1
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Zhang R, Hu Z, Wei D, Li R, Li Y, Zhang Z. Carboplatin restricts peste des petits ruminants virus replication by suppressing the STING-mediated autophagy. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1383927. [PMID: 38812563 PMCID: PMC11133560 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1383927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is a morbillivirus that causes the acute and highly pathogenic infectious disease peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in small ruminants and poses a major threat to the goat and sheep industries. Currently, there is no effective treatment for PPRV infection. Here, we propose Carboplatin, a platinum-based regimen designed to treat a range of malignancies, as a potential antiviral agent. We showed that Carboplatin exhibits significant antiviral activity against PPRV in a cell culture model. The mechanism of action of Carboplatin against PPRV is mainly attributed to its ability to block STING mediated autophagy. Together, our study supports the discovery of Carboplatin as an antiviral against PPRV and potentially other closely related viruses, sheds light on its mode of action, and establishes STING as a valid and attractive target to counteract viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yanmin Li
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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2
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Desingu PA, Mishra S, Dindi L, Srinivasan S, Rajmani RS, Ravi V, Tamta AK, Raghu S, Murugasamy K, Pandit AS, Sundaresan NR. PARP1 inhibition protects mice against Japanese encephalitis virus infection. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113103. [PMID: 37676769 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a vector-borne viral disease that causes acute encephalitis in children. Although vaccines have been developed against the JE virus (JEV), no effective antiviral therapy exists. Our study shows that inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), an NAD+-dependent (poly-ADP) ribosyl transferase, protects against JEV infection. Interestingly, PARP1 is critical for JEV pathogenesis in Neuro-2a cells and mice. Small molecular inhibitors of PARP1, olaparib, and 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB) significantly reduce clinical signs and viral load in the serum and brains of mice and improve survival. PARP1 inhibition confers protection against JEV infection by inhibiting autophagy. Mechanistically, upon JEV infection, PARP1 PARylates AKT and negatively affects its phosphorylation. In addition, PARP1 transcriptionally upregulates PTEN, the PIP3 phosphatase, negatively regulating AKT. PARP1-mediated AKT inactivation promotes autophagy and JEV pathogenesis by increasing the FoxO activity. Thus, our findings demonstrate PARP1 as a potential mediator of JEV pathogenesis that can be effectively targeted for treating JE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perumal Arumugam Desingu
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India.
| | - Sneha Mishra
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Lavanya Dindi
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Shalini Srinivasan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Raju S Rajmani
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Venkatraman Ravi
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Ankit Kumar Tamta
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Sukanya Raghu
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Krishnega Murugasamy
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Anwit Shriniwas Pandit
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Nagalingam R Sundaresan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India.
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3
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Avula K, Singh B, Samantaray S, Syed GH. The Early Secretory Pathway Is Crucial for Multiple Aspects of the Hepatitis C Virus Life Cycle. J Virol 2023:e0018023. [PMID: 37338368 PMCID: PMC10373535 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00180-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Although most of the early events of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) life cycle are well characterized, our understanding of HCV egress is still unclear. Some reports implicate the conventional endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi route, while some propose noncanonical secretory routes. Initially, the envelopment of HCV nucleocapsid occurs by budding into the ER lumen. Subsequently, the HCV particle exit from the ER is assumed to be mediated by coat protein complex II (COPII) vesicles. COPII vesicle biogenesis also involves the recruitment of cargo to the site of vesicle biogenesis via interaction with COPII inner coat proteins. We investigated the modulation and the specific role of the individual components of the early secretory pathway in HCV egress. We observed that HCV inhibits cellular protein secretion and triggers the reorganization of the ER exit sites and ER-Golgi intermediate compartments (ERGIC). Gene-specific knockdown of the components of this pathway such as SEC16A, TFG, ERGIC-53, and COPII coat proteins demonstrated the functional significance of these components and the distinct role played by these proteins in various aspects of the HCV life cycle. SEC16A is essential for multiple steps in the HCV life cycle, whereas TFG is specifically involved in HCV egress and ERGIC-53 is crucial for HCV entry. Overall, our study establishes that the components of the early secretory pathway are essential for HCV propagation and emphasize the importance of the ER-Golgi secretory route in this process. Surprisingly, these components are also required for the early stages of the HCV life cycle due to their role in overall intracellular trafficking and homeostasis of the cellular endomembrane system. IMPORTANCE The virus life cycle involves entry into the host, replication of the genome, assembly of infectious progeny, and their subsequent release. Different aspects of the HCV life cycle, including entry, genome replication, and assembly, are well characterized; however, our understanding of the HCV release is still not clear and subject to debate due to varied findings. Here, we attempted to address this controversy and enhance our understanding of HCV egress by evaluating the role of the different components of the early secretory pathway in the HCV life cycle. To our surprise, we found that the components of the early secretory pathway are not only essential for HCV release but also contribute to many other earlier events of the HCV life cycle. This study emphasizes the importance of the early secretory pathway for the establishment of productive HCV infection in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Avula
