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Dhivahar J, Parthasarathy A, Krishnan K, Kovi BS, Pandian GN. Bat-associated microbes: Opportunities and perils, an overview. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22351. [PMID: 38125540 PMCID: PMC10730444 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential biotechnological uses of bat-associated bacteria are discussed briefly, indicating avenues for biotechnological applications of bat-associated microbes. The uniqueness of bats in terms of their lifestyle, genomes and molecular immunology may predispose bats to act as disease reservoirs. Molecular phylogenetic analysis has shown several instances of bats harbouring the ancestral lineages of bacterial (Bartonella), protozoal (Plasmodium, Trypanosoma cruzi) and viral (SARS-CoV2) pathogens infecting humans. Along with the transmission of viruses from bats, we also discuss the potential roles of bat-associated bacteria, fungi, and protozoan parasites in emerging diseases. Current evidence suggests that environmental changes and interactions between wildlife, livestock, and humans contribute to the spill-over of infectious agents from bats to other hosts. Domestic animals including livestock may act as intermediate amplifying hosts for bat-origin pathogens to transmit to humans. An increasing number of studies investigating bat pathogen diversity and infection dynamics have been published. However, whether or how these infectious agents are transmitted both within bat populations and to other hosts, including humans, often remains unknown. Metagenomic approaches are uncovering the dynamics and distribution of potential pathogens in bat microbiomes, which might improve the understanding of disease emergence and transmission. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on bat zoonoses of public health concern and flag the gaps in the knowledge to enable further research and allocation of resources for tackling future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Dhivahar
- Research Department of Zoology, St. Johns College, Palayamkottai, 627002, India
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, Loyola College, Chennai, 600034, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Virology, University of Madras, Chennai, 600025, India
| | - Anutthaman Parthasarathy
- Department of Chemistry and Biosciences, Richmond Building, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Kathiravan Krishnan
- Department of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Virology, University of Madras, Chennai, 600025, India
| | - Basavaraj S. Kovi
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Yoshida Ushinomiyacho, 69, Sakyo Ward, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ganesh N. Pandian
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Yoshida Ushinomiyacho, 69, Sakyo Ward, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan
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Meng JX, Wei XY, Guo H, Chen Y, Wang W, Geng HL, Yang X, Jiang J, Zhang XX. Metagenomic insights into the composition and function of the gut microbiota of mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1156397. [PMID: 37090719 PMCID: PMC10118048 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1156397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Despite Toxoplasma gondii infection leading to dysbiosis and enteritis, the function of gut microbiota in toxoplasmosis has not been explored. Methods Here, shotgun metagenomics was employed to characterize the composition and function of mouse microbial community during acute and chronic T. gondii infection, respectively. Results The results revealed that the diversity of gut bacteria was decreased immediately after T. gondii infection, and was increased with the duration of infection. In addition, T. gondii infection led to gut microbiota dysbiosis both in acute and chronic infection periods. Therein, several signatures, including depression of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio and infection-enriched Proteobacteria, were observed in the chronic period, which may contribute to aggravated gut inflammation and disease severity. Functional analysis showed that a large amount of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways and carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZy) family displayed distinct variation in abundance between infected and healthy mice. The lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis related pathways were activated in the chronic infection period, which might lead to immune system imbalance and involve in intestinal inflammation. Moreover, microbial and functional spectrums were more disordered in chronic than acute infection periods, thus implying gut microbiota was more likely to participate in disease process in the chronically infected mice, even exacerbated immunologic derangement and disease progression. Discussion Our data indicate that the gut microbiota plays a potentially important role in protecting mice from T. gondii infection, and contributes to better understand the association between gut microbiota and toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xin Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xin-Yu Wei
- College of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Huanping Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hong-Li Geng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xing Yang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiang Jiang
- College of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao-Xuan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao-Xuan Zhang,
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Toxoplasma gondii in Foods: Prevalence, Control, and Safety. Foods 2022; 11:foods11162542. [PMID: 36010541 PMCID: PMC9407268 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that causes toxoplasmosis, with approximately one third of the population around the world seropositive. The consumption of contaminated food is the main source of infection. These include meat products with T. gondii tissue cysts, and dairy products with tachyzoites. Recently, contamination has been detected in fresh products with oocysts and marine products. Despite the great health problems that are caused by T. gondii, currently there are no standardized methods for its detection in the food industry. In this review, we analyze the current detection methods, the prevalence of T. gondii in different food products, and the control measures. The main detection methods are bioassays, cell culture, molecular and microscopic techniques, and serological methods, but some of these do not have applicability in the food industry. As a result, emerging techniques are being developed that are aimed at the detection of multiple parasites simultaneously that would make their application more efficient in the industry. Since the prevalence of this parasite is high in many products (meat and milk, marine products, and vegetables), it is necessary to standardize detection methods, as well as implement control measures.
