1
|
Pellegrino F, Falagario UG, Knipper S, Martini A, Akre O, Egevad L, Aly M, Moschovas MC, Bravi CA, Tran J, Heiniger Y, von Kempis A, Schaffar R, Carrieri G, Briganti A, Montorsi F, Rochat CH, Mottrie A, Ahlering TE, John H, Patel V, Graefen M, Wiklund P. Assessing the Impact of Positive Surgical Margins on Mortality in Patients Who Underwent Robotic Radical Prostatectomy: 20 Years' Report from the EAU Robotic Urology Section Scientific Working Group. Eur Urol Oncol 2024; 7:888-896. [PMID: 38155061 DOI: 10.1016/j.euo.2023.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positive surgical margins (PSMs) are frequent in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP). The impact of PSMs on cancer-specific (CSM) and overall (OM) mortality has not yet been proved definitively. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether the presence and the features of PSMs were associated with CSM and OM in patients who underwent robotic-assisted RP. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A cohort of 8141 patients underwent robotic-assisted RP with >10 yr of follow-up. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Cox multivariable analyses assessed the impact of margin status (positive vs negative) and PSM features (negative vs <3 mm vs >3 mm vs multifocal) on the risk of CSM, OM, and biochemical recurrence (BCR) after adjusting for potential confounders. We repeated our analyses after stratifying patients according to clinical (Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment [CAPRA] categories) and pathological characteristics (adverse: pT 3-4 and/or grade group [GG] 4-5 and/or pN1 and/or prostate-specific antigen [PSA] persistence). RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS PSMs were found in 1348 patients (16%). Among these, 48 (3.6%) patients had multifocal PSMs. Overall, 1550 men experienced BCR and 898 men died, including 130 for prostate cancer. At Cox multivariable analyses, PSMs were associated with CSM in patients with adverse clinical (Intermediate risk: hazard ratio [HR]: 1.71, p = 0.048; high risk: HR: 2.20, p = 0.009) and pathological (HR: 1.79, p = 0.005) characteristics. Only multifocal PSMs were associated with CSM and OM in the whole population (HR for CSM: 4.68, p < 0.001; HR for OM: 1.82, p = 0.037) and in patients with adverse clinical (intermediate risk: HR for CSM: 7.26, p = 0.006; high risk: HR for CSM: 9.26, p < 0.001; HR for OM: 2.97, p = 0.006) and pathological (HR for CSM: 9.50, p < 0.001; HR for OM: 2.59, p = 0.001) characteristics. Potential limitations include a selection bias and a lack of information on the Gleason score at PSM location. CONCLUSIONS We did not find an association between unifocal PSMs and mortality. Conversely, our results underscore the importance of avoiding multifocal PSMs in patients with adverse clinical (intermediate- and high-risk CAPRA score) and pathological (GG ≥4, pT ≥3, pN1, or PSA persistence) characteristics, to enhance overall survival and reduce CSM. PATIENT SUMMARY In this study, we evaluated whether the presence and the characteristics of positive surgical margins were associated with mortality in patients who underwent robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy. We found that the presence of positive surgical margins, particularly multifocal margins, was associated with mortality only in patients with adverse clinical and pathological characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Pellegrino
- Department of Pelvic Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; Unit of Urology/Division of Oncology, Soldera Prostate Cancer Lab, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Ugo Giovanni Falagario
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Urology, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
| | - Sophie Knipper
- Martini-Klinik Prostate Cancer Center, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alberto Martini
- Department of Urology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Olof Akre
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Egevad
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Aly
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Departments of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcio Covas Moschovas
- AdventHealth Global Robotics Institute, Orlando, FL, USA; University of Central Florida (UCF), Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Carlo Andrea Bravi
- Department of Urology, Onze-Lieve-Vrouwziekenhuis Hospital, Aalst, Belgium; ORSI Academy, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Urology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Joshua Tran
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Yasmin Heiniger
- Department of Urology, Kantonsspital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | | | - Robin Schaffar
- Department of Urology, Clinique Générale Beaulieu, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Alberto Briganti
- Unit of Urology/Division of Oncology, Soldera Prostate Cancer Lab, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Montorsi
- Unit of Urology/Division of Oncology, Soldera Prostate Cancer Lab, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alexandre Mottrie
- Department of Urology, Onze-Lieve-Vrouwziekenhuis Hospital, Aalst, Belgium; ORSI Academy, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas E Ahlering
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Hubert John
