1
|
Wang Y, Wang G, Liu H. Tenascin-C: A Key Regulator in Angiogenesis during Wound Healing. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1689. [PMID: 36421704 PMCID: PMC9687801 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Injury repair is a complex physiological process in which multiple cells and molecules are involved. Tenascin-C (TNC), an extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoprotein, is essential for angiogenesis during wound healing. This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of the dynamic changes and functions of TNC throughout tissue regeneration and to present an up-to-date synthesis of the body of knowledge pointing to multiple mechanisms of TNC at different restoration stages. (2) Methods: A review of the PubMed database was performed to include all studies describing the pathological processes of damage restoration and the role, structure, expression, and function of TNC in post-injury treatment; (3) Results: In this review, we first introduced the construction and expression signature of TNC. Then, the role of TNC during the process of damage restoration was introduced. We highlight the temporal heterogeneity of TNC levels at different restoration stages. Furthermore, we are surprised to find that post-injury angiogenesis is dynamically consistent with changes in TNC. Finally, we discuss the strategies for TNC in post-injury treatment. (4) Conclusions: The dynamic expression of TNC has a significant impact on angiogenesis and healing wounds and counters many negative aspects of poorly healing wounds, such as excessive inflammation, ischemia, scarring, and wound infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yucai Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, AirForce Medical University, Xi’an 710000, China
| | - Guangfu Wang
- Vasculocardiology Department, The Fourth People’s Hospital of Jinan, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fu Z, Zhu G, Luo C, Chen Z, Dou Z, Chen Y, Zhong C, Su S, Liu F. Matricellular protein tenascin C: Implications in glioma progression, gliomagenesis, and treatment. Front Oncol 2022; 12:971462. [PMID: 36033448 PMCID: PMC9413079 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.971462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Matricellular proteins are nonstructural extracellular matrix components that are expressed at low levels in normal adult tissues and are upregulated during development or under pathological conditions. Tenascin C (TNC), a matricellular protein, is a hexameric and multimodular glycoprotein with different molecular forms that is produced by alternative splicing and post-translational modifications. Malignant gliomas are the most common and aggressive primary brain cancer of the central nervous system. Despite continued advances in multimodal therapy, the prognosis of gliomas remains poor. The main reasons for such poor outcomes are the heterogeneity and adaptability caused by the tumor microenvironment and glioma stem cells. It has been shown that TNC is present in the glioma microenvironment and glioma stem cell niches, and that it promotes malignant properties, such as neovascularization, proliferation, invasiveness, and immunomodulation. TNC is abundantly expressed in neural stem cell niches and plays a role in neurogenesis. Notably, there is increasing evidence showing that neural stem cells in the subventricular zone may be the cells of origin of gliomas. Here, we review the evidence regarding the role of TNC in glioma progression, propose a potential association between TNC and gliomagenesis, and summarize its clinical applications. Collectively, TNC is an appealing focus for advancing our understanding of gliomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zaixiang Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ganggui Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Zihang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhangqi Dou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yike Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China
| | - Fuyi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Fuyi Liu,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Leung RF, George AM, Roussel EM, Faux MC, Wigle JT, Eisenstat DD. Genetic Regulation of Vertebrate Forebrain Development by Homeobox Genes. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:843794. [PMID: 35546872 PMCID: PMC9081933 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.843794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Forebrain development in vertebrates is regulated by transcription factors encoded by homeobox, bHLH and forkhead gene families throughout the progressive and overlapping stages of neural induction and patterning, regional specification and generation of neurons and glia from central nervous system (CNS) progenitor cells. Moreover, cell fate decisions, differentiation and migration of these committed CNS progenitors are controlled by the gene regulatory networks that are regulated by various homeodomain-containing transcription factors, including but not limited to those of the Pax (paired), Nkx, Otx (orthodenticle), Gsx/Gsh (genetic screened), and Dlx (distal-less) homeobox gene families. This comprehensive review outlines the integral role of key homeobox transcription factors and their target genes on forebrain development, focused primarily on the telencephalon. Furthermore, links of these transcription factors to human diseases, such as neurodevelopmental disorders and brain tumors are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan F. Leung
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ankita M. George
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Enola M. Roussel
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Maree C. Faux
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeffrey T. Wigle
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - David D. Eisenstat
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
OTX2 Signals from the Choroid Plexus to Regulate Adult Neurogenesis. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0262-18.2019. [PMID: 31064838 PMCID: PMC6506823 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0262-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Proliferation and migration during adult neurogenesis are regulated by a microenvironment of signaling molecules originating from local vasculature, from CSF produced by the choroid plexus, and from local supporting cells including astrocytes. Here, we focus on the function of OTX2 homeoprotein transcription factor in the mouse adult ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ), which generates olfactory bulb neurons. We find that OTX2 secreted by choroid plexus is transferred to the supporting cells of the V-SVZ and rostral migratory stream. Deletion of Otx2 in choroid plexus affects neuroblast migration and reduces the number of olfactory bulb newborn neurons. Adult neurogenesis was also decreased by expressing secreted single-chain antibodies to sequester OTX2 in the CSF, demonstrating the importance of non-cell-autonomous OTX2. We show that OTX2 activity modifies extracellular matrix components and signaling molecules produced by supporting astrocytes. Thus, we reveal a multilevel and non-cell-autonomous role of a homeoprotein and reinforce the choroid plexus and astrocytes as key niche compartments affecting adult neurogenesis.
