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Jan S, Bhardwaj S, Singh B, Kapoor D. Silicon efficacy for the remediation of metal contaminated soil. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:212. [PMID: 39193011 PMCID: PMC11345352 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-04049-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
In the course of past two decade anthropogenic activities have reinforced, begetting soil and water defilement. A plethora of heavy metals alters and limits plant growth and yield, with opposing effect on agricultural productivity. Silicon often perceived as plant alimentary 'nonentity'. A suite of determinants associated with silicon have been lately discerned, concerning plant physiology, chemistry, gene regulation/expression and interaction with different organisms. Exogenous supplementation of silicon renders resistance against heavy-metal stress. Predominantly, plants having significant amount of silicon in root and shoot thus are barely prone to pest onset and manifest greater endurance against abiotic stresses including heavy-metal toxicity. Silicon-mediated stress management involves abatement of metal ions within soil, co-precipitation of metal ions, gene modulation associated with metal transport, chelation, activation of antioxidants (enzymatic and non-enzymatic), metal ion compartmentation and structural metamorphosis in plants. Silicon supplementation also stimulates expression of stress-resistant genes under heavy-metal toxicity to provide plant tolerance under stress conditions. Ergo, to boost metal tolerance within crops, immanent genetic potential for silicon assimilation should be enhanced. Current study, addresses the potential role and mechanistic interpretation of silicon induced mitigation of heavy-metal stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Jan
- Technology Enabling Centre, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014 India
- School of Bioengineering & Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab 144411 India
| | - Savita Bhardwaj
- Department of Botany, MCM DAV College, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh 176001 India
| | - Bhupender Singh
- School of Bioengineering & Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab 144411 India
| | - Dhriti Kapoor
- Department of Botany, Shoolini University, Solan Oachghat Kumarhatti Highway, Bajhol, Himachal Pradesh 173229 India
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Castro JC, Castro CG, Cobos M. Genetic and biochemical strategies for regulation of L-ascorbic acid biosynthesis in plants through the L-galactose pathway. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1099829. [PMID: 37021310 PMCID: PMC10069634 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1099829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid, AsA) is an essential compound with pleiotropic functions in many organisms. Since its isolation in the last century, AsA has attracted the attention of the scientific community, allowing the discovery of the L-galactose pathway, which is the main pathway for AsA biosynthesis in plants. Thus, the aim of this review is to analyze the genetic and biochemical strategies employed by plant cells for regulating AsA biosynthesis through the L-galactose pathway. In this pathway, participates eight enzymes encoded by the genes PMI, PMM, GMP, GME, GGP, GPP, GDH, and GLDH. All these genes and their encoded enzymes have been well characterized, demonstrating their participation in AsA biosynthesis. Also, have described some genetic and biochemical strategies that allow its regulation. The genetic strategy includes regulation at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. In the first one, it was demonstrated that the expression levels of the genes correlate directly with AsA content in the tissues/organs of the plants. Also, it was proved that these genes are light-induced because they have light-responsive promoter motifs (e.g., ATC, I-box, GT1 motif, etc.). In addition, were identified some transcription factors that function as activators (e.g., SlICE1, AtERF98, SlHZ24, etc.) or inactivators (e.g., SlL1L4, ABI4, SlNYYA10) regulate the transcription of these genes. In the second one, it was proved that some genes have alternative splicing events and could be a mechanism to control AsA biosynthesis. Also, it was demonstrated that a conserved cis-acting upstream open reading frame (5'-uORF) located in the 5'-untranslated region of the GGP gene induces its post-transcriptional repression. Among the biochemical strategies discovered is the control of the enzyme levels (usually by decreasing their quantities), control of the enzyme catalytic activity (by increasing or decreasing its activity), feedback inhibition of some enzymes (GME and GGP), subcellular compartmentation of AsA, the metabolon assembly of the enzymes, and control of AsA biosynthesis by electron flow. Together, the construction of this basic knowledge has been establishing the foundations for generating genetically improved varieties of fruits and vegetables enriched with AsA, commonly used in animal and human feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C. Castro
- Unidad Especializada del Laboratorio de Investigación en Biotecnología (UELIB), Centro de Investigaciones de Recursos Naturales de la UNAP (CIRNA), Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana (UNAP), Iquitos, Peru
- Departamento Académico de Ciencias Biomédicas y Biotecnología (DACBB), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas (FCB), Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana (UNAP), Iquitos, Peru
| | - Carlos G. Castro
- Unidad Especializada del Laboratorio de Investigación en Biotecnología (UELIB), Centro de Investigaciones de Recursos Naturales de la UNAP (CIRNA), Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana (UNAP), Iquitos, Peru
| | - Marianela Cobos
- Unidad Especializada del Laboratorio de Investigación en Biotecnología (UELIB), Centro de Investigaciones de Recursos Naturales de la UNAP (CIRNA), Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana (UNAP), Iquitos, Peru
- Departamento Académico de Ciencias Biomédicas y Biotecnología (DACBB), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas (FCB), Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana (UNAP), Iquitos, Peru
