used to estimate the effective reproductive number (Re) of these clades. We identified two phylogenetically distinct predominantly Ukrainian (≥75%) clades of HIV-1 subtype B. We found no significant transmission group structure for either clade, suggesting frequent mixing among transmission groups. The estimated dates of origin of both subtype B clades were around early 1970s, similar to the introduction of HIV-1 subtype A into Ukraine. Re was estimated to be 1.42 [95% highest posterior density (HPD) 1.26-1.56] for Clade 1 and 1.69 (95% HPD 1.49-1.84) for Clade 2. Evidently, the subtype B epidemic in the country is no longer concentrated in specific geographical regions or transmission groups. The study results highlight the necessity for strengthening preventive and monitoring efforts to reduce the further spread of HIV-1 subtype B.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariia Liulchuk
- L.V. Gromashevskij Institute of Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Louis du Plessis
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Esther Fearnhill
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Victoriia Zadorozhna
- L.V. Gromashevskij Institute of Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Nataliia Babii
- L.V. Gromashevskij Institute of Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Alla Scherbinska
- L.V. Gromashevskij Institute of Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Vladimir Novitsky
- Department of Immunology and Infectious diseases, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Oliver G. Pybus
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nuno R. Faria
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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