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Ding W, Wang JX, Wu JZ, Liu AC, Jiang LL, Zhang HC, Meng Y, Liu BY, Peng GJ, Lou EZ, Mao Q, Zhou H, Tang DL, Chen X, Liu JB, Shi XP. Targeting proteasomal deubiquitinases USP14 and UCHL5 with b-AP15 reduces 5-fluorouracil resistance in colorectal cancer cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:2537-2548. [PMID: 37528233 PMCID: PMC10692219 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01136-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is the first-line treatment for colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, but the development of acquired resistance to 5-FU remains a big challenge. Deubiquitinases play a key role in the protein degradation pathway, which is involved in cancer development and chemotherapy resistance. In this study, we investigated the effects of targeted inhibition of the proteasomal deubiquitinases USP14 and UCHL5 on the development of CRC and resistance to 5-FU. By analyzing GEO datasets, we found that the mRNA expression levels of USP14 and UCHL5 in CRC tissues were significantly increased, and negatively correlated with the survival of CRC patients. Knockdown of both USP14 and UCHL5 led to increased 5-FU sensitivity in 5-FU-resistant CRC cell lines (RKO-R and HCT-15R), whereas overexpression of USP14 and UCHL5 in 5-FU-sensitive CRC cells decreased 5-FU sensitivity. B-AP15, a specific inhibitor of USP14 and UCHL5, (1-5 μM) dose-dependently inhibited the viability of RKO, RKO-R, HCT-15, and HCT-15R cells. Furthermore, treatment with b-AP15 reduced the malignant phenotype of CRC cells including cell proliferation and migration, and induced cell death in both 5-FU-sensitive and 5-FU-resistant CRC cells by impairing proteasome function and increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In addition, b-AP15 inhibited the activation of NF-κB pathway, suppressing cell proliferation. In 5-FU-sensitive and 5-FU-resistant CRC xenografts nude mice, administration of b-AP15 (8 mg·kg-1·d-1, intraperitoneal injection) effectively suppressed the growth of both types of tumors. These results demonstrate that USP14 and UCHL5 play an important role in the development of CRC and resistance to 5-FU. Targeting USP14 and UCHL5 with b-AP15 may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wa Ding
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, 511500, China
- Guangdong Provincial Education Department Key Laboratory of Nano-Immunoregulation Tumour Microenvironment, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Jin-Xiang Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, Precision Medicine Center, Department of Biobank, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Jun-Zheng Wu
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, 511500, China
| | - Ao-Chu Liu
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, 511500, China
| | - Li-Ling Jiang
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, 511500, China
| | - Hai-Chuan Zhang
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, 511500, China
| | - Yi Meng
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, 511500, China
| | - Bing-Yuan Liu
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, 511500, China
| | - Guan-Jie Peng
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, 511500, China
| | - En-Zhe Lou
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, 511500, China
| | - Qiong Mao
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, 511500, China
| | - Huan Zhou
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, 511500, China
| | - Dao-Lin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, 511500, China.
| | - Jin-Bao Liu
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, 511500, China.
| | - Xian-Ping Shi
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, 511500, China.
