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He C, Liu F, Tao J, Wang Z, Liu J, Liu S, Xu X, Li L, Wang F, Yang X, Zhu H, Yang Z. A CAIX Dual-Targeting Small-Molecule Probe for Noninvasive Imaging of ccRCC. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:3383-3394. [PMID: 38831541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), a zinc metal transmembrane protein, is highly expressed in 95% of clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCCs). A positron emission tomography (PET) probe designed to target CAIX in nuclear medicine imaging technology can achieve precise positioning, is noninvasive, and can be used to monitor CAIX expression in lesions in real time. In this study, we constructed a novel acetazolamide dual-targeted small-molecule probe [68Ga]Ga-LF-4, which targets CAIX by binding to a specific amino acid sequence. After attenuation correction, the radiolabeling yield reached 66.95 ± 0.57% (n = 5) after 15 min of reaction and the radiochemical purity reached 99% (n = 5). [68Ga]Ga-LF-4 has good in vitro and in vivo stability, and in vivo safety and high affinity for CAIX, with a Kd value of 6.62 nM. Moreover, [68Ga]Ga-LF-4 could be quickly cleared from the blood in vivo. The biodistribution study revealed that the [68Ga]Ga-LF-4 signal was concentrated in the heart, lung, and kidney after administration, which was the same as that observed in the micro-PET/CT study. In a ccRCC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model, the signal significantly accumulated in the tumor after administration, where it was retained for up to 4 h. After competitive blockade with LF-4, uptake at the tumor site was significantly reduced. The SUVmax of the probe [68Ga]Ga-LF-4 at the ccRCC tumor site was three times greater than that in the PC3 group with low CAIX expression at 30 min (ccRCC vs PC3:1.86 ± 0.03 vs 0.62 ± 0.01, t = 48.2, P < 0.0001). These results indicate that [68Ga]Ga-LF-4 is a novel small-molecule probe that targets CAIX and can be used to image localized and metastatic ccRCC lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxue He
- Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Futao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Jinping Tao
- Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Zilei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Jiayue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Song Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Xiaoxia Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Liqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Xianteng Yang
- Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital,Anshun550002, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
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Mulgaonkar A, Udayakumar D, Yang Y, Harris S, Öz OK, Ramakrishnan Geethakumari P, Sun X. Current and potential roles of immuno-PET/-SPECT in CAR T-cell therapy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1199146. [PMID: 37441689 PMCID: PMC10333708 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1199146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies have evolved as breakthrough treatment options for the management of hematological malignancies and are also being developed as therapeutics for solid tumors. However, despite the impressive patient responses from CD19-directed CAR T-cell therapies, ~ 40%-60% of these patients' cancers eventually relapse, with variable prognosis. Such relapses may occur due to a combination of molecular resistance mechanisms, including antigen loss or mutations, T-cell exhaustion, and progression of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. This class of therapeutics is also associated with certain unique toxicities, such as cytokine release syndrome, immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome, and other "on-target, off-tumor" toxicities, as well as anaphylactic effects. Furthermore, manufacturing limitations and challenges associated with solid tumor infiltration have delayed extensive applications. The molecular imaging modalities of immunological positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography (immuno-PET/-SPECT) offer a target-specific and highly sensitive, quantitative, non-invasive platform for longitudinal detection of dynamic variations in target antigen expression in the body. Leveraging these imaging strategies as guidance tools for use with CAR T-cell therapies may enable the timely identification of resistance mechanisms and/or toxic events when they occur, permitting effective therapeutic interventions. In addition, the utilization of these approaches in tracking the CAR T-cell pharmacokinetics during product development and optimization may help to assess their efficacy and accordingly to predict treatment outcomes. In this review, we focus on current challenges and potential opportunities in the application of immuno-PET/-SPECT imaging strategies to address the challenges encountered with CAR T-cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Mulgaonkar
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Durga Udayakumar
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Yaxing Yang
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Shelby Harris
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Orhan K. Öz
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Praveen Ramakrishnan Geethakumari
- Section of Hematologic Malignancies/Transplant and Cell Therapy, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Xiankai Sun
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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3
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Wuensche TE, Stergiou N, Mes I, Verlaan M, Schreurs M, Kooijman EJM, Janssen B, Windhorst AD, Jensen A, Asuni AA, Bang-Andersen B, Beaino W, Dongen GAMS, Vugts DJ. Advancing 89Zr-immuno-PET in neuroscience with a bispecific anti-amyloid-beta monoclonal antibody - The choice of chelator is essential. Theranostics 2022; 12:7067-7079. [PMID: 36276653 PMCID: PMC9576608 DOI: 10.7150/thno.73509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The accelerated approval of the monoclonal antibody (mAb) aducanumab as a treatment option for Alzheimer's Disease and the continued discussions about its efficacy have shown that a better understanding of immunotherapy for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases is needed. 89Zr-immuno-PET could be a suitable tool to open new avenues for the diagnosis of CNS disorders, monitoring disease progression, and assessment of novel therapeutics. Herein, three different 89Zr-labeling strategies and direct radioiodination with 125I of a bispecific anti-amyloid-beta aducanumab derivate, consisting of aducanumab with a C-terminal fused anti-transferrin receptor binding single chain Fab fragment derived from 8D3 (Adu-8D3), were compared ex vivo and in vivo with regard to brain uptake and target engagement in an APP/PS1 Alzheimer's disease mouse model and wild type animals. Methods: Adu-8D3 and a negative control antibody, based on the HIV specific B12 antibody also carrying C-terminal fused 8D3 scFab (B12-8D3), were each conjugated with NCS-DFO, NCS-DFO*, or TFP-N-suc-DFO-Fe-ester, followed by radiolabeling with 89Zr. 125I was used as a substitute for 124I for labeling of both antibodies. 30 µg of radiolabeled mAb, corresponding to approximately 6 MBq 89Zr or 2.5 MBq 125I, were injected per mouse. PET imaging was performed 1, 3 and 7 days post injection (p.i.). All mice were sacrificed on day 7 p.i. and subjected to ex vivo biodistribution and brain autoradiography. Immunostaining on brain tissue was performed after autoradiography for further validation. Results:Ex vivo biodistribution revealed that the brain uptake of [89Zr]Zr-DFO*-NCS-Adu-8D3 (2.19 ±0.12 %ID/g) was as high as for its 125I-analog (2.21 ±0.15 %ID/g). [89Zr]Zr-DFO-NCS-Adu-8D3 and [89Zr]Zr-DFO-N-suc-Adu-8D3 showed significantly lower uptake (< 0.65 %ID/g), being in the same range as for the 89Zr-labeled controls (B12-8D3). Autoradiography of [89Zr]Zr-DFO*-NCS-Adu-8D3 and [125I]I-Adu-8D3 showed an amyloid-beta related granular uptake pattern of radioactivity. In contrast, the [89Zr]Zr-DFO-conjugates and the control antibody groups did not show any amyloid-beta related uptake pattern, indicating that DFO is inferior for 89Zr-immuno-PET imaging of the brain in comparison to DFO* for Adu-8D3. This was confirmed by day 7 PET images showing only amyloid-beta related brain uptake for [89Zr]Zr-DFO*-NCS-Adu-8D3. In wild type animals, such an uptake was not observed. Immunostaining showed a co-localization of all administered Adu-8D3 conjugates with amyloid-beta plaques. Conclusion: We successfully demonstrated that 89Zr-immuno-PET is suitable for imaging and quantifying amyloid-beta specific brain uptake using a bispecific aducanumab brain shuttling antibody, Adu-8D3, but only when using the novel chelator DFO*, and not DFO, for labeling with 89Zr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Wuensche
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, dept Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natascha Stergiou
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, dept Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iris Mes
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, dept Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mariska Verlaan
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, dept Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maxime Schreurs
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, dept Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther J M Kooijman
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, dept Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Janssen
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, dept Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, dept Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain imaging, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Allan Jensen
- H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | | | | | - Wissam Beaino
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, dept Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain imaging, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guus A M S Dongen
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, dept Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain imaging, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle J Vugts