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Investigation of Toxoplasma gondii in wastewater and surface water in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China using real-time PCR and multilocus genotyping. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5428. [PMID: 35361820 PMCID: PMC8971506 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09166-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite, causing one of the most prevalent parasitic infections in the world. In the present study water sources of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP), China, where the hygienic infrastructure is still developing, were investigated. A total of 214 water samples of 10 L volume, were collected from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), a slaughterhouse and rivers. The samples were filtered and then analysed using real-time PCR and multilocus genotyping. T. gondii DNA was found in four (1.9%) samples representing T. gondii type I; in one of them T. gondii-like oocysts were also confirmed microscopically. The approximate level of contamination of positive samples ranged between 30 and 2300 T. gondii sporozoites. The results of this study confirmed that T. gondii is present in wastewater in the greater metropolitan area of Xining and a neighbouring county. Contamination of wastewater at this level constitutes rather a moderate source of Toxoplasma infections in humans and animals. It suggests, however, a link between environmental exposure of animals, meat processing facilities and WWTPs. To our knowledge, this is the first investigation describing T. gondii detection in wastewater and environmental water samples collected from the territory of P.R. China using sensitive molecular tools.
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Papatsiros VG, Athanasiou LV, Kostoulas P, Giannakopoulos A, Tzika E, Billinis C. Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Swine: Implications for Public Health. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 18:823-840. [PMID: 34491108 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2021.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis, due to Toxoplasma gondii, is a parasitic disease with global importance. Among livestock, chronic T. gondii infection has been reported in higher rates in pigs and small ruminants, but with subclinical infections in case commonly encountered in pigs. Seroprevalence in the global pig population ranges according to the age or species of pigs, geographical distribution, production programs, and systems. Generally, T. gondii infections are noticed in low prevalence rates in conventional pig farms with high hygiene standards. In contrast, higher prevalence is common on free-ranging farms, outdoor or backyard small pig fams, as well as in farmed or hunted wild boars. The T. gondii average worldwide seroprevalence in pigs is reported to be 13% in Europe, 21% in Africa, 25% in North America, 21% in Asia, and 23% in South America. Human toxoplasmosis outbreaks have been correlated with the consumption of raw or undercooked meat, especially from infected pigs or wild boars, as well as of contaminated drinking water. The risk of infection in processed pork products is lower compared with fresh pork, as meat processing can reduce or inactivate T. gondii tissue cysts. Hence, the prevalence of T. gondii in the pig population may be a useful indicator of the risk of human toxoplasmosis associated with the consumption of pork products. The lack of obligatory screening methods at farm level for the detection of antibodies in farmed animals or the viable T. gondii in carcasses at slaughterhouse level increases the risk of contaminated pork or meat products. For this reason, the application of biosecurity and surveillance programs at farm level is very important to prevent a T. gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios G Papatsiros
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Labrini V Athanasiou
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Polychronis Kostoulas
- Laboratory of Epidemiology & Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Alexios Giannakopoulos
- Department of Microbiology & Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Eleni Tzika
- Farm Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Charalambos Billinis
- Department of Microbiology & Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