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Si J, Liu B, Qi K, Chen X, Li D, Yang S, Ji E. Tanshinone IIA inhibited intermittent hypoxia induced neuronal injury through promoting autophagy via AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 315:116677. [PMID: 37268259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) is the primary pathophysiological process of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and is closely linked to neurocognitive dysfunction. Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) is extracted from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge and used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to improve cognitive impairment. Studies have shown that Tan IIA has anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties and provides protection in intermittent hypoxia (IH) conditions. However, the specific mechanism is still unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY To assess the protective effect and mechanism of Tan IIA treatment on neuronal injury in HT22 cells exposed to IH. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study established an HT22 cell model exposed to IH (0.1% O2 3 min/21% O2 7 min for six cycles/h). Cell viability was determined using the Cell Counting Kit-8, and cell injury was determined using the LDH release assay. Mitochondrial damage and cell apoptosis were observed using the Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and Apoptosis Detection Kit. Oxidative stress was assessed using DCFH-DA staining and flow cytometry. The level of autophagy was assessed using the Cell Autophagy Staining Test Kit and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Western blot was used to detect the expressions of the AMPK-mTOR pathway, LC3, P62, Beclin-1, Nrf2, HO-1, SOD2, NOX2, Bcl-2/Bax, and caspase-3. RESULTS The study showed that Tan IIA significantly improved HT22 cell viability under IH conditions. Tan IIA treatment improved mitochondrial membrane potential, decreased cell apoptosis, inhibited oxidative stress, and increased autophagy levels in HT22 cells under IH conditions. Furthermore, Tan IIA increased AMPK phosphorylation and LC3II/I, Beclin-1, Nrf2, HO-1, SOD2, and Bcl-2/Bax expressions, while decreasing mTOR phosphorylation and NOX2 and cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3 expressions. CONCLUSION The study suggested that Tan IIA significantly ameliorated neuronal injury in HT22 cells exposed to IH. The neuroprotective mechanism of Tan IIA may mainly be related to inhibiting oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis by activating the AMPK/mTOR autophagy pathway under IH conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchao Si
- Department of Physiology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bingbing Liu
- Department of Physiology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kerong Qi
- Department of Physiology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xue Chen
- Department of Physiology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dongli Li
- Department of Physiology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shengchang Yang
- Department of Physiology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China; Hebei Technology Innovation Center of TCM Combined Hydrogen Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ensheng Ji
- Department of Physiology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China; Hebei Technology Innovation Center of TCM Combined Hydrogen Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
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Međedović M, Rilak Simović A, Ćoćić D, Senft L, Matić S, Todorović D, Popović S, Baskić D, Petrović B. New ruthenium(II) complexes with quinone diimine and substituted bipyridine as inert ligands: synthesis, characterization, mechanism of action, DNA/HSA binding affinity and cytotoxic activity. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:1323-1344. [PMID: 36629870 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02993f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the synthesis and structural characterization of a series of new ruthenium(II) complexes 1-7, with the general formula mer-[RuL3(N-N)Cl]Cl, where L is 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine (tpy) or 4'-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine (Cl-Ph-tpy) and N-N is o-benzoquinonediimine (o-bqdi), 2,3-naphthoquinonediimine (nqdi), 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (dmbpy) or 2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid (dcbpy). The kinetic results showed that the ligand substitution reactions of new Ru(II)-polypyridyl complexes with biomolecules were affected by different substituents and the aromaticity of meridional tridentate and bidentate spectator ligands as well as by the nature of the entering nucleophile. The reactivity of the complexes increases in the order: dmbpy < dcbipy < nqdi < o-bqdi. In addition, quantum chemical calculations were performed to support the interpretation and discussion of the experimental data. Furthermore, combining ethidium bromide (EB) and Hoechst 33258 (2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-[5-(4-methylpiperazine-1-yl)benzimidazo-2-yl]-benzimidazole) fluorescence assay results implied that 1-7 might interact with calf thymus DNA through partial intercalation and/or minor groove binding. The human serum albumin (HAS)-fluorescence binding studies involving the site markers, eosin Y, as a marker for site I of subdomain IIA, and ibuprofen, as a marker for site II of subdomain IIIA, showed that Ru(II) compounds bind to both sites with moderately strong affinity (Kb = 104-106 M-1). Moreover, these DNA/HSA experimental results were confirmed by molecular docking. Complexes 2, 5 and 6 exerted good to strong and highly selective cytotoxic activity against breast adenocarcinoma (MDA-MB 231), colorectal carcinoma (HCT116) and cervix adenocarcinoma (HeLa). Depending on their structure and cell line, the complexes acted differently in terms of their influence on autophagy, the cell cycle and the engaged apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Međedović
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Ana Rilak Simović
- University of Kragujevac, Institute for Information Technologies Kragujevac, Department of Natural Sciences, Jovana Cvijića bb, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Dušan Ćoćić
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Laura Senft
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität (LMU) München, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Sanja Matić
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Danijela Todorović
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Genetics, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Suzana Popović
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Dejan Baskić
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Biljana Petrović
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
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Physiological Overview of the Potential Link between the UPS and Ca2+ Signaling. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050997. [PMID: 35624861 PMCID: PMC9137615 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) is the main proteolytic pathway by which damaged target proteins are degraded after ubiquitination and the recruit of ubiquitinated proteins, thus regulating diverse physiological functions and the maintenance in various tissues and cells. Ca2+ signaling is raised by oxidative or ER stress. Although the basic function of the UPS has been extensively elucidated and has been continued to define its mechanism, the precise relationship between the UPS and Ca2+ signaling remains unclear. In the present review, we describe the relationship between the UPS and Ca2+ signaling, including Ca2+-associated proteins, to understand the end point of oxidative stress. The UPS modulates Ca2+ signaling via the degradation of Ca2+-related proteins, including Ca2+ channels and transporters. Conversely, the modulation of UPS is driven by increases in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration. The multifaceted relationship between the UPS and Ca2+ plays critical roles in different tissue systems. Thus, we highlight the potential crosstalk between the UPS and Ca2+ signaling by providing an overview of the UPS in different organ systems and illuminating the relationship between the UPS and autophagy.