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, dept Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain imaging, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Ko JH, Forsythe NL, Gelb MB, Messina KMM, Lau UY, Bhattacharya A, Olafsen T, Lee JT, Kelly KA, Maynard HD. Safety and Biodistribution Profile of Poly(styrenyl acetal trehalose) and Its Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor Conjugate. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:3383-3395. [PMID: 35767465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Poly(styrenyl acetal trehalose) (pSAT), composed of trehalose side chains linked to a polystyrene backbone via acetals, stabilizes a variety of proteins and enzymes against fluctuations in temperature. A promising application of pSAT is conjugation of the polymer to therapeutic proteins to reduce renal clearance. To explore this possibility, the safety of the polymer was first studied. Investigation of acute toxicity of pSAT in mice showed that there were no adverse effects of the polymer at a high (10 mg/kg) concentration. The immune response (antipolymer antibody and cytokine production) in mice was also studied. No significant antipolymer IgG was detected for pSAT, and only a transient and low level of IgM was elicited. pSAT was also safe in terms of cytokine response. The polymer was then conjugated to a granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF), a therapeutic protein that is approved by the Federal Drug Administration, in order to study the biodistribution of a pSAT conjugate. A site-selective, two-step synthesis approach was developed for efficient conjugate preparation for the biodistribution study resulting in 90% conjugation efficiency. The organ distribution of GCSF-pSAT was measured by positron emission tomography and compared to controls GCSF and GCSF-poly(ethylene glycol), which confirmed that the trehalose polymer conjugate improved the in vivo half-life of the protein by reducing renal clearance. These findings suggest that trehalose styrenyl polymers are promising for use in therapeutic protein-polymer conjugates for reduced renal clearance of the biomolecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hoon Ko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Neil L Forsythe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Madeline B Gelb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Kathryn M M Messina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Uland Y Lau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Arvind Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Tove Olafsen
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Jason T Lee
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Kathleen A Kelly
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Heather D Maynard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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Manafi-Farid R, Ataeinia B, Ranjbar S, Jamshidi Araghi Z, Moradi MM, Pirich C, Beheshti M. ImmunoPET: Antibody-Based PET Imaging in Solid Tumors. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:916693. [PMID: 35836956 PMCID: PMC9273828 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.916693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immuno-positron emission tomography (immunoPET) is a molecular imaging modality combining the high sensitivity of PET with the specific targeting ability of monoclonal antibodies. Various radioimmunotracers have been successfully developed to target a broad spectrum of molecules expressed by malignant cells or tumor microenvironments. Only a few are translated into clinical studies and barely into clinical practices. Some drawbacks include slow radioimmunotracer kinetics, high physiologic uptake in lymphoid organs, and heterogeneous activity in tumoral lesions. Measures are taken to overcome the disadvantages, and new tracers are being developed. In this review, we aim to mention the fundamental components of immunoPET imaging, explore the groundbreaking success achieved using this new technique, and review different radioimmunotracers employed in various solid tumors to elaborate on this relatively new imaging modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhaneh Manafi-Farid
- Research Center for Nuclear Medicine, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahar Ataeinia
- Department of Radiology, Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shaghayegh Ranjbar
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Zahra Jamshidi Araghi
- Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mobin Moradi
- Research Center for Nuclear Medicine, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Christian Pirich
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mohsen Beheshti
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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Wu Q, Huang G, Wei W, Liu J. Molecular Imaging of Renal Cell Carcinoma in Precision Medicine. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:3457-3470. [PMID: 35510710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the sixth most common cancer among men and the ninth among women, and its prognosis is closely correlated with metastasis. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy are the main adjuvant treatments for advanced RCC and require early diagnosis, precise assessment, and prediction of the therapeutic responses. Current conventional imaging methods of RCC only provide structural information rather than biological processes. Noninvasive diagnostic tools are therefore needed to image RCC early and accurately at the molecular level. Nuclear medicine imaging combines the high sensitivity of radionuclides with the high resolution of structural imaging to visualize the metabolic processes and specific targets of RCC for more accurate and reliable diagnosis, staging, prognosis prediction, and response assessment. This review summarizes the most recent applications of nuclear medicine receptor imaging and metabolic imaging in RCC and highlights future development perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyun Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200217, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200217, China
| | - Weijun Wei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200217, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200217, China
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Crișan G, Moldovean-Cioroianu NS, Timaru DG, Andrieș G, Căinap C, Chiș V. Radiopharmaceuticals for PET and SPECT Imaging: A Literature Review over the Last Decade. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5023. [PMID: 35563414 PMCID: PMC9103893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) uses radioactive tracers and enables the functional imaging of several metabolic processes, blood flow measurements, regional chemical composition, and/or chemical absorption. Depending on the targeted processes within the living organism, different tracers are used for various medical conditions, such as cancer, particular brain pathologies, cardiac events, and bone lesions, where the most commonly used tracers are radiolabeled with 18F (e.g., [18F]-FDG and NA [18F]). Oxygen-15 isotope is mostly involved in blood flow measurements, whereas a wide array of 11C-based compounds have also been developed for neuronal disorders according to the affected neuroreceptors, prostate cancer, and lung carcinomas. In contrast, the single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) technique uses gamma-emitting radioisotopes and can be used to diagnose strokes, seizures, bone illnesses, and infections by gauging the blood flow and radio distribution within tissues and organs. The radioisotopes typically used in SPECT imaging are iodine-123, technetium-99m, xenon-133, thallium-201, and indium-111. This systematic review article aims to clarify and disseminate the available scientific literature focused on PET/SPECT radiotracers and to provide an overview of the conducted research within the past decade, with an additional focus on the novel radiopharmaceuticals developed for medical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Crișan
- Faculty of Physics, Babeş-Bolyai University, Str. M. Kogălniceanu 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.C.); (N.S.M.-C.); (D.-G.T.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, County Clinical Hospital, Clinicilor 3-5, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | | | - Diana-Gabriela Timaru
- Faculty of Physics, Babeş-Bolyai University, Str. M. Kogălniceanu 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.C.); (N.S.M.-C.); (D.-G.T.)
| | - Gabriel Andrieș
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, County Clinical Hospital, Clinicilor 3-5, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Călin Căinap
- The Oncology Institute “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuţă”, Republicii 34-36, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Vasile Chiș
- Faculty of Physics, Babeş-Bolyai University, Str. M. Kogălniceanu 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.C.); (N.S.M.-C.); (D.-G.T.)
- Institute for Research, Development and Innovation in Applied Natural Sciences, Babeș-Bolyai University, Str. Fântânele 30, 400327 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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8
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PET imaging in renal and bladder cancers. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822960-6.00139-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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9
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Radiopharmaceuticals developed for 89Zr-Immuno-PET. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-021-07922-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Collado Camps E, van Lith SAM, Frielink C, Lankhof J, Dijkgraaf I, Gotthardt M, Brock R. CPPs to the Test: Effects on Binding, Uptake and Biodistribution of a Tumor Targeting Nanobody. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:602. [PMID: 34201507 PMCID: PMC8308549 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanobodies are well-established targeting ligands for molecular imaging and therapy. Their short circulation time enables early imaging and reduces systemic radiation exposure. However, shorter circulation time leads to lower tracer accumulation in the target tissue. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) improve cellular uptake of various cargoes, including nanobodies. CPPs could enhance tissue retention without compromising rapid clearance. However, systematic investigations on how the functionalities of nanobody and CPP combine with each other at the level of 2D and 3D cell cultures and in vivo are lacking. Here, we demonstrate that conjugates of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-binding nanobody 7D12 with different CPPs (nonaarginine, penetratin, Tat and hLF) differ with respect to cell binding and induction of endocytosis. For nonaarginine and penetratin we compared the competition of EGF binding and performance of L- and D-peptide stereoisomers, and tested the D-peptide conjugates in tumor cell spheroids and in vivo. The D-peptide conjugates showed better penetration into spheroids than the unconjugated 7D12. Both in vivo and in vitro, the behavior of the agent reflects the combination of both functionalities. Although CPPs cause promising increases in in vitro uptake and 3D penetration, the dominant effect of the CPP in the control of biodistribution warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estel Collado Camps
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (E.C.C.); (J.L.)
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (S.A.M.v.L.); (C.F.); (M.G.)
| | - Sanne A. M. van Lith
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (S.A.M.v.L.); (C.F.); (M.G.)
| | - Cathelijne Frielink
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (S.A.M.v.L.); (C.F.); (M.G.)
| | - Jordi Lankhof
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (E.C.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Ingrid Dijkgraaf
- Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Martin Gotthardt
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (S.A.M.v.L.); (C.F.); (M.G.)
| | - Roland Brock
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (E.C.C.); (J.L.)
