1
|
Abstract
As medical cannabis is legalized, food safety management systems, including CBD (cannabidiol), have received attention from scientific and engineering perspectives. Observations attribute CBD changes in acidic environments and high temperatures to THC (tetrahydrocannabinol). The current research focuses on employing and optimizing 3D printers, specifically material extrusion additive manufacturing processes for telemedicine applications to safely and accurately deliver CBD-infused food. Soft meat is prepared by supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) process and simultaneously infused with hemp oil for food printing. This study personalized the amount of CBD-infused food and analyzed its operating parameters based on a theoretical Hagen-Poiseuille equation and pressure drop. Head speed, direction change within a given time, pressure drops at tip or piston, the constant mass-flux in PTE (piston type extrusion), Vizo design (VD) with aesthetic elements, and head travel distance have been optimized. Between the University of Texas at El Paso in Texas, USA, and the Korea University in Seoul, Korea, repeated IoT system variable experiments through the web-cloud were limited to less than 1 min, including print time. The telemedicine system was first tried and successfully performed using CBD-infused foods. During this process, images, G-code, video, and text, including medical descriptions, were provided simultaneously with CBD-infused food.
Collapse
|
2
|
Peng H, Shahidi F. Cannabis and Cannabis Edibles: A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:1751-1774. [PMID: 33555188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis is an excellent natural source of fiber and various bioactive cannabinoids. So far, at least 120 cannabinoids have been identified, and more novel cannabinoids are gradually being unveiled by detailed cannabis studies. However, cannabinoids in both natural and isolated forms are especially vulnerable to oxygen, heat, and light. Therefore, a diversity of cannabinoids is associated with their chemical instability to a large extent. The research status of structural conversion of cannabinoids is introduced. On the other hand, the use of drug-type cannabis and the phytocannabinoids thereof has been rapidly popularized and plays an indispensable role in both medical therapy and daily recreation. The recent legalization of edible cannabis further extends its application into the food industry. The varieties of legal edible cannabis products in the current commercial market are relatively monotonous due to rigorous restrictions under the framework of Cannabis Regulations and infancy of novel developments. Meanwhile, patents/studies related to the safety and quality assurance systems of cannabis edibles are still rare and need to be developed. Furthermore, along with cannabinoids, many phytochemicals such as flavonoids, lignans, terpenoids, and polysaccharides exist in the cannabis matrix, and these may exhibit prebiotic/probiotic properties and improve the composition of the gut microbiome. During metabolism and excretion, the bioactive phytochemicals of cannabis, mostly the cannabinoids, may be structurally modified during enterohepatic detoxification and gut fermentation. However, the potential adverse effects of both acute and chronic exposure to cannabinoids and their vulnerable groups have been clearly recognized. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the chemistry, metabolism, toxicity, commercialization, and regulations regarding cannabinoid edibles is reviewed and updated in this contribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Peng
- Department of Biochemistry Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada A1B 3X9
| | - Fereidoon Shahidi
- Department of Biochemistry Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada A1B 3X9
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Golombek P, Müller M, Barthlott I, Sproll C, Lachenmeier DW. Conversion of Cannabidiol (CBD) into Psychotropic Cannabinoids Including Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): A Controversy in the Scientific Literature. TOXICS 2020; 8:E41. [PMID: 32503116 PMCID: PMC7357058 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8020041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a naturally occurring, non-psychotropic cannabinoid of the hemp plant Cannabis sativa L. and has been known to induce several physiological and pharmacological effects. While CBD is approved as a medicinal product subject to prescription, it is also widely sold over the counter (OTC) in the form of food supplements, cosmetics and electronic cigarette liquids. However, regulatory difficulties arise from its origin being a narcotic plant or its status as an unapproved novel food ingredient. Regarding the consumer safety of these OTC products, the question whether or not CBD might be degraded into psychotropic cannabinoids, most prominently tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), under in vivo conditions initiated an ongoing scientific debate. This feature review aims to summarize the current knowledge of CBD degradation processes, specifically the results of in vitro and in vivo studies. Additionally, the literature on psychotropic effects of cannabinoids was carefully studied with a focus on the degradants and metabolites of CBD, but data were found to be sparse. While the literature is contradictory, most studies suggest that CBD is not converted to psychotropic THC under in vivo conditions. Nevertheless, it is certain that CBD degrades to psychotropic products in acidic environments. Hence, the storage stability of commercial formulations requires more attention in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dirk W. Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Straße 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany; (P.G.); (M.M.); (I.B.); (C.