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Machado DMR, de Barros LD, de Souza Lima Nino B, de Souza Pollo A, Dos Santos Silva AC, Perles L, André MR, Zacarias Machado R, Garcia JL, Lux Hoppe EG. Toxoplasma gondii infection in wild boars (Sus scrofa) from the State of São Paulo, Brazil: Serology, molecular characterization, and hunter's perception on toxoplasmosis. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2021; 23:100534. [PMID: 33678387 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of wild boar meat, common in many countries, became popular in Brazil after the hunting of these animals was authorized in 2013. The meat of these animals is often consumed by hunters and their social groups, and their offal is occasionally used as supplemental food in the diet of hunting dogs. Given the high frequency of foodborne diseases related to wild boar meat consumption in other countries, including toxoplasmosis, knowledge on these diseases is essential for risk assessment and elaboration of education campaigns for the exposed public. Thus, this study aimed diagnosing, isolating, and genotyping Toxoplasma gondii in hunted wild boars. For that, we obtained samples of serum and tissues (brain, tongue, diaphragm, and heart) from 26 wild boar hunted in three areas in São Paulo State, Brazil, based on convenience sampling strategy. The serum samples were submitted to the indirect immunofluorescence reaction test (IFAT) test while the tissue samples (n = 22) were used to perform a bioassay in mice to isolate the parasite. The isolated samples were genetically characterized by PCR-RFLP with SAG1, 5' and 3' SAG2, alt.SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, and Apico markers. Questionnaires were also formulated and applied to wildlife hunters to assess knowledge about toxoplasmosis. The seroprevalence of T. gondii was 76.9% (20/26), with titers ranging from 16 to 1024. Viable parasites accounted for 4.5% (1/22) of the samples. The ToxoDB #6 genotype of TgJava1 alone was detected. Most interviewed hunters, 84.2% (16/19) consume game meat and a few of them (15.7%; 3/19) prefer undercooked meat. Also, 15.7% (3/19) of the hunters reported supplementing their hunting dogs' diet with wild boar meat and/or offal. As antibodies to T. gondii were detected in 76.9% (20/26) of the studied wild boars, we concluded that infection by T. gondii is frequent in wild boars used for human and animal consumption in the studied areas. Although genotype #6 is commonly found in Brazil in domestic animals, wild animals, and humans, causing everything from mild clinical symptoms to death, this study found, for the first time, the detection of this genotype in wild boars. These results also reaffirm the importance of these animals as a possible source of T. gondii infection for humans and domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dália Monique Ribeiro Machado
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, Departamento de Patologia, Reprodução Animal e Saúde Única, Rodovia Professor Paulo Donato Castelane, s/n, Zona Rural, CEP 14887-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Daniel de Barros
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Jardim Portal de Versalhes 1, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Beatriz de Souza Lima Nino
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Jardim Portal de Versalhes 1, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Andressa de Souza Pollo
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, Departamento de Patologia, Reprodução Animal e Saúde Única, Rodovia Professor Paulo Donato Castelane, s/n, Zona Rural, CEP 14887-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Clécia Dos Santos Silva
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Jardim Portal de Versalhes 1, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lívia Perles
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, Departamento de Patologia, Reprodução Animal e Saúde Única, Rodovia Professor Paulo Donato Castelane, s/n, Zona Rural, CEP 14887-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Rogério André
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, Departamento de Patologia, Reprodução Animal e Saúde Única, Rodovia Professor Paulo Donato Castelane, s/n, Zona Rural, CEP 14887-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosângela Zacarias Machado
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, Departamento de Patologia, Reprodução Animal e Saúde Única, Rodovia Professor Paulo Donato Castelane, s/n, Zona Rural, CEP 14887-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Luis Garcia