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Delhi, India
| | - Bharati Singh
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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4
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Chen F, Guo Z, Zhang R, Zhang Z, Hu B, Bai L, Zhao S, Wu Y, Zhang Z, Li Y. Canine distemper virus N protein induces autophagy to facilitate viral replication. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:60. [PMID: 36922800 PMCID: PMC10015816 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03575-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine distemper virus (CDV) is one of the most contagious and lethal viruses known to the Canidae, with a very broad and expanding host range. Autophagy serves as a fundamental stabilizing response against pathogens, but some viruses have been able to evade or exploit it for their replication. However, the effect of autophagy mechanisms on CDV infection is still unclear. RESULTS In the present study, autophagy was induced in CDV-infected Vero cells as demonstrated by elevated LC3-II levels and aggregation of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-LC3 spots. Furthermore, CDV promoted the complete autophagic process, which could be determined by the degradation of p62, co-localization of LC3 with lysosomes, GFP degradation, and accumulation of LC3-II and p62 due to the lysosomal protease inhibitor E64d. In addition, the use of Rapamycin to promote autophagy promoted CDV replication, and the inhibition of autophagy by Wortmannin, Chloroquine and siRNA-ATG5 inhibited CDV replication, revealing that CDV-induced autophagy facilitated virus replication. We also found that UV-inactivated CDV still induced autophagy, and that nucleocapsid (N) protein was able to induce complete autophagy in an mTOR-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS This study for the first time revealed that CDV N protein induced complete autophagy to facilitate viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Xu Jiaping, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Zijing Guo
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, 16 Yihuan Rd., Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, 16 Yihuan Rd., Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhixiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Xu Jiaping, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 4899 Juye St., Changchun, 130112, Jilin, China
| | - Ling Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Xu Jiaping, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Shuaiyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Xu Jiaping, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Yongshu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Xu Jiaping, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, 16 Yihuan Rd., Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yanmin Li
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, 16 Yihuan Rd., Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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5
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Gee YJ, Sea YL, Lal SK. Viral modulation of lipid rafts and their potential as putative antiviral targets. Rev Med Virol 2023; 33:e2413. [PMID: 36504273 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lipid rafts are ubiquitous in cells. They are identified as cholesterol and glycosphingolipid enriched microdomains on cellular membranes. They serve as platforms for cellular communications by functioning in signal transduction and membrane trafficking. Such structural organisation fulfils cellular needs for normal function, but at the same time increases vulnerability of cells to pathogen invasion. Viruses rely heavily on lipid rafts in basically every stage of the viral life cycle for successful infection. Various mechanisms of lipid rafts modification exploited by diverse viruses for attachment, internalisation, membrane fusion, genome replication, assembly and release have been brought to light. This review focuses on virus-raft interactions and how a wide range of viruses manipulate lipid rafts at distinct stages of infection. The importance of virus-raft interactions in viral infections has inspired researchers to discover and develop antivirals that target this interaction, such as statins, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, viperin, 25-hydroxycholesterol and even anti-malarial drugs. The therapeutic modulations of lipid rafts as potential antiviral intervention from in vitro and in vivo evidence are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Jing Gee
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - Yi Lin Sea
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - Sunil Kumar Lal
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor DE, Malaysia.,Tropical Medicine & Biology Platform, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor DE, Malaysia
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6
