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Gao F, Du W, Guo C, Geng P, Liu W, Jin X. α7nACh receptor, a promising target to reduce BBB damage by regulating inflammation and autophagy after ischemic stroke. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 179:117337. [PMID: 39191022 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability can lead to cerebral vasogenic edema and hemorrhagic transformation (HT) after reperfusion with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), the only United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved treatment for acute ischemia stroke (AIS). The therapeutic benefits of tPA after AIS are partially outweighed by a more than a six-fold increase in the risk of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage. Therefore, strategies to protect the integrity of BBB are urgently needed to reduce HT and vasogenic edema after tPA thrombolysis or endovascular thrombectomy. Interestingly, an NIH study showed that smokers treated with tPA had a significantly lower prevalence of brain hemorrhage than nonsmokers, suggesting that cigarette smoking may protect patients treated with tPA from the side effects of cerebral hemorrhage. Importantly, we recently showed that treatment with nicotine reduces AIS-induced BBB damage and that modulating α7nAChR by modulation could reduce ischemia/reperfusion-induced BBB damage, suggesting that α7nAChR could be a potential target to reduce BBB after AIS. In this review, we first provide an overview of stroke and the impact of α7nAChR activation on BBB damage. Next, we discuss the features and mechanism of BBB destruction after AIS. We then discuss the effect of nicotine effect on BBB integrity as well as the mechanism underlying those effects. Finally, we discuss the side effects and potential strategies for modulating α7nAChR to reduce AIS-induced BBB damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengying Gao
- Department of Emergency, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Weihong Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Chun Guo
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
| | - Panpan Geng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Wencao Liu
- Department of Emergency, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan 030001, China.
| | - Xinchun Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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Abbondanza A, Urushadze A, Alves-Barboza AR, Janickova H. Expression and function of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in specific neuronal populations: Focus on striatal and prefrontal circuits. Pharmacol Res 2024; 204:107190. [PMID: 38704107 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are widely expressed in the central nervous system and play an important role in the control of neural functions including neuronal activity, transmitter release and synaptic plasticity. Although the common subtypes of nAChRs are abundantly expressed throughout the brain, their expression in different brain regions and by individual neuronal types is not homogeneous or incidental. In recent years, several studies have emerged showing that particular subtypes of nAChRs are expressed by specific neuronal populations in which they have major influence on the activity of local circuits and behavior. It has been demonstrated that even nAChRs expressed by relatively rare neuronal types can induce significant changes in behavior and contribute to pathological processes. Depending on the identity and connectivity of the particular nAChRs-expressing neuronal populations, the activation of nAChRs can have distinct or even opposing effects on local neuronal signaling. In this review, we will summarize the available literature describing the expression of individual nicotinic subunits by different neuronal types in two crucial brain regions, the striatum and the prefrontal cortex. The review will also briefly discuss nicotinic expression in non-neuronal, glial cells, as they cannot be ignored as potential targets of nAChRs-modulating drugs. The final section will discuss options that could allow us to target nAChRs in a neuronal-type-specific manner, not only in the experimental field, but also eventually in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Abbondanza
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 14200, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Urushadze
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 14200, Czech Republic
| | - Amanda Rosanna Alves-Barboza
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 14200, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Janickova
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 14200, Czech Republic.
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3
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Zhou Z, Yang Y, Wei Y, Xie Y. Remimazolam Attenuates LPS-Derived Cognitive Dysfunction via Subdiaphragmatic Vagus Nerve Target α7nAChR-Mediated Nrf2/HO-1 Signal Pathway. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:1306-1321. [PMID: 38472553 PMCID: PMC10991060 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04115-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Sepsis-induced neuroinflammation is significantly associated with sepsis-related brain dysfunction. Remimazolam is a novel ultra-short-acting benzodiazepine anesthetic with multiple organ protective effects. However, it is unknown whether remimazolam can ameliorate LPS-induced brain impairment. In this study, Lipopolysaccharide (5 mg/kg, LPS) severely impaired Sprague-Dawley rats spatial learning ability, memory, and cognitive function. However, remimazolam treatment showed a protective effect on LPS-induced cognitive dysfunction. Remimazolam partly reversed LPS-induced splenomegaly, decreased serum cytokine expression, suppressed hippocampal M1 microglial activation, and mitigated oxidative stress injury and neuroinflammation. Electroacupuncture (EA) or PNU282987 treatment improved LPS-induced cognitive dysfunction and also significantly inhibited neuroinflammation and systemic inflammation. However, MLA, ML385, or subdiaphragmatic vagus nerve (SDV) treatment abolished the protective effects of remimazolam. Further mechanistic studies showed that remimazolam induces protective effects by activating subdiaphragmatic vagus nerve target α7nAChR-mediated Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. These results demonstrate that remimazolam can up-regulate α7nAChR, Cyto-Nrf2, HO-1, and cognitive-related (CREB, BDNF, PSD95) protein expressions, suppress M1 microglia, ameliorate neuroinflammation or systemic inflammation, and reverse cognitive dysfunction. Therefore, this study provides insight into a new therapeutic target for the treatment of sepsis-induced cerebral dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yi Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yubo Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery after Surgery for Gastrointestinal Cancer, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.
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Ihnatovych I, Saddler RA, Sule N, Szigeti K. Translational implications of CHRFAM7A, an elusive human-restricted fusion gene. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:1020-1032. [PMID: 38200291 PMCID: PMC11176066 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02389-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Genes restricted to humans may contribute to human-specific traits and provide a different context for diseases. CHRFAM7A is a uniquely human fusion gene and a negative regulator of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR). The α7 nAChR has been a promising target for diseases affecting cognition and higher cortical functions, however, the treatment effect observed in animal models failed to translate into human clinical trials. As CHRFAM7A was not accounted for in preclinical drug screens it may have contributed to the translational gap. Understanding the complex genetic architecture of the locus, deciphering the functional impact of CHRFAM7A on α7 nAChR neurobiology and utilizing human-relevant models may offer novel approaches to explore α7 nAChR as a drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanna Ihnatovych
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Ruth-Ann Saddler
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Norbert Sule
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, 665 Elm St, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Kinga Szigeti
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
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Knox D, Parikh V. Basal forebrain cholinergic systems as circuits through which traumatic stress disrupts emotional memory regulation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 159:105569. [PMID: 38309497 PMCID: PMC10948307 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Contextual and spatial systems facilitate changes in emotional memory regulation brought on by traumatic stress. Cholinergic basal forebrain (chBF) neurons provide input to contextual/spatial systems and although chBF neurons are important for emotional memory, it is unknown how they contribute to the traumatic stress effects on emotional memory. Clusters of chBF neurons that project to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) modulate fear conditioned suppression and passive avoidance, while clusters of chBF neurons that project to the hippocampus (Hipp) and PFC (i.e. cholinergic medial septum and diagonal bands of Broca (chMS/DBB neurons) are critical for fear extinction. Interestingly, neither Hipp nor PFC projecting chMS/DBB neurons are critical for fear extinction. The retrosplenial cortex (RSC) is a contextual/spatial memory system that receives input from chMS/DBB neurons, but whether this chMS/DBB-RSC circuit facilitates traumatic stress effects on emotional memory remain unexplored. Traumatic stress leads to neuroinflammation and the buildup of reactive oxygen species. These two molecular processes may converge to disrupt chBF circuits enhancing the impact of traumatic stress on emotional memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayan Knox
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Behavioral Neuroscience Program, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
| | - Vinay Parikh
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Kumro J, Tripathi A, Terry AV, Pillai A, Blake DT. α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are necessary for basal forebrain activation to increase expression of the nerve growth factor receptor TrkA. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.01.582932. [PMID: 38463995 PMCID: PMC10925259 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.01.582932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Activation of the basal forebrain leads to increases in the expression of the nerve growth factor receptor, Tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) and decreases in expression of the beta amyloid cleavage enzyme 1 (BACE1) in the cerebral cortex of both sexes of 5xFAD mice. The studies described in this report were designed to determine if these changes were dependent on acetylcholine receptors. Mice were stimulated unilaterally in the basal forebrain for two weeks. Animals were administered a cholinergic antagonist, or saline, 30 minutes prior to stimulation. Animals administered saline exhibited significant increases in TrkA expression and decreases in BACE1 in the stimulated hemisphere relative to the unstimulated. While both nonselective nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor blockade attenuated the BACE1 decline, only the nicotinic receptor antagonism blocked the TrkA increase. Next, we applied selective nicotinic antagonists, and the α7 antagonist blocked the TrkA increases, but the α4β2 antagonist did not. BACE1 declines were not blocked by either intervention. Mice with a loxP conditional knockout of the gene for the α7 nicotinic receptor were also employed in these studies. Animals were either stimulated bilaterally for two weeks, or left unstimulated. With or without stimulation, the expression of TrkA receptors was lower in the cortical region with the α7 nicotinic receptor knockdown. We thus conclude that α7 nicotinic receptor activation is necessary for normal expression of TrkA and increases caused by basal forebrain activation, while BACE1 declines caused by stimulation have dependency on a broader array of receptor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Kumro
- Dept Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Ashutosh Tripathi
- Dept Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Alvin V Terry
- Dept Pharmacology/Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Anilkumar Pillai
- Dept Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
- Dept Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
- Research and Development, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA
| | - David T Blake
- Dept Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
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Bali ZK, Nagy LV, Bruszt N, Bodó K, Engelmann P, Hernádi Z, Göntér K, Tadepalli SA, Hernádi I. Increased brain cytokine level associated impairment of vigilance and memory in aged rats can be alleviated by alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist treatment. GeroScience 2024; 46:645-664. [PMID: 37994990 PMCID: PMC10828177 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-01019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related neurocognitive disorders are common problems in developed societies. Aging not only affects memory processes, but may also disturb attention, vigilance, and other executive functions. In the present study, we aimed to investigate age-related cognitive deficits in rats and associated molecular alterations in the brain. We also aimed to test the effects of the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist PHA-543613 on memory as well as on the sustained attention and vigilance of aged rats. Short- and long-term spatial memories of the rats were tested using the Morris water maze (MWM) task. To measure attention and vigilance, we designed a rat version of the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) that is frequently used in human clinical examinations. At the end of the behavioral experiments, mRNA and protein expression of alpha7 nAChRs, cytokines, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were quantitatively measured in the hippocampus, frontal cortex, striatum, and cerebellum. Aged rats showed marked cognitive deficits in both the MWM and the PVT. The deficit was accompanied by increased IL-1beta and TNFalpha mRNA expression and decreased BDNF protein expression in the hippocampus. PHA-543613 significantly improved the reaction time of aged rats in the PVT, especially for unexpectedly appearing stimuli, while only slightly (non-significantly) alleviating spatial memory deficits in the MWM. These results indicate that targeting alpha7 nAChRs may be an effective strategy for the amelioration of attention and vigilance deficits in age-related neurocognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Kristóf Bali
- Grastyán Endre Translational Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Lili Veronika Nagy
- Grastyán Endre Translational Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Nóra Bruszt
- Grastyán Endre Translational Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kornélia Bodó
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- National Laboratory of Virology, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Engelmann
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Hernádi
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kitti Göntér
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Sai Ambika Tadepalli
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - István Hernádi