- Department of Urology, Kantonsspital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Vipul Patel
- AdventHealth Global Robotics Institute, Orlando, FL, USA; University of Central Florida (UCF), Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Markus Graefen
- Martini-Klinik Prostate Cancer Center, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Wiklund
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Windisch O, Diana M, Tilki D, Marra G, Martini A, Valerio M. Intraoperative technologies to assess margin status during radical prostatectomy - a narrative review. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2024:10.1038/s41391-024-00868-2. [PMID: 39025926 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-024-00868-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Positive surgical margin (PSM) is a frequent concern for surgeons performing radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer (PCa). PSM are recognized as risk factors for earlier biochemical recurrence and expose patients to adjuvant or salvage treatments such as external radiotherapy and hormonotherapy. Several strategies have been established to reduce PSM rate, while still allowing safe nerve-sparing surgery. Precise preoperative staging by multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) and fusion biopsy is recommended to identify suspicious areas of extracapsular extension (ECE) that warrant special attention during dissection. However, even with optimal imaging, ECE can be missed, some cancers are not well defined or visible, and capsular incision during surgery remains an issue. Hence, intraoperative frozen section techniques, such as the neurovascular structure-adjacent frozen section examination (NeuroSAFE) have been developed and lately widely disseminated. The NeuroSAFE technique reduces PSM rate while allowing higher rate of nerve-sparing surgery. However, its use is limited to high volume or expert center because of its high barrier-to-entry in terms of logistics, human resources and expertise, as well as cost. Also, NeuroSAFE is a time-consuming process, even in expert hands. To address these issues, several technologies have been developed for an ex vivo and in vivo use. Ex vivo technology such as fluorescent confocal microscopy and intraoperative PET-CT require the extraction of the specimen for preparation, and digital images acquisition. In vivo technology, such as augmented reality based on mpMRI images and PSMA-fluorescent guided surgery have the advantage to provide an intracorporeal analysis of the completeness of the resection. The current manuscript provides a narrative review of established techniques, and details several new and promising techniques for intraoperative PSM assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Windisch
- Service of Urology, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Genève, Switzerland.
- Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Genève, Switzerland.
| | - M Diana
- Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Genève, Switzerland
| | - D Tilki
- Martini-Klinik Prostate Cancer Center, University Hospital Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Urology, Koc University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - G Marra
- Department of Surgical Sciences, San Giovanni Battista Hospital and University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - A Martini
- Department of Urology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - M Valerio
- Service of Urology, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Genève, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Genève, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Unal S, Musicki B, Burnett AL. Cavernous nerve mapping methods for radical prostatectomy. Sex Med Rev 2023; 11:421-430. [PMID: 37500541 DOI: 10.1093/sxmrev/qead030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preserving the cavernous nerves, the main autonomic nerve supply of the penis, is a major challenge of radical prostatectomy. Cavernous nerve injury during radical prostatectomy predominantly accounts for post-radical prostatectomy erectile dysfunction. The cavernous nerve is a bilateral structure that branches in a weblike distribution over the prostate surface and varies anatomically in individuals, such that standard nerve-sparing methods do not sufficiently sustain penile erection ability. As a consequence, researchers have focused on developing personalized cavernous nerve mapping methods applied to the surgical procedure aiming to improve postoperative sexual function outcomes. OBJECTIVES We provide an updated overview of preclinical and clinical data of cavernous nerve mapping methods, emphasizing their strengths, limitations, and future directions. METHODS A literature review was performed via Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar for studies that describe cavernous nerve mapping/localization. RESULTS Several cavernous nerve mapping methods have been investigated based on various properties of the nerve structures including stimulation techniques, spectroscopy/imaging techniques, and assorted combinations of these methods. More recent methods have portrayed the course of the main cavernous nerve as well as its branches based on real-time mapping, high-resolution imaging, and functional imaging. However, each of these methods has distinctive limitations, including low spatial accuracy, lack of standardization for stimulation and response measurement, superficial imaging depth, toxicity risk, and lack of suitability for intraoperative use. CONCLUSION While various cavernous nerve mapping methods have provided improvements in identification and preservation of the cavernous nerve during radical prostatectomy, no method has been implemented in clinical practice due to their distinctive limitations. To overcome the limitations of existing cavernous nerve mapping methods, the development of new imaging techniques and mapping methods is in progress. There is a need for further research in this area to improve sexual function outcomes and quality of life after radical prostatectomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selman Unal