Collapse
|
5
|
Xie Y, Cao H, Zhang Z, Zhang S, Wang H. Molecular network of miR-1343 regulates the pluripotency of porcine pluripotent stem cells via repressing OTX2 expression. RNA Biol 2018; 16:82-92. [PMID: 30567463 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2018.1559688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine OTX2 was found to be highly activated in porcine iPS cells (piPSCs) that were reported by different laboratories worldwide. To reveal the regulatory function of OTX2 in porcine reprogrammed cells, we screened porcine miRNA-seq databases and found two miRNAs, miR-1343 and miR-545, that could specifically bind to 3'UTR of OTX2 and suppress endogenous OTX2 expression in piPSCs. Knockdown of OTX2 by miR-1343 and miR-545 could significantly increase the expression of SOX2 and ESRRB, but did not alter the expressions of OCT4 and KLF4, and improve the pluripotency of piPSCs. The promoter-based assays showed that OTX2 potentially bound to the promoter region of SOX2 and ESRRB and suppressed their expression. On the other hand, SOX2 could interact with OTX2 promoter. Ectopic expression of SOX2 could significantly decrease OTX2 promoter activity, showing that there is a negative feedback loop between SOX2 and OTX2. Additionally, SOX2 and ESRRB significantly stimulated miR-1343 expression in piPSCs, but OTX2 down regulated the expression of miR-1343 in either direct or indirect manners. In summary, this study demonstrates that there is a regulatory network mediated by miR-1343, in which downregulation of OTX2 by miR-1343 can elevate the expression of pluripotent genes that were then sustain the pluripotency of piPSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youlong Xie
- a Department of Animal Biotechnology , College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China
| | - Hongxia Cao
- a Department of Animal Biotechnology , College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China
| | - Zhiyi Zhang
- a Department of Animal Biotechnology , College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China
| | - Shiqiang Zhang
- a Department of Animal Biotechnology , College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China
| | - Huayan Wang
- a Department of Animal Biotechnology , College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Faissner A, Roll L, Theocharidis U. Tenascin-C in the matrisome of neural stem and progenitor cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 81:22-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
|
7
|
Wang N, Wang Y, Xie Y, Wang H. OTX2 impedes self-renewal of porcine iPS cells through downregulation of NANOG expression. Cell Death Discov 2016; 2:16090. [PMID: 27924227 PMCID: PMC5136617 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2016.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Otx2 acts as a negative switch in the regulation of transition from naive to primed pluripotency in mouse pluripotent stem cells. However, the molecular features and function of porcine OTX2 have not been well elucidated in porcine-induced pluripotent stem cells (piPSCs). By studying high-throughput transcriptome sequencing and interfering endogenous OTX2 expression, we demonstrate that OTX2 is able to downgrade the self-renewal of piPSCs. OTX2 is highly expressed in porcine brain, reproductive tissues, and preimplantation embryos, but is undetectable in fibroblasts and most somatic tissues. However, the known piPSC lines reported previously produced different levels of OTX2 depending on the induction procedures and culture conditions. Overexpression of porcine OTX2 can reduce the percentage of alkaline phosphatase-positive colonies and downregulate NANOG and OCT4 expression. In contrast, knockdown of OTX2 can significantly increase endogenous expressions of NANOG, OCT4, and ESRRB, and stabilize the pluripotent state of piPSCs. On the other hand, NANOG can directly bind to the OTX2 promoter as shown in ChIP-seq data and repress OTX2 promoter activity in a dose-dependent manner. These observations indicate that OTX2 and NANOG can form a negative feedback circuitry to regulate the pluripotency of porcine iPS cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yaxian Wang
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Youlong Xie
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Huayan Wang
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Tenascin-C (TNC) is a hexameric, multimodular extracellular matrix protein with several molecular forms that are created through alternative splicing and protein modifications. It is highly conserved amongst vertebrates, and molecular phylogeny indicates that it evolved before fibronectin. Tenascin-C has many extracellular binding partners, including matrix components, soluble factors and pathogens; it also influences cell phenotype directly through interactions with cell surface receptors. Tenascin-C protein synthesis is tightly regulated, with widespread protein distribution in embryonic tissues, but restricted distribution of tenascin-C in adult tissues. Tenascin-C is also expressed de novo during wound healing or in pathological conditions, including chronic inflammation and cancer. First described as a modulator of cell adhesion, tenascin-C also directs a plethora of cell signaling and gene expression programs by shaping mechanical and biochemical cues within the cellular microenvironment. Exploitment of the pathological expression and function of tenascin-C is emerging as a promising strategy to develop new diagnostic, therapeutic and bioengineering tools. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster we provide a succinct and comprehensive overview of the structural and functional features of tenascin-C and its potential roles in developing embryos and under pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim S. Midwood
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Matthias Chiquet
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Medical Faculty, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Richard P. Tucker
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California at Davis, Davis CA 95616-8643, USA
| | - Gertraud Orend
- Inserm U1109, The Microenvironmental Niche in Tumorigenesis and Targeted Therapy (MN3T) team, 3 av. Molière, Strasbourg 67200, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France
- LabEx Medalis, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg 67000, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Extracellular matrix proteins of the tenascin family resemble each other in their domain structure, and also share functions in modulating cell adhesion and cellular responses to growth factors. Despite these common features, the 4 vertebrate tenascins exhibit vastly different expression patterns. Tenascin-R is specific to the central nervous system. Tenascin-C is an “oncofetal” protein controlled by many stimuli (growth factors, cytokines, mechanical stress), but with restricted occurrence in space and time. In contrast, tenascin-X is a constituitive component of connective tissues, and its level is barely affected by external factors. Finally, the expression of tenascin-W is similar to that of tenascin-C but even more limited. In accordance with their highly regulated expression, the promoters of the tenascin-C and -W genes contain TATA boxes, whereas those of the other 2 tenascins do not. This article summarizes what is currently known about the complex transcriptional regulation of the 4 tenascin genes in development and disease.
