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Yogeswaran K, Furtado JM, Bodaghi B, Matthews JM, Smith JR. Current practice in the management of ocular toxoplasmosis. Br J Ophthalmol 2023; 107:973-979. [PMID: 35197262 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2022-321091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ocular toxoplasmosis is common across all regions of the world. Understanding of the epidemiology and approach to diagnosis and treatment have evolved recently. In November 2020, an international group of uveitis-specialised ophthalmologists formed the International Ocular Toxoplasmosis Study Group to define current practice. METHODS 192 Study Group members from 48 countries completed a 36-item survey on clinical features, use of investigations, indications for treatment, systemic and intravitreal treatment with antiparasitic drugs and corticosteroids, and approach to follow-up and preventive therapy. RESULTS For 77.1% of members, unilateral retinochoroiditis adjacent to a pigmented scar accounted for over 60% of presentations, but diverse atypical presentations were also reported. Common complications included persistent vitreous opacities, epiretinal membrane, cataract, and ocular hypertension or glaucoma. Most members used clinical examination with (56.8%) or without (35.9%) serology to diagnose typical disease but relied on intraocular fluid testing-usually PCR-in atypical cases (68.8%). 66.1% of members treated all non-pregnant patients, while 33.9% treated selected patients. Oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was first-line therapy for 66.7% of members, and 60.9% had experience using intravitreal clindamycin. Corticosteroid drugs were administered systemically by 97.4%; 24.7% also injected corticosteroid intravitreally, almost always in combination with an antimicrobial drug (72.3%). The majority of members followed up all (60.4%) or selected (35.9%) patients after resolution of acute disease, and prophylaxis against recurrence with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was prescribed to selected patients by 69.8%. CONCLUSION Our report presents a current management approach for ocular toxoplasmosis, as practised by a large international group of uveitis-specialised ophthalmologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengadhevi Yogeswaran
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - João M Furtado
- Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Janet M Matthews
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Justine R Smith
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Rossi GAM, de Freitas Costa E, Gabriël S, Braga FR. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Occurrence of Toxoplasmosis in Animals Slaughtered in Brazilian Abattoirs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12223102. [PMID: 36428329 PMCID: PMC9686893 DOI: 10.3390/ani12223102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is mainly transmitted to human beings through the consumption of contaminated food, and several outbreaks caused by infected meat consumption have been reported in Brazil. We performed a systematic literature review on the prevalence and risk factors for toxoplasmosis in slaughtered animals and performed a meta-analysis of its prevalence for different species and regions. Furthermore, we also discussed the infectivity of seropositive animals, risk factors, and preventive strategies. In the meta-analysis, the overall prevalence estimates for poultry, ostrich, goats, swine, equids, sheep, and bovines were 42.4, 40.4, 23.0, 19.9, 19.1, 17.3, and 16.2%, respectively. Regarding the Brazilian regions, the highest prevalence values were detected for bovines and equids in the South (32.3 and 34.4%, respectively) and swine, goats, sheep, and poultry in the Northeast (29.3, 23.0, 22.9, and 69.8%%, respectively). High proportions of Toxoplasma gondii viability in bioassay conducted on seropositive animals were seen for sheep (34/40 = 85%) and swine (12/15 = 80%). Toxoplasma gondii infections are widespread on Brazilian farms, and the summarized data allow the establishment of high-priority areas and/or species for the adoption of preventive strategies to control this parasite at different levels of the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Augusto Marques Rossi
- University Vila Velha (UVV), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Avenue Comissário José Dantas de Melo, Number 21, Vila Velha 29102-920, Brazil
- Correspondence: author:
| | - Eduardo de Freitas Costa
- Department of Epidemiology, Bio-Informatics and Animal Models, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Gabriël
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Fábio Ribeiro Braga
- University Vila Velha (UVV), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Avenue Comissário José Dantas de Melo, Number 21, Vila Velha 29102-920, Brazil
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3
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Paraboni MLR, Commodaro AG, Campi-Azevedo AC, Brito-de-Sousa JP, Gonçalves IL, da Costa DF, Ribeiro KS, Garcia JL, Silveira C, Martins-Filho OA, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Belfort Jr. R. Seroprevalence and systemic immune biomarkers associated with Toxoplasma gondii infection in blood donors from Southern Brazil. Immunobiology 2022; 227:152294. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Espindola BD, Fernandes FD, Roman IJ, Samoel GVA, Barcelos RAD, Döhler AR, Botton SDÁ, Vogel FSF, Sangioni LA. Detection of Sarcocystis spp. and Toxoplasma gondii in swine and detection of DNA of these protozoa in tissues and sausages. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2022; 31:e009322. [PMID: 36074435 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612022049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The seroprevalence of Sarcocystis spp. and Toxoplasma gondii was researched in swine raised in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Serum samples from 84 pigs from 31 farms were tested using indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) for both agents. Additionally, 53 samples of pork sausages and tissues destined for human consumption, including: salami, sausage, black pudding, heart, tongue, brain, and rib muscle, were submitted to PCR to detect DNA for each agent. The frequency of anti-Sarcocystis spp. antibodies was 36.9% (31/84), with titers ranging from 32 to 1024, and 25% (21/84) for anti-T. gondii antibodies, with titers ranging from 64 to 2048. Sarcocystis spp. and T. gondii DNA were detected in 67.9% (36/53) and 13.2% (7/53) of samples, respectively. The presence of antibodies and the detection of DNA from Sarcocystis spp., and T. gondii suggests that the pigs were infected and may serve as an important reservoir for both parasites. The infection by these protozoa in the swine population is relevant to public health due to their zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Dias Espindola
