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Zhao H, Zhao H, Ji S. A Mesenchymal stem cell Aging Framework, from Mechanisms to Strategies. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024; 20:1420-1440. [PMID: 38727878 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-024-10732-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are extensively researched for therapeutic applications in tissue engineering and show significant potential for clinical use. Intrinsic or extrinsic factors causing senescence may lead to reduced proliferation, aberrant differentiation, weakened immunoregulation, and increased inflammation, ultimately limiting the potential of MSCs. It is crucial to comprehend the molecular pathways and internal processes responsible for the decline in MSC function due to senescence in order to devise innovative approaches for rejuvenating senescent MSCs and enhancing MSC treatment. We investigate the main molecular processes involved in senescence, aiming to provide a thorough understanding of senescence-related issues in MSCs. Additionally, we analyze the most recent advancements in cutting-edge approaches to combat MSC senescence based on current research. We are curious whether the aging process of stem cells results in a permanent "memory" and if cellular reprogramming may potentially revert the aging epigenome to a more youthful state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqing Zhao
- Nanbu County People's Hospital, Nanchong City, 637300, Sichuan Province, China
- Jinzhou Medical University, No.82 Songpo Road, Guta District, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Houming Zhao
- Graduate School of PLA Medical College, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shuaifei Ji
- Graduate School of PLA Medical College, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100083, China.
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2
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Masnoon J, Ishaque A, Khan I, Salim A, Kabir N. Effect of lawsone-preconditioned mesenchymal stem cells on the regeneration of pancreatic β cells in Type 1 diabetic rats. Cell Biochem Funct 2023; 41:833-844. [PMID: 37814478 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the major health issues globally. Type 1 diabetes mellitus develops due to the destruction of pancreatic β cells. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) having remarkable self-renewal and differentiation potential, can regenerate β cells. MSCs preconditioned with bioactive small molecules possess enhanced biological features and therapeutic potential under in vivo environment. Interestingly, compounds of naphthoquinone class possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties, and can be explored as potential candidates for preconditioning MSCs. This study analyzed the effect of lawsone-preconditioned human umbilical cord MSCs (hUMSCs) on the regeneration of β cells in the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced Type 1 diabetes (T1D) rats. hUMSCs were isolated and characterized for the presence of surface markers. MSCs were preconditioned with optimized concentration of lawsone. T1D rat model was established by injecting 50 mg/kg of STZ intraperitoneally. Untreated and lawsone-preconditioned hUMSCs were transplanted into the diabetic rats via tail vein. Fasting blood sugar and body weight were monitored regularly for 4 weeks. Pancreas was harvested and β cell regeneration was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining, and gene expression analysis. Immunohistochemistry was also done to assess the insulin expression. Lawsone-preconditioned hUMSCs showed better anti-hyperglycemic effect in comparison with untreated hUMSCs. Histological analysis presented the regeneration of islets of Langerhans with upregulated expression of βcell genes and reduced expression of inflammatory markers. Immunohistochemistry revealed strong insulin expression in the preconditioned hUMSCs compared with the untreated hUMSCs. It is concluded from the present study that lawsone-preconditioned hMSCs were able to exhibit pronounced anti-hyperglycemic effect in vivo compared with hUMSCs alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javeria Masnoon
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Aisha Ishaque
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Khan
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Asmat Salim
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nurul Kabir
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Shu B, Wan J, Li X, Liu R, Xu C, An Y, Chen J. Preconditioning with Trehalose Protects the Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Under Oxidative Stress and Enhances the Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Cerebral Ischemic Stroke. Cell Reprogram 2022; 24:118-131. [PMID: 35647904 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2022.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) transplantation has emerged as a potential treatment for ischemic stroke. Preconditioning with pharmacological agents before cell transplantation has been shown to increase the efficiency of cell therapy. In this study, trehalose (Tre), an autophagy inducer, was used as a pharmacological agent to treat BMSCs, and the neuroprotective effect of BMSCs preconditioned with Tre on cerebral ischemia was assessed. BMSCs were treated in vitro with different concentrations of Tre. Immunofluorescence staining of LC3B was performed to detect autophagy, and Western blotting for LC3, Beclin1, p-AMPK, and p-mTOR was performed. Flow cytometry and Western blotting analysis were performed to measure cell apoptosis in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to test the secretion levels of neurotrophic factors. An in vivo ischemia/reperfusion model was generated by middle cerebral artery occlusion in male Sprague Dawley rats, and Tre-preconditioned BMSCs were administered intralesionally 24 hours after ischemic injury. Histopathological examination and neurological function studies were conducted. In vitro, Tre promotes autophagy of BMSCs through the activation of the AMPK signal pathway. Tre protected BMSCs from H2O2-induced cell viability reduction and apoptosis. Moreover, Tre pretreatment increased the secretion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and hepatocyte growth factor. In vivo, preconditioning with Tre could further enhance the survival of BMSCs, reduce infarct size, alleviate cell apoptosis, abate vessel decrease, and ultimately improve functional recovery. Our study indicates that Tre can enhance the survival of BMSCs under oxidative stress and enhance BMSC-based treatment of ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Shu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingjing Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Raynald Liu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengshi Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yihua An
