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Fang F, Andersen AM, Philibert R, Hancock DB. Epigenetic biomarkers for smoking cessation. ADDICTION NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 6:100079. [PMID: 37123087 PMCID: PMC10136056 DOI: 10.1016/j.addicn.2023.100079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking has been associated with epigenetic alterations that may be reversible upon cessation. As the most-studied epigenetic modification, DNA methylation is strongly associated with smoking exposure, providing a potential mechanism that links smoking to adverse health outcomes. Here, we reviewed the reversibility of DNA methylation in accessible peripheral tissues, mainly blood, in relation to cigarette smoking cessation and the utility of DNA methylation as a biomarker signature to differentiate current, former, and never smokers and to quantify time since cessation. We summarized thousands of differentially methylated Cytosine-Guanine (CpG) dinucleotides and regions associated with smoking cessation from candidate gene and epigenome-wide association studies, as well as the prediction accuracy of the multi-CpG predictors for smoking status. Overall, there is robust evidence for DNA methylation signature of cigarette smoking cessation. However, there are still gaps to fill, including (1) cell-type heterogeneity in measuring blood DNA methylation; (2) underrepresentation of non-European ancestry populations; (3) limited longitudinal data to quantitatively measure DNA methylation after smoking cessation over time; and (4) limited data to study the impact of smoking cessation on other epigenetic features, noncoding RNAs, and histone modifications. Epigenetic machinery provides promising biomarkers that can improve success in smoking cessation in the clinical setting. To achieve this goal, larger and more-diverse samples with longitudinal measures of a broader spectrum of epigenetic marks will be essential to developing a robust DNA methylation biomarker assay, followed by meeting validation requirements for the assay before being implemented as a clinically useful tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Fang
- GenOmics, Bioinformatics, and Translational Research Center, RTI International, 3040 East Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Allan M. Andersen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Robert Philibert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Behavioral Diagnostics LLC, 2500 Crosspark Rd, Coralville, IA 52241, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 5601 Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Dana B. Hancock
- GenOmics, Bioinformatics, and Translational Research Center, RTI International, 3040 East Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- Corresponding author. (D.B. Hancock)
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2
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Song M, Bai H, Zhang P, Zhou X, Ying B. Promising applications of human-derived saliva biomarker testing in clinical diagnostics. Int J Oral Sci 2023; 15:2. [PMID: 36596771 PMCID: PMC9810734 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-022-00209-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Saliva testing is a vital method for clinical applications, for its noninvasive features, richness in substances, and the huge amount. Due to its direct anatomical connection with oral, digestive, and endocrine systems, clinical usage of saliva testing for these diseases is promising. Furthermore, for other diseases that seeming to have no correlations with saliva, such as neurodegenerative diseases and psychological diseases, researchers also reckon saliva informative. Tremendous papers are being produced in this field. Updated summaries of recent literature give newcomers a shortcut to have a grasp of this topic. Here, we focused on recent research about saliva biomarkers that are derived from humans, not from other organisms. The review mostly addresses the proceedings from 2016 to 2022, to shed light on the promising usage of saliva testing in clinical diagnostics. We recap the recent advances following the category of different types of biomarkers, such as intracellular DNA, RNA, proteins and intercellular exosomes, cell-free DNA, to give a comprehensive impression of saliva biomarker testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Song
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Bai
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Human Saliva Laboratory & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Human Saliva Laboratory & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Binwu Ying
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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3
