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Najibi M, Honwad HH, Moreau JA, Becker SM, Irazoqui JE. A NOVEL NOX/PHOX-CD38-NAADP-TFEB AXIS IMPORTANT FOR MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION DURING BACTERIAL PHAGOCYTOSIS. Autophagy 2021; 18:124-141. [PMID: 33818279 PMCID: PMC8865266 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1911548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage activation in the presence of bacterial cells and molecules entails complex programs of gene expression. How such triggers elicit specific gene expression programs is incompletely understood. We previously discovered that TFEB (transcription factor EB) is a key contributor to macrophage activation during bacterial phagocytosis. However, the mechanism linking phagocytosis of bacterial cells to TFEB activation and downstream pro-inflammatory cytokine induction remained unknown. We found that macrophages lacking both TFEB and TFE3 (transcription factor E3) were unable to mount a pro-inflammatory phenotype in response to bacterial infection. The NOX/PHOX (NADPH oxidase)-dependent oxidative burst was required for nuclear translocation of TFEB during phagocytosis of Gram-positive or -negative bacteria, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were sufficient to trigger TFEB activation in a CD38- and NAADP (nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate)-dependent manner. Consistent with the Ca2+-releasing activity of NAADP, intracellular Ca2+ chelation and PPP3/calcineurin inhibition prevented TFEB activation by phagocytosis and ROS (reactive oxygen species), impairing the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL6 and TNF/TNFα. Therefore, here we describe a previously unknown pathway that links phagocytosis with macrophage pro-inflammatory polarization via TFEB and related transcription factor TFE3. These findings reveal that activation of TFEB and TFE3 is a key regulatory event for the activation of macrophages, and have important implications for infections, inflammation, cancer, obesity, and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Najibi
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, USA.,Present Address: Department of Pathology, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence
| | - Havisha H Honwad
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, USA
| | - Joseph A Moreau
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, USA
| | - Stephanie M Becker
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, USA
| | - Javier E Irazoqui
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, USA
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Gotham JP, Li R, Tipple TE, Lancaster JR, Liu T, Li Q. Quantitation of spin probe-detectable oxidants in cells using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy: To probe or to trap? Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 154:84-94. [PMID: 32376456 PMCID: PMC7368495 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy coupled with spin traps/probes enables quantitative determination of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species (RNOS). Even with numerous studies using spin probes, the methodology has not been rigorously investigated. The autoxidation of spin probes has been commonly overlooked. Using the spin probe 1-hydroxy-3-methoxycarbonyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine (CMH), the present study has tested the effects of metal chelators, temperature, and oxygen content on the autoxidation of spin probes, where an optimized condition is refined for cell studies. The apparent rate of CMH autoxidation under this condition is 7.01 ± 1.60 nM/min, indicating low sensitivity and great variation of the CMH method and that CMH autoxidation rate should be subtracted from the generation rate of CMH-detectable oxidants (simplified as oxidants below) in samples. Oxidants in RAW264.7 cells are detected at an initial rate of 4.0 ± 0.7 pmol/min/106 cells, which is not considered as the rate of basal oxidants generation because the same method has failed to detect oxidant generation from the stimulation of phorbol-12-mysirate-13-acetate (PMA, 0.1 nmol/106 cells) in cells (2.5 ± 0.9 for PMA vs. 2.1 ± 1.5 pmol/min/106 cells for dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-treated cells). In contrast, the spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO), which exhibits minimal autoxidation, reveals differences between PMA and DMSO treatment (0.26 ± 0.09 vs. -0.06 ± 0.12 pmol/min/106 cells), which challenges previous claims that spin probes are more sensitive than spin traps. We have also found that low temperature EPR measurements of frozen samples of CMH autoxidation provide lower signal intensity and greater variation compared to RT measurements of fresh samples. The current study establishes an example for method development of RNOS detection, where experimental details are rigorously considered and tested, and raises questions on the applications of spin probes and spin traps.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Gotham
- Science and Technology Honors College, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Rui Li
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Trent E Tipple
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Jack R Lancaster
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, Medicine, and Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Taiming Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Qian Li