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Jardim Portal de Versalhes 1, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Estevam Guilherme Lux Hoppe
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, Departamento de Patologia, Reprodução Animal e Saúde Única, Rodovia Professor Paulo Donato Castelane, s/n, Zona Rural, CEP 14887-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Li MH, Yang BT, Yin ZW, Wang W, Zhao Q, Jiang J. A Seroepidemiological Survey of Toxoplasma gondii and Chlamydia Infection in Chickens, Ducks, and Geese in Jilin Province, Northeastern China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 20:825-830. [PMID: 32746740 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii and Chlamydia are common protozoan pathogens, which can pose health risks to people around the world and cause considerable economic losses. Although information on the seroprevalence of T. gondii and Chlamydia in chickens can be found in China, knowledge on the infection of these two diseases in rural chickens, ducks, and geese is limited. Therefore, blood samples from 377 chickens, 268 ducks, and 379 geese were taken from rural areas in seven cities in northeastern China, and their seropositivity was analyzed by the indirect hemagglutination antibody (IHA) test with a cutoff titer of 1:64. The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii and Chlamydia was 10.6% and 21.0%, respectively. Moreover, the free-range poultry (20.75% and 30.55%) have significantly higher seroprevalences than caged poultry (5.47% and 15.66%) (p < 0.001). Moreover, the seroprevalence of T. gondii in older and younger poultry was found to be 5.48% and 12.89%, and those in Chlamydia were 23.53% and 15.16%, respectively. There were significant differences between different ages (p < 0.05). But regarding the prevalence of both, it is not clear in this way which one is the prevalence for younger and older for each specific pathogen. Logistic regression analysis suggested that geography were considered as a risk factor for T. gondii infection in this study. Our study is the first report on the seroprevalence of T. gondii and Chlamydia in poultry in rural areas of Jilin Province, China. These data reflect that T. gondii and Chlamydia are widespread in poultry in northeastern China, leading to a risk of infection in human health. Therefore, the prevention and control of Toxoplasma and Chlamydia infection in poultry, other animals, and humans should be strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Han Li
- Department of Parasitology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Bin-Tong Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P.R. China.,Department of Parasitology, College of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Wei Yin
- Department of Parasitology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Quan Zhao
- Department of Parasitology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, P.R. China
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Dubey JP, Cerqueira-Cézar CK, Murata FHA, Kwok OCH, Hill D, Yang Y, Su C. All about Toxoplasma gondii infections in pigs: 2009-2020. Vet Parasitol 2020; 288:109185. [PMID: 33271424 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii infections are common in humans and animals worldwide. Toxoplasma gondii infection in pigs continues to be of public health concern. Pigs are important for the economy of many countries, particularly, USA, China, and European countries. Among the many food animals, pigs are considered the most important for T. gondii transmission in USA and China because viable parasites have rarely been isolated from beef or indoor raised chickens. Besides public health issues, T. gondii causes outbreaks of clinical toxoplasmosis in pigs in China, associated with a unique genotype of T. gondii (ToxoDB genotype #9 or Chinese 1), rarely found in other countries. The safety of ready to eat pork products with respect to T. gondii infection is a matter of recent debate. Here, we review in detail seroprevalence, prevalence of viable and nonviable T. gondii, epidemiology, risk assessment, diagnosis, and curing of pork products containing T. gondii for the past decade. This review will be of interest to biologists, parasitologists, veterinarians, and public health workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitender P Dubey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA.