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5
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Kahya U, Köseer AS, Dubrovska A. Amino Acid Transporters on the Guard of Cell Genome and Epigenome. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:E125. [PMID: 33401748 PMCID: PMC7796306 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis is driven by metabolic reprogramming. Oncogenic mutations and epigenetic alterations that cause metabolic rewiring may also upregulate the reactive oxygen species (ROS). Precise regulation of the intracellular ROS levels is critical for tumor cell growth and survival. High ROS production leads to the damage of vital macromolecules, such as DNA, proteins, and lipids, causing genomic instability and further tumor evolution. One of the hallmarks of cancer metabolism is deregulated amino acid uptake. In fast-growing tumors, amino acids are not only the source of energy and building intermediates but also critical regulators of redox homeostasis. Amino acid uptake regulates the intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels, endoplasmic reticulum stress, unfolded protein response signaling, mTOR-mediated antioxidant defense, and epigenetic adaptations of tumor cells to oxidative stress. This review summarizes the role of amino acid transporters as the defender of tumor antioxidant system and genome integrity and discusses them as promising therapeutic targets and tumor imaging tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uğur Kahya
- OncoRay–National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01309 Dresden, Germany; (U.K.); (A.S.K.)
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology-OncoRay, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ayşe Sedef Köseer
- OncoRay–National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01309 Dresden, Germany; (U.K.); (A.S.K.)
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology-OncoRay, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna Dubrovska
- OncoRay–National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01309 Dresden, Germany; (U.K.); (A.S.K.)
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology-OncoRay, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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6
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Han B, Luo J, Jiang P, Li Y, Wang Q, Bai Y, Chen J, Wang J, Zhang J. Inhibition of Embryonic HSP 90 Function Promotes Variation of Cold Tolerance in Zebrafish. Front Genet 2020; 11:541944. [PMID: 33343615 PMCID: PMC7746879 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.541944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) plays essential roles in modulation of phenotypic plasticity in vertebrate development, however, the roles of HSP90 in modulation of cold tolerance capacity in fish are still unclear. In the present study, we showed that transient inhibition of embryonic HSP90 function by a chemical inhibitor or low conductivity stress promoted variation of cold tolerance capacity in adult zebrafish. Further work showed that embryonic HSP90 inhibition enhanced cold tolerance in adult zebrafish could be transmitted to their offspring. RNA-seq data showed that embryonic HSP90 inhibition enhanced cold tolerance involves variation of gene expression related to proteasome, lysosome, autophagy, and ribosome. Experiments with zebrafish ZF4 cells showed that two differentially expressed genes atg9b and psmd12 were up-regulated by radicicol treatment and provided protective roles for cells under cold stress, indicating that up-regulation of autophagy and proteasome function contributes to enhanced cold tolerance. The present work sheds a light on the roles of HSP90 in regulation of phenotypic plasticity associated with thermal adaptation in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingshe Han
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juntao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Penglei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yajing Bai
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junfang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
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Pellegrini P, Selvaraju K, Faustini E, Mofers A, Zhang X, Ternerot J, Schubert A, Linder S, D′Arcy P. Induction of ER Stress in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cells by the Deubiquitinase Inhibitor VLX1570. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134757. [PMID: 32635430 PMCID: PMC7369842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteasome is a validated target of cancer therapeutics. Inhibition of proteasome activity results in the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) characterized by phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), global translational arrest, and increased expression of the proapoptotic CHOP (C/EBP homologous protein) protein. Defects in the UPR response has been reported to result in altered sensitivity of tumor cells to proteasome inhibitors. Here, we characterized the effects of the deubiquitinase (DUB) inhibitor VLX1570 on protein homeostasis, both at the level of the UPR and on protein translation, in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Similar to the 20S inhibitor bortezomib, VLX1570 induced accumulation of polyubiquitinated proteins and increased expression of the chaperone Grp78/Bip in ALL cells. Both compounds induced cleavage of PARP (Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase) in ALL cells, consistent with induction of apoptosis. However, and in contrast to bortezomib, VLX1570 treatment resulted in limited induction of the proapoptotic CHOP protein. Translational inhibition was observed by both bortezomib and VLX1570. We report that in distinction to bortezomib, suppression of translation by VXL1570 occurred at the level of elongation. Increased levels of Hsc70/Hsp70 proteins were observed on polysomes following exposure to VLX1570, possibly suggesting defects in nascent protein folding. Our findings demonstrate apoptosis induction in ALL cells that appears to be uncoupled from CHOP induction, and show that VLX1570 suppresses protein translation by a mechanism distinct from that of bortezomib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Pellegrini