Collapse
Key Words
- AKT, v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog
- ALK, anaplastic lymphoma kinase
- AP-1, activator protein-1
- ATF, activating transcription factor
- BMP, bone morphogenetic protein
- CBP, CREB binding protein
- CREB, cAMP response element-binding protein
- CREB-RP, CREB-related protein
- CYP21A2, cytochrome P450 family 21 subfamily A polypeptide 2
- ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation
- EBS, Ets binding site
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- ERK1/2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2
- ETS, E26 transformation-specific
- EWS-ETS, Ewing sarcoma-Ets fusion protein
- Evx1, even skipped homeobox 1
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- HBS, homeodomain binding sequence
- IL, interleukin
- ILK, integrin-linked kinase
- JAK, Janus kinase
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- MHCIII, major histocompatibility complex class III
- MKL1, megakaryoblastic leukemia-1
- NFκB, nuclear factor kappa B
- NGF, nerve growth factor; NFAT, nuclear factor of activated T-cells
- OTX2, orthodenticle homolog 2
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- POU3F2, POU domain class 3 transcription factor 2
- PRRX1, paired-related homeobox 1
- RBPJk, recombining binding protein suppressor of hairless
- ROCK, Rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase
- RhoA, ras homolog gene family member A
- SAP, SAF-A/B, Acinus, and PIAS
- SCX, scleraxix
- SEAP, secreted alkaline phosphatase
- SMAD, small body size - mothers against decapentaplegic
- SOX4, sex determining region Y-box 4
- SRE, serum response element
- SRF, serum response factor
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β
- TNC, tenascin-C
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- TNR, tenascin-R
- TNW, tenascin-W
- TNX, tenascin-X
- TSS, transcription start site
- UTR, untranslated region
- WNT, wingless-related integration site
- cancer
- cytokine
- development
- extracellular matrix
- gene promoter
- gene regulation
- glucocorticoid
- growth factor
- homeobox gene
- matricellular
- mechanical stress
- miR, micro RNA
- p38 MAPK, p38 mitogen activated protein kinase
- tenascin
- transcription factor
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Chiovaro
- a Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research ; Basel , Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Tenascin-C is a large, multimodular, extracellular matrix glycoprotein that exhibits a very restricted pattern of expression but an enormously diverse range of functions. Here, we discuss the importance of deciphering the expression pattern of, and effects mediated by, different forms of this molecule in order to fully understand tenascin-C biology. We focus on both post transcriptional and post translational events such as splicing, glycosylation, assembly into a 3D matrix and proteolytic cleavage, highlighting how these modifications are key to defining tenascin-C function.
Collapse
Key Words
- AD1/AD2, additional domain 1/ additional domain 2
- ADAMTS, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs
- ASMCs, aortic smooth muscle cells
- BDNF, brain derived neurotrophic factor
- BHKs, baby hamster kidney cells
- BMP, bone morphogenetic protein
- CA19–9, carbohydrate antigen 19–9
- CALEB, chicken acidic leucine-rich EGF-like domain containing brain protein
- CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen
- CNS, central nervous system
- CRC, colorectal carcinomas
- CTGF, connective tissue growth factor
- DCIS, ductal carcinoma in-situ
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EDA-FN, extra domain A containing fibronectin
- EDB-FN, extra domain B containing fibronectin
- EGF-L, epidermal growth factor-like
- EGF-R, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ELISPOT, enzyme-linked immunospot assay
- FBG, fibrinogen-like globe
- FGF2, fibroblast growth factor 2
- FGF4, fibroblast growth factor 4
- FN, fibronectin
- FNIII, fibronectin type III-like repeat
- GMEM, glioma-mesenchymal extracellular matrix antigen
- GPI, glycosylphosphatidylinositol
- HB-EGF, heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor
- HCEs, immortalized human corneal epithelial cell line
- HGF, hepatocyte growth factor
- HNK-1, human natural killer-1
- HSPGs, heparan sulfate proteoglycans
- HUVECs, human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- ICC, immunocytochemistry
- IF, immunofluorescence
- IFNγ, interferon gamma
- IGF, insulin-like growth factor
- IGF-BP, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- IL, interleukin
- ISH, in situ hybridization
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- MPNSTs, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors
- Mr, molecular mass
- NB, northern blot
- NF-kB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NK, natural killer cells
- NSCLC, non-small cell lung carcinoma
- NSCs, neural stem cells
- NT, neurotrophin
- PAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns
- PDGF, platelet derived growth factor
- PDGF-Rβ, platelet derived growth factor receptor β
- PIGF, phosphatidylinositol-glycan biosynthesis class F protein
- PLCγ, phospholipase-C gamma
- PNS, peripheral nervous system
- PTPRζ1, receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase zeta
- RA, rheumatoid arthritis
- RCC, renal cell carcinoma
- RD, rhabdomyosarcoma
- RGD, arginylglycylaspartic acid
- RT-PCR, real-time polymerase chain reaction
- SB, Southern blot
- SCC, squamous cell carcinoma
- SMCs, smooth muscle cells
- SVZ, sub-ventricular zone
- TA, tenascin assembly domain
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor β
- TIMP, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases
- TLR4, toll-like receptor 4
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α
- TSS, transcription start site
- UBC, urothelial bladder cancer
- UCC, urothelial cell carcinoma
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- VSMCs, vascular smooth muscle cells
- VZ, ventricular zone
- WB, immunoblot/ western blot
- bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor
- biosynthesis
- c, charged
- cancer
- ccRCC, clear cell renal cell carcinoma
- chRCC, chromophobe-primary renal cell carcinoma
- development
- glycosylation
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- matrix assembly
- mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK
- pHo, extracellular pH
- pRCC, papillary renal cell carcinoma
- proteolytic cleavage
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
- splicing
- tenascin-C
- therapeutics
- transcription
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Giblin
- a Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics; Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences ; Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology; University of Oxford ; Oxford , UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Faissner A, Reinhard J. The extracellular matrix compartment of neural stem and glial progenitor cells. Glia 2015; 63:1330-49. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Germany