- Grastyán Endre Translational Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Khan MAS, Chang SL. Alcohol and the Brain-Gut Axis: The Involvement of Microglia and Enteric Glia in the Process of Neuro-Enteric Inflammation. Cells 2023; 12:2475. [PMID: 37887319 PMCID: PMC10605902 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Binge or chronic alcohol consumption causes neuroinflammation and leads to alcohol use disorder (AUD). AUD not only affects the central nervous system (CNS) but also leads to pathologies in the peripheral and enteric nervous systems (ENS). Thus, understanding the mechanism of the immune signaling to target the effector molecules in the signaling pathway is necessary to alleviate AUD. Growing evidence shows that excessive alcohol consumption can activate neuroimmune cells, including microglia, and change the status of neurotransmitters, affecting the neuroimmune system. Microglia, like peripheral macrophages, are an integral part of the immune defense and represent the reticuloendothelial system in the CNS. Microglia constantly survey the CNS to scavenge the neuronal debris. These cells also protect parenchymal cells in the brain and spinal cord by repairing nerve circuits to keep the nervous system healthy against infectious and stress-derived agents. In an activated state, they become highly dynamic and mobile and can modulate the levels of neurotransmitters in the CNS. In several ways, microglia, enteric glial cells, and macrophages are similar in terms of causing inflammation. Microglia also express most of the receptors that are constitutively present in macrophages. Several receptors on microglia respond to the inflammatory signals that arise from danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), endotoxins (e.g., lipopolysaccharides), and stress-causing molecules (e.g., alcohol). Therefore, this review article presents the latest findings, describing the roles of microglia and enteric glial cells in the brain and gut, respectively, and their association with neurotransmitters, neurotrophic factors, and receptors under the influence of binge and chronic alcohol use, and AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A. S. Khan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Sulie L. Chang
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
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Chu MC, Mao WC, Wu HF, Chang YC, Lu TI, Lee CW, Chung YJ, Hsieh TH, Chang HS, Chen YF, Lin CH, Tang CW, Lin HC. Transient plasticity response is regulated by histone deacetylase inhibitor in oxygen-glucose deprivation condition. Pharmacol Rep 2023; 75:1200-1210. [PMID: 37695500 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00525-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathological form of synaptic plasticity, ischemic long-term potentiation (iLTP), induced by oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD), is implicated in the acute phase of stroke with the potentiation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). While there has been widespread attention on the excitatory system, a recent study reported that γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic system is also involved in iLTP. Valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, protects against ischemic damage. However, whether VPA regulates early phase plasticity in ischemic stroke remains unknown. The present study aims to investigate the potential role and mechanism of VPA in ischemic stroke. METHODS A brief exposure of OGD on the hippocampal slices and the induction of photothrombotic ischemia (PTI) were used as ex vivo and in vivo models of ischemic stroke, respectively. RESULTS Using extracellular recordings, iLTP was induced in the hippocampal Schaffer collateral pathway following OGD exposure. VPA treatment abolished hippocampal iLTP via GABAA receptor enhancement and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation. Administration of VPA reduced brain infarct volume and motor dysfunction in mice with PTI. Moreover, VPA protected against ischemic injury by upregulating the GABAergic system and ERK phosphorylation, as well as by reducing of matrix metalloproteinase in a PTI-induced ischemic stroke model. CONCLUSIONS Together, this study revealed the protection of VPA in ex vivo OGD-induced pathological form of neuroplasticity and in vivo PTI-induced brain damage and motor dysfunction through rescuing GABAergic deficiency and the pathological hallmarks of ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chia Chu
- Department and Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chang Mao
- Department of Psychiatry, Cheng-Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Fang Wu
- Department of Optometry, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chi Chang
- Department and Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-I Lu
- Department and Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Wei Lee
- Department and Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Jung Chung
- Department and Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Han Hsieh
- Department and Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsun-Shuo Chang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaoshiung Medical University, Kaoshiung, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Fung Chen
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaoshiung Medical University, Kaoshiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaoshiung Medical University, Kaoshiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsien Lin
- Department of Health Industry Management, Kainan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Tang
- Department of Neurology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Ching Lin
- Department and Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Ph.D. Program in Medical Neuroscience, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institute, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Lana D, Magni G, Landucci E, Wenk GL, Pellegrini-Giampietro DE, Giovannini MG. Phenomic Microglia Diversity as a Druggable Target in the Hippocampus in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13668. [PMID: 37761971 PMCID: PMC10531074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenomics, the complexity of microglia phenotypes and their related functions compels the continuous study of microglia in disease animal models to find druggable targets for neurodegenerative disorders. Activation of microglia was long considered detrimental for neuron survival, but more recently it has become apparent that the real scenario of microglia morphofunctional diversity is far more complex. In this review, we discuss the recent literature on the alterations in microglia phenomics in the hippocampus of animal models of normal brain aging, acute neuroinflammation, ischemia, and neurodegenerative disorders, such as AD. Microglia undergo phenomic changes consisting of transcriptional, functional, and morphological changes that transform them into cells with different properties and functions. The classical subdivision of microglia into M1 and M2, two different, all-or-nothing states is too simplistic, and does not correspond to the variety of phenotypes recently discovered in the brain. We will discuss the phenomic modifications of microglia focusing not only on the differences in microglia reactivity in the diverse models of neurodegenerative disorders, but also among different areas of the brain. For instance, in contiguous and highly interconnected regions of the rat hippocampus, microglia show a differential, finely regulated, and region-specific reactivity, demonstrating that microglia responses are not uniform, but vary significantly from area to area in response to insults. It is of great interest to verify whether the differences in microglia reactivity may explain the differential susceptibility of different brain areas to insults, and particularly the higher sensitivity of CA1 pyramidal neurons to inflammatory stimuli. Understanding the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of microglia phenomics in health and disease is of paramount importance to find new druggable targets for the development of novel microglia-targeted therapies in different CNS disorders. This will allow interventions in three different ways: (i) by suppressing the pro-inflammatory properties of microglia to limit the deleterious effect of their activation; (ii) by modulating microglia phenotypic change to favor anti-inflammatory properties; (iii) by influencing microglia priming early in the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Lana
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (D.E.P.-G.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Giada Magni
- Institute of Applied Physics “Nello Carrara”, National Research Council (IFAC-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Florence, Italy;
| | - Elisa Landucci
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (D.E.P.-G.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Gary L. Wenk
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Domenico Edoardo Pellegrini-Giampietro
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (D.E.P.-G.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Maria Grazia Giovannini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (D.E.P.-G.); (M.G.G.)
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Arias HR, Tae HS, Micheli L, Yousuf A, Manetti D, Romanelli MN, Ghelardini C, Adams DJ, Di Cesare Mannelli L. The Antinociceptive Activity of (E)-3-(thiophen-2-yl)- N -(p-tolyl)acrylamide in Mice Is Reduced by (E)-3-(furan-2-yl)- N -methyl- N -(p-tolyl)acrylamide Through Opposing Modulatory Mechanisms at the α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor. Anesth Analg 2023; 137:691-701. [PMID: 37058425 PMCID: PMC10408732 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000006461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary objective of this study was to characterize the pharmacological and behavioral activity of 2 novel compounds, DM497 [(E)-3-(thiophen-2-yl)- N -(p-tolyl)acrylamide] and DM490 [(E)-3-(furan-2-yl)- N -methyl- N -(p-tolyl)acrylamide], structural derivatives of PAM-2, a positive allosteric modulator of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). METHODS A mouse model of oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic pain (2.4 mg/kg, 10 injections) was used to test the pain-relieving properties of DM497 and DM490. To assess possible mechanisms of action, the activity of these compounds was determined at heterologously expressed α7 and α9α10 nAChRs, and voltage-gated N-type calcium channel (Ca V 2.2) using electrophysiological techniques. RESULTS Cold plate tests indicated that 10 mg/kg DM497 was able to decrease neuropathic pain in mice induced by the chemotherapeutic agent oxaliplatin. In contrast, DM490 induced neither pro- nor antinociceptive activity but inhibited DM497's effect at equivalent dose (30 mg/kg). These effects are not a product of changes in motor coordination or locomotor activity. At α7 nAChRs, DM497 potentiated whereas DM490 inhibited its activity. In addition, DM490 antagonized the α9α10 nAChR with >8-fold higher potency than that for DM497. In contrast, DM497 and DM490 had minimal inhibitory activity at the Ca V 2.2 channel. Considering that DM497 did not increase the mouse exploratory activity, an indirect anxiolytic mechanism was not responsible for the observed antineuropathic effect. CONCLUSIONS The antinociceptive activity of DM497 and the concomitant inhibitory effect of DM490 are mediated by opposing modulatory mechanisms on the α7 nAChR, whereas the involvement of other possible nociception targets such as the α9α10 nAChR and Ca V 2.2 channel can be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo R. Arias
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tahlequah, Oklahoma
| | - Han-Shen Tae
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australiaand Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA)
| | | | - Arsalan Yousuf
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australiaand Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA)
| | - Dina Manetti
- Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Novella Romanelli
- Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - David J. Adams
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australiaand Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA)
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Nimgampalle M, Chakravarthy H, Sharma S, Shree S, Bhat AR, Pradeepkiran JA, Devanathan V. Neurotransmitter systems in the etiology of major neurological disorders: Emerging insights and therapeutic implications. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 89:101994. [PMID: 37385351 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters serve as chemical messengers playing a crucial role in information processing throughout the nervous system, and are essential for healthy physiological and behavioural functions in the body. Neurotransmitter systems are classified as cholinergic, glutamatergic, GABAergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic, histaminergic, or aminergic systems, depending on the type of neurotransmitter secreted by the neuron, allowing effector organs to carry out specific functions by sending nerve impulses. Dysregulation of a neurotransmitter system is typically linked to a specific neurological disorder. However, more recent research points to a distinct pathogenic role for each neurotransmitter system in more than one neurological disorder of the central nervous system. In this context, the review provides recently updated information on each neurotransmitter system, including the pathways involved in their biochemical synthesis and regulation, their physiological functions, pathogenic roles in diseases, current diagnostics, new therapeutic targets, and the currently used drugs for associated neurological disorders. Finally, a brief overview of the recent developments in neurotransmitter-based therapeutics for selected neurological disorders is offered, followed by future perspectives in that area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallikarjuna Nimgampalle
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati (IISER T), Transit campus, Karakambadi Road, Mangalam, Tirupati 517507, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Harshini Chakravarthy
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati (IISER T), Transit campus, Karakambadi Road, Mangalam, Tirupati 517507, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Sapana Sharma
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati (IISER T), Transit campus, Karakambadi Road, Mangalam, Tirupati 517507, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Shruti Shree
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati (IISER T), Transit campus, Karakambadi Road, Mangalam, Tirupati 517507, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Anoop Ramachandra Bhat
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati (IISER T), Transit campus, Karakambadi Road, Mangalam, Tirupati 517507, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Vasudharani Devanathan
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati (IISER T), Transit campus, Karakambadi Road, Mangalam, Tirupati 517507, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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Sahu B, Johnson LM, Sohrabi M, Usatii AA, Craig RMJ, Kaelberer JB, Chandrasekaran SP, Kaur H, Nookala S, Combs CK. Effects of Probiotics on Colitis-Induced Exacerbation of Alzheimer's Disease in AppNL-G-F Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11551. [PMID: 37511312 PMCID: PMC10381012 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by progressive cognitive decline and is a leading cause of death in the United States. Neuroinflammation has been implicated in the progression of AD, and several recent studies suggest that peripheral immune dysfunction may influence the disease. Continuing evidence indicates that intestinal dysbiosis is an attribute of AD, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been shown to aggravate cognitive impairment. Previously, we separately demonstrated that an IBD-like condition exacerbates AD-related changes in the brains of the AppNL-G-F mouse model of AD, while probiotic intervention has an attenuating effect. In this study, we investigated the combination of a dietary probiotic and an IBD-like condition for effects on the brains of mice. Male C57BL/6 wild type (WT) and AppNL-G-F mice were randomly divided into four groups: vehicle control, oral probiotic, dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), and DSS given with probiotics. As anticipated, probiotic treatment attenuated the DSS-induced colitis disease activity index in WT and AppNL-G-F mice. Although probiotic feeding significantly attenuated the DSS-mediated increase in WT colonic lipocalin levels, it was less protective in the AppNL-G-F DSS-treated group. In parallel with the intestinal changes, combined probiotic and DSS treatment increased microglial, neutrophil elastase, and 5hmC immunoreactivity while decreasing c-Fos staining compared to DSS treatment alone in the brains of WT mice. Although less abundant, probiotic combined with DSS treatment demonstrated a few similar changes in AppNL-G-F brains with increased microglial and decreased c-Fos immunoreactivity in addition to a slight increase in Aβ plaque staining. Both probiotic and DSS treatment also altered the levels of several cytokines in WT and AppNL-G-F brains, with a unique increase in the levels of TNFα and IL-2 being observed in only AppNL-G-F mice following combined DSS and probiotic treatment. Our data indicate that, while dietary probiotic intervention provides protection against the colitis-like condition, it also influences numerous glial, cytokine, and neuronal changes in the brain that may regulate brain function and the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijayani Sahu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA; (B.S.); (L.M.J.); (M.S.); (A.A.U.); (R.M.J.C.); (J.B.K.); (S.P.C.); (S.N.)