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Andersen A, Reimer R, Dawes K, Becker A, Hutchens N, Miller S, Dogan M, Hundley B, A Mills J, D Long J, Philibert R. DNA methylation differentiates smoking from vaping and non-combustible tobacco use. Epigenetics 2022; 17:178-190. [PMID: 33588690 PMCID: PMC8865289 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2021.1890875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing use of non-combusted forms of nicotine such as e-cigarettes poses important public health questions regarding their specific risks relative to combusted tobacco products such as cigarettes. To fully delineate these risks, improved biomarkers that can distinguish between these forms of nicotine use are needed. Prior work has suggested that methylation status at cg05575921 may serve as a specific biomarker of combusted tobacco smoke exposure. We hypothesized combining this epigenetic biomarker with conventional metabolite assays could classify the type of nicotine product consumption. Therefore, we determined DNA methylation and serum cotinine values in samples from 112 smokers, 35 e-cigarette users, 19 smokeless tobacco users, and 269 controls, and performed mass spectroscopy analyses of urine samples from all nicotine users and 22 verified controls to determine urinary levels of putatively nicotine product-specific substances; propylene glycol, 2-cyanoethylmercapturic acid (CEMA), and anabasine. 1) Cigarette smoking was associated with a dose dependent demethylation of cg05575921 and increased urinary CEMA and anabasine levels, 2) e-cigarette use did not demethylate cg05575921, 3) smokeless tobacco use also did not demethylate cg05575921 but was positively associated with anabasine levels 4) CEMA and cg05575921 levels were highly correlated and 5) propylene glycol levels did not reliably distinguish use groups. Cg05575921 assessments distinguish exposure to tobacco smoke from smokeless sources of nicotine including e-cigarettes and smokeless tobacco, neither of which are associated with cg05575921 demethylation. A combination of methylomic and metabolite profiling may allow for accurate classification use status of a variety of nicotine containing products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Andersen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | - Rachel Reimer
- College of Public Health, Des Moines University, Des Moines, USA
| | - Kelsey Dawes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | - Ashley Becker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | | | | | - Meesha Dogan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
- Behavioral Diagnostics LLC, Coralville, USA
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Brandon Hundley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | - James A Mills
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Long
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | - Robert Philibert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
- Behavioral Diagnostics LLC, Coralville, USA
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
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Dawes K, Andersen A, Reimer R, Mills JA, Hoffman E, Long JD, Miller S, Philibert R. The relationship of smoking to cg05575921 methylation in blood and saliva DNA samples from several studies. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21627. [PMID: 34732805 PMCID: PMC8566492 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01088-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that cg05575921 methylation decreases in response to smoking. However, secondary to methodological issues, the magnitude and dose dependency of that response is as of yet unclear. This lack of certainty is a barrier to the use of DNA methylation clinically to assess and monitor smoking status. To better define this relationship, we conducted a joint analysis of methylation sensitive PCR digital (MSdPCR) assessments of cg05575921 methylation in whole blood and/or saliva DNA to smoking using samples from 421 smokers and 423 biochemically confirmed non-smokers from 4 previously published studies. We found that cg05575921 methylation manifested a curvilinear dose dependent decrease in response to increasing cigarette consumption. In whole blood DNA, the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Area Under the Curve (AUC) of cg05575921 methylation for predicting daily smoking status was 0.98. In saliva DNA, the gross AUC was 0.91 with correction for cellular heterogeneity improving the AUC to 0.94. Methylation status was significantly associated with the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence score, but with significant sampling heterogeneity. We conclude that MSdPCR assessments of cg05575921 methylation are a potentially powerful, clinically implementable tool for the assessment and management of smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Dawes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Allan Andersen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Rachel Reimer
- Department of Public Health, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA, 50312, USA
| | - James A Mills
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Eric Hoffman
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Long
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Shelly Miller
- Behavioral Diagnostics LLC, Coralville, IA, 52241, USA
| | - Robert Philibert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
- Behavioral Diagnostics LLC, Coralville, IA, 52241, USA.