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 293, Bahrain
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Targeted PET/CT imaging for clear cell renal cell carcinoma with radiolabeled antibodies: recent developments using girentuximab. Curr Opin Urol 2021; 31:249-254. [PMID: 33742975 DOI: 10.1097/mou.0000000000000872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Conventional imaging is unable to differentiate clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) from other more indolent and benign renal tumors. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) using radiolabeled antibodies may aid in detecting both localized and metastatic ccRCC. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent literature regarding the use of radiolabeled antibodies for imaging of ccRCC. RECENT FINDINGS Two recent studies evaluated the use of radiolabeled anticarbonic anhydrase IX antibody girentuximab for the imaging of ccRCC. PET/CT with 89zirconium-labeled girentuximab (89Zr-girentuximab PET/CT) was used to guide clinical decision making in 16 patients with localized disease. It had a high specificity for detecting ccRCC with 6/6 resected lesions with uptake proven to be ccRCC, all lesion without uptake showed to be indolent during follow-up. Clinical management was changed in 36% (5/14) of patients with the metastatic disease based on outcomes of the scan. Furthermore, in 42 patients 89Zr-girentuximab PET/CT combined with CT outperformed CT alone or combined with 18F fludeoxyglucose PET for detection of metastasis. SUMMARY 89Zr-girentuximab PET/CT has the ability to diagnose ccRCC in localized disease. In metastatic disease, it enables the differentiation of ccRCC from non-ccRCC cancers and the evaluation of disease extent. 89Zr-girentuximab PET/CT diagnostic accuracy is currently evaluated in a multicenter phase III trial.
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Merkx RIJ, Lobeek D, Konijnenberg M, Jiménez-Franco LD, Kluge A, Oosterwijk E, Mulders PFA, Rijpkema M. Phase I study to assess safety, biodistribution and radiation dosimetry for 89Zr-girentuximab in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 48:3277-3285. [PMID: 33651116 PMCID: PMC8426244 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05271-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this phase I study, we evaluated the safety, biodistribution and dosimetry of [89Zr]Zr-DFO-girentuximab (89Zr-girentuximab) PET/CT imaging in patients with suspicion of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). METHODS Ten eligible patients received an intravenous administration of 37 MBq (± 10%) of 89Zr-girentuximab at mass doses of 5 mg or 10 mg. Safety was evaluated according to the NCI CTCAE (version 4.03). Biodistribution and normal organ dosimetry was performed based on PET/CT images acquired at 0.5, 4, 24, 72 and 168 h post-administration. Additionally, tumour dosimetry was performed in patients with confirmed ccRCC and visible tumour uptake on PET/CT imaging. RESULTS 89Zr-girentuximab was administered in ten patients as per protocol. No treatment-related adverse events ≥ grade 3 were reported. 89Zr-girentuximab imaging allowed successful differentiation between ccRCC and non-ccRCC lesions in all patients, as confirmed with histological data. Dosimetry analysis using OLINDA/EXM 2.1 showed that the organs receiving the highest doses (mean ± SD) were the liver (1.86 ± 0.40 mGy/MBq), the kidneys (1.50 ± 0.22 mGy/MBq) and the heart wall (1.45 ± 0.19 mGy/MBq), with a mean whole body effective dose of 0.57 ± 0.08 mSv/MBq. Tumour dosimetry was performed in the 6 patients with histologically confirmed ccRCC resulting in a median tumour-absorbed dose of 4.03 mGy/MBq (range 1.90-11.6 mGy/MBq). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that 89Zr-girentuximab is safe and well tolerated for the administered activities and mass doses and allows quantitative assessment of 89Zr-girentuximab PET/CT imaging in patients with suspicion of ccRCC. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT03556046-14th of June, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin I J Merkx
- Department of Medical Imaging: Nuclear Medicine, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Urology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Daphne Lobeek
- Department of Medical Imaging: Nuclear Medicine, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Konijnenberg
- Department of Medical Imaging: Nuclear Medicine, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Andreas Kluge
- ABX-CRO advanced pharmaceutical services, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Mark Rijpkema
- Department of Medical Imaging: Nuclear Medicine, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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13
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Kumar K, Ghosh A. Radiochemistry, Production Processes, Labeling Methods, and ImmunoPET Imaging Pharmaceuticals of Iodine-124. Molecules 2021; 26:E414. [PMID: 33466827 PMCID: PMC7830191 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Target-specific biomolecules, monoclonal antibodies (mAb), proteins, and protein fragments are known to have high specificity and affinity for receptors associated with tumors and other pathological conditions. However, the large biomolecules have relatively intermediate to long circulation half-lives (>day) and tumor localization times. Combining superior target specificity of mAbs and high sensitivity and resolution of the PET (Positron Emission Tomography) imaging technique has created a paradigm-shifting imaging modality, ImmunoPET. In addition to metallic PET radionuclides, 124I is an attractive radionuclide for radiolabeling of mAbs as potential immunoPET imaging pharmaceuticals due to its physical properties (decay characteristics and half-life), easy and routine production by cyclotrons, and well-established methodologies for radioiodination. The objective of this report is to provide a comprehensive review of the physical properties of iodine and iodine radionuclides, production processes of 124I, various 124I-labeling methodologies for large biomolecules, mAbs, and the development of 124I-labeled immunoPET imaging pharmaceuticals for various cancer targets in preclinical and clinical environments. A summary of several production processes, including 123Te(d,n)124I, 124Te(d,2n)124I, 121Sb(α,n)124I, 123Sb(α,3n)124I, 123Sb(3He,2n)124I, natSb(α, xn)124I, natSb(3He,n)124I reactions, a detailed overview of the 124Te(p,n)124I reaction (including target selection, preparation, processing, and recovery of 124I), and a fully automated process that can be scaled up for GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices) production of large quantities of 124I is provided. Direct, using inorganic and organic oxidizing agents and enzyme catalysis, and indirect, using prosthetic groups, 124I-labeling techniques have been discussed. Significant research has been conducted, in more than the last two decades, in the development of 124I-labeled immunoPET imaging pharmaceuticals for target-specific cancer detection. Details of preclinical and clinical evaluations of the potential 124I-labeled immunoPET imaging pharmaceuticals are described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishan Kumar
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Imaging Pharmaceuticals, The Wright Center of Innovation in Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43212, USA;
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Antibody-Based Molecular Imaging. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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15
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Tumour-associated macrophages process drug and radio-conjugates of the dead tumour cell-targeting APOMAB® antibody. J Control Release 2020; 327:779-787. [PMID: 32946876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
APOMAB (chDAB4) is a dead tumour cell-targeting antibody which has been used preclinically as a diagnostic agent and therapeutically as a radioimmunotherapy and antibody drug conjugate (ADC). However, little is known of the intra-tumour processing of chDAB4 when bound to dead tumour cells. In this study we examine the role of macrophages in the in vitro and in vivo processing of radiolabelled chDAB4 and a chDAB4 ADC. We found that chDAB4 binds to macrophages in vitro, resulting in the killing of macrophages when using the ADC, chDAB4-SG3249. Free drug released by the macrophage processing of chDAB4-SG3249 could result in killing of 'bystander' Lewis lung (LL2) carcinoma cells. Furthermore, macrophages phagocytosed chDAB4-bound dead LL2 cells and were killed when they phagocytosed chDAB4-SG3249-bound dead LL2 cells in vitro. In vivo, we found markedly different tumour retention of chDAB4 in the LL2 tumour model depending on whether it was radiolabelled with a residualising radionuclide (89Zr), which is retained intracellularly, or a non-residualising radionuclide (124I), which can diffuse out of the cell. This prolonged retention of 89Zr vs124I indicated intra-tumoral processing of chDAB4 in vivo. The tumour uptake of 89Zr-chDAB4 was reduced after macrophage depletion, which also reduced the efficacy of the chDAB4 ADC in vivo. This study shows that macrophages can process chDAB4 and chDAB4 ADC in vitro and shows the importance of tumour-associated macrophages in the tumour retention of chDAB4 and the efficacy of chDAB4 ADC in vivo.
