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Jung JH, Loeken MR. Diabetic Embryopathy Susceptibility in Mice Is Associated with Differential Dependence on Glucosamine and Modulation of High Glucose-Induced Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081156. [PMID: 34439404 PMCID: PMC8388881 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The high KM glucose transporter, GLUT2 (SLC2A2), is expressed by embryos and causes high rates of glucose transport during maternal hyperglycemic episodes in diabetic pregnancies and causes congenital malformations (diabetic embryopathy). GLUT2 is also a low KM transporter of the amino sugar, glucosamine (GlcN), which enters the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) and provides substrate for glycosylation reactions. Exogenous GlcN also increases activity of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), which increases production of NADPH reducing equivalents. GLUT2-transported GlcN is inhibited by high glucose concentrations. Not all mouse strains are susceptible to diabetic embryopathy. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that susceptibility to diabetic embryopathy is related to differential dependence on exogenous GlcN for glycosylation or stimulation of the PPP. We tested this using murine embryonic stem cell (ESC) lines that were derived from embryopathy-susceptible FVB/NJ (FVB), and embryopathy-resistant C57Bl/6J (B6), embryos in the presence of low or high glucose, and in the presence or absence of GlcN. There were no significant differences in Glut2 expression, or of glucose or GlcN transport, between FVB and B6 ESC. GlcN effects on growth and incorporation into glycoproteins indicated that FVB ESC are more dependent on exogenous GlcN than are B6 ESC. GlcN stimulated PPP activity in FVB but not in B6 ESC. High glucose induced oxidative stress in FVB ESC but not in B6 ESC. These results indicate that FVB embryos are more dependent on exogenous GlcN for glycosylation, but also for stimulation of the PPP and NADPH production, than are B6 embryos, thereby rendering FVB embryos more susceptible to high glucose to induce oxidative stress.
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Bessi BW, Botigelli RC, Pieri NCG, Machado LS, Cruz JB, de Moraes P, de Souza AF, Recchia K, Barbosa G, de Castro RVG, Nogueira MFG, Bressan FF. Cattle In Vitro Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Generated and Maintained in 5 or 20% Oxygen and Different Supplementation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061531. [PMID: 34204517 PMCID: PMC8234940 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The event of cellular reprogramming into pluripotency is influenced by several factors, such as in vitro culture conditions (e.g., culture medium and oxygen concentration). Herein, bovine iPSCs (biPSCs) were generated in different levels of oxygen tension (5% or 20% of oxygen) and supplementation (bFGF or bFGF + LIF + 2i-bFL2i) to evaluate the efficiency of pluripotency induction and maintenance in vitro. Initial reprogramming was observed in all groups and bFL2i supplementation initially resulted in a superior number of colonies. However, bFL2i supplementation in low oxygen led to a loss of self-renewal and pluripotency maintenance. All clonal lines were positive for alkaline phosphatase; they expressed endogenous pluripotency-related genes SOX2, OCT4 and STELLA. However, expression was decreased throughout the passages without the influence of oxygen tension. GLUT1 and GLUT3 were upregulated by low oxygen. The biPSCs were immunofluorescence-positive stained for OCT4 and SOX2 and they formed embryoid bodies which differentiated in ectoderm and mesoderm (all groups), as well as endoderm (one line from bFL2i in high oxygen). Our study is the first to compare high and low oxygen environments during and after induced reprogramming in cattle. In our conditions, a low oxygen environment did not favor the pluripotency maintenance of biPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon Willian Bessi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil; (B.W.B.); (N.C.G.P.); (L.S.M.); (J.B.C.); (P.d.M.); (A.F.d.S.); (K.R.); (G.B.); (R.V.G.d.C.)
| | - Ramon Cesar Botigelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil; (B.W.B.); (N.C.G.P.); (L.S.M.); (J.B.C.); (P.d.M.); (A.F.d.S.); (K.R.); (G.B.); (R.V.G.d.C.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences (IBB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil
- Correspondence: (R.C.B.); (F.F.B.)
| | - Naira Caroline Godoy Pieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil; (B.W.B.); (N.C.G.P.); (L.S.M.); (J.B.C.); (P.d.M.); (A.F.d.S.); (K.R.); (G.B.); (R.V.G.d.C.)
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Lucas Simões Machado
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil; (B.W.B.); (N.C.G.P.); (L.S.M.); (J.B.C.); (P.d.M.); (A.F.d.S.); (K.R.); (G.B.); (R.V.G.d.C.)
| | - Jessica Brunhara Cruz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil; (B.W.B.); (N.C.G.P.); (L.S.M.); (J.B.C.); (P.d.M.); (A.F.d.S.); (K.R.); (G.B.); (R.V.G.d.C.)
| | - Pamela de Moraes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil; (B.W.B.); (N.C.G.P.); (L.S.M.); (J.B.C.); (P.d.M.); (A.F.d.S.); (K.R.); (G.B.); (R.V.G.d.C.)
| | - Aline Fernanda de Souza
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil; (B.W.B.); (N.C.G.P.); (L.S.M.); (J.B.C.); (P.d.M.); (A.F.d.S.); (K.R.); (G.B.); (R.V.G.d.C.)
| | - Kaiana Recchia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil; (B.W.B.); (N.C.G.P.); (L.S.M.); (J.B.C.); (P.d.M.); (A.F.d.S.); (K.R.); (G.B.); (R.V.G.d.C.)
| | - Gabriela Barbosa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil; (B.W.B.); (N.C.G.P.); (L.S.M.); (J.B.C.); (P.d.M.); (A.F.d.S.); (K.R.); (G.B.); (R.V.G.d.C.)
| | - Raquel Vasconcelos Guimarães de Castro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil; (B.W.B.); (N.C.G.P.); (L.S.M.); (J.B.C.); (P.d.M.); (A.F.d.S.); (K.R.); (G.B.); (R.V.G.d.C.)