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, S-58183 Linköping, Sweden; (P.P.); (K.S.); (E.F.); (A.M.); (J.T.); (A.S.); (S.L.)
| | - Karthik Selvaraju
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, S-58183 Linköping, Sweden; (P.P.); (K.S.); (E.F.); (A.M.); (J.T.); (A.S.); (S.L.)
| | - Elena Faustini
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, S-58183 Linköping, Sweden; (P.P.); (K.S.); (E.F.); (A.M.); (J.T.); (A.S.); (S.L.)
| | - Arjan Mofers
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, S-58183 Linköping, Sweden; (P.P.); (K.S.); (E.F.); (A.M.); (J.T.); (A.S.); (S.L.)
| | - Xiaonan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Jens Ternerot
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, S-58183 Linköping, Sweden; (P.P.); (K.S.); (E.F.); (A.M.); (J.T.); (A.S.); (S.L.)
| | - Alice Schubert
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, S-58183 Linköping, Sweden; (P.P.); (K.S.); (E.F.); (A.M.); (J.T.); (A.S.); (S.L.)
| | - Stig Linder
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, S-58183 Linköping, Sweden; (P.P.); (K.S.); (E.F.); (A.M.); (J.T.); (A.S.); (S.L.)
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, S-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pádraig D′Arcy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, S-58183 Linköping, Sweden; (P.P.); (K.S.); (E.F.); (A.M.); (J.T.); (A.S.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Petushkova AI, Zamyatnin AA. Redox-Mediated Post-Translational Modifications of Proteolytic Enzymes and Their Role in Protease Functioning. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040650. [PMID: 32340246 PMCID: PMC7226053 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic enzymes play a crucial role in metabolic processes, providing the cell with amino acids through the hydrolysis of multiple endogenous and exogenous proteins. In addition to this function, proteases are involved in numerous protein cascades to maintain cellular and extracellular homeostasis. The redox regulation of proteolysis provides a flexible dose-dependent mechanism for proteolytic activity control. The excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in living organisms indicate pathological conditions, so redox-sensitive proteases can swiftly induce pro-survival responses or regulated cell death (RCD). At the same time, severe protein oxidation can lead to the dysregulation of proteolysis, which induces either protein aggregation or superfluous protein hydrolysis. Therefore, oxidative stress contributes to the onset of age-related dysfunction. In the present review, we consider the post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteolytic enzymes and their impact on homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia I. Petushkova
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Andrey A. Zamyatnin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Oxidative Stress Induced by the Deubiquitinase Inhibitor b-AP15 Is Associated with Mitochondrial Impairment. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:1659468. [PMID: 31281566 PMCID: PMC6590552 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1659468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the 20S proteasome such as bortezomib are cytotoxic to tumor cells and have been proven to be valuable for the clinical management of multiple myeloma. The therapeutic efficacy of bortezomib is, however, hampered by the emergence of acquired resistance. Available data suggest that blocking proteasome activity at the level of proteasome-associated deubiquitinases (DUBs) provides a mechanism to overcome resistance to bortezomib and also to other cancer therapies. The small molecule b-AP15 is an inhibitor of proteasome-associated DUB activity that induces both proteotoxic stress and increases in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tumor cells. Antioxidants have been shown to decrease apoptosis induction by b-AP15 and we here addressed the question of the mechanism of redox perturbation by this compound. We show that oxidative stress induction by b-AP15 is abrogated in cells deprived of mitochondrial DNA (ρ0 cells). We also show associations between the level of proteotoxic stress, the degree of mitochondrial dysfunction, and the extent of induction of hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1), a target of the redox-regulated Nrf-2 transcription factor. Decreased expression of COX5b (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5b) and TOMM34 (translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 34) was observed in b-AP15-treated cells. These findings suggest a mitochondrial origin of the increased levels of ROS observed in cells exposed to the DUB inhibitor b-AP15.