| | - Lauren M. Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA; (B.S.); (L.M.J.); (M.S.); (A.A.U.); (R.M.J.C.); (J.B.K.); (S.P.C.); (S.N.)
| | - Mona Sohrabi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA; (B.S.); (L.M.J.); (M.S.); (A.A.U.); (R.M.J.C.); (J.B.K.); (S.P.C.); (S.N.)
| | - Anastasia A. Usatii
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA; (B.S.); (L.M.J.); (M.S.); (A.A.U.); (R.M.J.C.); (J.B.K.); (S.P.C.); (S.N.)
| | - Rachel M. J. Craig
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA; (B.S.); (L.M.J.); (M.S.); (A.A.U.); (R.M.J.C.); (J.B.K.); (S.P.C.); (S.N.)
| | - Joshua B. Kaelberer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA; (B.S.); (L.M.J.); (M.S.); (A.A.U.); (R.M.J.C.); (J.B.K.); (S.P.C.); (S.N.)
| | - Sathiya Priya Chandrasekaran
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA; (B.S.); (L.M.J.); (M.S.); (A.A.U.); (R.M.J.C.); (J.B.K.); (S.P.C.); (S.N.)
| | | | - Suba Nookala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA; (B.S.); (L.M.J.); (M.S.); (A.A.U.); (R.M.J.C.); (J.B.K.); (S.P.C.); (S.N.)
| | - Colin K. Combs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA; (B.S.); (L.M.J.); (M.S.); (A.A.U.); (R.M.J.C.); (J.B.K.); (S.P.C.); (S.N.)
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D'Anna L, Searle G, Harvey K, Matthews PM, Veltkamp R. Time course of neuroinflammation after human stroke - a pilot study using co-registered PET and MRI. BMC Neurol 2023; 23:193. [PMID: 37193998 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-023-03178-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglial activation contributes to both inflammatory damage and repair in experimental ischemic stroke. However, because of the logistical challenges, there have been few clinical imaging studies directly describing inflammatory activation and its resolution after stroke. The purpose of our pilot study was to describe the spatio-temporal profile of brain inflammation after stroke using 18kD translocator protein (TSPO) positron emission tomography (PET) with magnetic resonance (MR) co-registration in the subacute and chronic stage after stroke. METHODS Three patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and PET scans with TSPO ligand [11C]PBR28 15 ± 3 and 90 ± 7 days after an ischaemic stroke. Regions of interest (ROI) were defined on MRI images and applied to the dynamic PET data to derive regional time-activity curves. Regional uptake was quantified as standardised uptake values (SUV) over 60 to 90 min post-injection. ROI analysis was applied to identify binding in the infarct, and in frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes and cerebellum excluding the infarcted area. RESULTS The mean age of participants was 56 ± 20.4 years and mean infarct volume was 17.9 ± 18.1 ml. [11C]PBR28 showed increased tracer signal in the infarcted area compared to non-infarcted areas of the brain in the subacute phase of stroke (Patient 1 SUV 1.81; Patient 2 SUV 1.15; Patient 3 SUV 1.64). [11C]PBR28 uptake returned to the level of non-infarcted areas at 90 days Patient 1 SUV 0.99; Patient 3 SUV 0.80). No additional upregulation was detected elsewhere at either time point. CONCLUSIONS The neuroinflammatory reaction after ischaemic stroke is limited in time and circumscribed in space suggesting that post-ischaemic inflammation is tightly controlled but regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio D'Anna
- Department of Stroke and Neuroscience, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Kirsten Harvey
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul M Matthews
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Roland Veltkamp
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Department of Neurology, Alfried-Krupp Krankenhaus Essen, Essen, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Activation of α7nAChR by PNU282987 improves cognitive impairment through inhibiting oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in D-galactose induced aging via regulating α7nAChR/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Exp Gerontol 2023; 175:112139. [PMID: 36898594 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Aging is an important risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases. The activation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) is involved in inflammation and cognition, but the specific role it plays in aging remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the anti-aging effect of the activation of α7nAChR on aging rats and BV2 cells induced by D-galactose, as well as its potential mechanism. D-galactose induced an increase in the SA-β-Gal positive cells, expression of p16 and p21 in vivo and in vitro. α7nAChR selective agonist PNU282987 decreased levels of pro-inflammatory factors, MDA, and Aβ, enhanced SOD activity and levels of anti-inflammatory factor (IL10) in vivo. PNU282987 enhanced the expression of Arg1, decreased the expression of iNOS, IL1β and TNFα in vitro. PNU282987 upregulated the levels of α7nAChR, Nrf2 and HO-1 in vivo and in vitro. The results of Morris water maze and novel object recognition tests showed that PNU282987 improved cognitive impairment in aging rats. Furthermore, α7nAChR selective inhibitor methyllycaconitine (MLA) results were opposite with PNU282987. PNU282987 improves cognitive impairment through inhibiting oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in D-galactose induced aging via regulating the α7nAChR/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Therefore, targeting the α7nAChR may be a viable therapeutic approach for anti-inflammaging and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Inhibition of Microglial GSK3β Activity Is Common to Different Kinds of Antidepressants: A Proposal for an In Vitro Screen to Detect Novel Antidepressant Principles. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030806. [PMID: 36979785 PMCID: PMC10045655 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a major public health concern. Unfortunately, the present antidepressants often are insufficiently effective, whilst the discovery of more effective antidepressants has been extremely sluggish. The objective of this review was to combine the literature on depression with the pharmacology of antidepressant compounds, in order to formulate a conceivable pathophysiological process, allowing proposals how to accelerate the discovery process. Risk factors for depression initiate an infection-like inflammation in the brain that involves activation microglial Toll-like receptors and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β). GSK3β activity alters the balance between two competing transcription factors, the pro-inflammatory/pro-oxidative transcription factor NFκB and the neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative transcription factor NRF2. The antidepressant activity of tricyclic antidepressants is assumed to involve activation of GS-coupled microglial receptors, raising intracellular cAMP levels and activation of protein kinase A (PKA). PKA and similar kinases inhibit the enzyme activity of GSK3β. Experimental antidepressant principles, including cannabinoid receptor-2 activation, opioid μ receptor agonists, 5HT2 agonists, valproate, ketamine and electrical stimulation of the Vagus nerve, all activate microglial pathways that result in GSK3β-inhibition. An in vitro screen for NRF2-activation in microglial cells with TLR-activated GSK3β activity, might therefore lead to the detection of totally novel antidepressant principles with, hopefully, an improved therapeutic efficacy.