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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Podo F, Paris L, Cecchetti S, Spadaro F, Abalsamo L, Ramoni C, Ricci A, Pisanu ME, Sardanelli F, Canese R, Iorio E. Activation of Phosphatidylcholine-Specific Phospholipase C in Breast and Ovarian Cancer: Impact on MRS-Detected Choline Metabolic Profile and Perspectives for Targeted Therapy. Front Oncol 2016; 6:171. [PMID: 27532027 PMCID: PMC4969288 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidation of molecular mechanisms underlying the aberrant phosphatidylcholine cycle in cancer cells plays in favor of the use of metabolic imaging in oncology and opens the way for designing new targeted therapies. The anomalous choline metabolic profile detected in cancer by magnetic resonance spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging provides molecular signatures of tumor progression and response to therapy. The increased level of intracellular phosphocholine (PCho) typically detected in cancer cells is mainly attributed to upregulation of choline kinase, responsible for choline phosphorylation in the biosynthetic Kennedy pathway, but can also be partly produced by activation of phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC). This hydrolytic enzyme, known for implications in bacterial infection and in plant survival to hostile environmental conditions, is reported to be activated in mitogen- and oncogene-induced phosphatidylcholine cycles in mammalian cells, with effects on cell signaling, cell cycle regulation, and cell proliferation. Recent investigations showed that PC-PLC activation could account for 20–50% of the intracellular PCho production in ovarian and breast cancer cells of different subtypes. Enzyme activation was associated with PC-PLC protein overexpression and subcellular redistribution in these cancer cells compared with non-tumoral counterparts. Moreover, PC-PLC coimmunoprecipitated with the human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) and EGFR in HER2-overexpressing breast and ovarian cancer cells, while pharmacological PC-PLC inhibition resulted into long-lasting HER2 downregulation, retarded receptor re-expression on plasma membrane and antiproliferative effects. This body of evidence points to PC-PLC as a potential target for newly designed therapies, whose effects can be preclinically and clinically monitored by metabolic imaging methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Podo
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Unit, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Luisa Paris
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Unit, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Serena Cecchetti
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Unit, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Francesca Spadaro
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Unit, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Laura Abalsamo
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Unit, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Carlo Ramoni
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Unit, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Alessandro Ricci
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Unit, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Maria Elena Pisanu
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Unit, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Francesco Sardanelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Research Hospital Policlinico San Donato , Milan , Italy
| | - Rossella Canese
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Unit, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Egidio Iorio
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Unit, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
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Najibi M, Labed SA, Visvikis O, Irazoqui JE. An Evolutionarily Conserved PLC-PKD-TFEB Pathway for Host Defense. Cell Rep 2016; 15:1728-42. [PMID: 27184844 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that tightly control the transcription of host defense genes have not been fully elucidated. We previously identified TFEB as a transcription factor important for host defense, but the mechanisms that regulate TFEB during infection remained unknown. Here, we used C. elegans to discover a pathway that activates TFEB during infection. Gene dkf-1, which encodes a homolog of protein kinase D (PKD), was required for TFEB activation in nematodes infected with Staphylococcus aureus. Conversely, pharmacological activation of PKD was sufficient to activate TFEB. Furthermore, phospholipase C (PLC) gene plc-1 was also required for TFEB activation, downstream of Gαq homolog egl-30 and upstream of dkf-1. Using reverse and chemical genetics, we discovered a similar PLC-PKD-TFEB axis in Salmonella-infected mouse macrophages. In addition, PKCα was required in macrophages. These observations reveal a previously unknown host defense signaling pathway, which has been conserved across one billion years of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Najibi
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sid Ahmed Labed
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Orane Visvikis
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Javier Elbio Irazoqui
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Nelius T, Samathanam C, Martinez-Marin D, Gaines N, Stevens J, Hickson J, de Riese W, Filleur S. Positive correlation between PEDF expression levels and macrophage density in the human prostate. Prostate 2013; 73:549-61. [PMID: 23038613 PMCID: PMC3600115 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we investigated the capacity of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) to modulate the recruitment and the differentiation of monocytes/macrophages both in vitro and in human prostate. METHODS Using Boyden chambers, we assessed PEDF effect on the migration of monocytes and chemically activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Normal, prostatitis, and prostate cancer specimens were retrospectively selected and examined by immunohistochemistry for PEDF expression and infiltration of immune CD68 + macrophagic cells. PEDF expression and macrophage density were then correlated with each other and clinicopathological parameters. M1 and M2 differentiation markers were quantified by qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and ELISA. RESULTS In chemotaxis, PEDF induced the migration of monocytes/macrophages. In immunohistochemistry, macrophages