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Dawes K, Sampson L, Reimer R, Miller S, Philibert R, Andersen A. Epigenetic Analyses of Alcohol Consumption in Combustible and Non-Combustible Nicotine Product Users. EPIGENOMES 2021; 5:epigenomes5030018. [PMID: 34968367 PMCID: PMC8594674 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes5030018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol and tobacco use are highly comorbid and exacerbate the associated morbidity and mortality of either substance alone. However, the relationship of alcohol consumption to the various forms of nicotine-containing products is not well understood. To improve this understanding, we examined the relationship of alcohol consumption to nicotine product use using self-report, cotinine, and two epigenetic biomarkers specific for smoking (cg05575921) and drinking (Alcohol T Scores (ATS)) in n = 424 subjects. Cigarette users had significantly higher ATS values than the other groups (p < 2.2 × 10−16). Using the objective biomarkers, the intensity of nicotine and alcohol consumption was correlated in both the cigarette and smokeless users (R = −0.66, p = 3.1 × 10−14; R2 = 0.61, p = 1.97 × 10−4). Building upon this idea, we used the objective nicotine biomarkers and age to build and test a Balanced Random Forest classification model for heavy alcohol consumption (ATS > 2.35). The model performed well with an AUC of 0.962, 89.3% sensitivity, and 85% specificity. We conclude that those who use non-combustible nicotine products drink significantly less than smokers, and cigarette and smokeless users drink more with heavier nicotine use. These findings further highlight the lack of informativeness of self-reported alcohol consumption and suggest given the public and private health burden of alcoholism, further research into whether using non-combustible nicotine products as a mode of treatment for dual users should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Dawes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (L.S.); (R.P.); (A.A.)
- Behavioral Diagnostics LLC, Coralville, IA 52241, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-319-361-2081
| | - Luke Sampson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (L.S.); (R.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Rachel Reimer
- College of Public Health, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA 50312, USA;
| | - Shelly Miller
- Behavioral Diagnostics LLC, Coralville, IA 52241, USA;
| | - Robert Philibert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (L.S.); (R.P.); (A.A.)
- Behavioral Diagnostics LLC, Coralville, IA 52241, USA;
| | - Allan Andersen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (L.S.); (R.P.); (A.A.)
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6
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Andersen A, Gerrard M, Gibbons FX, Beach SRH, Philibert R. An Examination of Risk Factors for Tobacco and Cannabis Smoke Exposure in Adolescents Using an Epigenetic Biomarker. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:688384. [PMID: 34504443 PMCID: PMC8421639 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.688384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Evolving patterns of nicotine and cannabis use by adolescents require new tools to understand the changing epidemiology of these substances. Here we describe the use of a novel epigenetic biomarker sensitive to both tobacco and cannabis smoke in a longitudinal sample of high-risk adolescents. We examine risk factors for positivity for this epigenetic biomarker in comparison to positivity for conventional serum biomarkers of nicotine and cannabis use. Method: Eastern Iowa 10th graders who had a friend or family member who smoked were eligible to participate in a longitudinal study over 10-12th grades. Subjects provided self-report data on nicotine, tobacco, and cannabis use patterns as well as blood samples that were used for serum cotinine and THC assays. DNA was prepared for analysis of methylation at the CpG cg05575921, a sensitive indicator of smoke exposure. Relationships between positivity for each these biomarkers and a variety of risk factors, including demographics, family and peer relationships, psychopathology, willingness to smoke, and perceptions of typical cigarette and cannabis users, were examined at the 10th (n = 442), 11th (n = 376), and 12th (n = 366) grade timepoints. Results: A increasing proportion of subjects were positive for cotinine (5-16%), THC (3-10%), and cg05575921 methylation (5-7%) across timepoints, with some overlap. Self-reported combusted tobacco and cannabis use was strongly correlated with all biomarkers, whereas cg05575921 methylation was not correlated with reported e-cigarette use. Dual users, defined as those positive for nicotine and THC in the 12th grade showed the greatest cumulative smoke exposure, indicated by cg05575921 methylation. Subjects reported more positive attitudes toward cannabis users than cigarette smokers, and willingness to smoke and positive perceptions of tobacco and cannabis smokers were significant risk factors for biomarker positivity across timepoints. Conclusion: We conclude that measurement of cg05575921 methylation in adolescents is a useful tool in detecting tobacco smoking in adolescents, and may be a novel tool for the detection of cannabis smoking and cannabis and tobacco co-use, though non-combusted forms of nicotine use do not appear to be detectable by this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Andersen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Meg Gerrard
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Frederick X. Gibbons
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Steven R. H. Beach
- Center for Family Research, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Robert Philibert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Behavioral Diagnostics, Coralville, IA, United States
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Hypomethylation of AHRR (cg05575921) Is Related to Smoking Status in the Mexican Mestizo Population. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081276. [PMID: 34440450 PMCID: PMC8391630 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking results in a multifactorial disease involving environmental and genetic factors; epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) show changes in DNA methylation levels due to cigarette consumption, partially reversible upon tobacco smoking cessation. Therefore, methylation levels could predict smoking status. This study aimed to evaluate the DNA methylation level of cg05575921 (AHRR) and cg23771366 (PRSS23) and their correlation with lung function variables, cigarette consumption, and nicotine addiction in the Mexican smoking population. We included 114 non-smokers (NS) and 102 current tobacco smokers (TS); we then further subclassified them as heavy smokers (HS) (n = 53) and light smokers (LS) (n = 49). We used restriction enzymes (MspI/HpaII) and qPCR to determine the DNA methylation level. We observed significant hypomethylation of cg05575921 in smokers compared to NS (p = 0.003); further analysis found a difference between HS and NS (p = 0.02). We did not observe differences between other groups or a positive correlation between methylation levels and age, BMI, cigarette consumption, nicotine addiction, or lung function. In conclusion, the cg05575921 site of AHRR is significantly hypomethylated in Mexican smokers, especially in HS (≥20 cigarettes per day).