| | - Camila K Cerqueira-Cézar
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - Fernando H A Murata
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - Oliver C H Kwok
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - Dolores Hill
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - Yurong Yang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Chunlei Su
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0845, USA
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10
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Zhang XX, Ren WX, Tan QD, Hou G, Fei YC, Zhao LJ, Zhao Q, Sun D. Meta-analysis of Toxoplasma gondii in pigs intended for human consumption in Mainland China. Acta Trop 2019; 198:105081. [PMID: 31299285 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii, is one of the most important foodborne zoonotic pathogens, which can infect virtually all warm-blooded animals, including pigs, and causes severe illness in congenitally infected infants and even death in patients with AIDS. Pigs (Sus scrofa) are one of the most important intermediate hosts of T. gondii, and human transmission occurs through consumption of raw or poorly cooked pork. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched Chongqing VIP, Wanfang, Chinese Web of Knowledge, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases for published papers regarding Toxoplasma infection in pigs in China, from inception to Oct 29, 2017. Search strings included whether they reported the samples of more than 30 pigs and provided information that allowed us to establish the prevalence of Toxoplasma infection. Moreover, we excluded repeated studies, reviews, other host studies, as well as studies with inconsistent data, incomplete information, those that only provided prevalence data, and those outside of Mainland China. We extracted the numbers of pigs with Toxoplasma infection from the obtained studies, and calculated the pooled prevalence of Toxoplasma infection in the pigs using a random-effects model. The data of 44 articles (including data on 46,723 pigs) were compliant with the standards. The pooled prevalence of T. gondii infection in pigs in China was 29% (95% CI 24-34), with 25% (95% CI 18-32) in pigs sampled before 2010 and 28% (95% CI 21-36) in pigs sampled in 2010 or later. The pooled prevalence of T. gondii in pigs from Northeast China (20%, 95% CI 14-26) was significantly lower than those from other regions (North China: 40%, 95% CI 32-47; Northwest China: 32%, 95% CI 13-51; East China: 30%, 95% CI 20-41; and South China: 35%, 95% CI 26-45; Central China: 23%, 95% CI 14-31; Southwest China: 33%, 95% CI 15-52). The estimated pooled prevalence of T. gondii infection was 36% (95% CI 25-47, 8,018/21,892) in pigs tested by ELISA, 24% (95% CI 19-28, 4,304/18,608) in pigs examined by IHA, and 19% (95% CI 8-31, 1,041/6,223) in pigs detected by other methods. Moreover, 1202 of 7470 piglets were detected as T. gondii-positive, and the prevalence (17%) was lower than that in fattening pigs (25%, OR = 1.28), sows (34%, OR = 2.13), and breeding boars (35%, OR = 2.46). Our findings suggested that toxoplasmosis is common in pigs in Mainland China. It is necessary to monitor the prevalence of T. gondii in pigs, and powerful and effective regulatory measures should be undertaken to reduce human exposure to T. gondii via the consumption of pork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xuan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, PR China
| | - Wei-Xin Ren
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, PR China
| | - Qi-Dong Tan
- Animal Quarantine Station of Beijing Customs, Beijing, 101312, PR China
| | - Guangyu Hou
- College of Basic Medicine, Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, 157011, PR China
| | - Yu-Chao Fei
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, PR China
| | - Li-Juan Zhao
- College of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, Jilin, 130022, PR China
| | - Quan Zhao
- College of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, Jilin, 130022, PR China.
| | - Dongbo Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, PR China.
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First Report on Toxoplasma gondii Seroprevalence in Free-Ranging Pigs in Northeastern China. Acta Parasitol 2019; 64:295-299. [PMID: 30941667 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-019-00045-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Toxoplasma gondii is the pathogen of toxoplasmosis, which affects a wide range of animal species and humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study, a serological investigation was undertaken to determine the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in free-ranging pigs in northeastern China. A total of 806 serum samples were collected from free-ranging pigs in 6 cities in Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang Provinces. RESULTS Among them, 163 serum samples (20.22%) were detected T. gondii positive by indirect hemagglutination test (IHA). In each administrative district, the prevalence ranges from 12.99 to 22.22%. It was found that sample collection year and season were associated with T. gondii infection. Samples collected in 2015 and 2016 had had higher positive rate compared to those collected in 2017. Samples collected in summer and autumn also have higher positive rate than those in winter. CONCLUSION This is the first report on T. gondii seroprevalence in free-ranging pigs in northeastern China, which adds the epidemiological data of T. gondii infection in free-ranging pigs in China. These results indicated that free-ranging pigs in Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang Provinces are exposed to T. gondii, which is a significant threat to local pig industry as well as public health. It is necessary to take relevant comprehensive measures to prevent and control T. gondii infection in free-ranging pigs in these regions.
