1
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Mir MA, Mir B, Kumawat M, Alkhanani M, Jan U. Manipulation and exploitation of host immune system by pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis for its advantage. Future Microbiol 2022; 17:1171-1198. [PMID: 35924958 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2022-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) can become a long-term infection by evading the host immune response. Coevolution of Mtb with humans has resulted in its ability to hijack the host's immune systems in a variety of ways. So far, every Mtb defense strategy is essentially dependent on a subtle balance that, if shifted, can promote Mtb proliferation in the host, resulting in disease progression. In this review, the authors summarize many important and previously unknown mechanisms by which Mtb evades the host immune response. Besides recently found strategies by which Mtb manipulates the host molecular regulatory machinery of innate and adaptive immunity, including the intranuclear regulatory machinery, costimulatory molecules, the ubiquitin system and cellular intrinsic immune components will be discussed. A holistic understanding of these immune-evasion mechanisms is of foremost importance for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis and will lead to new insights into tuberculosis pathogenesis and the development of more effective vaccines and treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzoor A Mir
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Bilkees Mir
- Department of Biochemistry & Biochemical Engineering, SHUATS, Allahabad, UP, India
| | - Manoj Kumawat
- Department of Microbiology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-NIREH, Bhopal, MP, India
| | - Mustfa Alkhanani
- Biology Department, College of Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, P. O. Box 1803, Hafar Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ulfat Jan
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
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2
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Landi A, Aligodarzi MT, Khodadadi A, Babiuk LA, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. Defining a standard and weighted mathematical index for maturation of dendritic cells. Immunology 2017; 153:532-544. [PMID: 29068058 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of dendritic cell (DC) maturation generally refers to the changes in morphology and function of DCs. Conventionally, DC maturity is based on three criteria: loss of endocytic ability, gain of high-level capacity to present antigens and induce proliferation of T cells, and mobility of DCs toward high concentrations of CCL19. Impairment of DC maturation has been suggested as the main reason for infectivity or chronicity of several infectious agents. In the case of hepatitis C virus, this has been a matter of controversy for the last two decades. However, insufficient attention has been paid to the method of ex vivo maturation as the possible source of such controversies. We previously reported striking differences between DCs matured with different methods, so we propose the use of a standard quantitative index to determine the level of maturity in DCs as an approach to compare results from different studies. We designed and formulated a mathematically calculated index to numerically define the level of maturity based on experimental data from ex vivo assays. This introduces a standard maturation index (SMI) and weighted maturation index (WMI) based on strictly standardized mean differences between different methods of generating mature DCs. By calculating an SMI and a WMI, numerical values were assigned to the level of maturity achieved by DCs matured with different methods. SMI and WMI could be used as a standard tool to compare diversely generated mature DCs and so better interpret outcomes of ex vivo and in vivo studies with mature DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolamir Landi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Virology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Ali Khodadadi
- Cancer Petroleum & Environmental Pollutants Research Centre, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Sylvia van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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3
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El-Aouar Filho RA, Nicolas A, De Paula Castro TL, Deplanche M, De Carvalho Azevedo VA, Goossens PL, Taieb F, Lina G, Le Loir Y, Berkova N. Heterogeneous Family of Cyclomodulins: Smart Weapons That Allow Bacteria to Hijack the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Promote Infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:208. [PMID: 28589102 PMCID: PMC5440457 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Some bacterial pathogens modulate signaling pathways of eukaryotic cells in order to subvert the host response for their own benefit, leading to successful colonization and invasion. Pathogenic bacteria produce multiple compounds that generate favorable conditions to their survival and growth during infection in eukaryotic hosts. Many bacterial toxins can alter the cell cycle progression of host cells, impairing essential cellular functions and impeding host cell division. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding cyclomodulins, a heterogeneous family of bacterial effectors that induce eukaryotic cell cycle alterations. We discuss the mechanisms of actions of cyclomodulins according to their biochemical properties, providing examples of various cyclomodulins such as cycle inhibiting factor, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, cytolethal distending toxins, shiga toxin, subtilase toxin, anthrax toxin, cholera toxin, adenylate cyclase toxins, vacuolating cytotoxin, cytotoxic necrotizing factor, Panton-Valentine leukocidin, phenol soluble modulins, and mycolactone. Special attention is paid to the benefit provided by cyclomodulins to bacteria during colonization of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachid A El-Aouar Filho
- STLO, Agrocampus Ouest Rennes, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueRennes, France.,Departamento de Biologia Geral, Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular (LGCM), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Aurélie Nicolas
- STLO, Agrocampus Ouest Rennes, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueRennes, France
| | - Thiago L De Paula Castro
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular (LGCM), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Martine Deplanche
- STLO, Agrocampus Ouest Rennes, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueRennes, France
| | - Vasco A De Carvalho Azevedo
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular (LGCM), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Pierre L Goossens
- HistoPathologie et Modèles Animaux/Pathogénie des Toxi-Infections Bactériennes, Institut PasteurParis, France
| | - Frédéric Taieb
- CHU Purpan USC INRA 1360-CPTP, U1043 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Pathogénie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Infections à Escherichia coliToulouse, France
| | - Gerard Lina
- International Center for Infectiology ResearchLyon, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1Lyon, France.,Département de Biologie, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de LyonLyon, France
| | - Yves Le Loir
- STLO, Agrocampus Ouest Rennes, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueRennes, France
| | - Nadia Berkova