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Yoon JK, Park BN, Ryu EK, An YS, Lee SJ. Current Perspectives on 89Zr-PET Imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124309. [PMID: 32560337 PMCID: PMC7352467 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
89Zr is an emerging radionuclide that plays an essential role in immuno-positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. The long half-life of 89Zr (t1/2 = 3.3 days) is favorable for evaluating the in vivo distribution of monoclonal antibodies. Thus, the use of 89Zr is promising for monitoring antibody-based cancer therapies. Immuno-PET combines the sensitivity of PET with the specificity of antibodies. A number of studies have been conducted to investigate the feasibility of 89Zr immuno-PET imaging for predicting the efficacy of radioimmunotherapy and antibody therapies, imaging target expression, detecting target-expressing tumors, and the monitoring of anti-cancer chemotherapies. In this review, we summarize the current status of PET imaging using 89Zr in both preclinical and clinical studies by highlighting the use of immuno-PET for the targets of high clinical relevance. We also present 89Zr-PET applications other than immuno-PET, such as nanoparticle imaging and cell tracking. Finally, we discuss the limitations and the ongoing research being performed to overcome the remaining hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Kee Yoon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon 16499, Korea; (B.-N.P.); (Y.-S.A.); (S.-J.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-219-4303
| | - Bok-Nam Park
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon 16499, Korea; (B.-N.P.); (Y.-S.A.); (S.-J.L.)
| | - Eun-Kyoung Ryu
- Division of Magnetic Resonance, Korea Basic Science Institute, 162, Yeongudanji-ro, Cheongju 28119, Korea;
| | - Young-Sil An
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon 16499, Korea; (B.-N.P.); (Y.-S.A.); (S.-J.L.)
| | - Su-Jin Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro 164, Suwon 16499, Korea; (B.-N.P.); (Y.-S.A.); (S.-J.L.)
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Abstract
Immuno-positron emission tomography (immunoPET) is a paradigm-shifting molecular imaging modality combining the superior targeting specificity of monoclonal antibody (mAb) and the inherent sensitivity of PET technique. A variety of radionuclides and mAbs have been exploited to develop immunoPET probes, which has been driven by the development and optimization of radiochemistry and conjugation strategies. In addition, tumor-targeting vectors with a short circulation time (e.g., Nanobody) or with an enhanced binding affinity (e.g., bispecific antibody) are being used to design novel immunoPET probes. Accordingly, several immunoPET probes, such as 89Zr-Df-pertuzumab and 89Zr-atezolizumab, have been successfully translated for clinical use. By noninvasively and dynamically revealing the expression of heterogeneous tumor antigens, immunoPET imaging is gradually changing the theranostic landscape of several types of malignancies. ImmunoPET is the method of choice for imaging specific tumor markers, immune cells, immune checkpoints, and inflammatory processes. Furthermore, the integration of immunoPET imaging in antibody drug development is of substantial significance because it provides pivotal information regarding antibody targeting abilities and distribution profiles. Herein, we present the latest immunoPET imaging strategies and their preclinical and clinical applications. We also emphasize current conjugation strategies that can be leveraged to develop next-generation immunoPET probes. Lastly, we discuss practical considerations to tune the development and translation of immunoPET imaging strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Wei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Room 7137, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Zachary T Rosenkrans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Quan-Yong Luo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Room 7137, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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Zhai C, He S, Ye Y, Rangger C, Kaeopookum P, Summer D, Haas H, Kremser L, Lindner H, Foster J, Sosabowski J, Decristoforo C. Rational Design, Synthesis and Preliminary Evaluation of Novel Fusarinine C-Based Chelators for Radiolabeling with Zirconium-89. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9030091. [PMID: 30845658 PMCID: PMC6468543 DOI: 10.3390/biom9030091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarinine C (FSC) has recently been shown to be a promising and novel chelator for 89Zr. Here, FSC has been further derivatized to optimize the complexation properties of FSC-based chelators for 89Zr-labeling by introducing additional carboxylic groups. These were expected to improve the stability of 89Zr-complexes by saturating the 8-coordination sphere of [89Zr] Zr4+, and also to introduce functionalities suitable for conjugation to targeting vectors such as monoclonal antibodies. For proof of concept, succinic acid derivatization at the amine groups of FSC was carried out, resulting in FSC(succ)2 and FSC(succ)3. FSC(succ)2 was further derivatized to FSC(succ)2 AA by reacting with acetic anhydride (AA). The Zr4+ complexation properties of these chelators were studied by reacting with ZrCl4. Partition coefficient, protein binding, serum stability, acid dissociation, and transchelation studies of 89Zr-complexes were carried out in vitro and the results were compared with those for 89Zr-desferrioxamine B ([89Zr]Zr-DFO) and 89Zr-triacetylfusarinine C ([89Zr]Zr-TAFC). The in vivo properties of [89Zr]Zr-FSC(succ)3 were further compared with [89Zr]Zr-TAFC in BALB/c mice using micro-positron emission tomography/computer tomography (microPET/CT) imaging. Fusarinine C (succ)2AA and FSC(succ)3 were synthesized with satisfactory yields. Complexation with ZrCl4 was achieved using a simple strategy resulting in high-purity Zr-FSC(succ)2AA and Zr-FSC(succ)3 with 1:1 stoichiometry. Distribution coefficients of 89Zr-complexes revealed increased hydrophilic character compared to [89Zr]Zr-TAFC. All radioligands showed high stability in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and human serum and low protein-bound activity over a period of seven days. Acid dissociation and transchelation studies exhibited a range of in vitro stabilities following the order: [89Zr]Zr-FSC(succ)3 > [89Zr]Zr-TAFC > [89Zr]Zr-FSC(succ)2AA >> [89Zr]Zr-DFO. Biodistribution studies of [89Zr]Zr-FSC(succ)3 revealed a slower excretion pattern compared to [89Zr]Zr-TAFC. In conclusion, [89Zr]Zr-FSC(succ)3 showed the best stability and inertness. The promising results obtained with [89Zr]Zr-FSC(succ)2AA highlight the potential of FSC(succ)2 as a monovalent chelator for conjugation to targeted biomolecules, in particular, monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuangyan Zhai
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Shanzhen He
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 510080 Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yunjie Ye
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 510080 Guangzhou, China.
| | - Christine Rangger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Piriya Kaeopookum
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Dominik Summer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Hubertus Haas
- Division of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Leopold Kremser
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Herbert Lindner
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Julie Foster
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, E1 4NS London, UK.
| | - Jane Sosabowski
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, E1 4NS London, UK.