| | - Jacqueline Reinhard
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Theocharidis U, Long K, ffrench-Constant C, Faissner A. Regulation of the neural stem cell compartment by extracellular matrix constituents. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2014; 214:3-28. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63486-3.00001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
13
|
Loss of Otx2 in the adult retina disrupts retinal pigment epithelium function, causing photoreceptor degeneration. J Neurosci 2013; 33:9890-904. [PMID: 23761884 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1099-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptors are specialized neurons of the retina that receive nursing from the adjacent retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Frequent in the elderly, photoreceptor loss can originate from primary dysfunction of either cell type. Despite intense interest in the etiology of these diseases, early molecular actors of late-onset photoreceptor degeneration remain elusive, mostly because of the lack of dedicated models. Conditional Otx2 ablation in the adult mouse retina elicits photoreceptor degeneration, providing a new model of late-onset neuronal disease. Here, we use this model to identify the earliest events after Otx2 ablation. Electroretinography and gene expression analyses suggest a nonautonomous, RPE-dependent origin for photoreceptor degeneration. This is confirmed by RPE-specific ablation of Otx2, which results in similar photoreceptor degeneration. In contrast, constitutive Otx2 expression in RPE cells prevents degeneration of photoreceptors in Otx2-ablated retinas. We use chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by massive sequencing (ChIP-seq) analysis to identify the molecular network controlled in vivo by Otx2 in RPE cells. We uncover four RPE-specific functions coordinated by Otx2 that underpin the cognate photoreceptor degeneration. Many direct Otx2 target genes are associated with human retinopathies, emphasizing the significance of the model. Importantly, we report a secondary genetic response after Otx2 ablation, which largely precedes apoptosis of photoreceptors, involving inflammation and stress genes. These findings thus provide novel general markers for clinical detection and prevention of neuronal cell death.
Collapse
|
14
|
|
15
|
Bellipanni G, Murakami T, Weinberg ES. Molecular dissection of Otx1 functional domains in the zebrafish embryo. J Cell Physiol 2010; 222:286-93. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
16
|
Abstract
Homeobox genes are an evolutionarily conserved class of transcription factors that are key regulators of developmental processes such as regional specification, patterning, migration and differentiation. In both mouse and humans, the developing forebrain is marked by distinct boundaries of homeobox gene expression at different developmental time points. These genes regulate the patterning of the forebrain along the dorsal/ventral and rostral/caudal axes and are also essential for the differentiation of specific neuronal subtypes. Inhibitory interneurons that arise from the ganglionic eminences and migrate tangentially to the neocortex and hippocampus are dramatically affected by mutations in several homeobox genes. In this review, we discuss the identification, expression patterns, loss- and/or gain-of-function models, and confirmed transcriptional targets for a set of homeobox genes required for the correct development of the forebrain in the mouse. In humans, mutations of homeobox genes expressed in the forebrain have been shown to result in mental retardation, epilepsy or movement disorders. The number of homeobox genes currently linked to human nervous system disease is surprisingly low, perhaps reflecting the essential functions of these genes throughout embryogenesis or the degree of functional redundancy during central nervous system development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J T Wigle
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ghatnekar A, Trojanowska M. GATA-6 is a novel transcriptional repressor of the human Tenascin-C gene expression in fibroblasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2007; 1779:145-51. [PMID: 18177748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2007.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2007] [Revised: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study we show that GATA-6 is a novel repressor of TN-C gene expression. We demonstrated that overexpression of GATA-6 in fibroblasts inhibited basal levels, as well as markedly decreased IL-4- and TGF-beta-induced TN-C mRNA and protein levels. A GATA-6 response element was mapped to position -467 to -460 of the TN-C promoter. In addition, we showed that GATA-6 binds this site both in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Ghatnekar
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, CSB 912, SC 29425-2229, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hesling C, Oliveira CC, Castilho BA, Zanchin NIT. The Shwachman-Bodian-Diamond syndrome associated protein interacts with HsNip7 and its down-regulation affects gene expression at the transcriptional and translational levels. Exp Cell Res 2007; 313:4180-95. [PMID: 17643419 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2007] [Revised: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The Shwachman-Bodian-Diamond syndrome (SDS) is an autosomal disorder with pleiotropic phenotypes including pancreatic, skeletal and bone marrow deficiencies and predisposition to hematological dysfunctions. SDS has been associated to mutations in the SBDS gene, encoding a highly conserved protein that was shown to function in ribosome biogenesis in yeast. In this work, we show that SBDS is found in complexes containing the human Nip7 ortholog. Analysis of pre-rRNA processing in a stable SBDS knock-down HEK293-derivative cell line revealed accumulation of a small RNA which is a further indication of SBDS involvement in rRNA biosynthesis. Global transcription and polysome-bound mRNA profiling revealed that SBDS knock-down affects expression of critical genes involved in brain development and function, bone morphogenesis, blood cell proliferation and differentiation, and cell adhesion. Expression of a group of growth and signal transduction factors and of DNA damage response genes is also affected. In SBDS knock-down cells, 34 mRNAs showed decreased and 55 mRNAs showed increased association to polysomes, among which is a group encoding proteins involved in alternative splicing and RNA modification. These results indicate that SBDS is required for accurate expression of genes important for proper brain, skeletal, and blood cell development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Hesling