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Terzaghi M, De Tullio MC. The perils of planning strategies to increase vitamin C content in plants: Beyond the hype. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1096549. [PMID: 36600921 PMCID: PMC9806220 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1096549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ever since the identification of vitamin C (ascorbic acid, AsA) as an essential molecule that humans cannot synthesize on their own, finding adequate dietary sources of AsA became a priority in nutrition research. Plants are the main producers of AsA for humans and other non-synthesizing animals. It was immediately clear that some plant species have more AsA than others. Further studies evidenced that AsA content varies in different plant organs, in different developmental stages/environmental conditions and even within different cell compartments. With the progressive discovery of the genes of the main (Smirnoff-Wheeler) and alternative pathways coding for the enzymes involved in AsA biosynthesis in plants, the simple overexpression of those genes appeared a suitable strategy for boosting AsA content in any plant species or organ. Unfortunately, overexpression experiments mostly resulted in limited, if any, AsA increase, apparently due to a tight regulation of the biosynthetic machinery. Attempts to identify regulatory steps in the pathways that could be manipulated to obtain unlimited AsA production were also less successful than expected, confirming the difficulties in "unleashing" AsA synthesis. A different approach to increase AsA content has been the overexpression of genes coding for enzymes catalyzing the recycling of the oxidized forms of vitamin C, namely monodehydroascorbate and dehydroascorbate reductases. Such approach proved mostly effective in making the overexpressors apparently more resistant to some forms of environmental stress, but once more did not solve the issue of producing massive AsA amounts for human diet. However, it should also be considered that a hypothetical unlimited increase in AsA content is likely to interfere with plant development, which is in many ways regulated by AsA availability itself. The present review article aims at summarizing the many attempts made so far to improve AsA production/content in plants, evidencing the most promising ones, and at providing information about the possible unexpected consequences of a pure biotechnological approach not keeping into account the peculiar features of the AsA system in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Terzaghi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Mario C. De Tullio
- Department of Earth and Geoenvironmental Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
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Vale EM, Santana DB, Reis RS, Sousa KR, de Souza Filho GA, Oliveira JGD, Santa-Catarina C, Silveira V. Mitochondrial proteomics reveals new insights into embryogenic competence acquisition in Carica papaya L. callus. J Proteomics 2022; 252:104434. [PMID: 34818586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms that endow a somatic cell with the ability to differentiate into a somatic embryo, which could result in numerous biotechnological applications, is still a challenge. The objective of this work was to identify some of the molecular and physiological mechanisms responsible for the acquisition of embryogenic competence during somatic embryogenesis in Carica papaya L. We performed a broad characterization of embryogenic (EC) and nonembryogenic calli (NEC) of using global and mitochondrial proteomic approaches, histomorphology, histochemistry, respiratory activity, and endogenous hormonal and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents. EC and NEC presented remarkable differences in anatomical and histochemical characteristics, with EC showing a higher reactivity for the presence of proteins and neutral polysaccharides. Our results demonstrate that mitochondrial metabolism affects the embryogenic competence of C. papaya callus. The EC presented higher participation of alternative oxidase (AOX) enzymes, higher total cell respiration and presented a stronger accumulation of mitochondrial stress response proteins. Differential accumulation of auxin-responsive Gretchen Hagen 3 (GH3) family proteins in EC was related to a decrease in the content of free 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). EC also showed higher endogenous H2O2 contents. H2O2 is a promising molecule for further investigation in differentiation protocols for C. papaya somatic embryos. SIGNIFICANCE: To further advance the understanding of somatic embryogenesis, we performed a broad characterization of embryogenic and nonembryogenic callus, through global and mitochondrial proteomic approaches, histomorphology, histochemistry, respiratory activity, and endogenous hormonal and hydrogen peroxide contents. Based on these results, we propose a working model for the competence of papaya callus. This model suggests that GH3 proteins play an important role in the regulation of auxins. In addition, embryogenic callus showed a greater abundance of stress response proteins and folding proteins. Embryogenic callus respiration occurs predominantly via AOX, and the inhibition of its activity is capable of inhibiting callus differentiation. Although the embryogenic callus presented greater total respiration and a greater abundance of oxidative phosphorylation proteins, they had less COX participation and less coupling efficiency, indicating less ATP production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Moura Vale
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia (CBB), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Avenida Alberto Lamego 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil; Unidade de Biologia Integrativa, Setor de Genômica e Proteômica, CBB, UENF, Brazil.
| | | | - Ricardo Souza Reis
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia (CBB), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Avenida Alberto Lamego 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil; Unidade de Biologia Integrativa, Setor de Genômica e Proteômica, CBB, UENF, Brazil
| | | | - Gonçalo Apolinário de Souza Filho
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia (CBB), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Avenida Alberto Lamego 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil; Unidade de Biologia Integrativa, Setor de Genômica e Proteômica, CBB, UENF, Brazil
| | | | | | - Vanildo Silveira
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia (CBB), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Avenida Alberto Lamego 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil; Unidade de Biologia Integrativa, Setor de Genômica e Proteômica, CBB, UENF, Brazil.