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Liu F, Wang D, Yang SC, Zhu JH, Li JM, Shi K, Du R, Zhao Q. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Brucellosis, Toxoplasmosis, and Neosporosis Among Yanbian Yellow Cattle in Jilin Province, China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 19:217-221. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Cong Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Hui Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ming Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Shi
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Du
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, Jilin, People's Republic of China
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Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Dustmen in Northeastern China: A Case-Control Seroprevalence Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3207675. [PMID: 30662907 PMCID: PMC6313997 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3207675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Toxoplasmosis is caused by an intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii, which can infect many hosts including humans. Methods In order to estimate whether dustmen are more susceptible to T. gondii, a case-control study was conducted containing 332 dustmen from Jilin and Heilongjiang in Northeastern China, as well as 332 general populations from the same regions as control subjects. Serum samples were tested IgG and IgM antibodies to T. gondii using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results The overall anti-T. gondii IgG was 15.06% (50/332) in dustmen compared with 9.64% (32/332) in the controls (P = 0.0337). Also, 5 (1.51%) dustmen had anti-T. gondii IgM antibodies compared with 2 (0.60%) control individuals (P = 0.2543). A significant association was only found between dustmen and level of T. gondii IgG in comparison with the control subjects. Seroprevalence of T. gondii IgG antibodies in male dustmen was significant higher than male control subjects (P = 0.0399). Dustmen from Jilin had the significant higher T. gondii IgG rate (P = 0.0143), in comparison with the control subjects from Jilin. Moreover, dustmen raising cat at home had the significant higher T. gondii IgG rate (P = 0.0097), in comparison with the control subjects. Risk factor analysis suggested that raising cat at home and not having habits of washing hand before eating were mainly related to the T. gondii infection in dustmen. Conclusions This is the first record of seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in dustmen in Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces in Northeastern China. These findings also suggest that the government departments should pay close attention to the toxoplasmosis in dustmen in Northeastern China.
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Zhang XX, Qin SY, Li X, Ren WX, Hou G, Zhao Q, Ni HB. Seroprevalence and Related Factors of Toxoplasma gondii in Pigeons Intended for Human Consumption in Northern China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 19:302-305. [PMID: 30526424 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, is carried by a range of intermediate hosts, including pigeons. Eating raw or undercooked pigeon meat, as is common in regions of China, can easily pass on a potentially fatal T. gondii infection. However, there are little data about the seroprevalence and genotypes of T. gondii infection in pigeons. In this study, a total of 963 pigeon blood samples were collected from Jilin Province, Liaoning Province, and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in China between August 2015 and December 2016. The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii was 10.80% (104/963), with 8.80% (41/466) in males and 12.68% (63/497) in females. The seroprevalence of T. gondii in different regions varied from 9.04% (17/188) in Jilin City to 13.16% (20/152) in Shenyang City, a relatively high prevalence. The seroprevalence of T. gondii in juvenile pigeons (6.38%, 18/282) was significantly lower than in adults (86/681, p < 0.05). These findings could provide useful data for the execution of effective control measures against T. gondii infection in pigeons and/or other hosts. More importantly, the findings also suggest that pigeons should not be eaten raw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xuan Zhang
- 1 College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Si-Yuan Qin
- 2 General Monitoring Station for Wildlife-borne Infectious Diseases, State Forestry and Grass Administration, Shenyang, China
| | - Xi Li
- 1 College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Wei-Xin Ren
- 1 College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Guangyu Hou
- 3 College of Basic Medicine, Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Quan Zhao
- 4 College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong-Bo Ni
- 1 College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
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Abstract