- Center for Structural Molecular Biology, Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory, LNLS Rua Giuseppe Maximo Scolfaro 10000, PO Box 6192, CEP 13084-971, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
von Holst A, Egbers U, Prochiantz A, Faissner A. Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells Express 20 Tenascin C Isoforms That Are Differentially Regulated by Pax6. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:9172-81. [PMID: 17264084 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608067200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenascin C (Tnc) is an alternatively spliced, multimodular extracellular matrix glycoprotein present in the ventricular zone of the developing brain. Pax6-deficient small eye (sey) mouse mutants show an altered Tnc expression pattern. Here, we investigated the expression of Tnc isoforms in neural stem/progenitor cells and their regulation by the paired-box transcription factor Pax6. Neural stem/progenitor cells cultured as neurospheres strongly expressed Tnc on the protein level. The Tnc isoform expression in neural stem/progenitor cells was analyzed by reverse transcriptase-PCR and dot blot Southern hybridization. In total, 20 different Tnc isoforms were detected in neurospheres derived from embryonic fore-brain cell suspensions. The Tnc isoform containing the fibronectin type III domains A1A4BD is novel and might be neural stem/progenitor cell-specific. Transient overexpression of Pax6 in neurospheres of the medial ganglionic eminence did not alter the total Tnc mRNA expression level but showed a pronounced regulative effect on different Tnc isoforms. The larger Tnc isoforms containing four, five, and six additional alternatively spliced fibronectin type III domains were up-regulated, whereas the small Tnc isoforms without any or with one additional domain were down-regulated. Thus, Pax6 is a homeodomain protein that also modulates the splicing machinery. We conclude that the combinatorial code of Tnc isoform expression in the neural stem/progenitor cell is complex and regulated by Pax6. These findings suggest a functional significance for individual Tnc isoforms in neural stem/progenitor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander von Holst
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
de Haas T, Oussoren E, Grajkowska W, Perek-Polnik M, Popovic M, Zadravec-Zaletel L, Perera M, Corte G, Wirths O, van Sluis P, Pietsch T, Troost D, Baas F, Versteeg R, Kool M. OTX1 and OTX2 Expression Correlates With the Clinicopathologic Classification of Medulloblastomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2006; 65:176-86. [PMID: 16462208 DOI: 10.1097/01.jnen.0000199576.70923.8a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OTX1 and OTX2 are transcription factors with an essential role in the development of the cerebellum. We previously described a high OTX2 expression in medulloblastoma. Here, we analyzed amplification and mRNA expression of OTX1 and OTX2 in a series of human medulloblastomas. In addition, OTX2 protein expression was analyzed on tissue arrays. The OTX2 gene was amplified in the medulloblastoma cell line D425 and mRNA and protein data showed expression in 114 of 152 medulloblastomas (75%), but not in postnatal cerebellum. Northern blot (n = 10) and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (n = 45) analyses demonstrated that virtually all medulloblastomas expressed OTX1, OTX2, or both. OTX2 mRNA expression correlated with a classic medulloblastoma histology (29 of 34 cases), whereas expression of OTX1 mRNA only was correlated with a nodular/desmoplastic histology (9 of 11 cases). Immunohistochemical analysis of a series of classic medulloblastomas detected OTX2 protein expression in 83 of 107 (78%) cases. The OTX2-positive tumors of this series were preferentially localized in the vermis of the cerebellum, whereas OTX2-negative tumors more frequently occurred in the hemispheres of the cerebellum. In addition, OTX2-positive tumors were mainly found in children, but OTX2-negative tumors occurred in 2 patient groups: very young patients (<5 years) and adults (>20 years). Nodular/desmoplastic medulloblastomas are thought to arise from the external granular layer (EGL). However, it is unclear whether classic medulloblastomas also originate from the EGL or from the ventricular matrix. Analysis of human fetal brain showed OTX2 protein expression in a small number of presumptive neuronal precursor cells of the EGL, but not in precursor cells of the ventricular matrix. Combined with data from rodents, our results therefore suggest that both nodular/desmoplastic and at least part of the classic medulloblastomas originate from cells of the EGL, albeit from different regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Talitha de Haas
- Department of Human Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wada S, Toyoda R, Yamamoto H, Saiga H. Ascidian otx gene Hroth activates transcription of the brain-specific gene HrTRP. Dev Dyn 2002; 225:46-53. [PMID: 12203719 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.10135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain (sensory vesicle) of the ascidian larvae is thought to be homologous to the vertebrate forebrain and midbrain and, thus, is proposed as a simplified model to investigate mechanisms of brain formation in vertebrates. However, the genetic circuitry that governs formation of the sensory vesicle is largely unknown. To address this issue, we investigated the transcriptional regulation of the sensory vesicle-specific gene HrTRP by Hroth, the otx gene of the ascidian Halocynthia roretzi. A 133-bp 5'-flanking region of HrTRP, identified as a promoter that can drive expression of the reporter gene in the sensory vesicle, contains two otx binding consensus sites. When the two otx sites were deleted or mutated, the promoter activity of this region was decreased. Hroth overexpression can transactivate this promoter in an otx site-dependent manner. Transactivation of HrTRP promoter by Hroth overexpression was mimicked by overexpression of Hroth/VP16, which encodes a fusion protein of Hroth and the activator domain of VP16, and is suppressed by coexpression with Hroth/En, which encodes a fusion protein of Hroth and the Engrailed repressor domain. Finally, translational interference of Hroth by a morpholino oligonucleotide resulted in the reduction of HrTRP expression in the ascidian embryos. These results suggest that Hroth acts as a direct activator of HrTRP transcription during sensory vesicle development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Wada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachiohji, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Tenascin-C (TN-C) is a modular and multifunctional extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoprotein that is exquisitely regulated during embryonic development and in adult tissue