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Zhang Y, Ma R, Deng Q, Wang W, Cao C, Yu C, Li S, Shi L, Tian J. S-adenosylmethionine improves cognitive impairment in D-galactose-induced brain aging by inhibiting oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 128:102232. [PMID: 36632907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation play crucial roles in aging. S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), a popular supplement, is a potential antioxidant and candidate therapy for depression. This study aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of SAM on D-galactose-induced brain aging and explore its underlying mechanisms. Brain aging model was established with D-galactose (180 mg/kg/day) for 8 weeks. During the last 4 weeks, SAM (16 mg/kg) was co-administrated with D-galactose. Behavior tests were used to assess cognitive function and depression-like behaviors of rats. Results showed that cognitive impairment and depression-like behaviors were reversed by SAM. SAM reduced neuronal cell loss, increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor level in the hippocampus, inhibited amyloid-β level and microglia activation, as well as pro-inflammatory factors levels in the hippocampus and serum. Further, SAM enhanced antioxidant capacity and attenuated cholinergic damage by reducing malondialdehyde levels, increasing acetylcholine levels, expression levels of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR), nuclear factor erythrocyte 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) in the hippocampus. Above all, SAM has a potential neuroprotective effect on ameliorating cognitive impairment in brain aging, which is related to inhibition of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, as well as α7nAChR signals. DATA AVAILABILITY: Data will be made available on request.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Rui Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Qian Deng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Wencheng Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Chi Cao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Chunyang Yu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Shulin Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Lei Shi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Jianying Tian
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
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Baker JA, Bodnar TS, Breit KR, Weinberg J, Thomas JD. Choline Supplementation Alters Hippocampal Cytokine Levels in Adolescence and Adulthood in an Animal Model of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Cells 2023; 12:546. [PMID: 36831213 PMCID: PMC9953782 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol (ethanol) exposure during pregnancy can adversely affect development, with long-lasting consequences that include neuroimmune, cognitive, and behavioral dysfunction. Alcohol-induced alterations in cytokine levels in the hippocampus may contribute to abnormal cognitive and behavioral outcomes in individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Nutritional intervention with the essential nutrient choline can improve hippocampal-dependent behavioral impairments and may also influence neuroimmune function. Thus, we examined the effects of choline supplementation on hippocampal cytokine levels in adolescent and adult rats exposed to alcohol early in development. From postnatal day (PD) 4-9 (third trimester-equivalent), Sprague-Dawley rat pups received ethanol (5.25 g/kg/day) or sham intubations and were treated with choline chloride (100 mg/kg/day) or saline from PD 10-30; hippocampi were collected at PD 35 or PD 60. Age-specific ethanol-induced increases in interferon gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and keratinocyte chemoattractant/human growth-regulated oncogene (KC/GRO) were identified in adulthood, but not adolescence, whereas persistent ethanol-induced increases of interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were present at both ages. Interestingly, choline supplementation reduced age-related changes in interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-5 (IL-5) as well as mitigating the long-lasting increase in IFN-γ in ethanol-exposed adults. Moreover, choline influenced inflammatory tone by modulating ratios of pro- to -anti-inflammatory cytokines. These results suggest that ethanol-induced changes in hippocampal cytokine levels are more evident during adulthood than adolescence, and that choline can mitigate some effects of ethanol exposure on long-lasting inflammatory tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Baker
- Center for Behavioral Teratology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA
| | - Tamara S. Bodnar
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Kristen R. Breit
- Center for Behavioral Teratology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA
- Department of Psychology, West Chester University, West Chester, PA 19383, USA
| | - Joanne Weinberg
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jennifer D. Thomas
- Center for Behavioral Teratology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA
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The Role of the Acetylcholine System in Common Respiratory Diseases and COVID-19. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031139. [PMID: 36770805 PMCID: PMC9920988 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
As an indispensable component in human beings, the acetylcholine system regulates multiple physiological processes not only in neuronal tissues but also in nonneuronal tissues. However, since the concept of the "Nonneuronal cholinergic system (NNCS)" has been proposed, the role of the acetylcholine system in nonneuronal tissues has received increasing attention. A growing body of research shows that the acetylcholine system also participates in modulating inflammatory responses, regulating contraction and mucus secretion of respiratory tracts, and influencing the metastasis and invasion of lung cancer. In addition, the susceptibility and severity of respiratory tract infections caused by pathogens such as Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can also correlate with the regulation of the acetylcholine system. In this review, we summarized the major roles of the acetylcholine system in respiratory diseases. Despite existing achievements in the field of the acetylcholine system, we hope that more in-depth investigations on this topic will be conducted to unearth more possible pharmaceutical applications for the treatment of diverse respiratory diseases.
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Wang YY, Lin SY, Chang CY, Wu CC, Chen WY, Huang WC, Liao SL, Wang WY, Chen CJ. α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist improved brain injury and impaired glucose metabolism in a rat model of ischemic stroke. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:1249-1259. [PMID: 36662413 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01167-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Vagus nerve stimulation through the action of acetylcholine can modulate inflammatory responses and metabolism. α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (α7nAChR) is a key component in the biological functions of acetylcholine. To further explore the health benefits of vagus nerve stimulation, this study aimed to investigate whether α7nAChR agonists offer beneficial effects against poststroke inflammatory and metabolic changes and to identify the underlying mechanisms in a rat model of stroke established by permanent cerebral ischemia. We found evidence showing that pretreatment with α7nAChR agonist, GTS-21, improved poststroke brain infarction size, impaired motor coordination, brain apoptotic caspase 3 activation, dysregulated glucose metabolism, and glutathione reduction. In ischemic cortical tissues and gastrocnemius muscles with GTS-21 pretreatment, macrophages/microglia M1 polarization-associated Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA, Cluster of Differentiation 68 (CD68) protein, and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) protein expression were reduced, while expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 mRNA, and levels of M2 polarization-associated CD163 mRNA and protein were increased. In the gastrocnemius muscles, stroke rats showed a reduction in both glutathione content and Akt Serine 473 phosphorylation, as well as an elevation in Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 Serine 307 phosphorylation and Dynamin-Related Protein 1 Serine 616 phosphorylation. GTS-21 reversed poststroke changes in the gastrocnemius muscles. Overall, our findings, provide further evidence supporting the neuroprotective benefits of α7nAChR agonists, and indicate that they may potentially exert anti-inflammatory and metabolic effects peripherally in the skeletal muscle in an acute ischemic stroke animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Yu Wang
- Department of Family Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 407, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yi Lin
- Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 407, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 112, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yi Chang
- Department of Surgery, Feng Yuan Hospital, 420, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 402, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 407, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ying Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 402, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chi Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 402, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Su-Lan Liao
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, No. 1650, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, 407, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yi Wang
- Department of Nursing, Hung Kuang University, 433, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, No. 1650, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, 407, Taichung City, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, 404, Taichung City, Taiwan.
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21
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Yasin S, Görücü Yılmaz Ş, Geyik S, Oğuzkan Balcı S. The holistic approach to the CHRNA7 gene, hsa-miR-3158-5p, and 15q13.3 hotspot CNVs in migraineurs. Mol Pain 2023; 19:17448069231152104. [PMID: 36604774 PMCID: PMC9850133 DOI: 10.1177/17448069231152104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Migraine is a neurological disease characterized by severe headache attacks. Combinations of different genetic variations such as copy number variation (CNV) in a gene and microRNA (miRNA) expression can provide a holistic approach to the disease as a pathophysiological, diagnostic, and therapeutic target. CNVs, the Cholinergic Receptor Nicotinic Alpha 7 Subunit (CHRNA7) gene, and expression of gene-targeting miRNAs (hsa-miR-548e-5p and hsa-miR-3158-5p) in migraineurs (n = 102; with aura, n = 43; without aura, n = 59) and non-migraines (n = 120) aged 15-60 years, comparative, case-control study was conducted. Genetic markers were compared with biochemical parameters (BMI, WBC, Urea, GFR, ESR, CRP, HBG). All analyzes were performed by quantitative Real-Time PCR (q-PCR) and fold change was calculated with the 2-ΔΔCT method. The diagnostic power of the CHRNA7 gene, CNV, and miRNAs were analyzed with the receiver operating curve (ROC). CHRNA7 gene and hsa-miR-3158-5p are down-regulated in migraineurs and the gene is controlled by this miRNA via CNVs (p < .05). Both deletion and duplication were detected in patients with migraine for CVN numbers (p = .05). The number of CNV deletions was higher than duplications. When CHRNA7-CNV-hsa-miR-3158-5p was modeled together in the ROC analysis, the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.805, and the diagnostic power was "good". In migraineurs, the CHRNA7 gene can be controlled by hsa-miR-3158-5p via CNVs to modulate the mechanism of pain. These three genetic markers have diagnostic potential and may be used in antimigraine treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedat Yasin
- Department of Neurology,
Gaziantep
University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Şenay Görücü Yılmaz
- Department of Nutrition and
Dietetics, Gaziantep
University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Sırma Geyik
- Department of Neurology,
Gaziantep
University, Gaziantep, Turkey
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22
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Zhou D, Lu C, Su C, Liu Y, Chen J, Zhang F, Bai H, Li Q. Relationship between heart rate variability and cognitive function in patients with enlarged perivascular space. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1031031. [DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1031031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveTo explore the relationship between heart rate variability (HRV), the brain distribution of enlarged perivascular space (EPVS), and cognitive impairment in patients with EPVS.Materials and methodsThe clinical and imaging data of 199 patients with EPVS were retrospectively analyzed. EPVS load in the basal ganglia (BG) and centrum semiovale (CS) regions were assessed using the Potter’s method. Cognitive function was evaluated using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale. A logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between HRV, the brain distribution of EPVS and cognitive function in patients with EPVS. A receiver operating characteristic curve was used to assess the predictive value of HRV for cognitive function in patients with EPVS.ResultsOf the 199 patients, 27 and 42 presented with severe BG-EPVS and cognitive impairment, respectively. Significant differences were observed in the root mean square of successive differences of normal-normal (NN) intervals for period of interest (rMSSD), the percentage of adjacent NN intervals greater than 50 ms (PNN50), and the ratio of low-frequency power (LF) to high-frequency power (HF) between the mild and severe BG-EPVS groups (P < 0.05). Patients who presented with and without cognitive impairment differed significantly in the standard deviation of NN intervals (SDNN), rMSSD, PNN50, total power, LF, and LF/HF (P < 0.05). rMSSD (odds ratio [OR] 0.871, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.768–0.988) and LF/HF (OR 3.854, 95% CI 1.196–12.419) were independent influencing factors of BG-EPVS, and rMSSD (OR 0.936, 95% CI 0.898–0.976) was an independent influencing factor of cognitive impairment in patients with EPVS. The optimal cut-off point was 0.312, with an area under the curve of 0.795 (95% CI 0.719–0.872) for predicting cognitive impairment in patients with EPVS by rMSSD.ConclusionReduced HRV is involved in the pathophysiological mechanisms of the formation and development of BG-EPVS and is associated with cognitive impairment in patients with EPVS, independent of CS-EPVS. For patients with HRV changes but without autonomic nervous system symptoms, positive intervention may slow the occurrence or progression of EPVS and cognitive impairment in patients with EPVS.
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23
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Chen S, Sun Y, Li F, Zhang X, Hu X, Zhao X, Li Y, Li H, Zhang J, Liu W, Zheng GQ, Jin X. Modulation of α7nAchR by Melatonin Alleviates Ischemia and Reperfusion-Compromised Integrity of Blood-Brain Barrier Through Inhibiting HMGB1-Mediated Microglia Activation and CRTC1-Mediated Neuronal Loss. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022; 42:2407-2422. [PMID: 34196879 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01122-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The only food and drug administration (FDA)-approved drug currently available for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke is tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), yet the therapeutic benefits of this drug are partially outweighed by the increased risk of hemorrhagic transformation (HT). Analysis of the NIH trial has shown that cigarette smoking protected tPA-treated patients from HT; however, the underlying mechanism is not clear. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) has shown anti-inflammatory effect and modulation nAChR could be a strategy to reduce ischemia/reperfusion-induced blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage. Since melatonin could regulate the expression of α7nAchR and melatonin's neuroprotective effect against ischemic injury is mediated via α7nAChR modulation, here, we aim to test the hypothesis that melatonin reduces ischemia and reperfusion (I/R)-induced BBB damage through modulation of α7nACh receptor (α7nAChR). Mice were subjected to 1.5 h ischemia and 24 h reperfusion and at the onset of reperfusion, mice received intraperitoneal administration (i.p.) of either drug or saline. Mice were randomly assigned into five groups: Saline; α7nAChR agonist PNU282987; Melatonin; Melatonin+Methyllycaconitine (MLA, α7nAChR antagonist), and MLA group. BBB permeability was assessed by detecting the extravasation of Evan's blue and IgG. Our results showed that I/R significantly increased BBB permeability accompanied by occludin degradation, microglia activation, and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) release from the neuron. In addition, I/R significantly induced neuronal loss accompanied by the decrease of CREB-regulated transcriptional coactivator 1 (CRTC1) and p-CREB expression. Melatonin treatment significantly inhibited the above changes through modulating α7nAChR. Taken together, these results demonstrate that melatonin provides a protective effect on ischemia/reperfusion-induced BBB damage, at least in part, depending on the modulation of α7nAChR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Yanyun Sun
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Fei Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Xiaoyan Hu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embrology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhao
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embrology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yixuan Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embrology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embrology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Jianliang Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100054, China
| | - Wenlan Liu
- The Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen University 1st Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
| | - Xinchun Jin
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China.