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Mehak G, Akram NA, Ashraf M, Kaushik P, El-Sheikh MA, Ahmad P. Methionine-induced regulation of growth, secondary metabolites and oxidative defense system in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plants subjected to water deficit stress. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259585. [PMID: 34882694 PMCID: PMC8659686 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimum water availability at different growth stages is one the major prerequisites of best growth and yield production of plants. Exogenous application of plant growth regulators considered effective for normal functioning of plants under water-deficit conditions. A study was conducted to examine the influence of exogenously applied L-methionine on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plants grown under water-deficit conditions. Twenty-five-day old seedlings of four sunflower cultivars, FH331, FH572, FH652 and FH623 were exposed to control (100% F.C.) and drought stress (60% F.C.) conditions. After 30-day of drought stress, L-methionine (Met; 20 mg/L) was applied as a foliar spray to control and drought stressed plants. Water deficit stress significantly reduced shoot fresh and dry weights shoot and root lengths, and chlorophyll a content in all four cultivars. While a significant increase was observed due to water deficiency in relative membrane permeability (RMP), malondialdehyde (MDA), total soluble proteins (TSP), total soluble sugars (TSS), ascorbic acid (AsA) and activity of peroxidase (POD). Although, exogenously applied Met was effective in decreasing RMP, MDA and H2O2 contents, it increased the shoot fresh weight, shoot length, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll a/b ratio, proline contents and the activities of SOD, POD and CAT enzymes in all four cultivars under water deficit stress. No change in AsA and total phenolics was observed due to foliar-applied Met under water stress conditions. Of all sunflower cultivars, cv. FH-572 was the highest and cv. FH-652 the lowest of all four cultivars in shoot fresh and dry weights as well as shoot length under drought stress conditions. Overall, foliar applied L-methionine was effective in improving the drought stress tolerance of sunflower plants that was found to be positively associated with Met induced improved growth attributes and reduced RMP, MDA and H2O2 contents under water deficit conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gull Mehak
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nudrat Aisha Akram
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Prashant Kaushik
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mohamed A. El-Sheikh
- Botany & Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Botany & Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Botany, GDC Pulwama, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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Bulley SM, Cooney JM, Laing W. Elevating Ascorbate in Arabidopsis Stimulates the Production of Abscisic Acid, Phaseic Acid, and to a Lesser Extent Auxin (IAA) and Jasmonates, Resulting in Increased Expression of DHAR1 and Multiple Transcription Factors Associated with Abiotic Stress Tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2021. [PMID: 34201662 DOI: 10.3990/ijms22136743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene expression and phytohormone contents were measured in response to elevating ascorbate in the absence of other confounding stimuli such as high light and abiotic stresses. Young Arabidopsis plants were treated with 25 mM solutions of l-galactose pathway intermediates l-galactose (l-gal) or l-galactono-1,4-lactone (l-galL), as well as L-ascorbic acid (AsA), with 25 mM glucose used as control. Feeding increased rosette AsA 2- to 4-fold but there was little change in AsA biosynthetic gene transcripts. Of the ascorbate recycling genes, only Dehydroascorbate reductase 1 expression was increased. Some known regulatory genes displayed increased expression and included ANAC019, ANAC072, ATHB12, ZAT10 and ZAT12. Investigation of the ANAC019/ANAC072/ATHB12 gene regulatory network revealed a high proportion of ABA regulated genes. Measurement of a subset of jasmonate, ABA, auxin (IAA) and salicylic acid compounds revealed consistent increases in ABA (up to 4.2-fold) and phaseic acid (PA; up to 5-fold), and less consistently certain jasmonates, IAA, but no change in salicylic acid levels. Increased ABA is likely due to increased transcripts for the ABA biosynthetic gene NCED3. There were also smaller increases in transcripts for transcription factors ATHB7, ERD1, and ABF3. These results provide insights into how increasing AsA content can mediate increased abiotic stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Bulley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Te Puke 3182, New Zealand
| | - Janine M Cooney
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Ruakura, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand
| | - William Laing
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
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Bulley SM, Cooney JM, Laing W. Elevating Ascorbate in Arabidopsis Stimulates the Production of Abscisic Acid, Phaseic Acid, and to a Lesser Extent Auxin (IAA) and Jasmonates, Resulting in Increased Expression of DHAR1 and Multiple Transcription Factors Associated with Abiotic Stress Tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136743. [PMID: 34201662 PMCID: PMC8269344 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene expression and phytohormone contents were measured in response to elevating ascorbate in the absence of other confounding stimuli such as high light and abiotic stresses. Young Arabidopsis plants were treated with 25 mM solutions of l-galactose pathway intermediates l-galactose (l-gal) or l-galactono-1,4-lactone (l-galL), as well as L-ascorbic acid (AsA), with 25 mM glucose used as control. Feeding increased rosette AsA 2- to 4-fold but there was little change in AsA biosynthetic gene transcripts. Of the ascorbate recycling genes, only Dehydroascorbate reductase 1 expression was increased. Some known regulatory genes displayed increased expression and included ANAC019, ANAC072, ATHB12, ZAT10 and ZAT12. Investigation of the ANAC019/ANAC072/ATHB12 gene regulatory network revealed a high proportion of ABA regulated genes. Measurement of a subset of jasmonate, ABA, auxin (IAA) and salicylic acid compounds revealed consistent increases in ABA (up to 4.2-fold) and phaseic acid (PA; up to 5-fold), and less consistently certain jasmonates, IAA, but no change in salicylic acid levels. Increased ABA is likely due to increased transcripts for the ABA biosynthetic gene NCED3. There were also smaller increases in transcripts for transcription factors ATHB7, ERD1, and ABF3. These results provide insights into how increasing AsA content can mediate increased abiotic stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Bulley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Te Puke 3182, New Zealand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-7-928-9796
| | - Janine M. Cooney
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Ruakura, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand;
| | - William Laing
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand;
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Abstract
Significance: Persistent oxidative stress is a common feature of cancer cells, giving a specific weapon to selectively eliminate them. Ascorbate in pharmacological concentration can contribute to the suspended formation of hydroxyl radical via the Fenton reaction; thus, it can be an important element of the oxidative stress therapy against cancer cells. Recent Advances: The main components of ascorbate-induced cell death are DNA double-strand breaks via the production of hydroxyl radical and ATP depletion due to the activation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1. Presumably, DNA damage can be the primary contributor to the anticancer activity of pharmacological ascorbate, as opposed to the rupture of bioenergetics. The caspase independency of high-dose ascorbate-induced cell death proposed the possible involvement of several types of cell death, such as ferroptosis, necroptosis, and autophagy. Critical Issues: Ascorbate can target at least two key molecular features of cancer cells as a part of the anticancer therapy: the intrinsic or acquired resistance to cell death and the dysregulated metabolism of cancer cells. It seems probable that different concentrations of ascorbate alter the nature of induced cell death. Autophagy and necroptosis may play a role at intermediate concentrations, but caspase-independent apoptosis may dominate at higher concentrations. However, ascorbate behaves as an effective inhibitor of ferroptosis that may have crucial importance in its possible clinical application. Future Directions: The elucidation of the details and the links between high-dose ascorbate-induced cancer selective cell death mechanisms may give us a tool to form and apply synergistic cancer therapies. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 831-844.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Szarka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Kapuy