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Fábio Gouveia Nogueira
- Department of Biological Science, School of Sciences, Humanities and Languages, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis 19806-900, Brazil;
| | - Fabiana Fernandes Bressan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil; (B.W.B.); (N.C.G.P.); (L.S.M.); (J.B.C.); (P.d.M.); (A.F.d.S.); (K.R.); (G.B.); (R.V.G.d.C.)
- Correspondence: (R.C.B.); (F.F.B.)
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Sheikh MA, Emerald BS, Ansari SA. Stem cell fate determination through protein O-GlcNAcylation. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100035. [PMID: 33154167 PMCID: PMC7948975 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.014915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic and adult stem cells possess the capability of self-renewal and lineage-specific differentiation. The intricate balance between self-renewal and differentiation is governed by developmental signals and cell-type-specific gene regulatory mechanisms. A perturbed intra/extracellular environment during lineage specification could affect stem cell fate decisions resulting in pathology. Growing evidence demonstrates that metabolic pathways govern epigenetic regulation of gene expression during stem cell fate commitment through the utilization of metabolic intermediates or end products of metabolic pathways as substrates for enzymatic histone/DNA modifications. UDP-GlcNAc is one such metabolite that acts as a substrate for enzymatic mono-glycosylation of various nuclear, cytosolic, and mitochondrial proteins on serine/threonine amino acid residues, a process termed protein O-GlcNAcylation. The levels of GlcNAc inside the cells depend on the nutrient availability, especially glucose. Thus, this metabolic sensor could modulate gene expression through O-GlcNAc modification of histones or other proteins in response to metabolic fluctuations. Herein, we review evidence demonstrating how stem cells couple metabolic inputs to gene regulatory pathways through O-GlcNAc-mediated epigenetic/transcriptional regulatory mechanisms to govern self-renewal and lineage-specific differentiation programs. This review will serve as a primer for researchers seeking to better understand how O-GlcNAc influences stemness and may catalyze the discovery of new stem-cell-based therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abid Sheikh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Bright Starling Emerald
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE; Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Suraiya Anjum Ansari
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE; Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Fetuses of diabetic mothers are at increased risk for congenital malformations. Research in recent decades using animal and embryonic stem cell models has revealed many embryonic developmental processes that are disturbed by maternal diabetes. The aim of this review is to give clinicians a better understanding of the reasons for rigorous glycemic control in early pregnancy, and to provide background to guide future research. RECENT FINDINGS Mouse models of diabetic pregnancy have revealed mechanisms for altered expression of tissue-specific genes that lead to malformations that are more common in diabetic pregnancies, such as neural tube defects (NTDs) and congenital heart defects (CHDs), and how altered gene expression causes apoptosis that leads to malformations. Embryos express the glucose transporter, GLUT2, which confers susceptibility to malformation, due to high rates of glucose uptake during maternal hyperglycemia and subsequent oxidative stress; however, the teleological function of GLUT2 for mammalian embryos may be to transport the amino sugar glucosamine (GlcN) from maternal circulation to be used as substrate for glycosylation reactions and to promote embryo cell growth. Malformations in diabetic pregnancy may be not only due to excess glucose uptake but also due to insufficient GlcN uptake. Avoiding maternal hyperglycemia during early pregnancy should prevent excess glucose uptake via GLUT2 into embryo cells, and also permit sufficient GLUT2-mediated GlcN uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary R Loeken
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Department of Medicine, Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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Bueno A, Sinzato YK, Volpato GT, Gallego FQ, Perecin F, Rodrigues T, Damasceno DC. Severity of prepregnancy diabetes on the fetal malformations and viability associated with early embryos in rats†. Biol Reprod 2020; 103:938-950. [PMID: 32870261 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioaa151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Preexisting/pregestational diabetes enhances the risk of birth defects. Several factors have been involved during the implantation process, such as cytokines (granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor [GM-CSF]). The objective was to evaluate the effects of two levels of diabetes on the redox status of preimplantation embryos during the implantation process to comprehend how both are involved in embryo and fetal viability against maternal diabetes. Female Sprague-Dawley rats received streptozotocin at birth (mild diabetes [MD]) or at adulthood (severe diabetes [SD]) to obtain two experimental diabetes intensities. After confirming the diabetic status, the nondiabetic and diabetic groups were mated around day 110 of life. At gestational day (GD) 21, fetuses were assessed for viability and malformations and ovaries for embryo loss before implantation. Other pregnant nondiabetic and diabetic rats were sacrificed at GD2-4 for maternal and preimplantation embryo oxidative stress markers, maternal serum insulin, uterine fluid GM-CSF, and preimplantation embryo morphological analysis. MD and SD caused abnormal redox levels, lower GM-CSF and insulin levels during the preimplantation period, and embryonic loss before implantation. SD caused lower fetal viability and higher fetal malformation percentages at GD21. The SD dam-derived preimplantation embryos presented lower glutathione levels and higher thiobarbituric acid reactive substances concentration at GD3 and an increased frequency of abnormal preimplantation embryos at GD4. In conclusion, preexisting diabetes leads to complications in the implantation process. Furthermore, maternal oxidative stress and other metabolic changes alter the redox state and morphological structure of preimplantation embryos, contributing to damaged growth and development in late pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Bueno
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Postgraduate Course on Tocogynecology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Yuri Karen Sinzato
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Postgraduate Course on Tocogynecology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Tadeu Volpato
- Laboratory of System Physiology and Reproductive Toxicology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso State, Brazil
| | - Franciane Quintanilha Gallego
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Postgraduate Course on Tocogynecology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Felipe Perecin
- Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Tiago Rodrigues
- Center of Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Débora Cristina Damasceno
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Postgraduate Course on Tocogynecology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil