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embrology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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24
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The nonopioid cholinergic agonist GTS-21 mitigates morphine-induced aggravation of burn injury pain together with inhibition of spinal microglia activation in young rats. Br J Anaesth 2022; 129:959-969. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2022.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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25
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Choline Supplementation Modifies the Effects of Developmental Alcohol Exposure on Immune Responses in Adult Rats. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142868. [PMID: 35889826 PMCID: PMC9316525 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal alcohol exposure can disrupt the development of numerous systems, including the immune system. Indeed, alterations in cytokine levels may contribute to the neuropathological, behavioral, and cognitive problems, and other adverse outcomes observed in individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Importantly, supplementation with the essential nutrient choline can improve performance in hippocampal-dependent behaviors; thus, the present study examined the effects of choline on plasma and hippocampal cytokines in adult rats exposed to ethanol in early development. From postnatal day (PD) 4–9 (third trimester equivalent), pups received ethanol (5.25 g/kg/day) or Sham intubations. Subjects were treated with choline chloride (100 mg/kg/day) or saline from PD10–30. On PD60, plasma and hippocampal tissue was collected before and after an immune challenge (lipopolysaccharide (LPS); 50 ug/kg). Prior to the immune challenge, ethanol-exposed subjects showed an overall increase in hippocampal pro-inflammatory cytokines, an effect mitigated by choline supplementation. In contrast, in the plasma, choline reduced LPS-related increases in pro-inflammatory markers, particularly in ethanol-exposed subjects. Thus, early choline supplementation may modify both brain and peripheral inflammation. These results suggest that early choline can mitigate some long-term effects of ethanol exposure on hippocampal inflammation, which may contribute to improved hippocampal function, and could also influence peripheral immune responses that may impact overall health.
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26
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Zhu L, Huang L, Le A, Wang TJ, Zhang J, Chen X, Wang J, Wang J, Jiang C. Interactions between the Autonomic Nervous System and the Immune System after Stroke. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3665-3704. [PMID: 35766834 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute stroke is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Stroke-induced immune-inflammatory response occurs in the perilesion areas and the periphery. Although stroke-induced immunosuppression may alleviate brain injury, it hinders brain repair as the immune-inflammatory response plays a bidirectional role after acute stroke. Furthermore, suppression of the systemic immune-inflammatory response increases the risk of life-threatening systemic bacterial infections after acute stroke. Therefore, it is essential to explore the mechanisms that underlie the stroke-induced immune-inflammatory response. Autonomic nervous system (ANS) activation is critical for regulating the local and systemic immune-inflammatory responses and may influence the prognosis of acute stroke. We review the changes in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems and their influence on the immune-inflammatory response after stroke. Importantly, this article summarizes the mechanisms on how ANS regulates the immune-inflammatory response through neurotransmitters and their receptors in immunocytes and immune organs after stroke. To facilitate translational research, we also discuss the promising therapeutic approaches modulating the activation of the ANS or the immune-inflammatory response to promote neurologic recovery after stroke. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:3665-3704, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Leo Huang
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anh Le
- Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tom J Wang
- Winston Churchill High School, Potomac, Maryland, USA
| | - Jiewen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Junmin Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
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27
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Liu YX, Yu Y, Liu JP, Liu WJ, Cao Y, Yan RM, Yao YM. Neuroimmune Regulation in Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy: The Interaction Between the Brain and Peripheral Immunity. Front Neurol 2022; 13:892480. [PMID: 35832175 PMCID: PMC9271799 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.892480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE), the most popular cause of coma in the intensive care unit (ICU), is the diffuse cerebral damage caused by the septic challenge. SAE is closely related to high mortality and extended cognitive impairment in patients in septic shock. At present, many studies have demonstrated that SAE might be mainly associated with blood–brain barrier damage, abnormal neurotransmitter secretion, oxidative stress, and neuroimmune dysfunction. Nevertheless, the precise mechanism which initiates SAE and contributes to the long-term cognitive impairment remains largely unknown. Recently, a growing body of evidence has indicated that there is close crosstalk between SAE and peripheral immunity. The excessive migration of peripheral immune cells to the brain, the activation of glia, and resulting dysfunction of the central immune system are the main causes of septic nerve damage. This study reviews the update on the pathogenesis of septic encephalopathy, focusing on the over-activation of immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and the “neurocentral–endocrine–immune” networks in the development of SAE, aiming to further understand the potential mechanism of SAE and provide new targets for diagnosis and management of septic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-xiao Liu
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medical Science, Sixth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-peng Liu
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medical Science, Sixth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Run-min Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yong-ming Yao
| | - Yong-ming Yao
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Run-min Yan
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28
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Rahimian R, Belliveau C, Chen R, Mechawar N. Microglial Inflammatory-Metabolic Pathways and Their Potential Therapeutic Implication in Major Depressive Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:871997. [PMID: 35782423 PMCID: PMC9245023 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.871997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the notion that neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the etiology of major depressive disorder (MDD), at least in a subset of patients. By virtue of their capacity to transform into reactive states in response to inflammatory insults, microglia, the brain's resident immune cells, play a pivotal role in the induction of neuroinflammation. Experimental studies have demonstrated the ability of microglia to recognize pathogens or damaged cells, leading to the activation of a cytotoxic response that exacerbates damage to brain cells. However, microglia display a wide range of responses to injury and may also promote resolution stages of inflammation and tissue regeneration. MDD has been associated with chronic priming of microglia. Recent studies suggest that altered microglial morphology and function, caused either by intense inflammatory activation or by senescence, may contribute to depression and associated impairments in neuroplasticity. In this context, modifying microglia phenotype by tuning inflammatory pathways might have important translational relevance to harness neuroinflammation in MDD. Interestingly, it was recently shown that different microglial phenotypes are associated with distinct metabolic pathways and analysis of the underlying molecular mechanisms points to an instrumental role for energy metabolism in shaping microglial functions. Here, we review various canonical pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory and metabolic pathways in microglia that may provide new therapeutic opportunities to control neuroinflammation in brain disorders, with a strong focus on MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rahimian
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Verdun, QC, Canada
| | - Claudia Belliveau
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Verdun, QC, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rebecca Chen
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Verdun, QC, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Naguib Mechawar
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Verdun, QC, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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29
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Reducing Chemotherapy-Induced DNA Damage via nAChR-Mediated Redox Reprograming-A New Mechanism for SCLC Chemoresistance Boosted by Nicotine. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14092272. [PMID: 35565402 PMCID: PMC9100082 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Up to 60% of patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) continue to smoke, which is associated with worse clinical outcomes. Platinum-based chemotherapies, in combination with topoisomerase inhibitors, are first-line therapies for SCLC, with rapid chemoresistance as a major barrier. We provided evidence in this study that nicotine and its major metabolite, cotinine, at physiologically relevant concentrations, reduced the efficacy of platinum-based chemotherapies and facilitated chemoresistance in SCLC cells. Mechanistically, nicotine or cotinine reduced chemotherapy-induced DNA damage by modulating cellular redox processes, with nAChRs as the upstream targets. Surprisingly, cisplatin treatment alone also increased the levels of nAChRs in SCLC cells, which served as a self-defense mechanism against platinum-based therapies. These discoveries were confirmed in long-term in vitro and in vivo studies. Collectively, our results depicted a novel and clinically important mechanism of chemoresistance in SCLC treatment: nicotine exposure significantly compromises the efficacy of platinum-based chemotherapies in SCLC treatment by reducing therapy-induced DNA damage and accelerating chemoresistance acquisition. The results also emphasized the urgent need for tobacco cessation and the control of NRT use for SCLC management.
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30
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The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in humans: State-of-the-art review and future directions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 136:104622. [PMID: 35300992 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The parasympathetic nervous system modulates inflammation through efferent vagus nerve signaling. Tracey (2002) termed this process as the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP). Interest in the potential practical use of this immune-modulatory process is increasing alongside increasing appreciation for the role of systemic inflammation in the etiology of somatic and psychological disease. A diverse literature exists providing expansive correlational evidence and some preliminary experimental evidence of the CAP in humans. However, so far this literature has not been well integrated and critically evaluated. This review describes the current state-of-the-art of research into vagus nerve driven parasympathetic control of inflammation in humans. Substantial limitations and gaps in the literature are identified, and promising directions for future research are highlighted.