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Lőrincz
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Bánhegyi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Jiang L, Strobbe S, Van Der Straeten D, Zhang C. Regulation of plant vitamin metabolism: backbone of biofortification for the alleviation of hidden hunger. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:40-60. [PMID: 33545049 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
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10
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Gandin A, Dizengremel P, Jolivet Y. Integrative role of plant mitochondria facing oxidative stress: The case of ozone. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 159:202-210. [PMID: 33385703 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ozone is a secondary air pollutant, which causes oxidative stress in plants by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) starting by an external attack of leaf apoplast. ROS have a dual role, acting as signaling molecules, regulating different physiological processes and response to stress, but also inducing oxidative damage. The production of ROS in plant cells is compartmented and regulated by scavengers and specific enzyme pathways. Chronic doses of ozone are known to trigger an important increase of the respiratory process while decreasing photosynthesis. Mitochondria, which normally operate with usual levels of intracellular ROS, would have to play a prominent role to cope with an enhanced ozone-derived ROS production. It is thus needed to compile the available literature on the effects of ozone on mitochondria to precise their strategy facing oxidative stress. An overview of the mitochondrial fate in three steps is proposed, i) starting with the initial responses of the mitochondria for alleviating the overproduction of ROS by the enhancement of existing antioxidant metabolism and adjustments of the electron transport chain, ii) followed by the setting up of detoxifying processes through exchanges between mitochondria and the cell, and iii) ending by an accelerated senescence initiated by mitochondrial membrane permeability and leading to programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Gandin
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Silva, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Pierre Dizengremel
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Silva, F-54000, Nancy, France.
| | - Yves Jolivet
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Silva, F-54000, Nancy, France
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Aghdam MS, Sayyari M, Luo Z. Exogenous application of phytosulfokine α (PSKα) delays yellowing and preserves nutritional quality of broccoli florets during cold storage. Food Chem 2020; 333:127481. [PMID: 32663753 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we tested the exogenous application of phytosulfokine α (PSKα) for delaying the yellowing of broccoli florets during cold storage. Our results showed that the lower yellowing in broccoli florets treated with 150 nM PSKα was probably due to the higher endogenous accumulation of PSKα, leading to the endogenous accumulation of guanosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP). Besides, broccoli florets treated with 150 nM PSKα exhibited a higher accumulation of phenols and flavonoids by triggering gene expression and activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and chalcone synthase (CHS). Moreover, the higher expression of L-galactotno-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase (GLDH) gene and the lower expression of ascorbic acid oxidase (AAO) gene in broccoli florets treated with 150 nM PSKα may be the reasons for the higher accumulation of ascorbic acid. In conclusion, the exogenous application of PSKα is a promising strategy in delaying the yellowing and preserving the nutritional quality of broccoli florets during cold storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Soleimani Aghdam
- Department of Horticultural Science, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin 34148-96818, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Sayyari
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 51664, Iran.
| | - Zisheng Luo
- Zhejiang University, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Processing, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, People's Republic of China; Fuli Institute of Food Science, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Melatonin: Awakening the Defense Mechanisms during Plant Oxidative Stress. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9040407. [PMID: 32218185 PMCID: PMC7238205 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is a multifunctional signaling molecule that is ubiquitously distributed in different parts of a plant and responsible for stimulating several physio-chemical responses to adverse environmental conditions. In this review, we show that, although plants are able to biosynthesize melatonin, the exogenous application of melatonin to various crops can improve plant growth and development in response to various abiotic and biotic stresses (e.g., drought, unfavorable temperatures, high salinity, heavy metal contamination, acid rain, and combined stresses) by regulating antioxidant machinery of plants. Current knowledge suggests that exogenously applied melatonin can enhance the stress tolerance of plants by regulating both the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems. Enzymic antioxidants upregulated by exogenous melatonin include superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and enzymes involved in the ascorbate–glutathione cycle (ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione reductase), whereas levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants such as ascorbate, reduced glutathione, carotenoids, tocopherols, and phenolics are also higher under stress conditions. The enhanced antioxidant system consequently exhibits lower lipid peroxidation and greater plasma membrane integrity when under stress. However, these responses vary greatly from crop to crop and depend on the intensity and type of stress, and most studies to date have been conducted under controlled conditions. This means that a wider range of crop field trials and detailed transcriptomic analysis are required to reveal the gene regulatory networks involved in the between melatonin, antioxidants, and abiotic stress.
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Ascorbate and Thiamin: Metabolic Modulators in Plant Acclimation Responses. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9010101. [PMID: 31941157 PMCID: PMC7020166 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell compartmentalization allows incompatible chemical reactions and localised responses to occur simultaneously, however, it also requires a complex system of communication between compartments in order to maintain the functionality of vital processes. It is clear that multiple such signals must exist, yet little is known about the identity of the key players orchestrating these interactions or about the role in the coordination of other processes. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have a considerable number of metabolites in common and are interdependent at multiple levels. Therefore, metabolites represent strong candidates as communicators between these organelles. In this context, vitamins and similar small molecules emerge as possible linkers to mediate metabolic crosstalk between compartments. This review focuses on two vitamins as potential metabolic signals within the plant cell, vitamin C (L-ascorbate) and vitamin B1 (thiamin). These two vitamins demonstrate the importance of metabolites in shaping cellular processes working as metabolic signals during acclimation processes. Inferences based on the combined studies of environment, genotype, and metabolite, in order to unravel signaling functions, are also highlighted.