- STLO, Agrocampus Ouest Rennes, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueRennes, France
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4
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Subramani PA, Narasimha RV, Balasubramanian R, Narala VR, Ganesh MR, Michael RD. Cytotoxic effects of Aeromonas hydrophila culture supernatant on peripheral blood leukocytes of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): Possible presence of a secreted cytotoxic lectin. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:604-611. [PMID: 27702674 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Number of exotoxins like haemolysin, leukocidin, aerolysin etc. were reported from Aeromonas hydrophila. In this study, we report the haemolytic and cytotoxic effect of A. hydrophila culture supernatant (CS) that is specifically inhibited by lactose and also by serum and mucus of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Hence, we assume the presence of a secreted lectin in the CS. CS is toxic to peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) of O. niloticus as revealed by MTT assay and by flow cytometry. DNA laddering assay indicates that CS causes necrosis to PBL. As a result of necrosis, CS treated PBL showed increased production of reactive oxygen species as indicated by nitroblue tetrazolium and 2',7' -dichlorofluorescin diacetate assays. CS treated PBL showed reduced mRNA expression of TNF-α and IFN-γ genes. When CS was subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, it showed a single band corresponding to the molecular weight of 45 kDa. However, upon concentrating the CS by ultrafiltration, many bands were visualized. Further studies at molecular level are required to unravel this macromolecular-leukocyte interaction which would ultimately benefit the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parasuraman Aiya Subramani
- Centre for Fish Immunology, Vels Institute of Science, Technology, and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Pallavaram, Chennai, 600117, India
| | | | - Ramalakshmi Balasubramanian
- Centre for Fish Immunology, Vels Institute of Science, Technology, and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Pallavaram, Chennai, 600117, India
| | | | - M R Ganesh
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine, SRM University, Kattankulathur, 603203, India
| | - R Dinakaran Michael
- Centre for Fish Immunology, Vels Institute of Science, Technology, and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Pallavaram, Chennai, 600117, India.
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5
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Bachran C, Leppla SH. Tumor Targeting and Drug Delivery by Anthrax Toxin. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8070197. [PMID: 27376328 PMCID: PMC4963830 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8070197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthrax toxin is a potent tripartite protein toxin from Bacillus anthracis. It is one of the two virulence factors and causes the disease anthrax. The receptor-binding component of the toxin, protective antigen, needs to be cleaved by furin-like proteases to be activated and to deliver the enzymatic moieties lethal factor and edema factor to the cytosol of cells. Alteration of the protease cleavage site allows the activation of the toxin selectively in response to the presence of tumor-associated proteases. This initial idea of re-targeting anthrax toxin to tumor cells was further elaborated in recent years and resulted in the design of many modifications of anthrax toxin, which resulted in successful tumor therapy in animal models. These modifications include the combination of different toxin variants that require activation by two different tumor-associated proteases for increased specificity of toxin activation. The anthrax toxin system has proved to be a versatile system for drug delivery of several enzymatic moieties into cells. This highly efficient delivery system has recently been further modified by introducing ubiquitin as a cytosolic cleavage site into lethal factor fusion proteins. This review article describes the latest developments in this field of tumor targeting and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen H Leppla
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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6
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Lightfoot YL, Yang T, Sahay B, Zadeh M, Cheng SX, Wang GP, Owen JL, Mohamadzadeh M. Colonic immune suppression, barrier dysfunction, and dysbiosis by gastrointestinal bacillus anthracis Infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100532. [PMID: 24945934 PMCID: PMC4063899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) anthrax results from the ingestion of Bacillus anthracis. Herein, we investigated the pathogenesis of GI anthrax in animals orally infected with toxigenic non-encapsulated B. anthracis Sterne strain (pXO1+ pXO2−) spores that resulted in rapid animal death. B. anthracis Sterne induced significant breakdown of intestinal barrier function and led to gut dysbiosis, resulting in systemic dissemination of not only B. anthracis, but also of commensals. Disease progression significantly correlated with the deterioration of innate and T cell functions. Our studies provide critical immunologic and physiologic insights into the pathogenesis of GI anthrax infection, whereupon cleavage of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in immune cells may play a central role in promoting dysfunctional immune responses against this deadly pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaíma L. Lightfoot
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Bikash Sahay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mojgan Zadeh
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sam X. Cheng
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Gary P. Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Owen
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mansour Mohamadzadeh
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Abstract
Some of the most successful pathogens of human, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), HIV, and Leishmania donovani not only establish chronic infections but also remain a grave global threat. These pathogens have developed innovative strategies to evade immune responses such as antigenic shift and drift, interference with antigen processing/presentation, subversion of phagocytosis, induction of immune regulatory pathways, and manipulation of the costimulatory molecules. Costimulatory molecules expressed on the surface of various cells play a decisive role in the initiation and sustenance of immunity. Exploitation of the “code of conduct” of costimulation pathways provides evolutionary incentive to the pathogens and thereby abates the functioning of the immune system. Here we review how Mtb, HIV, Leishmania sp., and other pathogens manipulate costimulatory molecules to establish chronic infection. Impairment by pathogens in the signaling events delivered by costimulatory molecules may be responsible for defective T-cell responses; consequently organisms grow unhindered in the host cells. This review summarizes the convergent devices that pathogens employ to tune and tame the immune system using costimulatory molecules. Studying host-pathogen interaction in context with costimulatory signals may unveil the molecular mechanism that will help in understanding the survival/death of the pathogens. We emphasize that the very same pathways can potentially be exploited to develop immunotherapeutic strategies to eliminate intracellular pathogens.