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Transcriptomic Analysis of MDBK Cells Infected with Cytopathic and Non-Cytopathic Strains of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV). Viruses 2022; 14:v14061276. [PMID: 35746747 PMCID: PMC9228727 DOI: 10.3390/v14061276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) belongs to the Flaviviridae family and the Pestivirus genus. Infection with BVDV causes a disease with a wide spectrum of clinical symptoms, most often mild, although infections with this virus constitute a serious economic problem all over the world. The virus is characterized by a high genetic variability, while the accumulation of single mutations leads to the formation of its new variants. The aim of this study was to better understand the complicated pathogenesis of this disease at the molecular level via the analysis of the transcriptome of cells infected with this virus. The bovine kidney cell line (MDBK), the cytopathic (cp) reference strain, and two non-cytopathic (ncp) BVD virus field strains were used in transcriptomic studies. The cell transcriptome was tested 24 and 72 h after infection. The results of the microarray analysis revealed changes in the expression levels of numerous genes. Genes with changed expression as a result of infection with the cp strain caused changes in the expression levels of a large number of genes and enriched a number of pathways. Genes with increased expression levels were enriched among other pathways involved in the cell cycle, while genes with reduced expression levels enriched pathways mostly related to metabolism. Genes with increased expression levels as a result of infection with ncp strains enriched a much smaller number of pathways, among them, pathways related to signaling activity 24 h post-infection and serine biosynthetic pathways both 24 and 72 h post-infection. Pathways enriched by genes with reduced expression levels were related to the innate immune response (72 h post-infection) or metabolism (24 and 72 h post-infection). The results of microarray studies can help us to better understand the host’s response to BVDV infection.
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7
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PPRV-Induced Autophagy Facilitates Infectious Virus Transmission by the Exosomal Pathway. J Virol 2022; 96:e0024422. [PMID: 35319226 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00244-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is an important pathogen that seriously influences the productivity of small ruminants worldwide. We showed previously that PPRV induced sustained autophagy for their replication in host cells. Many studies have shown that exosomes released from virus-infected cells contain a variety of viral and host cellular factors that are able to modulate the recipient's cellular response and result in productive infection of the recipient host. Here, we show that PPRV infection results in packaging of the viral genomic RNA and partial viral proteins into exosomes of Vero cells and upregulates exosome secretion. We provide evidence showing that the exosomal viral cargo can be transferred to and establish productive infection in a new target cell. Importantly, our study reveals that PPRV-induced autophagy enhances exosome secretion and exosome-mediated virus transmission. Additionally, our data show that TSG101 may be involved in the sorting of the infectious PPRV RNA into exosomes to facilitate the release of PPRV through the exosomal pathway. Taken together, our results suggest a novel mechanism involving autophagy and exosome-mediated PPRV intercellular transmission. IMPORTANCE Autophagy plays an important role in PPRV pathogenesis. The role of exosomes in viral infections is beginning to be appreciated. The present study examined the role of autophagy in secretion of infectious PPRV from Vero cells. Our data provided the first direct evidence that ATG7-mediated autophagy enhances exosome secretion and exosome-mediated PPRV transmission. TSG101 may be involved in the sorting of the infectious PPRV RNA genomes into exosomes to facilitate the release of PPRV through the exosomal pathway. Inhibition of PPRV-induced autophagy or TSG101 expression could be used as a strategy to block exosome-mediated virus transmission.
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8
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Kouroumalis E, Voumvouraki A, Augoustaki A, Samonakis DN. Autophagy in liver diseases. World J Hepatol 2021; 13:6-65. [PMID: 33584986 PMCID: PMC7856864 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is the liver cell energy recycling system regulating a variety of homeostatic mechanisms. Damaged organelles, lipids and proteins are degraded in the lysosomes and their elements are re-used by the cell. Investigations on autophagy have led to the award of two Nobel Prizes and a health of important reports. In this review we describe the fundamental functions of autophagy in the liver including new data on the regulation of autophagy. Moreover we emphasize the fact that autophagy acts like a two edge sword in many occasions with the most prominent paradigm being its involvement in the initiation and progress of hepatocellular carcinoma. We also focused to the implication of autophagy and its specialized forms of lipophagy and mitophagy in the pathogenesis of various liver diseases. We analyzed autophagy not only in well studied diseases, like alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver and liver fibrosis but also in viral hepatitis, biliary diseases, autoimmune hepatitis and rare diseases including inherited metabolic diseases and also acetaminophene hepatotoxicity. We also stressed the different consequences that activation or impairment of autophagy may have in hepatocytes as opposed to Kupffer cells, sinusoidal endothelial cells or hepatic stellate cells. Finally, we analyzed the limited clinical data compared to the extensive experimental evidence and the possible future therapeutic interventions based on autophagy manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Kouroumalis
- Liver Research Laboratory, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion 71110, Greece
| | - Argryro Voumvouraki
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki 54636, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Augoustaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Greece
| | - Dimitrios N Samonakis
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Greece.