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Aswani V, Rajsheel P, Bapatla RB, Sunil B, Raghavendra AS. Oxidative stress induced in chloroplasts or mitochondria promotes proline accumulation in leaves of pea (Pisum sativum): another example of chloroplast-mitochondria interactions. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:449-457. [PMID: 30206687 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1306-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress can occur in different parts of plant cells. We employed two oxidants that induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in different intracellular compartments: methyl viologen (MV, in chloroplasts) and menadione (MD, in mitochondria). The responses of pea (Pisum sativum) leaf discs to MV or MD after 4-h incubation in dark or moderate (300 μE m-2 s-1) or high light (1200 μE m-2 s-1) were examined. Marked increase in ROS levels was observed, irrespective of compartment targeted. The levels of proline, a compatible solute, increased markedly much more than that of ascorbate or glutathione during oxidative/photo-oxidative stress, emphasizing the importance of proline. Further, the activities and transcripts of enzymes involved in biosynthesis or oxidation of proline were studied. An upregulation of biosynthesis and downregulation of oxidation was the basis of proline accumulation. Pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS, involved in biosynthesis) and proline dehydrogenase (PDH, involved in oxidation) were the key enzymes regulated under oxidative stress. Since these two enzymes-P5CS and PDH-are located in chloroplasts and mitochondria, respectively, we suggest that proline metabolism can help to mediate inter-organelle interactions and achieve redox homeostasis under photo-oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vetcha Aswani
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Pidakala Rajsheel
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Ramesh B Bapatla
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Bobba Sunil
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Agepati S Raghavendra
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India.
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Chojak-Koźniewska J, Kuźniak E, Zimny J. The Effects of Combined Abiotic and Pathogen Stress in Plants: Insights From Salinity and Pseudomonas syringae pv lachrymans Interaction in Cucumber. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1691. [PMID: 30524462 PMCID: PMC6256280 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants are often challenged by abiotic and biotic stresses acting in combination and the response to combinatorial stress differs from that triggered by each factor individually. Although salinity and pathogens are major stressors limiting plant growth and productivity worldwide, their interaction is poorly understood. The reactions to pathogens overlap with those to abiotic stresses, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and stress hormones represent central nodes in the interacting signaling pathways. Usually, abiotic stress negatively affects plant susceptibility to disease. Specific focus of this review is on cucumber plants exposed to salt stress and thereafter infected with Pseudomonas syringae pv lachrymans (Psl). We addressed this problem by discussing the changes in photochemistry, the antioxidant system, primary carbon metabolism, salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA) contents. Salt-treated plants were more prone to infection and this effect was determined by changes in the hormonal and redox balance as well as the carboxylate metabolism and activities of some NADPH-generating enzymes. Our detailed understanding of the interactive effects of biotic and abiotic stresses is fundamental to achieve enhanced tolerance to combination stress in agronomically important crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Chojak-Koźniewska
- Genetically Modified Organisms Controlling Laboratory, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute – National Research Institute, Radzików, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Kuźniak
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lódź, Lódź, Poland
| | - Janusz Zimny
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Cytogenetics, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute – National Research Institute, Radzików, Poland
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Tóth SZ, Lőrincz T, Szarka A. Concentration Does Matter: The Beneficial and Potentially Harmful Effects of Ascorbate in Humans and Plants. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:1516-1533. [PMID: 28974112 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Ascorbate (Asc) is an essential compound both in animals and plants, mostly due to its reducing properties, thereby playing a role in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and acting as a cofactor in various enzymatic reactions. Recent Advances: Growing number of evidence shows that excessive Asc accumulation may have negative effects on cellular functions both in humans and plants; inter alia it may negatively affect signaling mechanisms, cellular redox status, and contribute to the production of ROS via the Fenton reaction. CRITICAL ISSUES Both plants and humans tightly control cellular Asc levels, possibly via biosynthesis, transport, and degradation, to maintain them in an optimum concentration range, which, among other factors, is essential to minimize the potentially harmful effects of Asc. On the contrary, the Fenton reaction induced by a high-dose Asc treatment in humans enables a potential cancer-selective cell death pathway. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The elucidation of Asc induced cancer selective cell death mechanisms may give us a tool to apply Asc in cancer therapy. On the contrary, the regulatory mechanisms controlling cellular Asc levels are also to be considered, for example, when aiming at generating crops with elevated Asc levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Z Tóth
- 1 Institute of Plant Biology , Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Lőrincz
- 2 Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics , Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Szarka
- 2 Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics , Budapest, Hungary
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Igamberdiev AU, Bykova NV. Role of organic acids in the integration of cellular redox metabolism and mediation of redox signalling in photosynthetic tissues of higher plants. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 122:74-85. [PMID: 29355740 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Organic acids play a crucial role in numerous metabolic processes accompanied by transfer of electrons and protons and linked to the reduction/oxidation of major redox couples in plant cells, such as NAD, NADP, glutathione, and ascorbate. Fluxes through the pathways metabolizing organic acids modulate redox states in cell compartments, contribute to generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and mediate signal transduction processes. Organic acid metabolism not only functions to equilibrate the redox potential in plant cells but also to transfer redox equivalents between cell compartments supporting various metabolic processes. The most important role in this transfer belongs to different forms of malate dehydrogenase interconverting malate and oxaloacetate or forming pyruvate (malic enzymes). During photosynthesis malate serves as a major form of transfer of redox equivalents from chloroplasts to the cytosol and other compartments via the malate valve. On the other hand, mitochondria, via alterations of their redox potential, become a source of citrate that can be transported to the cytosol and support biosynthesis of amino acids. Citrate is also an important retrograde signalling compound that regulates transcription of several genes including those encoding the alternative oxidase. The alternative oxidase, which is activated by increased redox potential and by pyruvate, is, in turn, important for the maintenance of redox potential in mitochondria. The roles of organic acids in establishing redox equilibrium, supporting ionic gradients on membranes, acidification of the extracellular medium, and regulation of production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir U Igamberdiev
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada A1B 3X9.