Wild boar populations around the world have increased dramatically over past decades. Climate change, generating milder winters with less snow, may affect their spread into northern regions. Wild boars can serve as reservoirs for a number of bacteria, viruses, and parasites, which are transmissible to humans and domestic animals through direct interaction with wild boars, through contaminated food or indirectly through contaminated environment. Disease transmission between wild boars, domestic animals, and humans is an increasing threat to human and animal health, especially in areas with high wild boar densities. This article reviews important foodborne zoonoses, including bacterial diseases (brucellosis, salmonellosis, tuberculosis, and yersiniosis), parasitic diseases (toxoplasmosis and trichinellosis), and the viral hepatitis E. The focus is on the prevalence of these diseases and the causative microbes in wild boars. The role of wild boars in transmitting these pathogens to humans and livestock is also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fredriksson-Ahomaa
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland
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Zhang XX, Ren WX, Hou G, Liu Q, Yu TQ, Zhao Q, Ni HB. Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection in horses in Jilin Province and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, northern China. Acta Trop 2018; 187:119-123. [PMID: 30071190 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is caused by the protozoon Toxoplasma gondii that can infect almost all warm-blooded hosts including horses and humans. Horse meat is one of the most important meat products for human consumption. However, data on seroprevalence of T. gondii in horses intended for human consumption in Northern China is scarce. Thus, a total of 614 serum samples were collected from Jilin Province and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (IMAR) between 2015 and 2017, and were detected the seroprevalence for T. gondii by indirect hemagglutination assay test. In the prevalence study, the overall seroprevalence of T. gondii in horses was 17.92% (110/614) by IHA test, at the cut- off 1:64. Horses collected from Changchun (13.58%, P = 0.02) has a significantly lower seroprevalence than those from Meihekou City (21.72%) and Tongliao City (22.81%). Moreover, a significant difference of T. gondii seroprevalence was found between horses ages at less than 12 months (22.75%) and ≥12 months or higher (16.42%, P = 0.002). To our knowledge, this is the first report of seroprevalence of T. gondii in horses in Jilin and IMAR, Northern China. Logistic regression suggested that age and geographical location of horses were identified as risk factors. These findings will provide the useful data for controlling and preventing toxoplasmosis in horses and/or other hosts in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xuan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, PR China
| | - Wei-Xin Ren
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, PR China
| | - Guangyu Hou
- College of Basic Medicine, Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang 157011, PR China.
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, PR China
| | - Tong-Qiang Yu
- Institute of Animal Health Supervision, Meihekou, Jilin 135000, PR China
| | - Quan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, PR China
| | - Hong-Bo Ni
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, PR China.
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Molecular detection and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in free-ranging pigs in Northeastern China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 63:110-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Jiang RL, Ma LH, Ma ZR, Hou G, Zhao Q, Wu X. Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii among Manchu pregnant women in northeastern China. Microb Pathog 2018; 123:398-401. [PMID: 30063975 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite infecting human and almost all warm-blooded animals. It may cause several severe symptoms if pregnant women infection with T. gondii, including misbirth. A cross-sectional study was conducted containing 313 Manchu pregnant women attending antenatal care from 2016 to 2017 in Jilin province, northeastern China, and were assessed by enzyme-link immunosorbent assay and the study utilized univariate analysis to identify the potential risk factors for T. gondii infection. Of the 313 investigated Manchu pregnant women, 51 (16.29%, 95% CI 12.2-20.4) were tested as T. gondii-seropositive, with 47 (15.02%) seropositive for T. gondii IgG antibodies and 8 (2.56%) IgM positive. The seroprevalence of T. gondii in different age groups varied from 13.50% (8.7-18.3) to 23.90% (13.9-41.9). Pregnant raising cat at home has a significantly higher seroprevalence of T. gondii than no cat at home. Pregnant consuming raw/undercooked meat has a significantly higher T. gondii seroprevalence than individuals did not consuming raw/undercooked meat. This is the first study of T. gondii infection seroprevalence in Manchu pregnant women. Risk factors analysis suggested that seroprevalence of T. gondii in investigated Manchu pregnant women was mainly related to consumption of raw/undercooked meat and raising cat at home. The findings will provide key and baseline data for prevention and control of toxoplasmosis among Manchu pregnant women and other people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Lan Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410013, PR China
| | - Ling-Hui Ma
- Department of Parasitology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410013, PR China
| | - Zhen-Rong Ma
- Department of Parasitology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410013, PR China
| | - Guangyu Hou
- College of Basic Medicine, Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, 157011, PR China.
| | - Quan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, PR China
| | - Xiang Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410013, PR China.