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingcao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Yin M, Zhang Y, Yu H, Li X. Role of Hyperglycemia in the Senescence of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:665412. [PMID: 33968939 PMCID: PMC8099107 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.665412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The regenerative and immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have laid a sound foundation for their clinical application in various diseases. However, the clinical efficiency of MSC treatments varies depending on certain cell characteristics. Among these, the roles of cell aging or senescence cannot be excluded. Despite their stemness, evidence of senescence in MSCs has recently gained attention. Many factors may contribute to the senescence of MSCs, including MSC origin (biological niche), donor conditions (age, obesity, diseases, or unknown factors), and culture conditions in vitro. With the rapidly increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), the effects of hyperglycemia on the senescence of MSCs should be evaluated to improve the application of autologous MSCs. This review aims to present the available data on the senescence of MSCs, its relationship with hyperglycemia, and the strategies to suppress the senescence of MSCs in a hyperglycemic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yin
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haibo Yu
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xia Li
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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Deng F, Zhai W, Yin Y, Peng C, Ning C. Advanced protein adsorption properties of a novel silicate-based bioceramic: A proteomic analysis. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:208-218. [PMID: 32913929 PMCID: PMC7451930 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicate bioceramics have been shown to possess excellent cytocompatibility and osteogenic activity, but the exact mechanism is still unclear. Protein adsorption is the first event taking place at the biomaterial-tissue interface, which is vital to the subsequent cellular behavior and further influence the biomaterial-tissue interaction. In this work, the protein adsorption behavior of a novel CPS bioceramic was evaluated using the proteomics technology. The results showed that CPS adsorbed more amount and types of serum proteins than HA. FN1 and IGF1 proteins selected from proteomics results were validated by Western-blot experiment. Pathway analysis also revealed mechanistic insights how these absorbed proteins by CPS help mediate cell adhesion and promotes osteogenic activity. Firstly, the dramatically enhanced adsorption of FN1 could greatly promote cell adhesion and growth. Secondly, IGF1 was uniquely adsorbed on CPS bioceramic and IGF1 could activate Rap1 signaling pathway to promote cell adhesion. Thirdly, the increased adsorption of FN1, IGF1 and COL1A2 proteins on CPS explains its better ability on bone regeneration than HA. Fourthly, the increased adsorption of IGF1, CHAD, COL2A1 and THBS4 proteins on CPS explains its ability on cartilage formation. Lastly, the increased adsorption of immunological related proteins on CPS may also play a positive role in bone regeneration. In addition, CPS had a much better cell adhesion ability than HA, proving that more adsorbed proteins really had a positive effect on cell behavior. The more adsorbed proteins on CPS than HA might indicated a better bone regeneration rate at early stage of implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanyan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Wanyin Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Yue Yin
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Chao Peng
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Congqin Ning
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
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Zhang Y, Zhu W, He H, Fan B, Deng R, Hong Y, Liang X, Zhao H, Li X, Zhang F. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor rejuvenates aged human mesenchymal stem cells and improves myocardial repair. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:12641-12660. [PMID: 31881006 PMCID: PMC6949107 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial functions of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) decline with age, limiting their therapeutic efficacy for myocardial infarction (MI). Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) promotes cell proliferation and survival. We investigated whether MIF overexpression could rejuvenate aged MSCs and increase their therapeutic efficacy in MI. Young and aged MSCs were isolated from the bone marrow of young and aged donors. Young MSCs, aged MSCs, and MIF-overexpressing aged MSCs were transplanted into the peri-infarct region in a rat MI model. Aged MSCs exhibited a lower proliferative capacity, lower MIF level, greater cell size, greater senescence-associated-β-galactosidase activity, and weaker paracrine effects than young MSCs. Knocking down MIF in young MSCs induced cellular senescence, whereas overexpressing MIF in aged MSCs reduced cellular senescence. MIF rejuvenated aged MSCs by activating autophagy, an effect largely reversed by the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine. MIF-overexpressing aged MSCs induced angiogenesis and prevented cardiomyocyte apoptosis to a greater extent than aged MSCs, and had improved heart function and cell survival more effectively than aged MSCs four weeks after MI. Thus, MIF rejuvenated aged MSCs by activating autophagy and enhanced their therapeutic efficacy in MI, suggesting a novel MSC-based therapeutic strategy for cardiovascular diseases in the aged population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenwu Zhu