remodeling. TN-C gene transcription is controlled by intracellular signals that are generated by multiple soluble factors, integrins and mechanical forces. These external cues are interpreted by particular DNA control elements that interact with different classes of transcription factors to activate or repress TN-C expression in a cell type- and differentiation-dependent fashion. Among the transcriptional regulators of the TN-C gene that have been identified, the homeobox family of proteins has emerged as a major player. Downstream from TN-C, intracellular signals that are relayed via specific cell surface receptors often impart contrary cellular functions, even within the same cell type. A key to understanding this behavior may lie in the dual ability of TN-C-enriched extracellular matrices to generate intracellular signals, and to define unique cellular morphologies that modulate these signal transduction pathways. Thus, despite the contention that TN-C null mice appear to develop and act normally, TN-C biology continues to provide a wealth of information regarding the complex nature of the ECM in development and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P L Jones
- Pediatric Cardiology Research, Abramson Research Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia & The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 34th Street and Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bellipanni G, Murakami T, Doerre OG, Andermann P, Weinberg ES. Expression of Otx homeodomain proteins induces cell aggregation in developing zebrafish embryos. Dev Biol 2000; 223:339-53. [PMID: 10882520 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.2000.9771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the zebrafish embryo, cells fated to give rise to the rostral brain move in a concerted fashion and retain tissue coherence during morphogenesis. We demonstrate here that Otx proteins have a dramatic effect on cell-cell interactions when expressed ectopically in the zebrafish embryo. Injection of zebrafish Otx1 or Drosophila otd RNAs into a single cell at the 16-cell stage results in aggregation of descendants of the injected cell. The Otx/Otd homeodomain is necessary for aggregation and appears to be sufficient for the effect when substituted for the homeodomain of an unrelated homeodomain protein. When cells containing injected zOtx1 RNA are limited to the area that is normally fated to become the anterior brain and neural retina, the induced aggregates contribute to anterior brain and retina tissues. In many other embryonic regions, which do not express endogenous zOtx1, the aggregates appear to be incompatible with normal development and do not integrate into developing tissues. By using an activatable Otx1-glutocorticoid receptor fusion protein that results in the stimulation of cell association, we demonstrate that cell aggregates can form as a result of Otx1 activity even after gastrulation is completed. Time-lapse analysis of cell movements show that cell aggregation occurs with only a slight inhibition of the rate of convergence. These results suggest that promotion of cell adhesion or mediation of cell repulsion may be one of the normal functions of the Otx proteins in the establishment of the anterior brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Bellipanni
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Jones FS, Jones PL. The tenascin family of ECM glycoproteins: structure, function, and regulation during embryonic development and tissue remodeling. Dev Dyn 2000; 218:235-59. [PMID: 10842355 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0177(200006)218:2<235::aid-dvdy2>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The determination of animal form depends on the coordination of events that lead to the morphological patterning of cells. This epigenetic view of development suggests that embryonic structures arise as a consequence of environmental influences acting on the properties of cells, rather than an unfolding of a completely genetically specified and preexisting invisible pattern. Specialized cells of developing multicellular organisms are surrounded by a complex extracellular matrix (ECM), comprised largely of different collagens, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins. This ECM is a substrate for tissue morphogenesis, lends support and flexibility to mature tissues, and acts as an epigenetic informational entity in the sense that it transduces and integrates intracellular signals via distinct cell surface receptors. Consequently, ECM-receptor interactions have a profound influence on major cellular programs including growth, differentiation, migration, and survival. In contrast to many other ECM proteins, the tenascin (TN) family of glycoproteins (TN-C, TN-R, TN-W, TN-X, and TN-Y) display highly restricted and dynamic patterns of expression in the embryo, particularly during neural development, skeletogenesis, and vasculogenesis. These molecules are reexpressed in the adult during normal processes such as wound healing, nerve regeneration, and tissue involution, and in pathological states including vascular disease, tumorigenesis, and metastasis. In concert with a multitude of associated ECM proteins and cell surface receptors that include members of the integrin family, TN proteins impart contrary cellular functions, depending on their mode of presentation (i.e., soluble or substrate-bound) and the cell types and differentiation states of the target tissues. Expression of tenascins is regulated by a variety of growth factors, cytokines, vasoactive peptides, ECM proteins, and biomechanical factors. The signals generated by these factors converge on particular combinations of cis-regulatory elements within the recently identified TN gene promoters via specific transcriptional activators or repressors. Additional complexity in regulating TN gene expression is achieved through alternative splicing, resulting in variants of TN polypeptides that exhibit different combinations of functional protein domains. In this review, we discuss some of the recent advances in TN biology that provide insights into the complex way in which the ECM is regulated and how it functions to regulate tissue morphogenesis and gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F S Jones
- Department of Neurobiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Jones FS, Jones PL. The tenascin family of ECM glycoproteins: Structure, function, and regulation during embryonic development and tissue remodeling. Dev Dyn 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0177(200006)218:2%3c235::aid-dvdy2%3e3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
|
26
|