| | - Clemens Decristoforo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Rios X, Compte M, Gómez-Vallejo V, Cossío U, Baz Z, Morcillo MÁ, Ramos-Cabrer P, Alvarez-Vallina L, Llop J. Immuno-PET Imaging and Pharmacokinetics of an Anti-CEA scFv-based Trimerbody and Its Monomeric Counterpart in Human Gastric Carcinoma-Bearing Mice. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:1025-1035. [PMID: 30726099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are currently used as therapeutic agents in different types of cancer. However, mAbs and antibody fragments developed so far show suboptimal properties in terms of circulation time and tumor penetration/retention. Here, we report the radiolabeling, pharmacokinetic evaluation, and determination of tumor targeting capacity of the previously validated anti-CEA MFE23-scFv-based N-terminal trimerbody (MFE23N-trimerbody), and the results are compared to those obtained for the monomeric MFE23-scFv. Dissection and gamma-counting studies performed with the 131I-labeled protein scaffolds in normal mice showed slower blood clearance for the trimerbody, and accumulation in the kidneys, the spleen, and the liver for both species. These, together with a progressive uptake in the small intestine, confirm a combined elimination scheme with hepatobiliary and urinary excretion. Positron emission tomography studies performed in a xenograft mouse model of human gastric adenocarcinoma, generated by subcutaneous administration of CEA-positive human MKN45 cells, showed higher tumor accumulation and tumor-to-muscle (T/M) ratios for 124I-labeled MFE23N-trimerbody than for MFE23-scFv. Specific uptake was not detected with PET imaging in CEA negative xenografts as indicated by low T/M ratios. Our data suggest that engineered intermediate-sized trivalent antibody fragments could be promising candidates for targeted therapy and imaging of CEA-positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Rios
- Radiochemistry and Nuclear Imaging Group , CIC biomaGUNE , 20014 San Sebastián , Guipúzcoa , Spain
| | - Marta Compte
- Molecular Immunology Unit , Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda , Manuel de Falla 1, 28222 Majadahonda, Madrid , Spain
| | | | - Unai Cossío
- Radiochemistry and Nuclear Imaging Group , CIC biomaGUNE , 20014 San Sebastián , Guipúzcoa , Spain
| | - Zuriñe Baz
- Radiochemistry and Nuclear Imaging Group , CIC biomaGUNE , 20014 San Sebastián , Guipúzcoa , Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Morcillo
- Biomedical Applications of Radioisotopes and Pharmacokinetics Unit , CIEMAT , 28040 Madrid , Spain
| | - Pedro Ramos-Cabrer
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging Group , CIC biomaGUNE , 20014 San Sebastián , Guipúzcoa Spain.,Ikerbasque, The Basque Foundation for Science , 48013 Bilbao , Spain
| | - Luis Alvarez-Vallina
- Immunotherapy and Cell Engineering Group, Department of Engineering , Aarhus University , Gustav WiedsVej 10 , 8000 C Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Jordi Llop
- Radiochemistry and Nuclear Imaging Group , CIC biomaGUNE , 20014 San Sebastián , Guipúzcoa , Spain
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Čepa A, Ráliš J, Marešová L, Kleinová M, Seifert D, Sieglová I, Král V, Polášek M, Paurová M, Lázníček M, Lebeda O. Radiolabeling of the antibody IgG M75 for epitope of human carbonic anhydrase IX by 61Cu and 64Cu and its biological testing. Appl Radiat Isot 2019; 143:87-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Drenckhan A, Freytag M, Supuran CT, Sauter G, Izbicki JR, Gros SJ. CAIX furthers tumour progression in the hypoxic tumour microenvironment of esophageal carcinoma and is a possible therapeutic target. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018; 33:1024-1033. [PMID: 29865880 PMCID: PMC6010094 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1475369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypoxic tumour microenvironment of solid tumours represents an important starting point for modulating progression and metastatic spread. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a known HIF-1α-dependent key player in maintaining cell pH conditions under hypoxia. We show that CAIX is strongly expressed in esophageal carcinoma tissues. We hypothesize that a moderate CAIX expression facilitates metastases and thereby worsens prognosis. Selective inhibition of CAIX by specific CAIX inhibitors and a CAIX knockdown effectively inhibit proliferation and migration in vitro. In the orthotopic esophageal carcinoma model, the humanized HER2 antibody trastuzumab down-regulates CAIX, possibly through CAIX’s linkage with HER2 in the hypoxic microenvironment. Our results show CAIX to be an essential part of the tumour microenvironment and a possible master regulator of tumour progression. This makes CAIX a highly effective and feasible therapeutic target for selective cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Drenckhan
- a Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery , University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Morton Freytag
- a Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery , University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- b Department Neurofarba , Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Guido Sauter
- c Department of Pathology , University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Jakob R Izbicki
- a Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery , University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Stephanie J Gros
- a Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery , University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany.,d Department of Pediatric Surgery , Ûniversity Children's Hospital Basel , Basel , Switzerland
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Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography with 89Zr-girentuximab Can Aid in Diagnostic Dilemmas of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Suspicion. Eur Urol 2018; 74:257-260. [PMID: 29730017 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Based on the high expression of carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) in 95% of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), the anti-CAIX monoclonal antibody girentuximab can be used for the detection of ccRCC. This clinical study explores the value of 89Zr-labeled girentuximab positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging in diagnostic challenges regarding ccRCC. PET/CT imaging was performed 4 or 5 d after injection of 89Zr-girentuximab in patients with a primary renal mass (n=16) or a history of ccRCC (n=14). Scans were used for decision making (surgery/active surveillance) in case of indistinct renal masses. All resected PET-positive primary lesions proved to be ccRCC, while no lesion progression was seen in PET-negative masses. In patients suspected of recurrent/metastatic ccRCC, PET/CT with 89Zr-girentuximab was useful to confirm or exclude ccRCC, evaluate the extent of the disease, and differentiate from other cancers. In this group, 89Zr-girentuximab PET/CT resulted in a major change in clinical management in five patients (36%), while in three patients (21%) repeat biopsies could be avoided. We conclude that 89Zr-girentuximab PET/CT is a valuable diagnostic tool that can guide clinical decision making in case of diagnostic dilemmas concerning ccRCC suspicion. PATIENT SUMMARY Positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging with 89Zr-girentuximab can be a valuable diagnostic tool to identify clear cell renal cell carcinoma.
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Warnders FJ, Lub-de Hooge MN, de Vries EGE, Kosterink JGW. Influence of protein properties and protein modification on biodistribution and tumor uptake of anticancer antibodies, antibody derivatives, and non-Ig scaffolds. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:1837-1873. [PMID: 29635825 DOI: 10.1002/med.21498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Newly developed protein drugs that target tumor-associated antigens are often modified in order to increase their therapeutic effect, tumor exposure, and safety profile. During the development of protein drugs, molecular imaging is increasingly used to provide additional information on their in vivo behavior. As a result, there are increasing numbers of studies that demonstrate the effect of protein modification on whole body distribution and tumor uptake of protein drugs. However, much still remains unclear about how to interpret obtained biodistribution data correctly. Consequently, there is a need for more insight in the correct way of interpreting preclinical and clinical imaging data. Summarizing the knowledge gained to date may facilitate this interpretation. This review therefore provides an overview of specific protein properties and modifications that can affect biodistribution and tumor uptake of anticancer antibodies, antibody fragments, and nonimmunoglobulin scaffolds. Protein properties that are discussed in this review are molecular size, target interaction, FcRn binding, and charge. Protein modifications that are discussed are radiolabeling, fluorescent labeling drug conjugation, glycosylation, humanization, albumin binding, and polyethylene glycolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank-Jan Warnders
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolijn N Lub-de Hooge
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth G E de Vries
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos G W Kosterink
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,PharmacoTherapy, Epidemiology & Economy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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24
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Acetazolamide-based [ 18 F]-PET tracer: In vivo validation of carbonic anhydrase IX as a sole target for imaging of CA-IX expressing hypoxic solid tumors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:915-921. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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25
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Čepa A, Ráliš J, Král V, Paurová M, Kučka J, Humajová J, Lázníček M, Lebeda O. In vitro evaluation of the monoclonal antibody 64Cu-IgG M75 against human carbonic anhydrase IX and its in vivo imaging. Appl Radiat Isot 2017; 133:9-13. [PMID: 29272822 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Specific oncology diagnostics requires new types of the selective radiopharmaceuticals, particularly those suitable for the molecular PET imaging. The aim of this work is to present a new, specific PET-immunodiagnostic radiopharmaceutical based on the monoclonal antibody IgG M75 targeting human carbonic anhydrase IX labelled with 64Cu (T½ = 12.70h) and its in vitro and in vivo evaluation. The antibody IgG M75 was conjugated with a non-commercial copper-specific chelator "phosphinate" and then labelled with the positron emitter 64Cu. Stability of the labelled conjugated was tested in human serum. The immunoreactivity of the labelled conjugate was evaluated in vitro on a suitable cell cultures of the colorectal carcinoma (HT-29) and its imaging properties were estimated in vivo on a mouse model with inoculated colorectal carcinoma HT-29 imaged on a µPET/CT. The tested radioimmunoconjugate was obtained in a specific activity of 0.25-0.5 MBq/µg. In vitro uptake experiments revealed specific binding to the HT-29 cells (45 ± 2.8% of the total added activity) and the measured KD value was found to be 9.2nM. Imaging clearly demonstrated significant uptake of the labelled monoclonal antibody in the tumour at 18h post administration. The radioimmunoconjugate 64Cu-PS-IgG M75 seems to be a suitable candidate for PET diagnostics of hypoxic tumours expressing human carbonic anhydrase IX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Čepa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Ráliš
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, Czech Republic
| | - Vlastimil Král
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Paurová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kučka
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the CAS, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Humajová
- Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, 1st Medical Faculty, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Lázníček
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Lebeda
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, Czech Republic.