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9
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Li M, Yan P, Shen X, Liu Z, Wang Q, Huang Y, Wu Y. Muscovy duck reovirus promotes virus replication by inhibiting autophagy-lysosomal degradation pathway. Vet Microbiol 2020; 253:108945. [PMID: 33373883 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy plays a momentous role in cellular responses against pathogens. However, the influence of the autophagy machinery on Muscovy duck reovirus (MDRV) infection is not yet confirmed. In this study, it was shown that MDRV infection significantly increased the number of autophagy-like vesicles in DF-1 cells under electron microscope and the LC3-I/LC3-II conversion, which was considered important indicators of autophagy. It was worth noting that the level of autophagy was positively correlated with MDRV replication. Further test results showed that MDRV-induced autophagy can promote virus replication in DF-1 cells, and both the envelope protein sigma A and non-structural protein sigma NS that play an important role in virus replication process can colocalize with the autophagosome marker molecule LC3-II by confocal immunofluorescence analysis. These results indicated that MDRV utilized the autophagosomes for replication. Through transfection of the dual fluorescent plasmid mcherry-EGFP-LC3 and fluorescence microscope observation, it was found that autophagosomes were more likely to fuse with lysosomes in MDRV-infected cells compared with the blank group. The phenomenon of pEGFP-LC3B fluorescent spot and LAMP1 co-localization appeared in MDRV infected cells, indicating that MDRV infection would promote the fusion of autophagosomes and the lysosomes. Conversely, accumulation of p62 was observed by immunoblotting, suggesting that autolysosomes does not exert effective degradation. MDRV infection triggered a incomplete autophagic response. Further studies found that the expression of LAMP1, a marker protein of late endosome/early lysosome, increased significantly in MDRV-infected cells, suggesting an increase in the number of immature lysosomes. In addition, the experiment detected the maturation of the lysosomal acid hydrolase Cathepsin D in the cells, and found that the expression of the 33 kDa mature form of Cathepsin D was significantly reduced after MDRV infection, indicating that MDRV inhibits the maturation of lysosomes. In general, MDRV infection induces autophagy of DF-1 cells, promotes the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes, inhibits autophagolysosome degradation, and promotes virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Li
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Yan
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Shen
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenni Liu
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China; Ganzhou Animal Husbandry Research Institute, Gannan Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou, 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanxi Wang
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health (Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University), Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Huang
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health (Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University), Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijian Wu
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health (Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University), Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Tabata K, Neufeldt CJ, Bartenschlager R. Hepatitis C Virus Replication. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:cshperspect.a037093. [PMID: 31570388 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Replication and amplification of the viral genome is a key process for all viruses. For hepatitis C virus (HCV), a positive-strand RNA virus, amplification of the viral genome requires the synthesis of a negative-sense RNA template, which is in turn used for the production of new genomic RNA. This process is governed by numerous proteins, both host and viral, as well as distinct lipids and specific RNA elements within the positive- and negative-strand RNAs. Moreover, this process requires specific changes to host cell ultrastructure to create microenvironments conducive to viral replication. This review will focus on describing the processes and factors involved in facilitating or regulating HCV genome replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Tabata
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher J Neufeldt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Heidelberg Partner Site, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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11