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Spindle TR, Cone EJ, Kuntz D, Mitchell JM, Bigelow GE, Flegel R, Vandrey R. Urinary Pharmacokinetic Profile of Cannabinoids Following Administration of Vaporized and Oral Cannabidiol and Vaporized CBD-Dominant Cannabis. J Anal Toxicol 2020; 44:109-125. [PMID: 31682266 PMCID: PMC7152694 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkz080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis products in which cannabidiol (CBD) is the primary chemical constituent (CBD-dominant) are increasingly popular and widely available. The impact of CBD exposure on urine drug testing has not been well studied. This study characterized the urinary pharmacokinetic profile of 100-mg oral and vaporized CBD, vaporized CBD-dominant cannabis (100-mg CBD; 3.7-mg ∆9-THC) and placebo in healthy adults (n = 6) using a within-subjects crossover design. Urine specimens were collected before and for 5 days after drug administration. Immunoassay (IA) screening (cutoffs of 20, 50 and 100 ng/mL) and LC-MS-MS confirmatory tests (cutoff of 15 ng/mL) for 11-nor-9-carboxy-∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THCCOOH) were performed; urine was also analyzed for CBD and other cannabinoids. Urinary concentrations of CBD were higher after oral (mean Cmax: 776 ng/mL) versus vaporized CBD (mean Cmax: 261 ng/mL). CBD concentrations peaked 5 h after oral CBD ingestion and within 1 h after inhalation of vaporized CBD. After pure CBD administration, only 1 out of 218 urine specimens screened positive for ∆9-THCCOOH (20-ng/mL IA cutoff) and no specimens exceeded the 15-ng/mL confirmatory cutoff. After inhalation of CBD-dominant cannabis vapor, nine samples screened positive at the 20-ng/mL IA cutoff, and two of those samples screened positive at the 50-ng/mL IA cutoff. Four samples that screened positive (two at 20 ng/mL and two at 50 ng/mL) confirmed positive with concentrations of ∆9-THCCOOH exceeding 15 ng/mL. These data indicate that acute dosing of pure CBD will not result in a positive urine drug test using current federal workplace drug testing guidelines (50-ng/mL IA cutoff with 15-ng/mL confirmatory cutoff). However, CBD products that also contain ∆9-THC may produce positive urine results for ∆9-THCCOOH. Accurate labeling and regulation of ∆9-THC content in CBD/hemp products are needed to prevent unexpected positive drug tests and unintended drug effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tory R Spindle
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Dr., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Edward J Cone
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Dr., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - David Kuntz
- Clinical Reference Laboratory, 8433 Quivira Rd, Lenexa, KS 66214, USA
| | - John M Mitchell
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, 3040 East Cornwallis Rd., Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - George E Bigelow
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Dr., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Ronald Flegel
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Division of Workplace Programs (DWP), 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857, USA
| | - Ryan Vandrey
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Dr., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kiselak TD, Koerber R, Verbeck GF. Synthetic route sourcing of illicit at home cannabidiol (CBD) isomerization to psychoactive cannabinoids using ion mobility-coupled-LC–MS/MS. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 308:110173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
6
|
Crippa JAS, Zuardi AW, Hallak JEC, Miyazawa B, Bernardo SA, Donaduzzi CM, Guzzi S, Favreto WAJ, Campos A, Queiroz MEC, Guimarães FS, da Rosa Zimmermann PM, Rechia LM, Jose Tondo Filho V, Brum Junior L. Oral Cannabidiol Does Not Convert to Δ 8-THC or Δ 9-THC in Humans: A Pharmacokinetic Study in Healthy Subjects. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2020; 5:89-98. [PMID: 32322680 DOI: 10.1089/can.2019.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Recent studies have suggested that cannabidiol (CBD) could interconvert into Delta-8- and Delta-9- tetrahydrocannabinol. Materials and Methods: Thus, we tested the plasma samples of 120 healthy human subjects (60 male and 60 female), 60 in fasting and the other 60 under normal feeding conditions after acute administration of an oral solution containing CBD 300 mg. To do this, we developed a bioanalytical method to determine CBD and the presence of THC in plasma samples by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Results: The results showed that THC was not detected in plasma after the administration of CBD, and those study participants did not present psychotomimetic effects. Conclusions: The findings presented here are consistent with previous evidence suggesting that the oral administration of CBD in a corn oil formulation is a safe route for the administration of the active substance without bioconversion to THC in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Alexandre S Crippa
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Translational Medicine, Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Antonio Waldo Zuardi
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Translational Medicine, Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Jaime Eduardo Cecílio Hallak
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Translational Medicine, Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Bruna Miyazawa
- Clinical Research Unit (UPC-HC-FMRP), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Aparecido Bernardo
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Translational Medicine, Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Silvane Guzzi
- Biocinese-Center for Biopharmaceutical Studies, Toledo, Brazil
| | | | - Alline Campos
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Eugênia C Queiroz
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Química da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Francisco S Guimarães
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nahler G, Grotenhermen F, Zuardi AW, Crippa JA. A Conversion of Oral Cannabidiol to Delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Seems Not to Occur in Humans. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2017; 2:81-86. [PMID: 28861507 PMCID: PMC5510776 DOI: 10.1089/can.2017.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD), a major cannabinoid of hemp, does not bind to CB1 receptors and is therefore devoid of psychotomimetic properties. Under acidic conditions, CBD can be transformed to delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and other cannabinoids. It has been argued that this may occur also after oral administration in humans. However, the experimental conversion of CBD to THC and delta8-THC in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) is a highly artificial approach that deviates significantly from physiological conditions in the stomach; therefore, SGF does not allow an extrapolation to in vivo conditions. Unsurprisingly, the conversion of oral CBD to THC and its metabolites has not been observed to occur in vivo, even after high doses of oral CBD. In addition, the typical spectrum of side effects of THC, or of the very similar synthetic cannabinoid nabilone, as listed in the official Summary of Product Characteristics (e.g., dizziness, euphoria/high, thinking abnormal/concentration difficulties, nausea, tachycardia) has not been observed after treatment with CBD in double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trials. In conclusion, the conversion of CBD to THC in SGF seems to be an in vitro artifact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonio Waldo Zuardi
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM)
| | - José A.S. Crippa
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM)
| |
Collapse
|