were markedly increased in prostatitis and malignant compared to normal tissues. PEDF was expressed at variable levels in the stroma and epithelium. PEDF mRNA was down-regulated in both prostate cancer and prostatitis compared to normal tissues. In correlation studies, macrophage density and PEDF expression were respectively positively and negatively associated with prostate size. Most importantly, PEDF expression positively correlated with macrophage density. Finally, PEDF stimulated the expression of iNOS, IL12, and TNFα; and inhibited IL10 and arginase 1 in mouse and human macrophages confirming a M1-type differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that PEDF acts directly on monocytes/macrophages by inducing their migration and differentiation into M1-type cells. These findings suggest a possible role of macrophages in PEDF anti-tumor properties and may support further development of PEDF-based anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Nelius
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Department of Urology, Lubbock-TX
| | - Christina Samathanam
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Medical School, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Houston-TX
| | | | - Natalie Gaines
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Department of Urology, Lubbock-TX
| | - Jessica Stevens
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Department of Urology, Lubbock-TX
| | - Johnny Hickson
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Department of Urology, Lubbock-TX
| | - Werner de Riese
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Department of Urology, Lubbock-TX
| | - Stéphanie Filleur
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Department of Urology, Lubbock-TX
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Lubbock-TX
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Spadaro F, Ramoni C, Mezzanzanica D, Miotti S, Alberti P, Cecchetti S, Iorio E, Dolo V, Canevari S, Podo F. Phosphatidylcholine-Specific Phospholipase C Activation in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2008; 68:6541-9. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zhao J, Zhao B, Wang W, Huang B, Zhang S, Miao J. Phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C and ROS were involved in chicken blastodisc differentiation to vascular endothelial cells. J Cell Biochem 2007; 102:421-8. [PMID: 17393430 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
To find the key factors that were involved in the survival and vascular endothelial differentiation of chick blatodisc induced by fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), we built a chick vasculogenesis model in vitro. Subsequently, the activities of phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC), including Ca(2+)-dependent and -independent PC-PLC, and the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were evaluated during the endothelial differentiation of chick blastodisc. The results showed that Ca(2+)-indepentent PC-PLC underwent a remarkable increase in 24 h (P < 0.01), then it decreased gradually with the cell differentiation, while the Ca(2+)-depentent PC-PLC was nearly not changed in the whole process. At the same time, ROS level dramatically decreased during the cell differentiation. To understand the role of PC-PLC and how it performs its function in the vascular endothelial differentiation induced by FGF-2, we suppressed PC-PLC activity by its specific inhibitor D609 (tricyclodecan-9-yl potassium xanthate) at 24 h during the cell differentiation. As a result, the cell differentiation could not progress and the intracellular level of ROS was elevated. The data suggested that PC-PLC and ROS were involved in chicken blastodisc differentiation to vascular endothelial cells. PC-PLC was an important factor in the blastodisc cell survival and differentiation, and it might perform its function associated with ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shangdong 250100, China
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Liu H, Zhang H, Forman HJ. Silica induces macrophage cytokines through phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C with hydrogen peroxide. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2006; 36:594-9. [PMID: 17158358 PMCID: PMC1899332 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0297oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Silica particle-associated inflammation is implicated in the genesis of several pulmonary diseases, including silicosis and lung cancer. In this study we investigated the role of phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC) in silica-stimulated induction of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta and how PC-PLC activity is regulated by silica in a rat alveolar macrophage model. We demonstrated that inhibition of PC-PLC, which was achieved with tricychodecan-9-yl-xanthate (D609), blocked the silica-stimulated induction of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in alveolar macrophage, suggesting that PC-PLC is involved in the silica-associated inflammatory response. PC-PLC activity was increased significantly by silica exposure, and this could be inhibited by MnTBAP, which catalyzes both the dismutation of O2.- to O2 and H2O2 and the dismutation of H2O2 to O2 and H2O, revealing that PC-PLC activity is regulated in a redox-dependent manner. This is further confirmed by the finding that PC-PLC activity was increased by exogenous H2O2. The intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA blocked the H2O2-increased PC-PLC activity, while the calcium ionophore, A23187, enhanced PC-PLC activity. The data indicate that PC-PLC plays critical roles in the silica-associated inflammatory response and that PC-PLC is regulated through redox- and calcium-dependent manners in alveolar macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Liu
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, P.O. Box 2039, Merced, CA 95340, USA
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