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Hu Z, Pan Y, Cheng A, Zhang X, Wang M, Chen S, Zhu D, Liu M, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhao X, Huang J, Zhang S, Mao S, Ou X, Yu Y, Zhang L, Liu Y, Tian B, Pan L, Rehman MU, Yin Z, Jia R. Autophagy Promotes Duck Tembusu Virus Replication by Suppressing p62/SQSTM1-Mediated Innate Immune Responses In Vitro. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010022. [PMID: 31941042 PMCID: PMC7157248 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) has recently appeared in ducks in China and the key cellular determiners for DTMUV replication in host cells remain unknown. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular process that has been reported to facilitate flavivirus replication. In this study, we utilized primary duck embryo fibroblast (DEF) as the cell model and found that DTMUV infection triggered LC3-II increase and polyubiquitin-binding protein sequestosome 1 (p62) decrease, confirming that complete autophagy occurred in DEF cells. The induction of autophagy by pharmacological treatment increased DTMUV replication in DEF cells, whereas the inhibition of autophagy with pharmacological treatments or RNA interference decreased DTMUV replication. Inhibiting autophagy enhanced the activation of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) pathways and increased the p62 protein level in DTMUV-infected cells. We further found that the overexpression of p62 decreased DTMUV replication and inhibited the activation of the NF-κB and IRF7 pathways, and changes in the NF-κB and IRF7 pathways were consistent with the level of phosphorylated TANK-binding kinase 1 (p-TBK1). Opposite results were found in p62 knockdown cells. In summary, we found that autophagy-mediated p62 degradation acted as a new strategy for DTMUV to evade host innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Hu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Yuhong Pan
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Xingcui Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Shun Chen
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Qiao Yang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Ying Wu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Juan Huang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Sai Mao
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Xumin Ou
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Yanling Yu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Ling Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Yunya Liu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Bin Tian
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Leichang Pan
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Mujeeb Ur Rehman
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Renyong Jia
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
- Correspondence:
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12
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Fan S, Wu K, Luo C, Li X, Zhao M, Song D, Ma S, Zhu E, Chen Y, Ding H, Yi L, Li J, Zhao M, Chen J. Dual NDP52 Function in Persistent CSFV Infection. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:2962. [PMID: 31969869 PMCID: PMC6960106 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses have evolved many mechanisms to escape host antiviral responses. Previously, we found that classical swine fever virus (CSFV) infection induces autophagy using the autophagosome as a self-replication site, thereby evading the host immune response and promoting long-term infection. However, the underlying mechanisms used by CSFV to enter autophagosomes and the mechanism by which autophagy promotes viral replication remain unclear. We found that CSFV infection inhibited autophagy receptor nuclear dot protein 52 kDa (NDP52) expression, ubiquitination, and SUMO2-4 modification. Further analyses revealed that CSFV mediated ubiquitination and SUMOylation of NDP52 via Pten-induced kinase 1 (PINK1)-Parkin. Moreover, NDP52 inhibition also inhibited CSFV replication and the induction of mitophagy marker proteins expression. Inhibition of NDP52 reduced CD63 expression and binding to CSFV E2 protein, which has an essential role in persistent CSFV infection. As NDP52 has a close relationship with the NF-κB innate immunity pathway and plays an important role in the antiviral response, we investigated whether NDP52 inhibited CSFV replication through the release of immune factors and antivirus signals. Our results showed that inhibiting NDP52 boosted interferon and TNF release and promoted NF-κB pathway activation. In summary, we found that NDP52 inhibition not only reduces CSFV binding and entry into autophagic vesicles, but also inhibits CSFV replication by active NF-κB antiviral immune pathways. Our data reveal a novel mechanism by which NDP52, an autophagy receptor, mediates CSFV infection, and provide new avenues for the development of antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangqi Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keke Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaowei Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengpo Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengming Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Erpeng Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuming Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongxing Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingqiu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinding Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Surfeit 4 Contributes to the Replication of Hepatitis C Virus Using Double-Membrane Vesicles. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00858-19. [PMID: 31645450 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00858-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of positive-strand RNA viruses, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV) and poliovirus, use double-membrane vesicles (DMVs) as replication sites. However, the role of cellular proteins in DMV formation during virus replication is poorly understood. HCV NS4B protein induces the formation of a "membranous web" structure that provides a platform for the assembly of viral replication complexes. Our previous screen of NS4B-associated host membrane proteins by dual-affinity purification, liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and small interfering RNA (siRNA) methods revealed that the Surfeit 4 (Surf4) gene, which encodes an integral membrane protein, is involved in the replication of the JFH1 subgenomic replicon. Here, we investigated in detail the effect of Surf4 on HCV replication. Surf4 affects HCV replication in a genotype-independent manner, whereas HCV replication does not alter Surf4 expression. The influence of Surf4 on HCV replication indicates that while Surf4 regulates replication, it has no effect on entry, translation, assembly, or release. Analysis of the underlying mechanism showed that Surf4 is recruited into HCV RNA replication complexes by NS4B and is involved in the formation of DMVs and the structural integrity of RNA replication complexes. Surf4 also participates in the replication of poliovirus, which uses DMVs as replication sites, but it has no effect on the replication of dengue virus, which uses invaginated/sphere-type vesicles as replication sites. These findings clearly show that Surf4 is a novel cofactor that is involved in the replication of positive-strand RNA viruses using DMVs as RNA replication sites, which provides valuable clues for DMV formation during positive-strand RNA virus replication.IMPORTANCE Hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS4B protein induces the formation of a membranous web (MW) structure that provides a platform for the assembly of viral replication complexes. The main constituents of the MW are double-membrane vesicles (DMVs). Here, we found that the cellular protein Surf4, which maintains endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi intermediate compartments and the Golgi compartment, is recruited into HCV RNA replication complexes by NS4B and is involved in the formation of DMVs. Moreover, Surf4 participates in the replication of poliovirus, which uses DMVs as replication sites, but has no effect on the replication of dengue virus, which uses invaginated vesicles as replication sites. These results indicate that the cellular protein Surf4 is involved in the replication of positive-strand RNA viruses that use DMVs as RNA replication sites, providing new insights into DMV formation during virus replication and potential targets for the diagnosis and treatment of positive-strand RNA viruses.
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Dash S, Aydin Y, Moroz K. Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy in the Liver: Good or Bad? Cells 2019; 8:E1308. [PMID: 31652893 PMCID: PMC6912708 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection triggers autophagy processes, which help clear out the dysfunctional viral and cellular components that would otherwise inhibit the virus replication. Increased cellular autophagy may kill the infected cell and terminate the infection without proper regulation. The mechanism of autophagy regulation during liver disease progression in HCV infection is unclear. The autophagy research has gained a lot of attention recently since autophagy impairment is associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) are three autophagy processes involved in the lysosomal degradation and extracellular release of cytosolic cargoes under excessive stress. Autophagy processes compensate for each other during extreme endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress to promote host and microbe survival as well as HCC development in the highly stressed microenvironment of the cirrhotic liver. This review describes the molecular details of how excessive cellular stress generated during HCV infection activates CMA to improve cell survival. The pathological implications of stress-related CMA activation resulting in the loss of hepatic innate immunity and tumor suppressors, which are most often observed among cirrhotic patients with HCC, are discussed. The oncogenic cell programming through autophagy regulation initiated by a cytoplasmic virus may facilitate our understanding of HCC mechanisms related to non-viral etiologies and metabolic conditions such as uncontrolled type II diabetes. We propose that a better understanding of how excessive cellular stress leads to cancer through autophagy modulation may allow therapeutic development and early detection of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanta Dash
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, 2400 Canal Street, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA.