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26
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Development of 89Zr-Ontuxizumab for in vivo TEM-1/endosialin PET applications. Oncotarget 2017; 7:13082-92. [PMID: 26909615 PMCID: PMC4914343 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The complexity of sarcoma has led to the need for patient selection via in vivo biomarkers. Tumor endothelial marker-1 (TEM-1) is a cell surface marker expressed by the tumor microenvironment. Currently MORAb-004 (Ontuxizumab), an anti-TEM-1 humanized monoclonal antibody, is in sarcoma clinical trials. Development of positron emission tomography (PET) for in vivo TEM-1 expression may allow for stratification of patients, potentially enhancing clinical outcomes seen with Ontuxizumab. RESULTS Characterization of cell lines revealed clear differences in TEM-1 expression. One high expressing (RD-ES) and one low expressing (LUPI) cell line were xenografted, and mice were injected with 89Zr-Ontuxizumab. PET imaging post-injection revealed that TEM-1 was highly expressed and readily detectable in vivo only in RD-ES. In vivo biodistribution studies confirmed high radiopharmaceutical uptake in tumor relative to normal organs. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Sarcoma cell lines were characterized for TEM-1 expression. Ontuxizumab was labeled with 89Zr and evaluated for immunoreactivity preservation. 89Zr-Ontuxizumab was injected into mice with high or null expressing TEM-1 xenografts. In vivo PET imaging experiments were performed. CONCLUSION 89Zr-Ontuxizumab can be used in vivo to determine high versus low TEM-1 expression. Reliable PET imaging of TEM-1 in sarcoma patients may allow for identification of patients that will attain the greatest benefit from anti-TEM-1 therapy.
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27
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Yun M, Kim DY, Lee JJ, Kim HS, Kim HS, Pyo A, Ryu Y, Kim TY, Zheng JH, Yoo SW, Hyun H, Oh G, Jeong J, Moon M, Min JH, Kwon SY, Kim JY, Chung E, Hong Y, Lee W, Kim HS, Min JJ. A High-Affinity Repebody for Molecular Imaging of EGFR-Expressing Malignant Tumors. Theranostics 2017; 7:2620-2633. [PMID: 28819451 PMCID: PMC5558557 DOI: 10.7150/thno.18096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The accurate detection of disease-related biomarkers is crucial for the early diagnosis and management of disease in personalized medicine. Here, we present a molecular imaging of human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-expressing malignant tumors using an EGFR-specific repebody composed of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) modules. The repebody was labeled with either a fluorescent dye or radioisotope, and used for imaging of EGFR-expressing malignant tumors using an optical method and positron emission tomography. Our approach enabled visualization of the status of EGFR expression, allowing quantitative evaluation in whole tumors, which correlated well with the EGFR expression levels in mouse or patients-derived colon cancers. The present approach can be effectively used for the accurate detection of EGFR-expressing cancers, assisting in the development of a tool for detecting other disease biomarkers.
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28
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Bergstrom M. The Use of Microdosing in the Development of Small Organic and Protein Therapeutics. J Nucl Med 2017; 58:1188-1195. [PMID: 28546333 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.116.188037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microdosing as a regulatory concept was introduced to facilitate exploratory studies in humans. The concept involves the use of very low doses of a radionuclide-labeled compound for imaging studies or for assessing plasma pharmacokinetics using equipment that has a highly sensitive readout. The supporting principle is that use of these low doses for a limited time in well-controlled, small populations will limit exposure and have a low risk of adverse effects. Microdosing regulations specify a reduced preclinical toxicology-assessment package in order to shorten the route to human studies and reduce its cost. However, for extrapolation to therapeutically relevant doses and plasma concentrations, there are specific aspects of the use of these low doses and low plasma concentrations that require special attention. These specific aspects are reviewed in this article, with separate attention being paid to small organic molecules and protein therapeutics. The indications for microdosing in drug development are discussed in terms of the 3 pillars of survival in drug development, the first of which is characterization of tissue distribution and access to the site of action; the second, engagement of the target; and the third, induction of tissue responses relevant to a therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Bergstrom
- Department of Pharmacology and PET Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden [retired]
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29
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Garousi J, Honarvar H, Andersson KG, Mitran B, Orlova A, Buijs J, Löfblom J, Frejd FY, Tolmachev V. Comparative Evaluation of Affibody Molecules for Radionuclide Imaging of in Vivo Expression of Carbonic Anhydrase IX. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:3676-3687. [PMID: 27529191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is documented for chronically hypoxic malignant tumors as well as for normoxic renal cell carcinoma. Radionuclide molecular imaging of CAIX would be useful for detection of hypoxic areas in malignant tumors, for patients' stratification for CAIX-targeted therapies, and for discrimination of primary malignant and benign renal tumors. Earlier, we have reported feasibility of in vivo radionuclide based imaging of CAIX expressing tumors using Affibody molecules, small affinity proteins based on a nonimmunoglobulin scaffold. In this study, we compared imaging properties of several anti-CAIX Affibody molecules having identical scaffold parts and competing for the same epitope on CAIX, but having different binding paratopes. Four variants were labeled using residualizing 99mTc and nonresidualizing 125I labels. All radiolabeled variants demonstrated high-affinity detection of CAIX-expressing cell line SK-RC-52 in vitro and specific accumulation in SK-RC-52 xenografts in vivo. 125I-labeled conjugates demonstrated much lower radioactivity uptake in kidneys but higher radioactivity concentration in blood compared with 99mTc-labeled counterparts. Although all variants cleared rapidly from blood and nonspecific compartments, there was noticeable difference in their biodistribution. The best variant for imaging of expression of CAIX in disseminated cancer was 99mTc-(HE)3-ZCAIX:2 providing tumor uptake of 16.3 ± 0.9% ID/g and tumor-to-blood ratio of 44 ± 7 at 4 h after injection. For primary renal cell carcinoma, the most promising imaging candidate was 125I-ZCAIX:4 providing tumor-kidney ratio of 2.1 ± 0.5. In conclusion, several clones of scaffold proteins should be evaluated to select the best variant for development of an imaging probe with optimal sensitivity for the intended application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Garousi
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University , SE-75285 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hadis Honarvar
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University , SE-75285 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ken G Andersson
- Division of Protein Technology, School of Biotechnology, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology , SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bogdan Mitran
- Division of Molecular Imaging, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University , SE-751 83 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Orlova
- Division of Molecular Imaging, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University , SE-751 83 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jos Buijs
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University , SE-75285 Uppsala, Sweden.,Ridgeview Instruments AB , SE-74020 Vänge, Sweden
| | - John Löfblom
- Division of Protein Technology, School of Biotechnology, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology , SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Y Frejd
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University , SE-75285 Uppsala, Sweden.,Affibody AB , SE-171 63 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vladimir Tolmachev
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University , SE-75285 Uppsala, Sweden
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30
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D'Souza JW, Hensley H, Doss M, Beigarten C, Torgov M, Olafsen T, Yu JQ, Robinson MK. Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging as a Modality to Evaluate Antibody-Based PET Radiotracers. J Nucl Med 2016; 58:175-180. [PMID: 27539844 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.116.178780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies, and engineered antibody fragments, labeled with radioisotopes are being developed as radiotracers for the detection and phenotyping of diseases such as cancer. The development of antibody-based radiotracers requires extensive characterization of their in vitro and in vivo properties, including their ability to target tumors in an antigen-selective manner. In this study, we investigated the use of Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) as compared with PET as a modality for evaluating the in vivo behavior of antibody-based radiotracers. METHODS The anti-prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) huJ591 antibody (IgG; 150 kDa) and its minibody (Mb; 80 kDa) format were functionalized with the chelator 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1-glutaric acid-4,7-diacetic acid (NODAGA) and radiolabeled with the positron-emitting radionuclide 64Cu (half-life, 12.7 h). Immunoreactive preparations of the radiolabeled antibodies were injected into NCr nu/nu mice harboring PSMA-positive CWR22Rv1 and PSMA-negative PC-3 tumor xenografts. Tumor targeting was evaluated by both PET and CLI. RESULTS 64Cu-NODAGA-PSMA-IgG and 64Cu-NODAGA-PSMA-Mb retained the ability to bind cell surface PSMA, and both radiotracers exhibited selective uptake into PSMA-positive tumors. Under the experimental conditions used, PSMA-selective uptake of 64Cu-NODAGA-PSMA-IgG and 64Cu-NODAGA-PSMA-Mb was observed by CLI as early as 3 h after injection, with tumor-to-background ratios peaking at 24 (IgG) and 16 (Mb) h after injection. Targeting data generated by CLI correlated with that generated by PET and necropsy. CONCLUSION CLI provided a rapid and simple assessment of the targeting specificity and pharmacokinetics of the antibody-based PET radiotracers that correlated well with the behavior observed by standard PET imaging. Moreover, CLI provided clear discrimination between uptake kinetics of an intact IgG and its small-molecular-weight derivative Mb. These data support the use of CLI for the evaluation of radiotracer performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimson W D'Souza
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Harvey Hensley
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mohan Doss
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Nuclear Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
| | | | | | | | - Jian Q Yu
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Nuclear Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Matthew K Robinson
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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31
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Lau J, Zhang Z, Jenni S, Kuo HT, Liu Z, Vullo D, Supuran CT, Lin KS, Bénard F. PET Imaging of Carbonic Anhydrase IX Expression of HT-29 Tumor Xenograft Mice with 68Ga-Labeled Benzenesulfonamides. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:1137-46. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lau
- Department of Molecular
Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Zhengxing Zhang
- Department of Molecular
Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Silvia Jenni
- Department of Molecular
Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hsiou-Ting Kuo
- Department of Molecular
Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Zhibo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Daniela Vullo