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Keeley TP, Mann GE. Defining Physiological Normoxia for Improved Translation of Cell Physiology to Animal Models and Humans. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:161-234. [PMID: 30354965 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The extensive oxygen gradient between the air we breathe (Po2 ~21 kPa) and its ultimate distribution within mitochondria (as low as ~0.5-1 kPa) is testament to the efforts expended in limiting its inherent toxicity. It has long been recognized that cell culture undertaken under room air conditions falls short of replicating this protection in vitro. Despite this, difficulty in accurately determining the appropriate O2 levels in which to culture cells, coupled with a lack of the technology to replicate and maintain a physiological O2 environment in vitro, has hindered addressing this issue thus far. In this review, we aim to address the current understanding of tissue Po2 distribution in vivo and summarize the attempts made to replicate these conditions in vitro. The state-of-the-art techniques employed to accurately determine O2 levels, as well as the issues associated with reproducing physiological O2 levels in vitro, are also critically reviewed. We aim to provide the framework for researchers to undertake cell culture under O2 levels relevant to specific tissues and organs. We envisage that this review will facilitate a paradigm shift, enabling translation of findings under physiological conditions in vitro to disease pathology and the design of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Keeley
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni E Mann
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London , London , United Kingdom
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Huang X, Trinh T, Aljoufi A, Broxmeyer HE. Hypoxia Signaling Pathway in Stem Cell Regulation: Good and Evil. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2018; 4:149-157. [PMID: 31275803 DOI: 10.1007/s40778-018-0127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review This review summarizes the role of hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) in the regulation of stem cell biology, specifically focusing on maintenance, differentiation, and stress responses in the context of several stem cell systems. Stem cells for different lineages/tissues reside in distinct niches, and are exposed to diverse oxygen concentrations. Recent studies have revealed the importance of the hypoxia signaling pathway for stem cell functions. Recent Findings Hypoxia and HIFs contribute to maintenance of embryonic stem cells, generation of induced pluripotent stem cells, functionality of hematopoietic stem cells, and survival of leukemia stem cells. Harvest and collection of mouse bone marrow and human cord blood cells in ambient air results in fewer hematopoietic stem cells recovered due to the phenomenon of Extra PHysiologic Oxygen Shock/Stress (EPHOSS). Summary Oxygen is an important factor in the stem cell microenvironment. Hypoxia signaling and HIFs play important roles in modeling cellular metabolism in both stem cells and niches to regulate stem cell biology, and represent an additional dimension that allows stem cells to maintain an undifferentiated status and multilineage differentiation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Thao Trinh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Arafat Aljoufi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Hal E Broxmeyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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McClelland Descalzo DL, Satoorian TS, Walker LM, Sparks NRL, Pulyanina PY, Zur Nieden NI. Glucose-Induced Oxidative Stress Reduces Proliferation in Embryonic Stem Cells via FOXO3A/β-Catenin-Dependent Transcription of p21(cip1). Stem Cell Reports 2017; 7:55-68. [PMID: 27411103 PMCID: PMC4945584 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs), which are derived from a peri-implantation embryo, are routinely cultured in medium containing diabetic glucose (Glc) concentrations. While pregnancy in women with pre-existing diabetes may result in small embryos, whether such high Glc levels affect ESC growth remains uncovered. We show here that long-term exposure of ESCs to diabetic Glc inhibits their proliferation, thereby mimicking in vivo findings. Molecularly, Glc exposure increased oxidative stress and activated Forkhead box O3a (FOXO3a), promoting increased expression and activity of the ROS-removal enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase and the cell-cycle inhibitors p21cip1 and p27kip1. Diabetic Glc also promoted β-catenin nuclear localization and the formation of a complex with FOXO3a that localized to the promoters of Sod2, p21cip1, and potentially p27kip1. Our results demonstrate an adaptive response to increases in oxidative stress induced by diabetic Glc conditions that promote ROS removal, but also result in a decrease in proliferation. Exposure of ESCs to diabetic glucose (Glc) induces oxidative stress ESCs fight oxidative stress via FOXO3a-mediated transcription of Sod2 FOXO3a activation promotes p21cip1 and p27kip1 expression and cell-cycle inhibition Glc regulates FOXO3a/β-catenin co-occupation of the p21 and Sod2 promoters
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcie L McClelland Descalzo
- Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, 1113 Biological Sciences Building, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Tiffany S Satoorian
- Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, 1113 Biological Sciences Building, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Lauren M Walker
- Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, 1113 Biological Sciences Building, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Nicole R L Sparks
- Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, 1113 Biological Sciences Building, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Polina Y Pulyanina
- Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, 1113 Biological Sciences Building, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Nicole I Zur Nieden
- Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, 1113 Biological Sciences Building, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Kim E, Hwang SU, Yoon JD, Jeung EB, Lee E, Kim DY, Hyun SH. Carboxyethylgermanium sesquioxide (Ge-132) treatment during in vitro culture protects fertilized porcine embryos against oxidative stress induced apoptosis. J Reprod Dev 2017; 63:581-590. [PMID: 28993559 PMCID: PMC5735269 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2017-020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared with the in vivo environment, porcine in vitro embryo-culture systems are suboptimal, as they induce oxidative stress via the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
High ROS levels during early embryonic development cause negative effects, such as apoptosis. In this study, we examined the effects of the antioxidant carboxyethylgermanium sesquioxide (Ge-132) during in
vitro culture (IVC) on embryonic development in porcine in vitro fertilization (IVF) embryos. Zygotes were treated with different concentrations of Ge-132 (0, 100, 200 and 400 μg/ml). All of
the Ge-132 treatment groups displayed greater total cell numbers after IVC (98.1, 98.5 and 103.4, respectively) compared with the control group (73.9). The 200 μg/ml Ge-132 treatment group exhibited significantly
increased intracellular GSH levels compared with the control group, whereas the ROS generation levels decreased in Ge-132 dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). The mRNA expression levels of the KEAP1 gene
and proapoptotic genes BAX and CASPASE3 were lower in the Ge-132 treated blastocysts compared with the control group (P < 0.05). The percentages of apoptotic and necrotic cells in the