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Xie Z, Rahman I, Goniewicz ML, Li D. Perspectives on Epigenetics Alterations Associated with Smoking and Vaping. FUNCTION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2021; 2:zqab022. [PMID: 35330676 PMCID: PMC8788872 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations, including DNA methylation, microRNA, and long noncoding RNA, play important roles in the pathogenesis of numerous respiratory health conditions and diseases. Exposure to tobacco smoking has been found to be associated with epigenetic changes in the respiratory tract. Marketed as a less harmful alternative to combustible cigarettes, electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) has rapidly gained popularity in recent years, especially among youth and young adults. Accumulative evidence from both animal and human studies has shown that e-cigarette use (vaping) is also linked to similar respiratory health conditions as observed with cigarette smoking, including wheezing, asthma, and COPD. This review aims to provide an overview of current studies on associations of smoking and vaping with epigenetic alterations in respiratory cells and provide future research directions in epigenetic studies related to vaping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zidian Xie
- Department of Clinical & Translational Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Maciej L Goniewicz
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Clinical & Translational Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA,Address correspondence to D.L. (e-mail: )
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Silva CP, Kamens HM. Cigarette smoke-induced alterations in blood: A review of research on DNA methylation and gene expression. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2021; 29:116-135. [PMID: 32658533 PMCID: PMC7854868 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, smoking remains a threat to public health, causing preventable diseases and premature mortality. Cigarette smoke is a powerful inducer of DNA methylation and gene expression alterations, which have been associated with negative health consequences. Here, we review the current knowledge on smoking-related changes in DNA methylation and gene expression in human blood samples. We identified 30 studies focused on the association between active smoking, DNA methylation modifications, and gene expression alterations. Overall, we identified 1,758 genes with differentially methylated sites (DMS) and differentially expressed genes (DEG) between smokers and nonsmokers, of which 261 were detected in multiple studies (≥4). The most frequently (≥10 studies) reported genes were AHRR, GPR15, GFI1, and RARA. Functional enrichment analysis of the 261 genes identified the aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor and T cell pathways (T helpers 1 and 2) as influenced by smoking status. These results highlight specific genes for future mechanistic and translational research that may be associated with cigarette smoke exposure and smoking-related diseases. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza P. Silva
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, United States of America
| | - Helen M. Kamens
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, United States of America.,Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Helen M. Kamens, 228 Biobehavioral Health Building, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; ; Phone number: 814-865-1269; Fax number: 814-863-7525
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Miller S, A Mills J, Long J, Philibert R. A Comparison of the Predictive Power of DNA Methylation with Carbohydrate Deficient Transferrin for Heavy Alcohol Consumption. Epigenetics 2020; 16:969-979. [PMID: 33100127 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2020.1834918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the most commonly used biomarker of alcohol consumption patterns is carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT). However, the CDT has limited sensitivity and requires the use of blood. Recently, we have shown that digital DNA methylation techniques can both sensitively and specifically detect heavy alcohol consumption (HAC) using DNA from blood or saliva. In order to better understand the relative performance characteristics of these two tests, we compared an Alcohol T-Score (ATS) derived from our prior study and serum CDT levels in 313 (182 controls and 131 HAC cases) subjects discordant for HAC. Overall, the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) area under the curve (AUC) analyses showed that DNA methylation predicted HAC status better than CDT with AUCs of 0.96 and 0.87, respectively (p < 0.0001). The performance of the CDT was affected by gender while the ATS was not, while both were affected by age. We conclude that DNA methylation is a promising method for quantifying HAC and that further studies to better refine its strengths and limitations are in order.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James A Mills
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Long
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Robert Philibert