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Improvement of vascular dysfunction by argirein through inhibiting endothelial cell apoptosis associated with ET-1/Nox4 signal pathway in diabetic rats. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12620. [PMID: 30135489 PMCID: PMC6105644 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30386-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell apoptosis plays an important role in the pathophysiological mechanism of vascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Argirein, a new synthetic compound was demonstrated to inactivate NADPH oxidase to alleviate cardiac dysfunction in T2DM. Here, we investigated whether argirein medication attenuated the vascular dysfunction in T2DM by inhibiting endothelial cell apoptosis which was associated with NADPH oxidase. The rat aortic endothelial cells (RAECs) were incubated with glucose (30 mM) for 48 hour in vitro. It was shown that high glucose significantly increased the protein expression of BAX (Bcl-2 Associated X protein) and Caspase-3 and decreased Bcl2 (B-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma 2) protein level in RAECs, which was normalized by argirein medication. The annexin V-FITC bound cell percentage and DNA fragments in agarose electrophoresis were markedly suppressed by argirein to confirm the anti-apoptotic property of argirein in RAECs. Furthermore, we found that argirein blocked the endothelin (ET)-1/Nox4 signal-dependent superoxide (O2−.) generation, which regulated endothelial cell apoptosis in RAECs. In vivo, argirein intervention relieved the vasodilatory response to acetylcholine and restored the expressions of Nox4 and BAX in the aorta endothelium of high-fat diet (HFD)-fed rats following streptozocin (STZ) injection. For the first time, we demonstrated that argirein could inhibit vascular endothelial cell apoptosis, which was attributed to blocking ET-1/Nox4 signal-dependent O2− generation in RAECs. This current study revealed the therapeutic effects of argirein to prevent the vascular complication in T2DM through inhibiting endothelial cell apoptosis which was associated with the anti-oxidative property of argirein.