- Section of Pacing and Electrophysiology, Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiwei He
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baohan Fan
- Section of Pacing and Electrophysiology, Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Deng
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Yimei Hong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoting Liang
- Clinical Translational Medical Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyan Zhao
- Section of Pacing and Electrophysiology, Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengxiang Zhang
- Section of Pacing and Electrophysiology, Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Arany EJ, Waseem M, Strutt BJ, Chamson-Reig A, Bernardo A, Eng E, Hill DJ. Direct comparison of the abilities of bone marrow mesenchymal versus hematopoietic stem cells to reverse hyperglycemia in diabetic NOD.SCID mice. Islets 2018; 10:137-150. [PMID: 30110202 PMCID: PMC6281365 DOI: 10.1080/19382014.2018.1480285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Both bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) improve glycemic control in diabetic mice, but their kinetics and associated changes in pancreatic morphology have not been directly compared. Our goal was to examine the time course of improvements in glucose tolerance and associated changes in β-cell mass and proliferation following transplantation of equivalent numbers of HSC or MSC from the same bone marrow into diabetic non-obese diabetic severe combined immune deficiency (NOD.SCID) mice. We used transgenic mice with a targeted expression of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) driven by the Vav1 gene promoter to genetically tag HSC and progeny. HSC were separated from bone marrow by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and MSC following cell culture. Equivalent numbers of isolated HSC or MSC were transplanted directly into the pancreas of NOD.SCID mice previously made diabetic with streptozotocin. Glucose tolerance, serum insulin, β-cell mass and β-cell proliferation were examined up to 28 days following transplant. Transplantation with MSC improved glucose tolerance within 7 days and serum insulin levels increased, but with no increase in β-cell mass. Mice transplanted with HSC showed improved glucose tolerance only after 3 weeks associated with increased β-cell proliferation and mass. We conclude that single injections of either MSC or HSC transiently improved glycemic control in diabetic NOD.SCID mice, but with different time courses. However, only HSC infiltrated the islets and were associated with an expanded β-cell mass. This suggests that MSC and HSC have differing mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith J. Arany
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- CONTACT Dr. David J. Hill Lawson Health Research Institute, St. Joseph’s Health Care, 268 Grosvenor St, London ON Canada N6A 4V2
| | - Muhammad Waseem
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Adam Bernardo
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Eng
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - David J. Hill
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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Chen CY, Tseng KY, Lai YL, Chen YS, Lin FH, Lin S. Overexpression of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Enhanced the Osteogenic Capability of Aging Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Theranostics 2017; 7:1598-1611. [PMID: 28529639 PMCID: PMC5436515 DOI: 10.7150/thno.16637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have indicated that loss of the osteoblastogenic potential in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (bmMSCs) is the major component in the etiology of the aging-related bone deficit. But how the bmMSCs lose osteogenic capability in aging is unclear. Using 2-dimentional cultures, we examined the dose response of human bmMSCs, isolated from adult and aged donors, to exogenous insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), a growth factor regulating bone formation. The data showed that the mitogenic activity and the osteoblastogenic potential of bmMSCs in response to IGF-1 were impaired with aging, whereas higher doses of IGF-1 increased the proliferation rate and osteogenic potential of aging bmMSCs. Subsequently, we seeded IGF-1-overexpressing aging bmMSCs into calcium-alginate scaffolds and incubated in a bioreactor with constant perfusion for varying time periods to examine the effect of IGF-1 overexpression to the bone-forming capability of aging bmMSCs. We found that IGF-1 overexpression in aging bmMSCs facilitated the formation of cell clusters in scaffolds, increased the cell survival inside the cell clusters, induced the expression of osteoblast markers, and enhanced the biomineralization of cell clusters. These results indicated that IGF-1 overexpression enhanced cells' osteogenic capability. Thus, our data suggest that the aging-related loss of osteogenic potential in bmMSCs can be attributed in part to the impairment in bmMSCs' IGF-1 signaling, and support possible application of IGF-1-overexpressing autologous bmMSCs in repairing bone defect of the elderly and in producing bone graft materials for repairing large scale bone injury in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yun Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine (I-BEN), National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Kuo-Yun Tseng
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Yen-Liang Lai
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine (I-BEN), National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
- Ph.D. Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Yo-Shen Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Feng-Huei Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine (I-BEN), National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Shankung Lin
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
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