Ge-132 treated embryos on day 2 (48 h) were significantly lower than the untreated embryos (9.1 vs. 17.1% and 0 vs. 2.7%, respectively). In the day 7 blastocysts, the percentages of
apoptotic cells in 200 µg/ml Ge-132 treated group were lower compared to controls (1.6 vs. 2.5%). More KEAP1 protein was found to be localized in cytoplasm of the 200 μg/ml Ge-132 treated blastocysts,
whereas KEAP1 protein was predominantly nuclei in the control blastocysts. These results indicate that the developmental competence of embryos cultured under Ge-132 treatment may be associated with KEAP1 signaling
cascades involved in oxidative stress and apoptosis during porcine preimplantation embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhye Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Ung Hwang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Junchul David Yoon
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Bae Jeung
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsong Lee
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Kangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Young Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Incheon 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hwan Hyun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
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10
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Jung JH, Iwabuchi K, Yang Z, Loeken MR. Embryonic Stem Cell Proliferation Stimulated By Altered Anabolic Metabolism From Glucose Transporter 2-Transported Glucosamine. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28452. [PMID: 27311888 PMCID: PMC4911601 DOI: 10.1038/srep28452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The hexose transporter, GLUT2 (SLC2A2), which is expressed by mouse embryos, is important for survival before embryonic day 10.5, but its function in embryos is unknown. GLUT2 can transport the amino sugar glucosamine (GlcN), which could increase substrate for the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBSP) that produces UDP-N-acetylglucosamine for O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modification (O-GlcNAcylation) of proteins. To understand this, we employed a novel murine embryonic stem cell (ESC) line that, like mouse embryos, expresses functional GLUT2 transporters. GlcN stimulated ESC proliferation in a GLUT2-dependent fashion but did not regulate pluripotency. Stimulation of proliferation was not due to increased O-GlcNAcylation. Instead, GlcN decreased dependence of the HBSP on fructose-6-PO4 and glutamine. Consequently, glycolytic- and glutamine-derived intermediates that are needed for anabolic metabolism were increased. Thus, maternally obtained GlcN may increase substrates for biomass accumulation by embryos, as exogenous GlcN does for GLUT2-expressing ESC, and may explain the need for GLUT2 expression by embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hyuk Jung
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kumiko Iwabuchi
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhihong Yang
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Section on Vascular Cell Biology Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mary R Loeken
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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11
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Guild J, Haque A, Gheibi P, Gao Y, Son KJ, Foster E, Dumont S, Revzin A. Embryonic Stem Cells Cultured in Microfluidic Chambers Take Control of Their Fate by Producing Endogenous Signals Including LIF. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1501-12. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Guild
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of California, Davis; Davis California USA
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology; University of California San Francisco; San Francisco California USA
| | - Amranul Haque
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of California, Davis; Davis California USA
| | - Pantea Gheibi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of California, Davis; Davis California USA
| | - Yandong Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of California, Davis; Davis California USA
| | - Kyung Jin Son
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of California, Davis; Davis California USA
| | - Elena Foster
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of California, Davis; Davis California USA
| | - Sophie Dumont
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology; University of California San Francisco; San Francisco California USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology; University of California; San Francisco, San Francisco California USA
| | - Alexander Revzin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of California, Davis; Davis California USA
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12
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Turner J, Quek LE, Titmarsh D, Krömer JO, Kao LP, Nielsen L, Wolvetang E, Cooper-White J. Metabolic profiling and flux analysis of MEL-2 human embryonic stem cells during exponential growth at physiological and atmospheric oxygen concentrations. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112757. [PMID: 25412279 PMCID: PMC4239018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) steadily progress towards regenerative medicine applications there is an increasing emphasis on the development of bioreactor platforms that enable expansion of these cells to clinically relevant numbers. Surprisingly little is known about the metabolic requirements of hESCs, precluding the rational design and optimisation of such platforms. In this study, we undertook an in-depth characterisation of MEL-2 hESC metabolic behaviour during the exponential growth phase, combining metabolic profiling and flux analysis tools at physiological (hypoxic) and atmospheric (normoxic) oxygen concentrations. To overcome variability in growth profiles and the problem of closing mass balances in a complex environment, we developed protocols to accurately measure uptake and production rates of metabolites, cell density, growth rate and biomass composition, and designed a metabolic flux analysis model for estimating internal rates. hESCs are commonly considered to be highly glycolytic with inactive or immature mitochondria, however, whilst the results of this study confirmed that glycolysis is indeed highly active, we show that at least in MEL-2 hESC, it is supported by the use of oxidative phosphorylation within the mitochondria utilising carbon sources, such as glutamine to maximise ATP production. Under both conditions, glycolysis was disconnected from the mitochondria with all of the glucose being converted to lactate. No difference in the growth rates of cells cultured under physiological or atmospheric oxygen concentrations was observed nor did this cause differences in fluxes through the majority of the internal metabolic pathways associated with biogenesis. These results suggest that hESCs display the conventional Warburg effect, with high aerobic activity despite high lactate production, challenging the idea of an anaerobic metabolism with low mitochondrial activity. The results of this study provide new insight that can be used in rational bioreactor design and in the development of novel culture media for hESC maintenance and expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Turner
- Tissue Engineering and Microfluidics Laboratory, The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Stem Cell Engineering Group, The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lake-Ee Quek
- Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology, The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Drew Titmarsh