| | - Natalia V Bykova
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, MB, Canada R6M 1Y5
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18
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Scalera V, Giangregorio N, De Leonardis S, Console L, Carulli ES, Tonazzi A. Characterization of a Novel Mitochondrial Ascorbate Transporter From Rat Liver and Potato Mitochondria. Front Mol Biosci 2018; 5:58. [PMID: 29998111 PMCID: PMC6028771 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2018.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mitochondrial Ascorbic Acid Transporter (MAT) from both rat liver and potato mitochondria has been reconstituted in proteoliposomes. The protein has a molecular mass in the range of 28–35 kDa and catalyzes saturable, temperature and pH dependent, unidirectional ascorbic acid transport. The transport activity is sodium independent and it is optimal at acidic pH values. It is stimulated by proton gradient, thus supporting that ascorbate is symported with H+. It is efficiently inhibited by the lysine reagent pyridoxal phosphate and it is not affected by inhibitors of other recognized plasma and mitochondrial membranes ascorbate transporters GLUT1(glucose transporter-1) or SVCT2 (sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter-2). Rat protein catalyzes a cooperative ascorbate transport, being involved two binding sites; the measured K0.5 is 1.5 mM. Taking into account the experimental results we propose that the reconstituted ascorbate transporter is not a GLUT or SVCT, since it shows different biochemical features. Data of potato transporter overlap the mammalian ones, except for the kinetic parameters non-experimentally measurable, thus supporting the MAT in plants fulfills the same transport role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Scalera
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Giangregorio
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,CNR-IBIOM (Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies), Bari, Italy
| | | | - Lara Console
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | | | - Annamaria Tonazzi
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,CNR-IBIOM (Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies), Bari, Italy
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19
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Emamverdian A, Ding Y, Xie Y, Sangari S. Silicon Mechanisms to Ameliorate Heavy Metal Stress in Plants. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:8492898. [PMID: 29850578 PMCID: PMC5937581 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8492898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The increased contaminants caused by anthropogenic activities in the environment and the importance of finding pathways to reduce pollution caused the silicon application to be considered an important detoxification agent. Silicon, as a beneficial element, plays an important role in amelioration of abiotic stress, such as an extreme dose of heavy metal in plants. There are several mechanisms involved in silicon mediation in plants, including the reduction of heavy metal uptake by plants, changing pH value, formation of Si heavy metals, and stimulation of enzyme activity, which can work by chemical and physical pathways. The aim of this paper is to investigate the major silicon-related mechanisms that reduce the toxicity of heavy metals in plants and then to assess the role of silicon in increasing the antioxidant enzyme and nonenzyme activities to protect the plant cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolghassem Emamverdian
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yulong Ding
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yinfeng Xie
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Sirous Sangari
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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20
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Karami-Moalem S, Maali-Amiri R, Kazemi-Shahandashti SS. Effect of cold stress on oxidative damage and mitochondrial respiratory properties in chickpea. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 122:31-39. [PMID: 29172103 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The present work aimed to characterize some of the mitochondrial and defense responses involved in tolerance to cold stress (CS) in tolerant (Sel96Th11439) and sensitive (ILC533) chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes. During CS, the tolerant genotype prevented the H2O2 accumulation significantly; led to a decrease in electrolyte leakage index (ELI), which was a sign of relative acclimation of this genotype compared to sensitive one. A significant positive correlation between ELI and H2O2 (r0.01 = 0.86) content confirmed these results. Under cold, a significant increase in the alternative oxidase (AOX) activity was observed in tolerant genotype compared to sensitive one. In parallel, the high activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) accompanied with catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities and also the extreme amounts of ascorbate and proline certified the active reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging systems. There was a significant negative correlation between damage indices like H2O2 content and the activity of AOX (r0.01 = -0.79) as well as significant positive correlation between AOX activity with CAT (r0.05 = 0.61), SOD (r0.05 = 0.51) and APX activity (r0.05 = 0.52). The increasing succinate dehydrogenase (CaSDH), CaAOX and cytochrome c oxidase (CaCOX) gene expression showed an enhancing response of respiration under CS in tolerant plants compared to sensitive ones. The increasing trend of phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) activity in tolerant genotype particularly in the sixth day of CS indicated the recovered performance of metabolism pathways. Therefore, the increase of AOX activity along with other defensive mechanisms could be coordinately related to cold tolerance mechanisms in order to alleviate cold-induced oxidative stress in chickpea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Karami-Moalem
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, 31587-77871, Karaj, Iran
| | - Reza Maali-Amiri
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, 31587-77871, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Seyyedeh-Sanam Kazemi-Shahandashti
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, 31587-77871, Karaj, Iran
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21