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31
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Xia Y, Wu Q, Mak S, Liu EYL, Zheng BZY, Dong TTX, Pi R, Tsim KWK. Regulation of acetylcholinesterase during the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in microglial cells. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22189. [PMID: 35129858 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101302rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The non-classical function of acetylcholine (ACh) has been reported in neuroinflammation that represents the modulating factor in immune responses via activation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR), i.e., a cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP). Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an enzyme for ACh hydrolysis, has been proposed to have a non-classical function in immune cells. However, the involvement of AChE in neuroinflammation is unclear. Here, cultured BV2 cell, a microglial cell line, and primary microglia from rats were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce inflammation and to explore the regulation of AChE during this process. The expression profiles of AChE, α7 nAChR, and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) were revealed in BV2 cells. The expression of AChE (G4 form) was induced significantly in LPS-treated BV2 cells: the induction was triggered by NF-κB and cAMP signaling. Moreover, ACh or α7 nAChR agonist suppressed the LPS-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as the phagocytosis of microglia, by activating α7 nAChR and followed by the regulation of NF-κB and CREB signaling. The ACh-induced suppression of inflammation was abolished in AChE overexpressed cells, but did not show a significant change in AChE mutant (enzymatic activity knockout) transfected cells. These results indicate that the neuroinflammation-regulated function of AChE may be mediated by controlling the ACh level in the brain system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Xia
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, SRI, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiyun Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, SRI, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shinghung Mak
- Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Etta Y L Liu
- Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Brody Z Y Zheng
- Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tina T X Dong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, SRI, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rongbiao Pi
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Karl W K Tsim
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, SRI, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
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32
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Cao K, Xiang J, Dong YT, Xu Y, Guan ZZ. Activation of α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor by its Selective Agonist Improved Learning and Memory of Amyloid Precursor Protein/Presenilin 1 (APP/PS1) Mice via the Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway. Med Sci Monit 2022; 28:e933978. [PMID: 34980874 PMCID: PMC8742434 DOI: 10.12659/msm.933978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To reveal the mechanism underlying the effect of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) on neurodegeneration in Alzheimer disease (AD), the influence of the receptor on recognition in APP/PS1 mice was evaluated by using its selective agonist (PNU-282987). MATERIAL AND METHODS APP/PS1 and wild-type (WT) mice were treated with PNU or saline, respectively, for 7 days at the ages of 6 and 10 months. RESULTS Morris water maze analysis showed that both at 6 and 10 months of age, PNU treatment enhanced the learning and memory of APP/PS1 mice. However, PNU treatment did not alter the number of senile plaques. Furthermore, a higher protein expression of Nrf2/HO-1, ADAM10, SYP, and SNAP-25, and a lower level of oxidative stress, were observed in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice treated with PNU compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that the activation of alpha7 nAChR by PNU improved the learning and memory of mice carrying the APP/PS1 mutation, regulated the levels of enzymes that mediate APP metabolization to reduce ß-amyloid peptide damage, and decreased the level of oxidative stress and maintained synaptic plasticity, in which the mechanism might be enhancement of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Cao
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, PR China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Jie Xiang
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Guizhou Medical University) of the Ministry of Education, Guiyang, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Yang-Ting Dong
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Guizhou Medical University) of the Ministry of Education, Guiyang, Guizhou, PR China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Guiyang, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Guizhou Medical University) of the Ministry of Education, Guiyang, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Zhi-Zhong Guan
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Guizhou Medical University) of the Ministry of Education, Guiyang, Guizhou, PR China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Guiyang, Guizhou, PR China
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Ma K, Wu HY, Wang SY, Li BX. The Keap1/Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway is involved in atrazine induced dopaminergic neurons degeneration via microglia activation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 226:112862. [PMID: 34624533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanisms of ATR-induced dopaminergic toxicity by microglia activation and the response of the Keap1/ Nrf2- ARE signaling pathway. METHODS Wistar rats were treated with 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg ATR and BV-2 microglia cells were treated with 50, 100 μM ATR or 100 ng/mL LPS, respectively. Rats behavioral responses and histopathological changes were monitored. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence analysis detected Iba-1 and TH+ cells in rats. Keap1/Nrf2-ARE signaling-related proteins and inflammatory factors from BV-2 cells and rats were detected using ELISA, Western blot and Real-time PCR. RESULTS After ATR treatment, the grip strength of Wistar rats was significantly decreased, and anxiety were clearly observed. TH+ neurons were reduced, however, the number of microglia cells and Iba-1 levels were increased clearly in SN. The release of ROS, TNF-α and IL-Iβ were increased, and levels of SOD and GSH-Px were significantly decreased. Keap1 mRNA expression and protein levels were decreased, while nuclear Nrf2 mRNA expression and protein levels were both increased in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSION ATR could significantly activate microglia and exacerbate neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation, leading to accelerate dopaminergic neuron cell death by inhibiting Keap1/Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Ma
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, PR China.
| | - Hao-Yu Wu
- Department of Environmental Health, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, PR China.
| | - Sheng-Yuan Wang
- Department of Occupational Health, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, PR China.
| | - Bai-Xiang Li
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, PR China.
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Singh NK, Garabadu D. Quercetin Exhibits α7nAChR/Nrf2/HO-1-Mediated Neuroprotection Against STZ-Induced Mitochondrial Toxicity and Cognitive Impairments in Experimental Rodents. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1859-1879. [PMID: 34554409 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00410-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the α7nAChR-mediated Nrf2-dependant protective activity against streptozotocin (STZ)-induced brain mitochondrial toxicity in Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like rats. STZ (3 mg/kg) was injected through an intracerebroventricular route to induce AD-like dementia. Repeated Quercetin (50 mg/kg, i.p.) administration attenuated cognitive impairments in the STZ-challenged animals during Morris water-maze and Y-maze tests. Quercetin significantly mitigated the STZ-induced increase in cholinergic dysfunction, such as the increase in acetylcholinesterase activity, decrease in acetylcholine level, and activity of choline acetyltransferase, and increase in amyloid-beta aggregation and mitochondrial toxicity in respect of mitochondrial bioenergetics, integrity, and oxidative stress in memory-challenged rat hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and, amygdala. Further, Quercetin significantly attenuated STZ-induced reduction in the α7nAChRs and HO-1 expression levels in the selected rat brain regions. On the contrary, trigonelline (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and methyllycaconitine (2 mg/kg; i.p.) abolished the neuroprotective effects of Quercetin against STZ-induced behavioral, molecular, and biochemical alterations in the AD-like animals. Hence, Quercetin exhibits α7nAChR/Nrf2/HO-1-mediated neuroprotection against STZ-challenged AD-like animals. Thus, Quercetin could be considered as a potential therapeutic option in the management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Kumar Singh
- Division of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, India
| | - Debapriya Garabadu
- Division of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, India.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India.
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Batool S, Akhter B, Zaidi J, Visser F, Petrie G, Hill M, Syed NI. Neuronal Menin Overexpression Rescues Learning and Memory Phenotype in CA1-Specific α7 nAChRs KD Mice. Cells 2021; 10:3286. [PMID: 34943798 PMCID: PMC8699470 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The perturbation of nicotinic cholinergic receptors is thought to underlie many neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders, such as Alzheimer's and schizophrenia. We previously identified that the tumor suppressor gene, MEN1, regulates both the expression and synaptic targeting of α7 nAChRs in the mouse hippocampal neurons in vitro. Here we sought to determine whether the α7 nAChRs gene expression reciprocally regulates the expression of menin, the protein encoded by the MEN1 gene, and if this interplay impacts learning and memory. We demonstrate here that α7 nAChRs knockdown (KD) both in in vitro and in vivo, initially upregulated and then subsequently downregulated menin expression. Exogenous expression of menin using an AAV transduction approach rescued α7 nAChRs KD mediated functional and behavioral deficits specifically in hippocampal (CA1) neurons. These effects involved the modulation of the α7 nAChR subunit expression and functional clustering at the synaptic sites. Our data thus demonstrates a novel and important interplay between the MEN1 gene and the α7 nAChRs in regulating hippocampal-dependent learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadab Batool
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (S.B.); (B.A.); (F.V.); (G.P.); (M.H.)
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Basma Akhter
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (S.B.); (B.A.); (F.V.); (G.P.); (M.H.)
| | - Jawwad Zaidi
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada;
| | - Frank Visser
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (S.B.); (B.A.); (F.V.); (G.P.); (M.H.)
| | - Gavin Petrie
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (S.B.); (B.A.); (F.V.); (G.P.); (M.H.)
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Matthew Hill
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (S.B.); (B.A.); (F.V.); (G.P.); (M.H.)
| | - Naweed I. Syed
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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Magdy S, Gamal M, Samir NF, Rashed L, Emad Aboulhoda B, Mohammed HS, Sharawy N. IκB kinase inhibition remodeled connexins, pannexin-1, and excitatory amino-acid transporters expressions to promote neuroprotection of galantamine and morphine. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:7516-7532. [PMID: 33855721 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory pathway and disruption in glutamate homeostasis join at the level of the glia, resulting in various neurological disorders. In vitro studies have provided evidence that membrane proteins connexions (Cxs) are involved in glutamate release, meanwhile, excitatory amino-acid transporters (EAATs) are crucial for glutamate reuptake (clearance). Moreover, pannexin-1 (Panx-1) activation is more detrimental to neurons. Their expression patterns during inflammation and the impacts of IκB kinase (IKK) inhibition, morphine, and galantamine on the inflammatory-associated glutamate imbalance remain elusive. To investigate this, rats were injected with saline or lipopolysaccharide. Thereafter, vehicles, morphine, galantamine, and BAY-117082 were administered in different groups of animals. Subsequently, electroencephalography, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blot, and histopathological examinations were carried out and various indicators of inflammation and glutamate level were determined. Parallel analysis of Cxs, Panx-1, and EAAts in the brain was performed. Our findings strengthen the concept that unregulated expressions of Cxs, Panx-1, and EAATs contribute to glutamate accumulation and neuronal cell loss. Nuclear factor-kB (NF-κB) pathway can significantly contribute to glutamate homeostasis via modulating Cxs, Panx-1, and EAATs expressions. BAY-117082, via inhibition of IkK, promoted the anti-inflammatory effects of morphine as well as galantamine. We concluded that NF-κB is an important component of reshaping the expressions of Cxs, panx-1, and EAATs and the development of glutamate-induced neuronal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa Magdy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maha Gamal
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nancy F Samir
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Laila Rashed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Basma Emad Aboulhoda
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Haitham S Mohammed
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nivin Sharawy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Cheng Y, Song Y, Chen H, Li Q, Gao Y, Lu G, Luo C. Ferroptosis Mediated by Lipid Reactive Oxygen Species: A Possible Causal Link of Neuroinflammation to Neurological Disorders. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5005136. [PMID: 34725564 PMCID: PMC8557075 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5005136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates a possible causal link between neuroinflammation and neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and stroke. A putative mechanism underlying such a link can be explained by ferroptosis. Current studies have shown that disturbances of iron homeostasis, glutamate excitatory toxicity, lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS), and other manifestations related to ferroptosis can be detected in several neurological disorders caused by neuroinflammation. To date, compelling evidence indicates that damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules (e.g., ROS) produced in the process of ferroptosis activate glial cells by activating neuroimmune pathways and then produce a series of inflammatory factors which contribute to neurological disorders. Our review article provides a current view of the involvement of ferroptosis or ROS in the pathological process of neuroinflammation, the effects of neuroinflammation mediated by ferroptosis in neurological disorders, a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying ferroptosis participates in neuroinflammation, and the potential treatments for neurological disorders. In addition, further research on the mechanisms of ferroptosis as well as the link between ferroptosis and neuroinflammation will help provide new targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cheng
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yiting Song
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Guanchao Lu
- Department of Neurology, Fuping County Hospital, Weinan 711700, China
| | - Chengliang Luo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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Soares NL, Vieira HLA. Microglia at the Centre of Brain Research: Accomplishments and Challenges for the Future. Neurochem Res 2021; 47:218-233. [PMID: 34586585 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03456-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the immune guardians of the central nervous system (CNS), with critical functions in development, maintenance of homeostatic tissue balance, injury and repair. For a long time considered a forgotten 'third element' with basic phagocytic functions, a recent surge in interest, accompanied by technological progress, has demonstrated that these distinct myeloid cells have a wide-ranging importance for brain function. This review reports microglial origins, development, and function in the healthy brain. Moreover, it also targets microglia dysfunction and how it contributes to the progression of several neurological disorders, focusing on particular molecular mechanisms and whether these may present themselves as opportunities for novel, microglia-targeted therapeutic approaches, an ever-enticing prospect. Finally, as it has been recently celebrated 100 years of microglia research, the review highlights key landmarks from the past century and looked into the future. Many challenging problems have arisen, thus it points out some of the most pressing questions and experimental challenges for the ensuing century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno L Soares
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC) - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas/NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Helena L A Vieira
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC) - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas/NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal.,Department of Chemistry, UCIBIO, Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
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Wedn AM, El-Bassossy HM, Eid AH, El-Mas MM. Modulation of preeclampsia by the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway: Therapeutic perspectives. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114703. [PMID: 34324867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) is vital for the orchestration of the immune and inflammatory responses under normal and challenged conditions. Over the past two decades, peripheral and central circuits of CAP have been shown to be critically involved in dampening the inflammatory reaction in a wide array of inflammatory disorders. Additionally, emerging evidence supports a key role for CAP in the regulation of the female reproductive system during gestation as well as in the advent of serious pregnancy-related inflammatory insults such as preeclampsia (PE). Within this framework, the modulatory action of CAP encompasses the perinatal maternal and fetal adverse consequences that surface due to antenatal PE programming. Albeit, a considerable gap still exists in our knowledge of the precise cellular and molecular underpinnings of PE/CAP interaction, which hampered global efforts in safeguarding effective preventive or therapeutic measures against PE complications. Here, we summarize reports in the literature regarding the roles of peripheral and reflex cholinergic neuroinflammatory pathways of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in reprogramming PE complications in mothers and their progenies. The possible contributions of α7-nAChRs, cholinesterases, immune cells, adhesion molecules, angiogenesis, and endothelial dysfunction to the interaction have also been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla M Wedn
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hany M El-Bassossy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mahmoud M El-Mas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait.