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8
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Weiner ZP, Boyer AE, Gallegos-Candela M, Cardani AN, Barr JR, Glomski IJ. Debridement increases survival in a mouse model of subcutaneous anthrax. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30201. [PMID: 22393351 PMCID: PMC3290625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthrax is caused by infection with Bacillus anthracis, a spore-forming gram-positive bacterium. A major virulence factor for B. anthracis is an immunomodulatory tripartite exotoxin that has been reported to alter immune cell chemotaxis and activation. It has been proposed that B. anthracis infections initiate through entry of spores into the regional draining lymph nodes where they germinate, grow, and disseminate systemically via the efferent lymphatics. If this model holds true, it would be predicted that surgical removal of infected tissues, debridement, would have little effect on the systemic dissemination of bacteria. This model was tested through the development of a mouse debridement model. It was found that removal of the site of subcutaneous infection in the ear increased the likelihood of survival and reduced the quantity of spores in the draining cervical lymph nodes (cLN). At the time of debridement 12 hours post-injection measurable levels of exotoxins were present in the ear, cLN, and serum, yet leukocytes within the cLN were activated; countering the concept that exotoxins inhibit the early inflammatory response to promote bacterial growth. We conclude that the initial entry of spores into the draining lymph node of cutaneous infections alone is not sufficient to cause systemic disease and that debridement should be considered as an adjunct to antibiotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary P. Weiner
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Anne E. Boyer
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Maribel Gallegos-Candela
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Amber N. Cardani
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - John R. Barr
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ian J. Glomski
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
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9
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Guichard A, Nizet V, Bier E. New insights into the biological effects of anthrax toxins: linking cellular to organismal responses. Microbes Infect 2011; 14:97-118. [PMID: 21930233 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2011.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The anthrax toxins lethal toxin (LT) and edema toxin (ET) are essential virulence factors produced by Bacillus anthracis. These toxins act during two distinct phases of anthrax infection. During the first, prodromal phase, which is often asymptomatic, anthrax toxins act on cells of the immune system to help the pathogen establish infection. Then, during the rapidly progressing (or fulminant) stage of the disease bacteria disseminate via a hematological route to various target tissues and organs, which are typically highly vascularized. As bacteria proliferate in the bloodstream, LT and ET begin to accumulate rapidly reaching a critical threshold level that will cause death even when the bacterial proliferation is curtailed by antibiotics. During this final phase of infection the toxins cause an increase in vascular permeability and a decrease in function of target organs including the heart, spleen, kidney, adrenal gland, and brain. In this review, we examine the various biological effects of anthrax toxins, focusing on the fulminant stage of the disease and on mechanisms by which the two toxins may collaborate to cause cardiovascular collapse. We discuss normal mechanisms involved in maintaining vascular integrity and based on recent studies indicating that LT and ET cooperatively inhibit membrane trafficking to cell-cell junctions we explore several potential mechanisms by which the toxins may achieve their lethal effects. We also summarize the effects of other potential virulence factors secreted by B. anthracis and consider the role of toxic factors in the evolutionarily recent emergence of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Guichard
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0349, USA
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10
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Gray MC, Hewlett EL. Cell cycle arrest induced by the bacterial adenylate cyclase toxins from Bacillus anthracis and Bordetella pertussis. Cell Microbiol 2010; 13:123-34. [PMID: 20946259 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01525.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis oedema toxin (ET) and Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) enter host cells and produce cAMP. To understand the cellular consequences, we exposed J774 cells to these toxins at ng ml(-1) (pM) concentrations, then followed cell number and changes in cell signalling pathways. Under these conditions, both toxins produce a concentration-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation without cytotoxicity. ET and ACT increase the proportion of cells in G(1) /G(0) and reduce S phase, such that a single addition of ET or ACT inhibits cell division for 3-6 days. Treatment with ET or ACT produces striking changes in proteins controlling cell cycle, including virtual elimination of phosphorylated ERK 1/2 and Cyclin D1 and increases in phospho-CREB and p27(Kip1) . Importantly, PD98059, a MEK inhibitor, elicits a comparable reduction in Cyclin D1 to that produced by the toxins and blocks proliferation. These data show that non-lethal concentrations of ET and ACT impose a prolonged block on the proliferation of J774 cells by impairment of the progression from G(1) /G(0) to S phase in a process involving cAMP-mediated increases in phospho-CREB and p27(Kip1) and reductions in phospho-ERK 1/2 and Cyclin D1. This phenomenon represents a new mechanism by which these toxins affect host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Gray