| | - Yucel Aydin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Krzysztof Moroz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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15
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Baiocchini A, Del Nonno F, Taibi C, Visco-Comandini U, D'Offizi G, Piacentini M, Falasca L. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) modifications in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8760. [PMID: 31217430 PMCID: PMC6584733 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45114-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The sinusoidal endothelial cells present in the liver (LSECs) are tipically characterized by the presence of pores (fenestrae). During some pathological conditions LSECs undergo "capillarization", a process characterized by loss of fenestrations and acquisition of a vascular phenotype. In chronic liver disease capillarization has been reported to precede the development of fibrosis. LSECs modification in the setting of HCV infection is currently poorly investigated. Considering that HCV accounts for important changes in hepatocytes and in view of the intimate connection between hepatocytes and LSECs, here we set out to study in great detail the LSECs modifications in individuals with HCV-dependent chronic hepatitis. Electron microscopy analysis, and evaluation of CD32, CD31 and caveolin-1 expression showed that in HCV infection LSECs display major morphological changes but maintain their phenotypical identity. Capillarization was observed only in cases at initial stages of fibrosis. Our findings showed that the severity of LSECs modifications appears to be correlated with hepatocytes damage and fibrosis stage providing novel insight in the pathogenesis of HCV-chronic hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Baiocchini
- Pathology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Franca Del Nonno
- Pathology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Taibi
- Infectious Disease-Hepatology Unit, POIT Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ubaldo Visco-Comandini
- Infectious Disease-Hepatology Unit, POIT Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianpiero D'Offizi
- Infectious Disease-Hepatology Unit, POIT Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Falasca
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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16
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Sasaki R, Sur S, Cheng Q, Steele R, Ray RB. Repression of MicroRNA-30e by Hepatitis C Virus Enhances Fatty Acid Synthesis. Hepatol Commun 2019; 3:943-953. [PMID: 31334444 PMCID: PMC6601325 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection often leads to end‐stage liver disease, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We have previously observed reduced expression of microRNA‐30e (miR‐30e) in the liver tissues and sera of patients with HCV‐associated HCC, although biological functions remain unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that HCV infection of hepatocytes transcriptionally reduces miR‐30e expression by modulating CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β. In silico prediction suggests that autophagy‐related gene 5 (ATG5) is a direct target of miR‐30e. ATG5 is involved in autophagy biogenesis, and HCV infection in hepatocytes induces autophagy. We showed the presence of ATG5 in the miR‐30e–Argonaute 2 RNA‐induced silencing complex. Overexpression of miR‐30e in HCV‐infected hepatocytes inhibits autophagy activation. Subsequent studies suggested that ATG5 knockdown in Huh7.5 cells results in the remarkable inhibition of sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)‐1c and fatty acid synthase (FASN) level. We also showed that overexpression of miR‐30e decreased lipid synthesis‐related protein SREBP‐1c and FASN in hepatocytes. Conclusion: We show new mechanistic insights into the interactions between autophagy and lipid synthesis through inhibition of miR‐30e in HCV‐infected hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reina Sasaki
- Department of Pathology Saint Louis University St Louis MO.,Saint Louis University Liver Center Saint Louis University St Louis MO
| | - Subhayan Sur
- Department of Pathology Saint Louis University St Louis MO
| | - Qi Cheng
- Department of Pathology Saint Louis University St Louis MO
| | - Robert Steele
- Department of Pathology Saint Louis University St Louis MO
| | - Ratna B Ray
- Department of Pathology Saint Louis University St Louis MO.,Saint Louis University Liver Center Saint Louis University St Louis MO
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17
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Yang B, Xue Q, Qi X, Wang X, Jia P, Chen S, Wang T, Xue T, Wang J. Autophagy enhances the replication of Peste des petits ruminants virus and inhibits caspase-dependent apoptosis in vitro. Virulence 2018; 9:1176-1194. [PMID: 30067475 PMCID: PMC6086290 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1496776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute and highly contagious disease in small ruminants that causes significant economic losses in developing countries. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that both autophagy and apoptosis are important cellular mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis, and they participate in the host response to pathogens. However, the crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy in host cells during PPRV infection has not been clarified. In this study, autophagy was induced upon virus infection in caprine endometrial epithelial cells (EECs), as determined by the appearance of double- and single-membrane autophagy-like vesicles, LC3-I/LC3-II conversion, and p62 degradation. We also found that PPRV infection triggered a complete autophagic response, most likely mediated by the non-structural protein C and nucleoprotein N. Moreover, our results suggest that autophagy not only promotes the replication of PPRV in EECs but also provides a potential mechanism for inhibiting PPRV-induced apoptosis. Inhibiting autophagosome formation by wortmannin and knocking down the essential autophagic proteins Beclin-1 and ATG7 induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in EECs in PPRV infection. However, inhibiting autophagosome and lysosome fusion by NH4Cl and chloroquine did not increase the number of apoptotic cells. Collectively, these data are the first to indicate that PPRV-induced autophagy inhibits caspase-dependent apoptosis and thus contributes to the enhancement of viral replication and maturity in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , China
| | - Qinghong Xue
- b China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control , Beijing , China
| | - Xuefeng Qi
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , China
| | - Xueping Wang
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , China
| | - Peilong Jia
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , China
| | - Shuying Chen
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , China
| | - Ting Wang
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , China
| | - Tianxia Xue
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , China
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