- Dipartimento Neurofarba and Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Dipartimento Neurofarba and Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Kuo-Shyan Lin
- Department of Molecular
Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department
of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - François Bénard
- Department of Molecular
Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department
of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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32
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Krall N, Pretto F, Mattarella M, Müller C, Neri D. A 99mTc-Labeled Ligand of Carbonic Anhydrase IX Selectively Targets Renal Cell Carcinoma In Vivo. J Nucl Med 2016; 57:943-9. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.170514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Angiomyolipoma being surgically excised for presumed kidney carcinoma. Int Urol Nephrol 2015; 47:1037-43. [PMID: 25940032 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-015-0996-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the important factors involved in angiomyolipoma (AML) being preoperatively misclassified and surgically removed for presumed kidney carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS From 2008 to 2014, AML was pathologically confirmed in 38 patients who underwent radical or partial nephrectomy for presumed malignant renal tumor. Control group 1 were patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) matched for age and tumor size; control group 2 were patients with typical AML matched for age and sex. Pertinent data of the studied group and its matched control groups were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS The mean age of the patients in study group was 48.11 ± 12.92 years, and the mean tumor size was 3.12 ± 1.68 cm (range 0.9-9.4). More than 84 % of the misclassified AMLs measured ≤4 cm, and over 21 % patients underwent radical nephrectomy. The only statistically significant feature between the misdiagnosed AML group and the matched RCC group is mean age (48.11 ± 12.92 vs. 56.92 ± 10.28, P = 0.002). Compared with the matched typical AML group, the misdiagnosed AML group has smaller mean tumor size (3.12 ± 1.68 vs. 5.85 ± 3.33, P < 0.001), but more patients undergoing radical nephrectomy (21.05 vs. 0 %, P = 0.003). Two main imaging features, which are hypoechoic on ultrasonography and fat density on computed tomography (CT), were statistically different between the two groups. The misdiagnosis of AML was significantly associated with no fat density on CT (OR 5.528, P = 0.004) and hypoechoic on ultrasonography (OR 3.845, P = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS A number of AMLs were misdiagnosed as RCCs, causing a large number of unnecessary surgeries. No fat density on CT and no hyperechoic on ultrasonography resulting from small tumor size were the two most important factors causing AML being excised for presumed kidney carcinoma. Ultrasonography and CT cannot differentiate atypical AML from kidney carcinoma effectively, so improved renal biopsy and noninvasive biomarkers are urgently warranted to prevent us from excising benign renal tumor aggressively.
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Lamberts LE, Williams SP, Terwisscha van Scheltinga AG, Lub-de Hooge MN, Schröder CP, Gietema JA, Brouwers AH, de Vries EG. Antibody Positron Emission Tomography Imaging in Anticancer Drug Development. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33:1491-504. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.57.8278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 50 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), including several antibody–drug conjugates, are in advanced clinical development, forming an important part of the many molecularly targeted anticancer therapeutics currently in development. Drug development is a relatively slow and expensive process, limiting the number of drugs that can be brought into late-stage trials. Development decisions could benefit from quantitative biomarkers, enabling visualization of the tissue distribution of (potentially modified) therapeutic mAbs to confirm effective whole-body target expression, engagement, and modulation and to evaluate heterogeneity across lesions and patients. Such biomarkers may be realized with positron emission tomography imaging of radioactively labeled antibodies, a process called immunoPET. This approach could potentially increase the power and value of early trials by improving patient selection, optimizing dose and schedule, and rationalizing observed drug responses. In this review, we summarize the available literature and the status of clinical trials regarding the potential of immunoPET during early anticancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia E. Lamberts
- Laetitia E. Lamberts, Anton G.T. Terwisscha van Scheltinga, Marjolijn N. Lub-de Hooge, Carolien P. Schröder, Jourik A. Gietema, Adrienne H. Brouwers, and Elisabeth G.E. de Vries, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and Simon P. Williams, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Simon P. Williams
- Laetitia E. Lamberts, Anton G.T. Terwisscha van Scheltinga, Marjolijn N. Lub-de Hooge, Carolien P. Schröder, Jourik A. Gietema, Adrienne H. Brouwers, and Elisabeth G.E. de Vries, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and Simon P. Williams, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Anton G.T. Terwisscha van Scheltinga
- Laetitia E. Lamberts, Anton G.T. Terwisscha van Scheltinga, Marjolijn N. Lub-de Hooge, Carolien P. Schröder, Jourik A. Gietema, Adrienne H. Brouwers, and Elisabeth G.E. de Vries, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and Simon P. Williams, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Marjolijn N. Lub-de Hooge
- Laetitia E. Lamberts, Anton G.T. Terwisscha van Scheltinga, Marjolijn N. Lub-de Hooge, Carolien P. Schröder, Jourik A. Gietema, Adrienne H. Brouwers, and Elisabeth G.E. de Vries, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and Simon P. Williams, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Carolien P. Schröder
- Laetitia E. Lamberts, Anton G.T. Terwisscha van Scheltinga, Marjolijn N. Lub-de Hooge, Carolien P. Schröder, Jourik A. Gietema, Adrienne H. Brouwers, and Elisabeth G.E. de Vries, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and Simon P. Williams, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Jourik A. Gietema
- Laetitia E. Lamberts, Anton G.T. Terwisscha van Scheltinga, Marjolijn N. Lub-de Hooge, Carolien P. Schröder, Jourik A. Gietema, Adrienne H. Brouwers, and Elisabeth G.E. de Vries, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and Simon P. Williams, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Adrienne H. Brouwers
- Laetitia E. Lamberts, Anton G.T. Terwisscha van Scheltinga, Marjolijn N. Lub-de Hooge, Carolien P. Schröder, Jourik A. Gietema, Adrienne H. Brouwers, and Elisabeth G.E. de Vries, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and Simon P. Williams, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Elisabeth G.E. de Vries
- Laetitia E. Lamberts, Anton G.T. Terwisscha van Scheltinga, Marjolijn N. Lub-de Hooge, Carolien P. Schröder, Jourik A. Gietema, Adrienne H. Brouwers, and Elisabeth G.E. de Vries, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and Simon P. Williams, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
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35
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McIntyre A, Harris AL. Metabolic and hypoxic adaptation to anti-angiogenic therapy: a target for induced essentiality. EMBO Mol Med 2015; 7:368-79. [PMID: 25700172 PMCID: PMC4403040 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201404271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-angiogenic therapy has increased the progression-free survival of many cancer patients but has had little effect on overall survival, even in colon cancer (average 6-8 weeks) due to resistance. The current licensed targeted therapies all inhibit VEGF signalling (Table 1). Many mechanisms of resistance to anti-VEGF therapy have been identified that enable cancers to bypass the angiogenic blockade. In addition, over the last decade, there has been increasing evidence for the role that the hypoxic and metabolic responses play in tumour adaptation to anti-angiogenic therapy. The hypoxic tumour response, through the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), induces major gene expression, metabolic and phenotypic changes, including increased invasion and metastasis. Pre-clinical studies combining anti-angiogenics with inhibitors of tumour hypoxic and metabolic adaptation have shown great promise, and combination clinical trials have been instigated. Understanding individual patient response and the response timing, given the opposing effects of vascular normalisation versus reduced perfusion seen with anti-angiogenics, provides a further hurdle in the paradigm of personalised therapeutic intervention. Additional approaches for targeting the hypoxic tumour microenvironment are being investigated in pre-clinical and clinical studies that have potential for producing synthetic lethality in combination with anti-angiogenic therapy as a future therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan McIntyre
- Hypoxia and angiogenesis Group, Department of Oncology Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adrian L Harris
- Hypoxia and angiogenesis Group, Department of Oncology Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Czarnecka AM, Kornakiewicz A, Kukwa W, Szczylik C. Frontiers in clinical and molecular diagnostics and staging of metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Future Oncol 2015; 10:1095-111. [PMID: 24941992 DOI: 10.2217/fon.13.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The last few years have brought advances in the understanding of the molecular biology of metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Both preclinical research and clinical trials brought together results from the latest advancements in RCC diagnostic and staging. Understanding of the complex molecular alterations involved in the development and progression of RCC enables development of immunohistochemical and genetic diagnostic tools and is also opening the doors for experimental targeted therapies. At the same time, improvements of medical and molecular imaging improves the sensitivity and specificity of metastatic disease diagnosis. Moreover, independent validation of molecular profiles across high-throughput platforms, methods, laboratories and cancer populations has recently been successfully performed in RCC. Generation of informative, clinical diagnostic tools is likely to contribute to development of novel personalized diagnostic and treatment protocols and ensure prolonged survival of RCC patient in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Czarnecka
- Department of Oncology with Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserow 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland
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Zirconium-89 labeled antibodies: a new tool for molecular imaging in cancer patients. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:203601. [PMID: 24991539 PMCID: PMC4058511 DOI: 10.1155/2014/203601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Antibody based positron emission tomography (immuno-PET) imaging is of increasing importance to visualize and characterize tumor lesions. Additionally, it can be used to identify patients who may benefit from a particular therapy and monitor the therapy outcome. In recent years the field is focused on 89Zr, a radiometal with near ideal physical and chemical properties for immuno-PET. In this review we will discuss the production of 89Zr, the bioconjugation strategies, and applications in (pre-)clinical studies of 89Zr-based immuno-PET in oncology. To date, 89Zr-based PET imaging has been investigated in a wide variety of cancer-related targets. Moreover, clinical studies have shown the feasibility for 89Zr-based immuno-PET to predict and monitor treatment, which could be used to tailor treatment for the individual patient. Further research should be directed towards the development of standardized and robust conjugation methods and improved chelators to minimize the amount of released Zr4+ from the antibodies. Additionally, further validation of the imaging method is required. The ongoing development of new 89Zr-labeled antibodies directed against novel tumor targets is expected to expand applications of 89Zr-labeled immuno-PET to a valuable method in the medical imaging.