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Sanchez G, Berrios D, Olmedo I, Pezoa J, Riquelme JA, Montecinos L, Pedrozo Z, Donoso P. Activation of Chymotrypsin-Like Activity of the Proteasome during Ischemia Induces Myocardial Dysfunction and Death. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161068. [PMID: 27529620 PMCID: PMC4986934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of the ubiquitin-proteasome system improve hemodynamic parameters and decrease the infarct size after ischemia reperfusion. The molecular basis of this protection is not fully understood since most available data report inhibition of the 26 proteasome after ischemia reperfusion. The decrease in cellular ATP levels during ischemia leads to the dissociation of the 26S proteasome into the 19S regulatory complex and the 20S catalytic core, which results in protein degradation independently of ubiquitination. There is scarce information on the activity of the 20S proteasome during cardiac ischemia. Accordingly, the aim of this work was to determine the effects of 30 minutes of ischemia, or 30 min of ischemia followed by 60 minutes of reperfusion on the three main peptidase activities of the 20S proteasome in Langendorff perfused rat hearts. We found that 30 min of ischemia produced a significant increase in the chymotrypsin-like activity of the proteasome, without changes in its caspase-like or trypsin-like activities. In contrast, all three activities were decreased upon reperfusion. Ixazomib, perfused before ischemia at a concentration that reduced the chymotrypsin-like activity to 50% of the control values, without affecting the other proteasomal activities, improved the hemodynamic parameters upon reperfusion and decreased the infarct size. Ixazomib also prevented the 50% reduction in RyR2 content observed after ischemia. The protection was lost, however, when simultaneous inhibition of chymotrypsin-like and caspase-like activities of the proteasome was achieved at higher concentration of ixazomib. Our results suggest that selective inhibition of chymotrypsin-like activity of the proteasome during ischemia preserves key proteins for cardiomyocyte function and exerts a positive impact on cardiac performance after reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Sanchez
- Programa de Fisiopatología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Berrios
- Programa de Fisiopatología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ivonne Olmedo
- Programa de Fisiopatología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javier Pezoa
- Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime A Riquelme
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Montecinos
- Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Zully Pedrozo
- Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulina Donoso
- Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Pereira-Neves A, Menna-Barreto RFS, Benchimol M. The fungal metabolite gliotoxin inhibits proteasome proteolytic activity and induces an irreversible pseudocystic transformation and cell death in Tritrichomonas foetus. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:3057-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5061-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Schröder H, Komljenovic D, Hecker M, Korff T. Transdermal drug targeting and functional imaging of tumor blood vessels in the mouse auricle. FASEB J 2015; 30:923-32. [PMID: 26546130 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-279240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Subcutaneously growing tumors are widely utilized to study tumor angiogenesis and the efficacy of antiangiogenic therapies in mice. To additionally assess functional and morphologic alterations of the vasculature in the periphery of a growing tumor, we exploited the easily accessible and hierarchically organized vasculature of the mouse auricle. By site-specific subcutaneous implantation of a defined preformed mouse B16/F0 melanoma aggregate, a solid tumor nodule developed within 14 d. Growth of the tumor nodule was accompanied by a 4-fold increase in its perfusion as well as a 2- to 4-fold elevated diameter and perfusion of peripheral blood vessels that had connected to the tumor capillary microvasculature. By transdermal application of the anticancer drug bortezomib, tumor growth was significantly diminished by about 50% without provoking side effects. Moreover, perfusion and tumor microvessel diameter as well as growth and perfusion of arterial or venous blood vessels supplying or draining the tumor microvasculature were decreased under these conditions by up to 80%. Collectively, we observed that the progressive tumor growth is accompanied by the enlargement of supplying and draining extratumoral blood vessels. This process was effectively suppressed by bortezomib, thereby restricting the perfusion capacity of both extra and intratumoral blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Schröder
- *Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; and Department of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dorde Komljenovic
- *Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; and Department of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Hecker
- *Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; and Department of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Korff
- *Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; and Department of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum), Heidelberg, Germany