- Behavioral Diagnostics LLC, Coralville, IA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Dawes K, Andersen A, Papworth E, Hundley B, Hutchens N, El Manawy H, Becker A, Sampson L, Philibert W, Gibbons FX, Gerrard M, Philibert R. Refinement of cg05575921 demethylation response in nascent smoking. Clin Epigenetics 2020; 12:92. [PMID: 32580755 PMCID: PMC7315557 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-020-00882-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The initiation of adolescent smoking is difficult to detect using carbon monoxide or cotinine assays. Previously, we and others have shown that the methylation of cg05575921 is an accurate predictor of adult smoking status. But the dose and time dependency of the demethylation response to smoking initiation in adolescents is not yet well understood. To this end, we conducted three consecutive annual in-person interviews and biological samplings of 448 high school students (wave 1 (W1)-wave 3 (W3)). At W1 (n = 448), 62 subjects reported using tobacco and 72 subjects reported using cannabis at least once in their life-time with 38 and 20 subjects having a positive cotinine and cannabinoid levels, respectively, at W1 intake. At W3 (n = 383), 67 subjects reported using tobacco and 60 subjects reported using cannabis at least once with 75 and 60 subjects having positive cotinine and cannabinoid levels, respectively, at W3. Subjects with undetectable cotinine levels at all three-time waves had stable levels of cg05575921 methylation throughout the study (88.7% at W1 and 88.8% at W3, n = 149), while subjects with positive cotinine levels at all 3 time points manifested a steady decrease in cg05575921 methylation (81.8% at W1 and 71.3% at the W3, n = 12). In those subjects with an affirmative smoking self-report at W3 (n = 17), the amount of demethylation at cg05575921 was correlated with time and intensity of smoking. We conclude that cg05575921 methylation is a sensitive, dose-dependent indicator of early stages of smoking, and may help to identify smokers in the early stages of smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Dawes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Rm 2-426 MEB, 500 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Allan Andersen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Rm 2-426 MEB, 500 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Emma Papworth
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Rm 2-426 MEB, 500 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Brandon Hundley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Rm 2-426 MEB, 500 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Natasha Hutchens
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Rm 2-426 MEB, 500 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Heba El Manawy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Rm 2-426 MEB, 500 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Ashley Becker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Rm 2-426 MEB, 500 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Luke Sampson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Rm 2-426 MEB, 500 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Willem Philibert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Rm 2-426 MEB, 500 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Frederick X Gibbons
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Meg Gerrard
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Robert Philibert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Rm 2-426 MEB, 500 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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Philibert R, Dogan M, Beach SRH, Mills JA, Long JD. AHRR methylation predicts smoking status and smoking intensity in both saliva and blood DNA. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2020; 183:51-60. [PMID: 31456352 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Many existing DNA repositories do not have robust characterizations of smoking, while for many currently ongoing studies, the advent of vaping has rendered traditional cotinine-based methods of determining smoking status unreliable. Previously, we have shown that methylation status at cg05575921 in whole blood DNA can reliably predict cigarette consumption. However, whether methylation status in saliva can be used similarly has yet to be established. Herein, we use DNA from 418 biochemically confirmed smokers or nonsmokers to compare and contrast the utility of cg05575921 in classifying and quantifying cigarette smoking. Using whole blood DNA, a model incorporating age, gender, and methylation status had a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) area under the curve (AUC) for predicting smoking status of 0.995 with a nonlinear demethylation response to smoking. Using saliva DNA, the ROC AUC for predicting smoking was 0.971 with the plot of the relationship of DNA methylation to daily cigarette consumption being very similar to that seen for whole blood DNA. The addition of information from another methylation marker designed to correct for cellular heterogeneity improved the AUC for saliva DNA to 0.981. Finally, in 31 subjects who reported quitting smoking 10 or more years previously, cg05575921 methylation was nonsignificantly different from controls. We conclude that DNA methylation status at cg05575921 in DNA from whole blood or saliva predicts smoking status and daily cigarette consumption. We suggest these epigenetic assessments for objectively ascertaining smoking status will find utility in research, clinical, and civil applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Philibert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Behavioral Diagnostics LLC, Coralville, Iowa