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
- Department of Urology, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University School of Medicine, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Biljana Musicki
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Arthur L Burnett
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rodler S, Kidess MA, Westhofen T, Kowalewski KF, Belenchon IR, Taratkin M, Puliatti S, Gómez Rivas J, Veccia A, Piazza P, Checcucci E, Stief CG, Cacciamani GE. A Systematic Review of New Imaging Technologies for Robotic Prostatectomy: From Molecular Imaging to Augmented Reality. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5425. [PMID: 37629467 PMCID: PMC10455161 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12165425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
New imaging technologies play a pivotal role in the current management of patients with prostate cancer. Robotic assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) is a standard of care for localized disease and through the already imaging-based console subject of research towards combinations of imaging technologies and RARP as well as their impact on surgical outcomes. Therefore, we aimed to provide a comprehensive analysis of the currently available literature for new imaging technologies for RARP. On 24 January 2023, we performed a systematic review of the current literature on Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science according to the PRISMA guidelines and Oxford levels of evidence. A total of 46 studies were identified of which 19 studies focus on imaging of the primary tumor, 12 studies on the intraoperative tumor detection of lymph nodes and 15 studies on the training of surgeons. While the feasibility of combined approaches using new imaging technologies including MRI, PSMA-PET CT or intraoperatively applied radioactive and fluorescent dyes has been demonstrated, the prospective confirmation of improvements in surgical outcomes is currently ongoing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Severin Rodler
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany (T.W.); (C.G.S.)
| | - Marc Anwar Kidess
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany (T.W.); (C.G.S.)
| | - Thilo Westhofen
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany (T.W.); (C.G.S.)
| | | | - Ines Rivero Belenchon
- Urology and Nephrology Department, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain;
| | - Mark Taratkin
- Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, 117418 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Stefano Puliatti
- Department of Urology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 42122 Modena, Italy;
| | - Juan Gómez Rivas
- Department of Urology, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Alessandro Veccia
- Urology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy;
| | - Pietro Piazza
- Division of Urology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Enrico Checcucci
- Department of Surgery, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, 10060 Turin, Italy;
| | - Christian Georg Stief
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany (T.W.); (C.G.S.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bianchi L, Cercenelli L, Bortolani B, Piazza P, Droghetti M, Boschi S, Gaudiano C, Carpani G, Chessa F, Lodi S, Tartarini L, Bertaccini A, Golfieri R, Marcelli E, Schiavina R, Brunocilla E. 3D renal model for surgical planning of partial nephrectomy: A way to improve surgical outcomes. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1046505. [PMID: 36338693 PMCID: PMC9634646 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1046505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to evaluate the impact of 3D model for a comprehensive assessment of surgical planning and quality of partial nephrectomy (PN). MATERIALS AND METHODS 195 patients with cT1-T2 renal mass scheduled for PN were enrolled in two groups: Study Group (n= 100), including patients referred to PN with revision of both 2D computed tomography (CT) imaging and 3D model; Control group (n= 95), including patients referred to PN with revision of 2D CT imaging. Overall, 20 individuals were switched to radical nephrectomy (RN). The primary outcome was the impact of 3D models-based surgical planning on Trifecta achievement (defined as the contemporary absence of positive surgical margin, major complications and ≤30% postoperative eGFR reduction). The secondary outcome was the impact of 3D models on surgical planning of PN. Multivariate logistic regressions were used to identify predictors of selective clamping and Trifecta's achievement in patients treated with PN (n=175). RESULTS Overall, 73 (80.2%) patients in Study group and 53 (63.1%) patients in Control group achieved the Trifecta (p=0.01). The preoperative plan of arterial clamping was recorded as clampless, main artery and selective in 22 (24.2%), 22 (24.2%) and 47 (51.6%) cases in Study group vs. 31 (36.9%), 46 (54.8%) and 7 (8.3%) cases in Control group, respectively (p<0.001). At multivariate logistic regressions, the use of 3D model was found to be independent predictor of both selective or super-selective clamping and Trifecta's achievement. CONCLUSION 3D-guided approach to PN increase the adoption of selective clamping and better predict the achievement of Trifecta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Bianchi