Shirasaki F, Makhluf HA, LeRoy C, Watson DK, Trojanowska M. Ets transcription factors cooperate with Sp1 to activate the human tenascin-C promoter. Oncogene 1999; 18:7755-64. [PMID: 10618716 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tenascin-C (TN-C), an extracellular matrix glycoprotein is expressed during embryonic development, but is present only at low levels in normal adult tissues. TN-C is re-expressed during wound healing, fibrotic diseases and in cancer. To better understand the mechanisms that control TN-C gene expression, we examined the regulation of the human TN-C promoter in human fibroblasts. We demonstrate that a short segment of the TN-C promoter between bp -133 and -27 contains three evolutionarily conserved Ets binding sites (EBS). These three EBSs bind in vitro expressed Fli1 protein and mediate transactivation of the TN-C gene by Fli1. Furthermore, two proximal EBSs contribute significantly to basal activity of the TN-C promoter. GABP, which is present in human fibroblast nuclear extracts, interacts with the two proximal EBSs. In addition, several Sp1 and Sp3 binding sites have been located in close proximity to the EBSs within this promoter region. The studies performed in Drosophila cells demonstrate that either Fli1 or GABPalpha+beta1 functionally interact with Sp1 resulting in a synergistic stimulation of the TN-C promoter activity. In conclusion, this study shows for the first time that the TN-C gene is regulated by Ets proteins, which together with Sp1 act as potent activators of TN-C expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Shirasaki
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, SC 29425-2229, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Nguyen Ba-Charvet KT, von Boxberg Y, Godement P. The mouse homeodomain protein OTX2 regulates NCAM promoter activity. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1999; 67:292-5. [PMID: 10216227 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(99)00071-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The homeodomain transcription factor OTX2 is involved in defining regional identities in developing rostral brain. It appears to participate in morphogenetic processes leading to the formation of boundaries and substrates for early axon growth, processes which are in the end largely based on site-specific expression of cell adhesion molecules. Here, we present evidence that a candidate target of OTX2 is the gene encoding the neural cell adhesion molecule, NCAM. When Otx2 is transfected into NIH3T3 cells, NCAM protein expression is upregulated. Moreover, while mock-transfected cells display only the 140 kDa-isoform of NCAM, Otx2 transfected cells express also the two other major isoforms (NCAM-120 and -180), in agreement with the presence of the corresponding transcripts in Northern blots. In addition, transient expression of Otx2 in COS7 cells is able to dramatically enhance the transcriptional activity of the NCAM promoter. Taken together, our results argue for a regulation of NCAM expression by OTX2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K T Nguyen Ba-Charvet
- Institut Alfred Fessard, CNRS UPR 2212, avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette-cedex, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bobola N, Briata P, Ilengo C, Rosatto N, Craft C, Corte G, Ravazzolo R. OTX2 homeodomain protein binds a DNA element necessary for interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein gene expression. Mech Dev 1999; 82:165-9. [PMID: 10354480 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4773(98)00162-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Transcription of the human interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein (IRBP) gene is strictly tissue specific, being restricted to retinal photoreceptors and pinealocytes. We have previously demonstrated that a sequence named A element, in the IRBP promoter is essential for IRBP gene transcription in vivo. Here we demonstrate that the human homeodomain protein OTX2 is present in nuclear extracts of IRBP expressing cells and specifically interacts with the IRBP A promoter element in vitro. OTX2, as well as CRX, a homeodomain protein very similar to OTX2, activates the human IRBP promoter in co-transfection experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Bobola
- Department of Oncology, Biology and Genetics, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Fong SL, Fong WB. Elements regulating the transcription of human interstitial retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) gene in cultured retinoblastoma cells. Curr Eye Res 1999; 18:283-91. [PMID: 10372988 DOI: 10.1076/ceyr.18.4.283.5360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify cis-acting elements and trans-acting factors involved in the expression of human IRBP gene. METHODS Transient transfection of WERI-Rb1 and HeLa cells, DNase 1 footprinting, gel mobility-shift assay and yeast one-hybrid system were used to study the regulatory elements that are involved in the expression of human IRBP gene. RESULTS A region between -1620 and -1411 was shown to have enhancer properties. Using nuclear extracts from WERI-Rb1 and HeLa cells, four footprints were identified in the proximal promoter region (-206 to +68). The core promoter element IP1 binds to OTX2 in the yeast one-hybrid system. By cotransfecting HeLa cells, OTX2 could transactivate the irbp promoter. The functions of IP2 (from -119 to -86) and IP3 (from -183 to -147) remain to be determined. The region containing the HeLa cell-specific footprint IP4 (from -202 to -180) could silence the OTX2 transactivation of the irbp promoter. CONCLUSION The 5'-flanking region of irbp contains an enhancer sequence. The possible silencer upstream from the core promoter may serve to suppress expression of irbp in HeLa cells. When the proximal promoter is used to identify binding proteins in a human retina library by the yeast one hybrid system, nine of the identified clones contained the cDNA sequence for the homeodomain protein OTX2. Since no clones for the homeodomain protein CRX were found, and since OTX2 can transcriptionally activate irbp in normally non-expressing HeLa cells, it is possible that OTX2 rather than CRX is the transcriptional activator for irbp in human photoreceptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S L Fong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University, Indianapolis 46202, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Briata P, Ilengo C, Bobola N, Corte G. Binding properties of the human homeodomain protein OTX2 to a DNA target sequence. FEBS Lett 1999; 445:160-4. [PMID: 10069392 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(99)00113-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OTX2, a homeodomain protein essential in mouse for the development of structures anterior to rhombomere 3, binds with high affinity to a DNA element (called OTS) present in the human tenascin-C promoter. Here we investigate the binding properties of the full length recombinant human OTX2 and of several deletion mutants to the OTS element. We demonstrate that, upon binding of the protein to its DNA target site, a second molecule of OTX2 is recruited to the complex and that a nearby second binding site is not necessary for this interaction. OTX2 sequences located within a region carboxyl-terminal to the homeodomain are necessary in addition to the homeodomain for binding to DNA. Furthermore, OTX2 dimerization requires the same protein domains necessary for DNA binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Briata