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40
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Hammarlund ME, Darsalia V, Mjörnstedt F, Pattanaik B, Mallard C, Rocha-Ferreira E, Patrone C, Johansson M. The selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist AR-R17779 does not affect ischemia-reperfusion brain injury in mice. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:BSR20210736. [PMID: 34008839 PMCID: PMC8200656 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20210736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a central role in stroke-induced brain injury. The alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) can modulate immune responses in both the periphery and the brain. The aims of the present study were to investigate α7nAChR expression in different brain regions and evaluate the potential effect of the selective α7nAChR agonist AR-R17779 on ischemia-reperfusion brain injury in mice. Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) was used to evaluate the absolute expression of the gene encoding α7nAChR (Chrna7) in hippocampus, striatum, thalamus and cortex in adult, naïve mice. Mice subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) or sham surgery were treated with α7nAChR agonist AR-R17779 (12 mg/kg) or saline once daily for 5 days. Infarct size and microglial activation 7 days after tMCAO were analyzed using immunohistochemistry. Chrna7 expression was found in all analyzed brain regions in naïve mice with the highest expression in cortex and hippocampus. At sacrifice, white blood cell count was significantly decreased in AR-R17779 treated mice compared with saline controls in the sham groups, although, no effect was seen in the tMCAO groups. Brain injury and microglial activation were evident 7 days after tMCAO. However, no difference was found between mice treated with saline or AR-R17779. In conclusion, α7nAChR expression varies in different brain regions and, despite a decrease in white blood cells in sham mice receiving AR-R17779, this compound does not affect stroke-induced brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. Hammarlund
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vladimer Darsalia
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Filip Mjörnstedt
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bagmi Pattanaik
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Mallard
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eridan Rocha-Ferreira
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cesare Patrone
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria E. Johansson
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Pacifici F, Rovella V, Pastore D, Bellia A, Abete P, Donadel G, Santini S, Beck H, Ricordi C, Daniele ND, Lauro D, Della-Morte D. Polyphenols and Ischemic Stroke: Insight into One of the Best Strategies for Prevention and Treatment. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061967. [PMID: 34201106 PMCID: PMC8229516 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is still among the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. The pathogenic mechanisms beyond its development are several and are complex and this is the main reason why a functional therapy is still missed. The beneficial effects of natural compounds against cardiovascular diseases and IS have been investigated for a long time. In this article, we reviewed the association between the most studied polyphenols and stroke protection in terms of prevention, effect on acute phase, and rehabilitation. We described experimental and epidemiological studies reporting the role of flavonols, phenolic acid, and stilbens on ischemic mechanisms leading to stroke. We analyzed the principal animal models used to evaluate the impact of these micronutrients to cerebral blood flow and to molecular pathways involved in oxidative stress and inflammation modulation, such as sirtuins. We reported the most significant clinical trials demonstrated as the persistent use of polyphenols is clinically relevant in terms of the reduction of vascular risk factors for IS, such as Atrial Fibrillation. Interestingly, different kinds of polyphenols provide brain protection by activating different pathways and mechanisms, like inducing antithrombotic effect, such as Honokiol. For this reason, we discussed an appropriate integrative use of them as a possible therapeutic alternative against stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pacifici
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (V.R.); (D.P.); (A.B.); (N.D.D.); (D.L.)
| | - Valentina Rovella
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (V.R.); (D.P.); (A.B.); (N.D.D.); (D.L.)
- Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Donatella Pastore
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (V.R.); (D.P.); (A.B.); (N.D.D.); (D.L.)
| | - Alfonso Bellia
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (V.R.); (D.P.); (A.B.); (N.D.D.); (D.L.)
- Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Pasquale Abete
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Giulia Donadel
- Department of Clinical Science and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Silvia Santini
- Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Heinz Beck
- Campus Principe di Napoli, Università Unipegaso, 80132 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Camillo Ricordi
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Nicola Di Daniele
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (V.R.); (D.P.); (A.B.); (N.D.D.); (D.L.)
- Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Davide Lauro
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (V.R.); (D.P.); (A.B.); (N.D.D.); (D.L.)
- Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - David Della-Morte
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (V.R.); (D.P.); (A.B.); (N.D.D.); (D.L.)
- Department of Neurology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Interdisciplinary Center for Advanced Studies on Lab-on-Chip and Organ-on-Chip Applications (ICLOC), University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-305-243-4790
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Piovesana R, Salazar Intriago MS, Dini L, Tata AM. Cholinergic Modulation of Neuroinflammation: Focus on α7 Nicotinic Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094912. [PMID: 34066354 PMCID: PMC8125157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
All nervous system pathologies (e.g., neurodegenerative/demyelinating diseases and brain tumours) develop neuroinflammation, a beneficial process during pathological events, aimed at removing damaged cells, toxic agents, and/or pathogens. Unfortunately, excessive inflammation frequently occurs during nervous system disorders, becoming a detrimental event capable of enhancing neurons and myelinating glial cell impairment, rather than improving their survival and activity. Consequently, targeting the neuroinflammation could be relevant for reducing brain injury and rescuing neuronal and glial cell functions. Several studies have highlighted the role of acetylcholine and its receptors in the regulation of central and peripheral inflammation. In particular, α7 nicotinic receptor has been described as one of the main regulators of the “brain cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway”. Its expression in astrocytes and microglial cells and the ability to modulate anti-inflammatory cytokines make this receptor a new interesting therapeutic target for neuroinflammation regulation. In this review, we summarize the distribution and physiological functions of the α7 nicotinic receptor in glial cells (astrocytes and microglia) and its role in the modulation of neuroinflammation. Moreover, we explore how its altered expression and function contribute to the development of different neurological pathologies and exacerbate neuroinflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Piovesana
- Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada;
- Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | | | - Luciana Dini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza, University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.S.S.I.); (L.D.)
| | - Ada Maria Tata
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza, University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.S.S.I.); (L.D.)
- Research Centre of Neurobiology “Daniel Bovet”, Sapienza, University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-4991-2822
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Xu ZQ, Zhang JJ, Kong N, Zhang GY, Ke P, Han T, Su DF, Liu C. Autophagy is Involved in Neuroprotective Effect of Alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor on Ischemic Stroke. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:676589. [PMID: 33995108 PMCID: PMC8117007 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.676589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) belongs to the superfamily of cys loop cationic ligand-gated channels, which consists of homogeneous α7 subunits. Although our lab found that activation of α7nAChR could alleviate ischemic stroke, the mechanism is still unknown. Herein, we explored whether autophagy is involved in the neuroprotective effect mediated by α7nAChR in ischemic stroke. Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) and oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD/R) exposure were applied to in vivo and in vitro models of ischemic stroke, respectively. Neurological deficit score and infarct volume were used to evaluate outcomes of tMCAO in the in vivo study. Autophagy-related proteins were detected by Western blot, and autophagy flux was detected by using tandem fluorescent mRFP-GFP-LC3 lentivirus. At 24 h after tMCAO, α7nAChR knockout mice showed worse neurological function and larger infarct volume than wild-type mice. PNU282987, an α7nAChR agonist, protected against OGD/R-induced neuronal injury, enhanced autophagy, and promoted autophagy flux. However, the beneficial effects of PNU282987 were eliminated by 3-methyladenine (3-MA), an autophagy inhibitor. Moreover, we found that PNU282987 treatment could activate the AMPK-mTOR-p70S6K signaling pathway in the in vitro study, while the effect was attenuated by compound C, an AMPK inhibitor. Our results demonstrated that the beneficial effect on neuronal survival via activation of α7nAChR was associated with enhanced autophagy, and the AMPK-mTOR-p70S6K signaling pathway was involved in α7nAChR activation-mediated neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe-Qi Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ni Kong
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang-Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Ke
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ding-Feng Su
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Central Activation of Alpha7 Nicotinic Signaling Attenuates LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation and Sickness Behavior in Adult but Not in Aged Animals. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082107. [PMID: 33916910 PMCID: PMC8067582 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge caused microglial-mediated neuroinflammation and sickness behavior that was amplified in aged mice. As α7 nAChRs are implicated in the "Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway", we aimed to determine how α7 nAChR stimulation modulates microglial phenotype in an LPS-induced neuroinflammation model in adult and aged mice. For this, BALB/c mice were injected intraperitoneally with LPS (0.33 mg/kg) and treated with the α7 nAChR agonist PNU282987, using different administration protocols. LPS challenge reduced body weight and induced lethargy and social withdrawal in adult mice. Peripheral (intraperitoneal) co-administration of the α7 nAChR agonist PNU282987 with LPS, attenuated body weight loss and sickness behavior associated with LPS challenge in adult mice, and reduced microglial activation with suppression of IL-1β and TNFα mRNA levels. Furthermore, central (intracerebroventricular) administration of the α7 nAChR agonist, even 2 h after LPS injection, attenuated the decrease in social exploratory behavior and microglial activation induced by peripheral administration of LPS, although this recovery was not achieved if activation of α7 nAChRs was performed peripherally. Finally, we observed that the positive results of central activation of α7 nAChRs were lost in aged mice. In conclusion, we provide evidence that stimulation of α7 nAChR signaling reduces microglial activation in an in vivo LPS-based model, but this cholinergic-dependent regulation seems to be dysfunctional in microglia of aged mice.