- Division of Urology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Università degli studi di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Cercenelli
- eDIMES Lab - Laboratory of Bioengineering, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Bortolani
- eDIMES Lab - Laboratory of Bioengineering, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pietro Piazza
- Division of Urology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Droghetti
- Division of Urology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Boschi
- Division of Urology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Caterina Gaudiano
- Department of Radiology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Carpani
- Department of Radiology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Chessa
- Division of Urology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Università degli studi di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simone Lodi
- eDIMES Lab - Laboratory of Bioengineering, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Tartarini
- eDIMES Lab - Laboratory of Bioengineering, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bertaccini
- Division of Urology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Università degli studi di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rita Golfieri
- Department of Radiology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Emanuela Marcelli
- eDIMES Lab - Laboratory of Bioengineering, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Riccardo Schiavina
- Division of Urology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Università degli studi di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Eugenio Brunocilla
- Division of Urology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Università degli studi di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Meng S, Chen L, Zhang Q, Wang N, Liu A. Multiparametric MRI-based nomograms in predicting positive surgical margins of prostate cancer after laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:973285. [PMID: 36172161 PMCID: PMC9510973 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.973285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Positive surgical margins (PSMs) are an independent risk factor of biochemical recurrence in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) after laparoscopic radical prostatectomy; however, limited MRI-based predictive tools are available. This study aimed to develop a novel nomogram combining clinical and multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) parameters to reduce PSMs by improving surgical planning. Methods One hundred and three patients with PCa (55 patients with negative surgical margins [NSMs] and 48 patients with PSMs) were included in this retrospective study. The following parameters were obtained using GE Functool post-processing software: diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI); intravoxel incoherent motion model (IVIM); and diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI). Patients were divided into different training sets and testing sets for different targets according to a ratio of 7:3. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression algorithm was used to analyze the data set to select the optimal MRI predictors. Preoperatively clinical parameters used to build a clinical nomogram (C-nomogram). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to build an MRI nomogram (M-nomogram) by introducing the MRI parameters. Based on the MRI and clinical parameters, build an MRI combined with clinical parameters nomogram (MC-nomogram). Comparisons with the M-nomogram and MC-nomogram were based on discrimination, calibration, and decision curve analysis (DCA). A 3-fold cross-validation method was used to assess the stability of the nomogram. Results There was no statistical difference in AUC between the C-nomogram (sensitivity=64%, specificity=65% and AUC=0.683), the M-nomogram (sensitivity=57%, specificity=88% and AUC=0.735) and the MC-nomogram (sensitivity= 64%, specificity=82% and AUC=0.756). The calibration curves of the three nomograms used to predict the risk of PSMs in patients with PCa showed good agreement. The net benefit of the MC-nomogram was higher than the others (range, 0.2-0.7). Conclusions The mpMRI-based nomogram can predict PSMs in PCa patients. Although its AUC (0.735) is not statistically different from that of the clinical-based nomogram AUC (0.683). However, mpMRI-based nomogram has higher specificity (88% VS. 63%), model stability, and clinical benefit than clinical-based nomogram. And the predictive ability of mpMRI plus clinical parameters for PSMs is further improved.
Collapse
|