- Tissue Engineering and Microfluidics Laboratory, The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Stem Cell Engineering Group, The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jens O. Krömer
- Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology, The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Metabolomics Australia, The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Li-Pin Kao
- Stem Cell Engineering Group, The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lars Nielsen
- Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology, The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Metabolomics Australia, The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ernst Wolvetang
- Stem Cell Engineering Group, The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail: (EW); (JCW)
| | - Justin Cooper-White
- Tissue Engineering and Microfluidics Laboratory, The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail: (EW); (JCW)
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13
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Sanders K, Jung JH, Loeken MR. Use of a murine embryonic stem cell line that is sensitive to high glucose environment to model neural tube development in diabetic pregnancy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 100:584-91. [PMID: 25124397 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural tube defects (NTDs) are significantly increased by maternal diabetes. Embryonic stem cells (ESC) that can differentiate into neuroepithelium and can sense supraphysiological glucose concentrations would be very valuable to simulate the effects of maternal diabetes on molecular and cellular processes during neural tube formation. METHODS LG-ESC, a recently established ESC line that expresses the glucose transporter, Scl2a2, and is sensitive to elevated glucose concentrations, were grown for up to 8 days in a three-dimensional culture to form neural cysts. We tested whether high glucose media inhibits expression of Pax3, a gene that is required for neural tube closure and whose expression is inhibited in embryos of diabetic mice, and inhibits formation of neural cysts. RESULTS Pax3 expression was detected after 4 days of culture and increased with time. Pax3 expression was inhibited by high glucose media, but not if cells had been cultured in low glucose media for the first 4 days of culture. Pax7, which is also expressed in dorsal neural tube, was not detected. Pax6, which is expressed in the ventral neural tube, was detected only after 8 days of culture, but was not inhibited by high glucose. High glucose media did not inhibit formation of neural cysts. CONCLUSION LG-ESC can be used as a model of embryonic exposure to a diabetic environment during neural tube development. While high glucose exposure inhibits expression of a gene required for neural tube closure, it may not inhibit all of the processes involved in formation of a neural tube-like structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Sanders
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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14
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Garreta E, Melo E, Navajas D, Farré R. Low oxygen tension enhances the generation of lung progenitor cells from mouse embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:2/7/e12075. [PMID: 25347858 PMCID: PMC4187564 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-organ decellularization technology has emerged as a new alternative for the fabrication of bioartificial lungs. Embryonic stem cells (ESC) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) are potentially useful for recellularization since they can be directed to express phenotypic marker genes of lung epithelial cells. Normal pulmonary development takes place in a low oxygen environment ranging from 1 to 5%. By contrast, in vitro ESC and iPSC differentiation protocols are usually carried out at room-air oxygen tension. Here, we sought to determine the role played by oxygen tension on the derivation of Nkx2.1+ lung/thyroid progenitor cells from mouse ESC and iPSC. A step-wise differentiation protocol was used to generate Nkx2.1+ lung/thyroid progenitors under 20% and 5% oxygen tension. On day 12, gene expression analysis revealed that Nkx2.1 and Foxa2 (endodermal and early lung epithelial cell marker) were significantly upregulated at 5% oxygen tension in ESC and iPSC differentiated cultures compared to 20% oxygen conditions. In addition, quantification of Foxa2+Nkx2.1+Pax8- cells corresponding to the lung field, with exclusion of the potential thyroid fate identified by Pax8 expression, confirmed that the low physiologic oxygen tension exerted a significant positive effect on early pulmonary differentiation of ESC and iPSC. In conclusion, we found that 5% oxygen tension enhanced the derivation of lung progenitors from mouse ESC and iPSC compared to 20% room-air oxygen tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Garreta
- Facultat de Medicina, Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain Institut Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain Centre de Medicina Regenerativa de Barcelona (CMRB), Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona (PRBB), Dr. Aiguader88 7ª Planta, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Esther Melo
- Facultat de Medicina, Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain Institut Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain F. Hoffmann-La Roche, AG, NORD DTABldg. 69/331, Basel, CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Navajas
- Facultat de Medicina, Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Farré
- Facultat de Medicina, Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain Institut Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Phenotypic characterization of craniofacial bone marrow stromal cells: unique properties of enhanced osteogenesis, cell recruitment, autophagy, and apoptosis resistance. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 358:165-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1927-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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Widowati W, Wijaya L, Bachtiar I, Gunanegara RF, Sugeng SU, Irawan YA, Sumitro SB, Aris Widodo M. Effect of oxygen tension on proliferation and characteristics of Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bgm.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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17
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Effects of antioxidants on the quality and genomic stability of induced pluripotent stem cells. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3779. [PMID: 24445363 PMCID: PMC3896906 DOI: 10.1038/srep03779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Effects of antioxidants on the quality and genomic stability of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells were investigated with two human iPS cell lines (201B7 and 253G1). Cells used in this study were expanded from a single colony of each cell line with the addition of proprietary antioxidant supplement or homemade antioxidant cocktail in medium, and maintained in parallel for 2 months. The cells grew well in all culture conditions and kept “stemness”. Although antioxidants modestly decreased the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species, there were no differences in the expression of 53BP1 and pATM, two critical molecules related with DNA damage and repair, under various culture conditions. CGH analysis showed that the events of genetic aberrations were decreased only in the 253G1 iPS cells with the addition of homemade antioxidant cocktail. Long-term culture will be necessary to confirm whether low dose antioxidants improve the quality and genomic stability of iPS cells.