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Cheal SM, Punzalan B, Doran MG, Evans MJ, Osborne JR, Lewis JS, Zanzonico P, Larson SM. Pairwise comparison of 89Zr- and 124I-labeled cG250 based on positron emission tomography imaging and nonlinear immunokinetic modeling: in vivo carbonic anhydrase IX receptor binding and internalization in mouse xenografts of clear-cell renal cell carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2014; 41:985-94. [PMID: 24604591 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-013-2679-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The PET tracer, (124)I-cG250, directed against carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) shows promise for presurgical diagnosis of clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) (Divgi et al. in Lancet Oncol 8:304-310, 2007; Divgi et al. in J Clin Oncol 31:187-194, 2013). The radiometal (89)Zr, however, may offer advantages as a surrogate PET nuclide over (124)I in terms of greater tumor uptake and retention (Rice et al. in Semin Nucl Med 41:265-282, 2011). We have developed a nonlinear immunokinetic model to facilitate a quantitative comparison of absolute uptake and antibody turnover between (124)I-cG250 and (89)Zr-cG250 using a human ccRCC xenograft tumor model in mice. We believe that this unique model better relates quantitative imaging data to the salient biological features of tumor antibody-antigen binding and turnover. METHODS We conducted experiments with (89)Zr-cG250 and (124)I-cG250 using a human ccRCC cell line (SK-RC-38) to characterize the binding affinity and internalization kinetics of the two tracers in vitro. Serial PET imaging was performed in mice bearing subcutaneous ccRCC tumors to simultaneously detect and quantify time-dependent tumor uptake in vivo. Using the known specific activities of the two tracers, the equilibrium rates of antibody internalization and turnover in the tumors were derived from the PET images using nonlinear compartmental modeling. RESULTS The two tracers demonstrated virtually identical tumor cell binding and internalization but showed markedly different retentions in vitro. Superior PET images were obtained using (89)Zr-cG250, owing to the more prolonged trapping of the radiolabel in the tumor and simultaneous washout from normal tissues. Estimates of cG250/CAIX complex turnover were 1.35 - 5.51 × 10(12) molecules per hour per gram of tumor (20 % of receptors internalized per hour), and the ratio of (124)I/(89)Zr atoms released per unit time by tumor was 17.5. CONCLUSION Pairwise evaluation of (89)Zr-cG250 and (124)I-cG250 provided the basis for a nonlinear immunokinetic model which yielded quantitative information about the binding and internalization of radioantibody bound to CAIX on tumor cells in vivo. (89)Zr-cG250 is likely to provide high-quality PET images and may be a useful tool to quantify CAIX/cG250 receptor turnover and cG250-accessible antigen density noninvasively in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Cheal
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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Abstract
There is an expanding and exciting repertoire of PET imaging radiotracers for urogenital diseases, particularly in prostate cancer, renal cell cancer, and renal function. Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men. With growing therapeutic options for the treatment of metastatic and advanced prostate cancer, improved functional imaging of prostate cancer beyond the limitations of conventional CT and bone scan is becoming increasingly important for both clinical management and drug development. PET radiotracers, apart from ¹⁸F-FDG, for prostate cancer are ¹⁸F-sodium fluoride, ¹¹C-choline, and ¹⁸F-fluorocholine, and (¹¹C-acetate. Other emerging and promising PET radiotracers include a synthetic l-leucine amino acid analogue (anti-¹⁸F-fluorocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid), dihydrotestosterone analogue (¹⁸F-fluoro-5α-dihydrotestosterone), and prostate-specific membrane antigen-based PET radiotracers (eg, N-[N-[(S)-1,3-dicarboxypropyl]carbamoyl]-4-¹⁸F-fluorobenzyl-l-cysteine, ⁸⁹Zr-DFO-J591, and ⁶⁸Ga [HBED-CC]). Larger prospective and comparison trials of these PET radiotracers are needed to establish the role of PET/CT in prostate cancer. Although renal cell cancer imaging with FDG-PET/CT is available, it can be limited, especially for detection of the primary tumor. Improved renal cell cancer detection with carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX)-based antibody (¹²⁴I-girentuximab) and radioimmunotherapy targeting with ¹⁷⁷Lu-cG250 appear promising. Evaluation of renal injury by imaging renal perfusion and function with novel PET radiotracers include p-¹⁸F-fluorohippurate, hippurate m-cyano-p-¹⁸F-fluorohippurate, and rubidium-82 chloride (typically used for myocardial perfusion imaging). Renal receptor imaging of the renal renin-angiotensin system with a variety of selective PET radioligands is also becoming available for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Y Cho
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Zsolt Szabo
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
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Sneddon D, Poulsen SA. Agents described in the Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database for imaging carbonic anhydrase IX expression. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2014; 29:753-63. [PMID: 24506208 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2013.848205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is selectively expressed in a range of hypoxic tumours and is a validated endogenous hypoxia marker with prognostic significance; hence, CA IX is of great interest as a molecular imaging target in oncology. In this review, we present an overview of the different imaging agents and imaging modalities that have been applied for the in vivo detection of CA IX. The imaging agents reviewed are all entries in the Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) and comprise antibody, antibody fragments and small molecule imaging agents. The effectiveness of these agents for imaging CA IX in vivo gave variable performance; however, a number of agents proved very capable. As molecular imaging has become indispensable in current medical practice we anticipate that the clinical significance of CA IX will see continued development and improvements in imaging agents for targeting this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Sneddon
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University , Brisbane, Queensland , Australia
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Wright BD, Lapi SE. Designing the magic bullet? The advancement of immuno-PET into clinical use. J Nucl Med 2013; 54:1171-4. [PMID: 23908265 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.113.126086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of noninvasive imaging techniques using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is a quickly evolving field. Immuno-PET uses positron-emitting isotopes to track the localization of mAbs with excellent image quality. Procedures for labeling mAbs with (89)Zr or (124)I using good manufacturing procedures have been established, and therefore these radiopharmaceuticals are being investigated for clinical use. This short review will focus on immuno-PET with full mAbs using long-lived positron-emitting isotopes ((89)Zr and (124)I) over the past 5 y and discuss their progress into clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Wright
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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