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Rodríguez-Ruiz M, Mateos RM, Codesido V, Corpas FJ, Palma JM. Characterization of the galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase from pepper fruits and its modulation in the ascorbate biosynthesis. Role of nitric oxide. Redox Biol 2017; 12:171-181. [PMID: 28242561 PMCID: PMC5328913 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pepper fruit is one of the highest vitamin C sources of plant origin for our diet. In plants, ascorbic acid is mainly synthesized through the L-galactose pathway, being the L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase (GalLDH) the last step. Using pepper fruits, the full GalLDH gene was cloned and the protein molecular characterization accomplished. GalLDH protein sequence (586 residues) showed a 37 amino acids signal peptide at the N-terminus, characteristic of mitochondria. The hydrophobic analysis of the mature protein displayed one transmembrane helix comprising 20 amino acids at the N-terminus. By using a polyclonal antibody raised against a GalLDH internal sequence and immunoblotting analysis, a 56kDa polypeptide cross-reacted with pepper fruit samples. Using leaves, flowers, stems and fruits, the expression of GalLDH by qRT-PCR and the enzyme activity were analyzed, and results indicate that GalLDH is a key player in the physiology of pepper plants, being possibly involved in the processes which undertake the transport of ascorbate among different organs. We also report that an NO (nitric oxide)-enriched atmosphere enhanced ascorbate content in pepper fruits about 40% parallel to increased GalLDH gene expression and enzyme activity. This is the first report on the stimulating effect of NO treatment on the vitamin C concentration in plants. Accordingly, the modulation by NO of GalLDH was addressed. In vitro enzymatic assays of GalLDH were performed in the presence of SIN-1 (peroxynitrite donor) and S-nitrosoglutahione (NO donor). Combined results of in vivo NO treatment and in vitro assays showed that NO provoked the regulation of GalLDH at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, but not post-translational modifications through nitration or S-nitrosylation events promoted by reactive nitrogen species (RNS) took place. These results suggest that this modulation point of the ascorbate biosynthesis could be potentially used for biotechnological purposes to increase the vitamin C levels in pepper fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Rodríguez-Ruiz
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Dept. Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, C/ Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain.
| | - Rosa M Mateos
- University Hospital Puerta del Mar, Avenida Ana de Viya, 21, Cádiz 11009, Spain.
| | - Verónica Codesido
- Phytoplant Research S.L, Rabanales 21 - The Science and Technology Park of Córdoba, C/ Astrónoma Cecilia Payne, Edificio Centauro, módulo B-1, 14014 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Dept. Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, C/ Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain.
| | - José M Palma
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Dept. Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, C/ Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain.
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22
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Anwar M, Ahmad S, Akhtar R, Mahmood A, Mahmood S. Antioxidant Supplementation: A Linchpin in Radiation-Induced Enteritis. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2017; 16:676-691. [PMID: 28532242 PMCID: PMC5762044 DOI: 10.1177/1533034617707598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation enteritis is one of the most feared complications of abdominal and pelvic regions. Thus, radiation to abdominal or pelvic malignancies unavoidably injures the intestine. Because of rapid cell turnover, the intestine is highly sensitive to radiation injury, which is the limiting factor in the permissible dosage of irradiation. Bowel injuries such as fistulas, strictures, and chronic malabsorption are potentially life-threatening complications and have an impact on patient quality of life. The incidence of radiation enteritis is increasing because of the current trend of combined chemotherapy and radiation. The consequences of radiation damage to the intestine may result in considerable morbidity and even mortality. The observed effects of ionizing radiation are mediated mainly by oxygen-free radicals that are generated by its action on water and are involved in several steps of signal transduction cascade, leading to apoptosis. The oxyradicals also induce DNA strand breaks and protein oxidation. An important line of defense against free radical damage is the presence of antioxidants. Therefore, administration of antioxidants may ameliorate the radiation-induced damage to the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mumtaz Anwar
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shabeer Ahmad
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Reyhan Akhtar
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Akhtar Mahmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Safrun Mahmood
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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23
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Kim YH, Khan AL, Waqas M, Lee IJ. Silicon Regulates Antioxidant Activities of Crop Plants under Abiotic-Induced Oxidative Stress: A Review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:510. [PMID: 28428797 PMCID: PMC5382202 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is the second most abundant element in soil, where its availability to plants can exhilarate to 10% of total dry weight of the plant. Si accumulation/transport occurs in the upward direction, and has been identified in several crop plants. Si application has been known to ameliorate plant growth and development during normal and stressful conditions over past two-decades. During abiotic (salinity, drought, thermal, and heavy metal etc) stress, one of the immediate responses by plant is the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as singlet oxygen (1O2), superoxide ([Formula: see text]), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals (OH), which cause severe damage to the cell structure, organelles, and functions. To alleviate and repair this damage, plants have developed a complex antioxidant system to maintain homeostasis through non-enzymatic (carotenoids, tocopherols, ascorbate, and glutathione) and enzymatic antioxidants [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)]. To this end, the exogenous application of Si has been found to induce stress tolerance by regulating the generation of ROS, reducing electrolytic leakage, and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, and immobilizing and reducing the uptake of toxic ions like Na, under stressful conditions. However, the interaction of Si and plant antioxidant enzyme system remains poorly understood, and further in-depth analyses at the transcriptomic level are needed to understand the mechanisms responsible for the Si-mediated regulation of stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Ha Kim
- Division of Plant Biosciences, Kyungpook National UniversityDaegu, South Korea
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri-ColumbiaColumbia, MO, USA
| | - Abdul L. Khan
- UoN Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants and Marine Natural Products, University of NizwaNizwa, Oman
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Division of Plant Biosciences, Kyungpook National UniversityDaegu, South Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Abdul Wali Khan University MardanKhyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - In-Jung Lee
- Division of Plant Biosciences, Kyungpook National UniversityDaegu, South Korea
- *Correspondence: In-Jung Lee