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18
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Jung JH, Wang XD, Loeken MR. Mouse embryonic stem cells established in physiological-glucose media express the high KM Glut2 glucose transporter expressed by normal embryos. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 2:929-34. [PMID: 24167319 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glut2 is one of the facilitative glucose transporters expressed by preimplantation and early postimplantation embryos. Glut2 is important for survival before embryonic day 10.5. The Glut2 KM (∼16 mmol/liter) is significantly higher than physiologic glucose concentrations (∼5.5 mmol/liter), suggesting that Glut2 normally performs some essential function other than glucose transport. Nevertheless, Glut2 efficiently transports glucose when extracellular glucose concentrations are above the Glut2 KM. Media containing 25 mmol/liter glucose are widely used to establish and propagate embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Glut2-mediated glucose uptake by embryos induces oxidative stress and can cause embryo cell death. Here we tested the hypothesis that low-glucose embryonic stem cells (LG-ESCs) isolated in physiological-glucose (5.5 mmol/liter) media express a functional Glut2 glucose transporter. LG-ESCs were compared with conventional D3 ESCs that had been cultured only in high-glucose media. LG-ESCs expressed Glut2 mRNA and protein at much higher levels than D3 ESCs, and 2-deoxyglucose transport by LG-ESCs, but not D3 ESCs, exhibited high Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Glucose at 25 mmol/liter induced oxidative stress in LG-ESCs and inhibited expression of Pax3, an embryo gene that is inhibited by hyperglycemia, in neuronal precursors derived from LG-ESCs. These effects were not observed in D3 ESCs. These findings demonstrate that ESCs isolated in physiological-glucose media retain a functional Glut2 transporter that is expressed by embryos. These cells are better suited to the study of metabolic regulation characteristic of the early embryo and may be advantageous for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hyuk Jung
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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19
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Guo CW, Kawakatsu M, Idemitsu M, Urata Y, Goto S, Ono Y, Hamano K, Li TS. Culture under low physiological oxygen conditions improves the stemness and quality of induced pluripotent stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:2159-66. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Wan Guo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Miho Kawakatsu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Marie Idemitsu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Yoshishige Urata
- Department of Stem Cell Biology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Shinji Goto
- Department of Stem Cell Biology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Yusuke Ono
- Department of Stem Cell Biology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Kimikazu Hamano
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Sciences; Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine; Ube, Yamaguchi Japan
| | - Tao-Sheng Li
- Department of Stem Cell Biology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
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20
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Kim C, Park J, Amano T, Xu RH, Lin G, Carter MG, Tian XC. Established preblastocyst- and blastocyst-derived ES cell lines have highly similar gene expression profiles, despite their differing requirements for derivation culture conditions. Cell Reprogram 2012; 14:1-7. [PMID: 22257162 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2011.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficiency of embryonic stem (ES) cell derivation relies on an optimized culture medium and techniques for treating preimplantation stage embryos. Recently, ES cell derivation from the preblastocyst developmental stage was reported by removing the zona pellucida from embryos of the most efficient strain for ES cell derivation (129Sv) during early preimplantation. Here, we showed that ES cells can be efficiently derived and maintained in a modified medium (MEMα), from preblastocysts of a low-efficiency mouse strain (a hybrid consisting of 50% B6, 25% CBA, and 25% DBA). Preblastocyst-derived ES cell lines were normal in terms of pluripotency-related protein expression, and chromosome number. Also, preblastocyst-derived ES cell lines from various culture conditions showed pluripotency in vivo through teratoma analysis. Interestingly, ES cell lines produced from preblastocysts and blastocysts, regardless of the derivation culture conditions, are nearly indistinguishable by their global gene expression profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul Kim
- Center for Regenerative Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-4243, USA.
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21
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Fan Y, Li R, Huang J, Yu Y, Qiao J. Diploid, but not haploid, human embryonic stem cells can be derived from microsurgically repaired tripronuclear human zygotes. Cell Cycle 2012; 12:302-11. [PMID: 23255130 DOI: 10.4161/cc.23103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells have shown tremendous potential in regenerative medicine, and the recent progress in haploid embryonic stem cells provides new insights for future applications of embryonic stem cells. Disruption of normal fertilized embryos remains controversial; thus, the development of a new source for human embryonic stem cells is important for their usefulness. Here, we investigated the feasibility of haploid and diploid embryo reconstruction and embryonic stem cell derivation using microsurgically repaired tripronuclear human zygotes. Diploid and haploid zygotes were successfully reconstructed, but a large proportion of them still had a tripolar spindle assembly. The reconstructed embryos developed to the blastocyst stage, although the loss of chromosomes was observed in these zygotes. Finally, triploid and diploid human embryonic stem cells were derived from tripronuclear and reconstructed zygotes (from which only one pronucleus was removed), but haploid human embryonic stem cells were not successfully derived from the reconstructed zygotes when two pronuclei were removed. Both triploid and diploid human embryonic stem cells showed the general characteristics of human embryonic stem cells. These results indicate that the lower embryo quality resulting from abnormal spindle assembly contributed to the failure of the haploid embryonic stem cell derivation. However, the successful derivation of diploid embryonic stem cells demonstrated that microsurgical tripronuclear zygotes are an alternative source of human embryonic stem cells. In the future, improving spindle assembly will facilitate the application of triploid zygotes to the field of haploid embryonic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Fan
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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22
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23
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Dienelt A, zur Nieden NI. Hyperglycemia impairs skeletogenesis from embryonic stem cells by affecting osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 20:465-74. [PMID: 20939707 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
High maternal blood glucose levels caused by diabetes mellitus can irreversibly lead to maldevelopment of the growing fetus with specific effects on the skeleton. To date, it remains controversial at which stage embryonic development is affected. Specifically during embryonic bone development, it is unclear whether diminished bone mineral density is caused by reduced osteoblast or rather enhanced osteoclast function. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the growth as well as the skeletal differentiation capability of pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs), which may serve as an in vitro model for all stages of embryonic development, when cultured in diabetic levels of D-glucose (4.5 g/L) versus physiological levels (1.0 g/L). Results showed that cells cultivated in physiological glucose gave rise to a higher number of colonies with an undifferentiated character as compared to cells grown in diabetic glucose concentrations. In contrast, these cultures were characterized by slightly decreased expression of proteins associated with the stem cell state. Furthermore, differentiation of ESCs into osteoblasts and osteoclasts was favored in physiological glucose concentrations, demonstrated by an increased matrix calcification, enhanced expression of cell-type-specific mRNAs, as well as activity of the cell-type-specific enzymes, alkaline, and tartrate resistant acidic phosphatase. In fact, this pattern was noted in murine as well as in primate ESCs. Our study suggests that an interplay between both the osteoblast and the osteoclast lineage is needed for proper skeletal development to occur, which seems impaired in hyperglycemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Dienelt
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies Unit, Department of Cell Therapy, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
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24
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Li TS, Marbán E. Physiological levels of reactive oxygen species are required to maintain genomic stability in stem cells. Stem Cells 2010; 28:1178-85. [PMID: 20506176 DOI: 10.1002/stem.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell cytogenetic abnormalities constitute a roadblock to regenerative therapies. We investigated the possibility that reactive oxygen species (ROSs) influence genomic stability in cardiac and embryonic stem cells. Karyotypic abnormalities in primary human cardiac stem cells were suppressed by culture in physiological (5%) oxygen, but addition of antioxidants to the medium unexpectedly increased aneuploidy. Intracellular ROS levels were moderately decreased in physiological oxygen, but dramatically decreased by the addition of high-dose antioxidants. Quantification of DNA damage in cardiac stem cells and in human embryonic stem cells revealed a biphasic dose-dependence: antioxidants suppressed DNA damage at low concentrations, but potentiated such damage at higher concentrations. High-dose antioxidants decreased cellular levels of ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated) and other DNA repair enzymes, providing a potential mechanistic basis for the observed effects. These results indicate that physiological levels of intracellular ROS are required to activate the DNA repair pathway for maintaining genomic stability in stem cells. The concept of an "oxidative optimum" for genomic stability has broad implications for stem cell biology and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Sheng Li
- The Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA.