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Huseby NE, Ravuri C, Moens U. The proteasome inhibitor lactacystin enhances GSH synthesis capacity by increased expression of antioxidant components in an Nrf2-independent, but p38 MAPK-dependent manner in rat colorectal carcinoma cells. Free Radic Res 2015; 50:1-13. [PMID: 26530909 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1100730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Proteasome inhibitors may induce ER stress and oxidative stress, disrupt signaling pathways, and trigger apoptosis in several cancer cells. However, they are also reported to increase glutathione (GSH) synthesis and protect cells from oxidative stress. In the present study, we showed that the proteasome inhibitor lactacystin increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and GSH levels after the treatment of HT-29 colorectal cancer cells. The increased GSH depended upon the activity of glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL), uptake of cystine/cysteine via the cystine/glutamate transporter [Formula: see text], and the activity of γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT). Increased transcription levels of the catalytic subunit of glutamate cysteine ligase (GCLC), the catalytic subunit xCT of [Formula: see text], and GGT were induced by lactacystin, although with different kinetics and stoichiometry. Lactacystin treatment also augmented protein levels of GCLC, xCT, and GGT, but significant levels were not detected until 48 h after initiation of lactacystin treatment. These increases in protein levels were dependent on the p38 MAPK pathway. Studies in cells transfected with siRNA against the transcription factor Nrf2 demonstrated that the promoter activities of xCT and GCLC, but not of GGT, depended on Nrf2. However, depletion of Nrf2 had no effect on lactacystin-induced upregulation of the GGT, GCLC, and xCT mRNA levels. Taken together, our results suggest that oxidative stress provoked by proteasomal inhibition results in the elevation of cellular GSH levels due to increased synthesis of GSH and uptake of cystine/cysteine. Following treatment with lactacystin, enhanced expression of antioxidant components involved in GSH homeostasis is p38 MAPK-dependent, but Nrf2-independent, resulting in increased GSH synthesis capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils-Erik Huseby
- a Tumor Biology Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Tromsø , Tromsø , Norway
| | - Chandra Ravuri
- a Tumor Biology Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Tromsø , Tromsø , Norway
| | - Ugo Moens
- b Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Tromsø , Tromsø , Norway
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Drews O, Taegtmeyer H. Targeting the ubiquitin-proteasome system in heart disease: the basis for new therapeutic strategies. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:2322-43. [PMID: 25133688 PMCID: PMC4241867 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Novel therapeutic strategies to treat heart failure are greatly needed. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) affects the structure and function of cardiac cells through targeted degradation of signaling and structural proteins. This review discusses both beneficial and detrimental consequences of modulating the UPS in the heart. RECENT ADVANCES Proteasome inhibitors were first used to test the role of the UPS in cardiac disease phenotypes, indicating therapeutic potential. In early cardiac remodeling and pathological hypertrophy with increased proteasome activities, proteasome inhibition prevented or restricted disease progression and contractile dysfunction. Conversely, enhancing proteasome activities by genetic manipulation, pharmacological intervention, or ischemic preconditioning also improved the outcome of cardiomyopathies and infarcted hearts with impaired cardiac and UPS function, which is, at least in part, caused by oxidative damage. CRITICAL ISSUES An understanding of the UPS status and the underlying mechanisms for its potential deregulation in cardiac disease is critical for targeted interventions. Several studies indicate that type and stage of cardiac disease influence the dynamics of UPS regulation in a nonlinear and multifactorial manner. Proteasome inhibitors targeting all proteasome complexes are associated with cardiotoxicity in humans. Furthermore, the type and dosage of proteasome inhibitor impact the pathogenesis in nonuniform ways. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Systematic analysis and targeting of individual UPS components with established and innovative tools will unravel and discriminate regulatory mechanisms that contribute to and protect against the progression of cardiac disease. Integrating this knowledge in drug design may reduce adverse effects on the heart as observed in patients treated with proteasome inhibitors against noncardiac diseases, especially cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Drews
- 1 Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology , Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Kaake RM, Kao A, Yu C, Huang L. Characterizing the dynamics of proteasome complexes by proteomics approaches. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:2444-56. [PMID: 24423446 PMCID: PMC4241863 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The proteasome is the degradation machine of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, which is critical in controlling many essential biological processes. Aberrant regulation of proteasome-dependent protein degradation can lead to various human diseases, and general proteasome inhibitors have shown efficacy for cancer treatments. Though clinically effective, current proteasome inhibitors have detrimental side effects and, thus, better therapeutic strategies targeting proteasomes are needed. Therefore, a comprehensive characterization of proteasome complexes will provide the molecular details that are essential for developing new and improved drugs. RECENT ADVANCES New mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics approaches have been developed to study protein interaction networks and structural topologies of proteasome complexes. The results have helped define the dynamic proteomes of proteasome complexes, thus providing new insights into the mechanisms underlying proteasome function and regulation. CRITICAL ISSUES The proteasome exists as heterogeneous populations in tissues/cells, and its proteome is highly dynamic and complex. In addition, proteasome complexes are regulated by various mechanisms under different physiological conditions. Consequently, complete proteomic profiling of proteasome complexes remains a major challenge for the field. FUTURE DIRECTIONS We expect that proteomic methodologies enabling full characterization of proteasome complexes will continue to evolve. Further advances in MS instrumentation and protein separation techniques will be needed to facilitate the detailed proteomic analysis of low-abundance components and subpopulations of proteasome complexes. The results will help us understand proteasome biology as well as provide new therapeutic targets for disease diagnostics and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn M Kaake
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California , Irvine, Irvine, California
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