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Li T, Zhao J, Xie W, Yuan W, Guo J, Pang S, Gan WB, Gómez-Nicola D, Zhang S. Specific depletion of resident microglia in the early stage of stroke reduces cerebral ischemic damage. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:81. [PMID: 33757565 PMCID: PMC7986495 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02127-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia can induce rapid activation of microglia in the brain. As key immunocompetent cells, reactive microglia play an important role in pathological development of ischemic stroke. However, the role of activated microglia during the development of ischemia remains controversial. Thus, we aimed to investigate the function of reactive microglia in the early stage of ischemic stroke. METHODS A Rose Bengal photothrombosis model was applied to induce targeted ischemic stroke in mice. CX3CR1CreER:R26iDTR mice were used to specifically deplete resident microglia through intragastric administration of tamoxifen (Ta) and intraperitoneal injection of diphtheria toxin (DT). At day 3 after ischemic stroke, behavioral tests were performed. After that, mouse brains were collected for further histological analysis and detection of mRNA expression of inflammatory factors. RESULTS The results showed that specific depletion of microglia resulted in a significant decrease in ischemic infarct volume and improved performance in motor ability 3 days after stroke. Microglial depletion caused a remarkable reduction in the densities of degenerating neurons and inducible nitric oxide synthase positive (iNOS+) cells. Importantly, depleting microglia induced a significant increase in the mRNA expression level of anti-inflammatory factors TGF-β1, Arg1, IL-10, IL-4, and Ym1 as well as a significant decline of pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α, iNOS, and IL-1β 3 days after stroke. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that activated microglia is an important modulator of the brain's inflammatory response in stroke, contributing to neurological deficit and infarct expansion. Modulation of the inflammatory response through the elimination of microglia at a precise time point may be a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenguang Xie
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanru Yuan
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Guo
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengru Pang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Biao Gan
- Molecular Neurobiology Program, The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Diego Gómez-Nicola
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, South Lab and Path Block, Mail Point 840 LD80C, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Shengxiang Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
Mutations in the genes coding for tryptophan-hydrolase-2 and the scaffold protein FKBP5 are associated with an increased risk of suicide. The mutation in both cases enhances the enzymatic activity of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3). Conversely, anti-suicidal medications, such as lithium, clozapine, and ketamine, indirectly inhibit the activity of GSK3. When GSK3 is active, it promotes the metabolic removal of the transcription factor NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2), which suppresses the transcription of multiple genes that encode anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory proteins. Notably, several suicide-biomarkers bear witness to an ongoing inflammatory process. Moreover, alterations in serum lipid levels measured in suicidal individuals are mirrored by data obtained in mice with genetic deletion of the NRF2 gene. Inflammation is presumably causally related to both dysphoria and anger, two factors relevant for suicide ideation and attempt. Preventing the catabolism of NRF2 could be a strategy to obtain novel suicide-prophylactic medications. Possible candidates are minocycline and nicotinic-α7 agonists. The antibiotic minocycline indirectly activates NRF2-transcriptional activity, whereas the activation of nicotinic-α7 receptors indirectly inhibits GSK3.
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Xu ZQ, Zhang WJ, Su DF, Zhang GQ, Miao CY. Cellular responses and functions of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation in the brain: a narrative review. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:509. [PMID: 33850906 PMCID: PMC8039675 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) has been studied for many years since its discovery. Although many functions and characteristics of brain α7nAChR are widely understood, much remains to be elucidated. The α7nAChR is widely expressed in the central nervous system, not only in neurons but also in astrocytes, microglia, and endothelial cells. α7nAChR can be activated by endogenous agonist like acetylcholine or exogenous agonists like nicotine and PNU282987. Its agonists can be divided into selective agonists and non-selective agonists. The activation of α7nAChR results in a series of physiological processes which have both short-term and long-term effects on cells, for example, calcium influx, neurotransmitter release, synaptic plasticity, and excitatory transmission. It also induces other downstream events, such as inflammation, autophagy, necrosis, transcription, and apoptosis. The cellular responses to α7nAChR activation vary according to cell types and conditions. For example, α7nAChR activation in pyramidal neurons leads to long-term potentiation, while α7nAChR activation in GABAergic interneurons leads to long-term depression. Studies have also shown some contradictory phenomena, which requires further study for clarification. Herein, the cellular responses of α7nAChR activation are summarized, and the functions of α7nAChR in neurons and non-neuronal cells are discussed. We also summarized contradictory conclusions to show where we stand and where to go for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe-Qi Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Jun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, China
| | - Ding-Feng Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao-Yu Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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48
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Targeting the Autonomic Nervous System for Risk Stratification, Outcome Prediction and Neuromodulation in Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052357. [PMID: 33652990 PMCID: PMC7956667 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a worldwide major cause of mortality and disability and has high costs in terms of health-related quality of life and expectancy as well as of social healthcare resources. In recent years, starting from the bidirectional relationship between autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction and acute ischemic stroke (AIS), researchers have identified prognostic factors for risk stratification, prognosis of mid-term outcomes and response to recanalization therapy. In particular, the evaluation of the ANS function through the analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) appears to be a promising non-invasive and reliable tool for the management of patients with AIS. Furthermore, preclinical molecular studies on the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the onset and progression of stroke damage have shown an extensive overlap with the activity of the vagus nerve. Evidence from the application of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) on animal models of AIS and on patients with chronic ischemic stroke has highlighted the surprising therapeutic possibilities of neuromodulation. Preclinical molecular studies highlighted that the neuroprotective action of VNS results from anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiapoptotic mechanisms mediated by α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Given the proven safety of non-invasive VNS in the subacute phase, the ease of its use and its possible beneficial effect in hemorrhagic stroke as well, human studies with transcutaneous VNS should be less challenging than protocols that involve invasive VNS and could be the proof of concept that neuromodulation represents the very first therapeutic approach in the ultra-early management of stroke.
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Gaidhani N, Tucci FC, Kem WR, Beaton G, Uteshev VV. Therapeutic efficacy of α7 ligands after acute ischaemic stroke is linked to conductive states of α7 nicotinic ACh receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:1684-1704. [PMID: 33496352 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Targeting α7 nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs) in neuroinflammatory disorders including acute ischaemic stroke holds significant therapeutic promise. However, therapeutically relevant signalling mechanisms remain unidentified. Activation of neuronal α7 nAChRs triggers ionotropic signalling, but there is limited evidence for it in immunoglial tissues. The α7 ligands which are effective in reducing acute ischaemic stroke damage promote α7 ionotropic activity, suggesting a link between their therapeutic effects for treating acute ischaemic stroke and activation of α7 conductive states. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH This hypothesis was tested using a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model of acute ischaemic stroke, NS6740, a known selective non-ionotropic agonist of α7 nAChRs and 4OH-GTS-21, a partial α7 agonist. NS6740-like ligands exhibiting low efficacy/potency for ionotropic activity will be referred to as non-ionotropic agonists or "metagonists". KEY RESULTS 4OH-GTS-21, used as a positive control, significantly reduced neurological deficits and brain injury after MCAO as compared to vehicle and NS6740. By contrast, NS6740 was ineffective in identical assays and reversed the effects of 4OH-GTS-21 when these compounds were co-applied. Electrophysiological recordings from acute hippocampal slices obtained from NS6740-injected animals demonstrated its remarkable brain availability and protracted effects on α7 nAChRs as evidenced by sustained (>8 h) alterations in α7 ionotropic responsiveness. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS These results suggest that α7 ionotropic activity may be obligatory for therapeutic efficacy of α7 ligands after acute ischaemic stroke yet, highlight the potential for selective application of α7 ligands to disease states based on their mode of receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Gaidhani
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Fabio C Tucci
- Epigen Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - William R Kem
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Graham Beaton
- Epigen Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Victor V Uteshev
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
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50
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Jiang Y, Ma H, Wang X, Wang Z, Yang Y, Li L, Feng T. Protective Effect of the α7 Nicotinic Receptor Agonist PNU-282987 on Dopaminergic Neurons Against 6-Hydroxydopamine, Regulating Anti-neuroinflammatory and the Immune Balance Pathways in Rat. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 12:606927. [PMID: 33568987 PMCID: PMC7868536 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.606927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and inner immune dysfunction are increasingly accepted as important components of the etiopathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). According to emerging evidence, a7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR), a ligand-gated ion channel, plays an important role in inflammatory reactions and is also expressed on the surface of T cells. In particular, regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical for the maintenance of immunological tolerance. In the present study, we investigated the roles of α7nAChR in inhibiting inflammation and maintaining the immune balance in rats with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced lesions and the possible mechanisms regulating the proportion of Tregs in vivo. Adult male Wistar rats (n = 90) were subjected to a unilateral injection of 6-OHDA into the left medial forebrain bundle, and PNU-282987, an α7nAChR agonist, was intraperitoneally injected 2 h prior to the induction of lesions by 6-OHDA and again at days 1, 7, and 13 postlesion. Behavioral tests and immunohistochemical staining to detect the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the bilateral substantial nigra (SN) were performed. Subsequently, CD4+ T lymphocytes and the expression of forkhead/winged helix transcription factor p3 (Foxp3, which is a marker of Treg cells) in the SN were also assessed using immunofluorescence staining. The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the SN was determined by performing immunohistochemical staining. Additionally, the protein levels of α7nAChR, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) phosphorylated-Erk (p-Erk) and Foxp3 in the ventral midbrain were determined using Western blotting, and the relative expression of the TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-10 mRNAs were detected using real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We found that PNU-282987 significantly improved the motor deficits induced by 6-OHDA, reduced the loss of TH in the SN, suppressed the overactivation of GFAP+ cells and expression of related inflammatory cytokines, and increased the number of Foxp3+ cells. In addition, we also showed that PNU-282987 significantly increased the protein expression of the a7nAchR, p-Erk, and Foxp3 in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats (p < 0.05). These results indicated that α7nAChR activation could exert an anti-inflammatory effect and participate in the process of modulating the immune balance during 6-OHDA-induced injury, potentially through the α7nAChR/p-Erk/Foxp3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jiang
- Center for Movement Disorders Disease, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Parkinson's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Huizi Ma
- Center for Movement Disorders Disease, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Parkinson's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Center for Movement Disorders Disease, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Parkinson's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zhan Wang
- Center for Movement Disorders Disease, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Parkinson's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yaqin Yang
- Center for Movement Disorders Disease, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Parkinson's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Longling Li
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Tao Feng
- Center for Movement Disorders Disease, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Parkinson's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
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