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25
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Characterization, isolation and culture of primordial germ cells in domestic animals: recent progress and insights from the ovine species. Theriogenology 2010; 74:534-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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26
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Li TS, Cheng K, Malliaras K, Matsushita N, Sun B, Marbán L, Zhang Y, Marbán E. Expansion of human cardiac stem cells in physiological oxygen improves cell production efficiency and potency for myocardial repair. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 89:157-65. [PMID: 20675298 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS the ex vivo expansion of cardiac stem cells from minimally invasive human heart biopsies yields tens of millions of cells within 3-4 weeks, but chromosomal abnormalities were frequently detected in preliminary production runs. Here we attempt to avoid aneuploidy and improve cell quality by expanding human cardiac stem cells in physiological low-oxygen (5% O(2)) conditions, rather than in traditional culture in a general CO(2) incubator (20% O(2)). METHODS AND RESULTS human heart biopsies (n = 16) were divided and processed in parallel to expand cardiac stem cells under 5% or 20% O(2). Compared with 20% O(2), 5% O(2) culture doubled the cell production and markedly diminished the frequency of aneuploidy. Cells expanded in 5% O(2) showed lower intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species, less cell senescence, and higher resistance to oxidative stress than those grown in 20% O(2), although the expression of stem cell antigens and adhesion molecules was comparable between groups, as was the paracrine secretion of growth factors into conditioned media. In vivo, the implantation of 5% O(2) cells into infarcted hearts of mice resulted in greater cell engraftment and better functional recovery than with conventionally cultured cells. CONCLUSION the expansion of human adult cardiac stem cells in low oxygen increased cell yield, and the resulting cells were superior by various key in vitro and in vivo metrics of cell quality. Physiological oxygen tensions in culture facilitate the ex vivo expansion of healthy, biologically potent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Sheng Li
- The Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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Lengner CJ, Gimelbrant AA, Erwin JA, Cheng AW, Guenther MG, Welstead GG, Alagappan R, Frampton GM, Xu P, Muffat J, Santagata S, Powers D, Barrett CB, Young RA, Lee JT, Jaenisch R, Mitalipova M. Derivation of pre-X inactivation human embryonic stem cells under physiological oxygen concentrations. Cell 2010; 141:872-83. [PMID: 20471072 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Revised: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The presence of two active X chromosomes (XaXa) is a hallmark of the ground state of pluripotency specific to murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Human ESCs (hESCs) invariably exhibit signs of X chromosome inactivation (XCI) and are considered developmentally more advanced than their murine counterparts. We describe the establishment of XaXa hESCs derived under physiological oxygen concentrations. Using these cell lines, we demonstrate that (1) differentiation of hESCs induces random XCI in a manner similar to murine ESCs, (2) chronic exposure to atmospheric oxygen is sufficient to induce irreversible XCI with minor changes of the transcriptome, (3) the Xa exhibits heavy methylation of the XIST promoter region, and (4) XCI is associated with demethylation and transcriptional activation of XIST along with H3K27-me3 deposition across the Xi. These findings indicate that the human blastocyst contains pre-X-inactivation cells and that this state is preserved in vitro through culture under physiological oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Lengner
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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Two-photon microscopy for non-invasive, quantitative monitoring of stem cell differentiation. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10075. [PMID: 20419124 PMCID: PMC2855700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The engineering of functional tissues is a complex multi-stage process, the success of which depends on the careful control of culture conditions and ultimately tissue maturation. To enable the efficient optimization of tissue development protocols, techniques suitable for monitoring the effects of added stimuli and induced tissue changes are needed. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we present the quantitative use of two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) and second harmonic generation (SHG) as a noninvasive means to monitor the differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) using entirely endogenous sources of contrast. We demonstrate that the individual fluorescence contribution from the intrinsic cellular fluorophores NAD(P)H, flavoproteins and lipofuscin can be extracted from TPEF images and monitored dynamically from the same cell population over time. Using the redox ratio, calculated from the contributions of NAD(P)H and flavoproteins, we identify distinct patterns in the evolution of the metabolic activity of hMSCs maintained in either propagation, osteogenic or adipogenic differentiation media. The differentiation of these cells is mirrored by changes in cell morphology apparent in high resolution TPEF images and by the detection of collagen production via SHG imaging. Finally, we find dramatic increases in lipofuscin levels in hMSCs maintained at 20% oxygen vs. those in 5% oxygen, establishing the use of this chromophore as a potential biomarker for oxidative stress. Conclusions/Significance In this study we demonstrate that it is possible to monitor the metabolic activity, morphology, ECM production and oxidative stress of hMSCs in a non-invasive manner. This is accomplished using generally available multiphoton microscopy equipment and simple data analysis techniques, such that the method can widely adopted by laboratories with a diversity of comparable equipment. This method therefore represents a powerful tool, which enables researchers to monitor engineered tissues and optimize culture conditions in a near real time manner.