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Liang QL, Zou Y, Gao YH, Nie LB, Zhang XX, Hu GX, Du R, Zhu XQ. First report of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae seroprevalence in farmed wild boars in China. Acta Trop 2018; 182:212-214. [PMID: 29545154 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Porcine enzootic pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae affects the global pig industry with significant economic losses. It is yet to know whether wild boars in China were infected with M. hyopneumoniae. The present study was conducted to examine the seroprevalence and to evaluate risk factors of M. hyopneumoniae infection in farmed wild boars in China. A total of 882 serum samples were collected from farmed wild boars in Jilin City, Siping City and Baishan City in Jilin Province, northeastern China from April 2015 to February 2016, and were examined by the double sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Seventy-eight out of 882 (8.8%) serum samples were M. hyopneumoniae-seropositive. Among region groups, wild boars from Jilin city (11.7%, 33/281) had the highest seropositivity, followed by Siping city (11%, 29/263) and Baishan city (4.7%, 16/338), and the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.0031). The M. hyopneumoniae seroprevalence in the female wild boars (9.0%, 75/831) was higher than that in the male wild boars (5.9%, 3/51) (P = 0.4429). The results of this investigation showed that farmed wild boars were susceptible to M. hyopneumoniae. Logistic regression analysis showed that there is a significant correlation between the geographical area and M. hyopneumoniae infection, which may be related to the regional environment. This is the first report of M. hyopneumoniae seroprevalence in farmed wild boars in China, which provided baseline information for further studies and control of M. hyopneumoniae infection in wild boars in China.
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Cong W, Zhou CX, Chen L, Zou Y, Wang WL, Meng QF, Qian AD. Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in Tolai Hares (Lepus tolai) Intended for Human Consumption in China: Seroprevalence, DNA Detection, and Genotyping. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 15:544-547. [PMID: 29782189 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is no information available on the detection of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in the tissues of Tolai hares in China. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of these protozoan parasites in Tolai hares obtained from Shandong province, eastern China, between January 2016 and June 2017. Serum and brain tissue samples of 358 Tolai hares were obtained and detected for the presence of antibody and parasite DNAs by serodiagnosis and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively. The seroprevalence of T. gondii and N. caninum infection in Tolai hares was 8.10% (29/358) and 0.84% (3/358), respectively. However, all the 358 tested Tolai hares were negative for N. caninum by PCR and T. gondii DNA was detected in 23 Tolai hares (6.42%, 23/358). The positive T. gondii DNA was genotyped at 11 genetic markers using multilocus PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism technology. Of the 23 positive samples, only 2 of them produced complete genotyping results, and were identified as ToxoDB Genotype #9. This is the first report to detect T. gondii in the tissues of Tolai hares from China and the first study to focus on N. caninum in Tolai hares from China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cong
- 1 College of Marine Science, Shandong University at Weihai , Weihai, China .,2 State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chun-Xue Zhou
- 3 Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Basic Medicine , Jinan, China
| | - Long Chen
- 4 College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun, China
| | - Yang Zou
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China .,4 College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun, China
| | - Wei-Li Wang
- 5 Jilin Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center , Changchun, China
| | - Qing-Feng Meng
- 4 College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun, China .,5 Jilin Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center , Changchun, China
| | - Ai-Dong Qian
- 4 College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun, China
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Prevalence and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in donkeys in northeastern China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 54:455-457. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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