| | - Meeshanthini Dogan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Cardio Diagnostics LLC, Coralville, Iowa
| | - Steven R H Beach
- Center for Family Studies, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - James A Mills
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Jeffrey D Long
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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13
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Maas SCE, Vidaki A, Wilson R, Teumer A, Liu F, van Meurs JBJ, Uitterlinden AG, Boomsma DI, de Geus EJC, Willemsen G, van Dongen J, van der Kallen CJH, Slagboom PE, Beekman M, van Heemst D, van den Berg LH, Duijts L, Jaddoe VWV, Ladwig KH, Kunze S, Peters A, Ikram MA, Grabe HJ, Felix JF, Waldenberger M, Franco OH, Ghanbari M, Kayser M. Validated inference of smoking habits from blood with a finite DNA methylation marker set. Eur J Epidemiol 2019; 34:1055-1074. [PMID: 31494793 PMCID: PMC6861351 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-019-00555-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inferring a person’s smoking habit and history from blood is relevant for complementing or replacing self-reports in epidemiological and public health research, and for forensic applications. However, a finite DNA methylation marker set and a validated statistical model based on a large dataset are not yet available. Employing 14 epigenome-wide association studies for marker discovery, and using data from six population-based cohorts (N = 3764) for model building, we identified 13 CpGs most suitable for inferring smoking versus non-smoking status from blood with a cumulative Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.901. Internal fivefold cross-validation yielded an average AUC of 0.897 ± 0.137, while external model validation in an independent population-based cohort (N = 1608) achieved an AUC of 0.911. These 13 CpGs also provided accurate inference of current (average AUCcrossvalidation 0.925 ± 0.021, AUCexternalvalidation0.914), former (0.766 ± 0.023, 0.699) and never smoking (0.830 ± 0.019, 0.781) status, allowed inferring pack-years in current smokers (10 pack-years 0.800 ± 0.068, 0.796; 15 pack-years 0.767 ± 0.102, 0.752) and inferring smoking cessation time in former smokers (5 years 0.774 ± 0.024, 0.760; 10 years 0.766 ± 0.033, 0.764; 15 years 0.767 ± 0.020, 0.754). Model application to children revealed highly accurate inference of the true non-smoking status (6 years of age: accuracy 0.994, N = 355; 10 years: 0.994, N = 309), suggesting prenatal and passive smoking exposure having no impact on model applications in adults. The finite set of DNA methylation markers allow accurate inference of smoking habit, with comparable accuracy as plasma cotinine use, and smoking history from blood, which we envision becoming useful in epidemiology and public health research, and in medical and forensic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana C E Maas
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Athina Vidaki
- Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rory Wilson
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Walther-Rathenau-Str. 48, 17475, Greifswald, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, 100101 Beijing, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Joyce B J van Meurs
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat 7-9, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eco J C de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat 7-9, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat 7-9, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jenny van Dongen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat 7-9, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carla J H van der Kallen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Randwycksingel 35, 6229 EG, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marian Beekman
- Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Diana van Heemst
- Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Leonard H van den Berg
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Postbus 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Liesbeth Duijts
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology and Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karl-Heinz Ladwig
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sonja Kunze
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80802 Munich, Germany.,Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometrics and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Ellernholzstraße 1-2, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Janine F Felix
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mohsen Ghanbari
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, PO Box 91735-951, 9133913716 Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Manfred Kayser
- Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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