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The effects of low oxygen on self-renewal and differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2009; 14:694-700. [DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e3283329d53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ma T, Grayson WL, Fröhlich M, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Hypoxia and stem cell-based engineering of mesenchymal tissues. Biotechnol Prog 2009; 25:32-42. [PMID: 19198002 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells have the ability for prolonged self-renewal and differentiation into mature cells of various lineages, which makes them important cell sources for tissue engineering applications. Their remarkable ability to replenish and differentiate in vivo is regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic cellular mechanisms. The anatomical location where the stem cells reside, known as the "stem cell niche or microenvironment," provides signals conducive to the maintenance of definitive stem cell properties. Physiological condition including oxygen tension is an important component of the stem cell microenvironment and has been shown to play a role in regulating both embryonic and adult stem cells. This review focuses on oxygen as a signaling molecule and the way it regulates the stem cells' development into mesenchymal tissues in vitro. The physiological relevance of low oxygen tension as an environmental parameter that uniquely benefits stem cells' expansion and maintenance is described along with recent findings on the regulatory effects of oxygen on embryonic stem cells and adult mesenchymal stem cells. The relevance to tissue engineering is discussed in the context of the need to specifically regulate the oxygen content in the cellular microenvironment in order to optimize in vitro tissue development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Ma
- Dept. of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
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Kim C, Amano T, Park J, Carter MG, Tian X, Yang X. Improvement of Embryonic Stem Cell Line Derivation Efficiency with Novel Medium, Glucose Concentration, and Epigenetic Modifications. CLONING AND STEM CELLS 2009; 11:89-100. [DOI: 10.1089/clo.2008.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chul Kim
- Center for Regenerative Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Tomokazu Amano
- Center for Regenerative Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Joonghoon Park
- Center for Regenerative Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Mark G. Carter
- Center for Regenerative Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Xiuchun Tian
- Center for Regenerative Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Xiangzhong Yang
- Center for Regenerative Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
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Westfall SD, Sachdev S, Das P, Hearne LB, Hannink M, Roberts RM, Ezashi T. Identification of oxygen-sensitive transcriptional programs in human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2008; 17:869-81. [PMID: 18811242 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2007.0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To realize the full potential of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), it is important to develop culture conditions that maintain hESCs in a pluripotent, undifferentiated state. A low O(2) atmosphere (approximately 4% O(2)), for example, prevents spontaneous differentiation and supports self-renewal of hESCs. To identify genes whose expression is sensitive to O(2) conditions, microarray analysis was performed on RNA from hESCs that had been maintained under either 4% or 20% O(2). Of 149 genes differentially expressed, 42 were up-regulated and 107 down-regulated under 20% O(2). Several of the down-regulated genes are most likely under the control of hypoxia-inducing factors and include genes encoding enzymes involved in carbohydrate catabolism and cellular redox state. Although genes associated with pluripotency, including OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG were generally unaffected, some genes controlled by these transcription factors, including LEFTY2, showed lowered expression under 20% O(2), while a few genes implicated in lineage specification were up-regulated. Although the differences between O(2) conditions were generally subtle, they were observed in two different hESC lines and at different passage numbers. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that 4% O(2) favors the molecular mechanisms required for the maintenance of pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne D Westfall
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211-7310, USA
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Powers DE, Millman JR, Huang RB, Colton CK. Effects of oxygen on mouse embryonic stem cell growth, phenotype retention, and cellular energetics. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 101:241-54. [PMID: 18727033 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Most embryonic stem (ES) cell research is performed with a gas phase oxygen partial pressure (pO(2)) of 142 mmHg, whereas embryonic cells in early development are exposed to pO(2) values of 0-30 mmHg. To understand effects of these differences, we studied murine ES (mES) growth, maintenance of stem cell phenotype, and cell energetics over a pO(2) range of 0-285 mmHg, in the presence or absence of differentiation-suppressing leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). With LIF, growth rate was sensitive to pO(2) but constant with time, and expression of self-renewal transcription factors decreased at extremes of pO(2). Subtle morphological changes suggested some early differentiation, but cells retained the ability to differentiate into derivatives of all three germ layers at low pO(2). Without LIF, growth rate decreased with time, and self-renewal transcription factor mRNA decreased further. Gross morphological changes occurred, and overt differentiation occurred at all pO(2). These findings suggested that hypoxia in the presence of LIF promoted limited early differentiation. ES cells survived oxygen starvation with negligible cell death by increasing anaerobic metabolism within 48 h of anoxic exposure. Decreasing pO(2) to 36 mmHg or lower decreased oxygen consumption rate and increased lactate production rate. The fraction of ATP generated aerobically was 60% at or above 142 mmHg and decreased to 0% under anoxia, but the total ATP production rate remained nearly constant at all pO(2). In conclusion, undifferentiated ES cells adapt their energy metabolism to proliferate at all pO(2) between 0 and 285 mmHg. Oxygen has minimal effects on undifferentiated cell growth and phenotype, but may exert more substantial effects under differentiating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl E Powers
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Room 66-452, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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E. Michalska A. Isolation and Propagation of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts and Preparation of Mouse Embryonic Feeder Layer Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; Chapter 1:Unit1C.3. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470151808.sc01c03s3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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