- Department of Medicine, Box 800419, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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11
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Changyong G, Sun M, Li H, Brockmeyer N, Wu N. Simian virus 40 inhibits differentiation and maturation of rhesus macaque DC-SIGN(+) dendritic cells. Eur J Med Res 2010; 15:377-82. [PMID: 20952346 PMCID: PMC3351904 DOI: 10.1186/2047-783x-15-9-377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are the initiators and modulators of the immune responses. Some species of pathogenic microorganisms have developed immune evasion strategies by controlling antigen presentation function of DC. Simian virus 40 (SV40) is a DNA tumor virus of rhesus monkey origin. It can induce cell transformation and tumorigenesis in many vertebrate species, but often causes no visible effects and persists as a latent infection in rhesus monkeys under natural conditions. To investigate the interaction between SV40 and rhesus monkey DC, rhesus monkey peripheral blood monocyte-derived DC were induced using recombinant human Interleukin-4 (rhIL-4) and infective SV40, the phenotype and function of DC-specific intracellular adhesion molecule-3 grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN)(+) DC were analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM) and mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). Results showed that SV40 can down-regulate the expression of CD83 and CD86 on DC and impair DC-induced activation of T cell proliferation. These findings suggest that SV40 might also cause immune suppression by influencing differentiation and maturation of DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Changyong
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, PR China
| | - M Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, PR China
| | - H Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, PR China
| | - N Brockmeyer
- Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - N Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
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12
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Ingram RJ, Metan G, Maillere B, Doganay M, Ozkul Y, Kim LU, Baillie L, Dyson H, Williamson ED, Chu KK, Ascough S, Moore S, Huwar TB, Robinson JH, Sriskandan S, Altmann DM. Natural exposure to cutaneous anthrax gives long-lasting T cell immunity encompassing infection-specific epitopes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:3814-21. [PMID: 20208010 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There has been a long history of defining T cell epitopes to track viral immunity and to design rational vaccines, yet few data of this type exist for bacterial infections. Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, is both an endemic pathogen in many regions and a potential biological warfare threat. T cell immunity in naturally infected anthrax patients has not previously been characterized, which is surprising given concern about the ability of anthrax toxins to subvert or ablate adaptive immunity. We investigated CD4 T cell responses in patients from the Kayseri region of Turkey who were previously infected with cutaneous anthrax. Responses to B. anthracis protective Ag and lethal factor (LF) were investigated at the protein, domain, and epitope level. Several years after antibiotic-treated anthrax infection, strong T cell memory was detectable, with no evidence of the expected impairment in specific immunity. Although serological responses to existing anthrax vaccines focus primarily on protective Ag, the major target of T cell immunity in infected individuals and anthrax-vaccinated donors was LF, notably domain IV. Some of these anthrax epitopes showed broad binding to several HLA class alleles, but others were more constrained in their HLA binding patterns. Of specific CD4 T cell epitopes targeted within LF domain IV, one is preferentially seen in the context of bacterial infection, as opposed to vaccination, suggesting that studies of this type will be important in understanding how the human immune system confronts serious bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Ingram
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Moayeri M, Leppla SH. Cellular and systemic effects of anthrax lethal toxin and edema toxin. Mol Aspects Med 2009; 30:439-55. [PMID: 19638283 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Anthrax lethal toxin (LT) and edema toxin (ET) are the major virulence factors of anthrax and can replicate the lethality and symptoms associated with the disease. This review provides an overview of our current understanding of anthrax toxin effects in animal models and the cytotoxicity (necrosis and apoptosis) induced by LT in different cells. A brief reexamination of early historic findings on toxin in vivo effects in the context of our current knowledge is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahtab Moayeri
- Bacterial Toxins and Therapeutics Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 33, Room 1W20B, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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