- Immunobiology Laboratory, IST-National Institute for Cancer Research, Advanced Biotechnology Center, Genova, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Jones PL, Jones FS, Zhou B, Rabinovitch M. Induction of vascular smooth muscle cell tenascin-C gene expression by denatured type I collagen is dependent upon a beta3 integrin-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and a 122-base pair promoter element. J Cell Sci 1999; 112 ( Pt 4):435-45. [PMID: 9914156 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.112.4.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenascin-C is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein, the expression of which is upregulated in remodeling arteries. In previous studies we showed that the presence of tenascin-C alters vascular smooth muscle cell shape and amplifies their proliferative response by promoting growth factor receptor clustering and phosphorylation. Moreover, we demonstrated that denatured type I collagen induces smooth muscle cell tenascin-C protein production via beta3 integrins. In the present study, we examine the pathway by which beta3 integrins stimulate expression of tenascin-C, and define a promoter sequence that is critical for its induction. On native collagen, A10 smooth muscle cells adopt a stellate morphology and produce low levels of tenascin-C mRNA and protein, whereas on denatured collagen they spread extensively and produce high levels of tenascin-C mRNA and protein, which is incorporated into an elaborate extracellular matrix. Increased tenascin-C synthesis on denatured collagen is associated with elevated protein tyrosine phosphorylation, including activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1 and ERK2). beta3 integrin function-blocking antibodies attenuate ERK1/2 activation and tenascin-C protein synthesis. Consistent with these findings, treatment with the specific MEK inhibitor, PD 98059, results in suppression of tenascin-C protein synthesis. To investigate whether beta3 integrin-dependent activation of ERK1/2 regulates the tenascin-C promoter, we transfected A10 cells with a full-length (approx. 4 kb) mouse tenascin-C gene promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferse reporter construct and showed that, relative to native collagen, its activity is increased on denatured collagen. Next, to identify regions of the promoter involved, we examined a series of tenascin-C promoter constructs with 5′ deletions and showed that denatured collagen-dependent promoter activity was retained by a 122-base pair element, located -43 to -165 bp upstream of the RNA start site. Activation of this element was suppressed either by blocking beta3 integrins, or by preventing ERK1/2 activation. These observations demonstrate that smooth muscle cell binding to beta3 integrins activates the mitogen activated protein kinase pathway, which is required for the induction of tenascin-C gene expression via a potential extracellular matrix response element in the tenascin-C gene promoter. Our data suggest a mechanism by which remodeling of type I collagen modulates tenascin-C gene expression via a beta3 integrin-mediated signaling pathway, and as such represents a paradigm for vascular development and disease whereby smooth muscle cells respond to perturbations in extracellular matrix composition by altering their phenotype and patterns of gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P L Jones
- Division of Cardiovascular Research, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Nguyen Ba-Charvet KT, von Boxberg Y, Guazzi S, Boncinelli E, Godement P. A potential role for the OTX2 homeoprotein in creating early ‘highways’ for axon extension in the rostral brain. Development 1998; 125:4273-82. [PMID: 9753681 DOI: 10.1242/dev.125.21.4273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Brain pattern formation starts with a subdivision of the neuroepithelium through site-specific expression of regulatory genes and, subsequently, the boundaries between presumptive neuromeres may provide a scaffold for early formation of axon tracts. In the mouse forebrain, the transcription factor OTX2 is strongly expressed at several such boundaries. Combining dye tracing and staining for OTX2 protein, we show that a number of early fibre tracts develop within stripes of OTX2 expression. To analyse a putative influence of OTX2 on the expression of molecules involved in neurite growth, we generated several clones of NIH3T3 cells stably expressing OTX2 protein at varying levels. As shown by immunoblotting, Otx2 transfection affects the expression of a variety of cell and substratum adhesion molecules, rendering the cells a favourable substratum in neurite outgrowth assays. Among the molecules upregulated with increasing levels of OTX2 are NCAM, tenascin-C and DSD-1-PG, which also in situ colocalize with zones of OTX2 expression at boundaries. These data suggest that Otx2 might be involved in defining local substrata for axon extension in the forebrain.
Collapse
|
33
|
Gherzi R, Leprini A, Siri A, Zardi L. Structure of 5' region of human tenascin-R gene and characterization of its promoter. DNA Cell Biol 1998; 17:275-82. [PMID: 9539107 DOI: 10.1089/dna.1998.17.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The tenascin-R (TN-R) gene encodes a multidomain extracellular matrix protein belonging to the tenascin family, previously detected only in the central nervous system. In this report, we describe the structure of the 5' region of the human TN-R gene and characterize the activity of its promoter. We cloned two previously unreported nontranslated exons (exons 1 and 2, 539 and 101 bp in length, respectively) separated by a large (> or = 40-kb) intron. The intron between exons 2 and 3 (containing the ATG codon) is 122 kb in length. Tenascin-R transcripts in fetal, adult, and neoplastic human brain contain both exons 1 and 2, as demonstrated by S1 nuclease analysis and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The human TN-R promoter displays relatively unusual features in terms of sequence in that it lacks any TATA box, CAAT box, GC-rich regions, or initiator element. The promoter displays its activity only in cultured cells of neural and glial origin, not in transformed epithelial cells and melanoma cells. All the elements required for the full and cell-specific activity of the promoter are contained in the 57-bp sequence closest to the transcription startpoint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Gherzi
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|