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Seminario A, Song L, Zulet A, Nguyen HT, González EM, Larrainzar E. Drought Stress Causes a Reduction in the Biosynthesis of Ascorbic Acid in Soybean Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1042. [PMID: 28663755 PMCID: PMC5471321 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Drought provokes a number of physiological changes in plants including oxidative damage. Ascorbic acid (AsA), also known as vitamin C, is one of the most abundant water-soluble antioxidant compound present in plant tissues. However, little is known on the regulation of AsA biosynthesis under drought stress conditions. In the current work we analyze the effects of water deficit on the biosynthesis of AsA by measuring its content, in vivo biosynthesis and the expression level of genes in the Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway in one of the major legume crop, soybean (Glycine max L. Merr). Since the pathway has not been described in legumes, we first searched for the putative orthologous genes in the soybean genome. We observed a significant genetic redundancy, with multiple genes encoding each step in the pathway. Based on RNA-seq analysis, expression of the complete pathway was detected not only in leaves but also in root tissue. Putative paralogous genes presented differential expression patterns in response to drought, suggesting the existence of functional specialization mechanisms. We found a correlation between the levels of AsA and GalLDH biosynthetic rates in leaves of drought-stressed soybean plants. However, the levels of GalLDH transcripts did not show significant differences under water deficit conditions. Among the other known regulators of the pathway, only the expression of VTC1 genes correlated with the observed decline in AsA in leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Seminario
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Universidad Pública de NavarraPamplona, Spain
| | - Li Song
- Division of Plant Science and National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, ColumbiaMO, United States
| | - Amaia Zulet
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Universidad Pública de NavarraPamplona, Spain
| | - Henry T. Nguyen
- Division of Plant Science and National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, ColumbiaMO, United States
| | - Esther M. González
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Universidad Pública de NavarraPamplona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Estíbaliz Larrainzar, Esther M. González,
| | - Estíbaliz Larrainzar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Universidad Pública de NavarraPamplona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Estíbaliz Larrainzar, Esther M. González,
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25
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Noctor G, Foyer CH. Intracellular Redox Compartmentation and ROS-Related Communication in Regulation and Signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:1581-92. [PMID: 27208308 PMCID: PMC4936564 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed enormous progress in understanding redox signaling related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants. The consensus view is that such signaling is intrinsic to many developmental processes and responses to the environment. ROS-related redox signaling is tightly wedded to compartmentation. Because membranes function as barriers, highly redox-active powerhouses such as chloroplasts, peroxisomes, and mitochondria may elicit specific signaling responses. However, transporter functions allow membranes also to act as bridges between compartments, and so regulated capacity to transmit redox changes across membranes influences the outcome of triggers produced at different locations. As well as ROS and other oxidizing species, antioxidants are key players that determine the extent of ROS accumulation at different sites and that may themselves act as signal transmitters. Like ROS, antioxidants can be transported across membranes. In addition, the intracellular distribution of antioxidative enzymes may be modulated to regulate or facilitate redox signaling appropriate to the conditions. Finally, there is substantial plasticity in organellar shape, with extensions such as stromules, peroxules, and matrixules playing potentially crucial roles in organelle-organelle communication. We provide an overview of the advances in subcellular compartmentation, identifying the gaps in our knowledge and discussing future developments in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Noctor
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (G.N.); andCentre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology and Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom (C.H.F.)
| | - Christine H Foyer
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (G.N.); andCentre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology and Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom (C.H.F.)
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Fernie AR, Tóth SZ. Identification of the Elusive Chloroplast Ascorbate Transporter Extends the Substrate Specificity of the PHT Family. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:674-676. [PMID: 25700636 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Szilvia Z Tóth
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, PO Box 521, Szeged H-6701, Hungary
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Cai X, Ye J, Hu T, Zhang Y, Ye Z, Li H. Genome-wide classification and expression analysis of nucleobase–ascorbate transporter (NAT) gene family in tomato. PLANT GROWTH REGULATION 2014. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s10725-013-9864-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
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Sunil B, Talla SK, Aswani V, Raghavendra AS. Optimization of photosynthesis by multiple metabolic pathways involving interorganelle interactions: resource sharing and ROS maintenance as the bases. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2013; 117:61-71. [PMID: 23881384 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-013-9889-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The bioenergetic processes of photosynthesis and respiration are mutually beneficial. Their interaction extends to photorespiration, which is linked to optimize photosynthesis. The interplay of these three pathways is facilitated by two major phenomena: sharing of energy/metabolite resources and maintenance of optimal levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The resource sharing among different compartments of plant cells is based on the production/utilization of reducing equivalents (NADPH, NADH) and ATP as well as on the metabolite exchange. The responsibility of generating the cellular requirements of ATP and NAD(P)H is mostly by the chloroplasts and mitochondria. In turn, besides the chloroplasts, the mitochondria, cytosol and peroxisomes are common sinks for reduced equivalents. Transporters located in membranes ensure the coordinated movement of metabolites across the cellular compartments. The present review emphasizes the beneficial interactions among photosynthesis, dark respiration and photorespiration, in relation to metabolism of C, N and S. Since the bioenergetic reactions tend to generate ROS, the cells modulate chloroplast and mitochondrial reactions, so as to ensure that the ROS levels do not rise to toxic levels. The patterns of minimization of ROS production and scavenging of excess ROS in intracellular compartments are highlighted. Some of the emerging developments are pointed out, such as model plants, orientation/movement of organelles and metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobba Sunil
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
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