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias - LADOPAR, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva - DMVP, Centro de Ciências Rurais - CCR, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Fagner D'ambroso Fernandes
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias - LADOPAR, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva - DMVP, Centro de Ciências Rurais - CCR, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Isac Junior Roman
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias - LADOPAR, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva - DMVP, Centro de Ciências Rurais - CCR, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Gisele Vaz Aguirre Samoel
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias - LADOPAR, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva - DMVP, Centro de Ciências Rurais - CCR, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Roberto Antônio Delgado Barcelos
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias - LADOPAR, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva - DMVP, Centro de Ciências Rurais - CCR, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Alisson Rodrigues Döhler
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias - LADOPAR, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva - DMVP, Centro de Ciências Rurais - CCR, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Sônia de Ávila Botton
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias - LADOPAR, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva - DMVP, Centro de Ciências Rurais - CCR, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Silveira Flores Vogel
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias - LADOPAR, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva - DMVP, Centro de Ciências Rurais - CCR, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Luis Antonio Sangioni
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias - LADOPAR, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva - DMVP, Centro de Ciências Rurais - CCR, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
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Toxoplasma gondii in Foods: Prevalence, Control, and Safety. Foods 2022; 11:foods11162542. [PMID: 36010541 PMCID: PMC9407268 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that causes toxoplasmosis, with approximately one third of the population around the world seropositive. The consumption of contaminated food is the main source of infection. These include meat products with T. gondii tissue cysts, and dairy products with tachyzoites. Recently, contamination has been detected in fresh products with oocysts and marine products. Despite the great health problems that are caused by T. gondii, currently there are no standardized methods for its detection in the food industry. In this review, we analyze the current detection methods, the prevalence of T. gondii in different food products, and the control measures. The main detection methods are bioassays, cell culture, molecular and microscopic techniques, and serological methods, but some of these do not have applicability in the food industry. As a result, emerging techniques are being developed that are aimed at the detection of multiple parasites simultaneously that would make their application more efficient in the industry. Since the prevalence of this parasite is high in many products (meat and milk, marine products, and vegetables), it is necessary to standardize detection methods, as well as implement control measures.
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Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcocystis spp. co-infection in Tunisian Merguez, a traditional processed sausage beef meat. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Almeria S, Dubey JP. Foodborne transmission of Toxoplasma gondii infection in the last decade. An overview. Res Vet Sci 2020; 135:371-385. [PMID: 33148402 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease of global distribution and importance. It is caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, the only species in the Toxoplasma genus. This parasite can infect most warm-blooded animals, including humans and livestock. Main routes of transmission are by ingestion of tissue cysts in raw or undercooked meat of infected animals, ingestion of raw vegetables or water contaminated with T. gondii oocysts from cat feces, and transplacental. Around one-third of human beings are chronically infected with T. gondii. Most infections appear to be asymptomatic in immunocompetent persons, but toxoplasmosis can be fatal to the fetus and immunocompromised adults. Water and foodborne outbreaks have been caused by this parasite worldwide, but few are well documented. Importantly, T. gondii is a parasite of high importance in animal health, causing reproductive failure, particularly in small ruminants, and clinical toxoplasmosis in many species. This overview discusses the knowledge of T. gondii infections in the last decade focusing on the foodborne transmission of this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Almeria
- Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Division of Virulence Assessment, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
| | - J P Dubey
- USA Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Disease Laboratory, Building 1001, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
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8
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Costa DF, Madeira RP, Torrecilhas AC, Nascimento H, Ribeiro KS, Paraboni MLR, Rizzo LV, Silveira C, Burnier MN, Lowen MS, Garcia JL, Gava R, Pereira-Chioccola VL, Commodaro AG, Belfort R. Ocular Disease in Mice Inoculated with Pork Heart Samples Infected with Toxoplasma gondii. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2020; 30:463-469. [PMID: 32976068 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2020.1807024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We analyzed the frequency, viability, and genetic characteristics of T. gondii in pork heart samples.Methods: Thirty-five fresh pork samples were purchased in a slaughterhouse in Erechim city. The DNA was extracted and qPCR was performed. T. gondii genotyping was performed using PCR-RFLP analysis. Positive samples were digested and inoculated in mice for viability analysis.Results: Our results showed that T. gondii DNA was detected in 25.7% of the pork heart samples and genotyping revealed one new atypical strain. The viability analyses demonstrated that 40% of mice presented clinical signs of T. gondii infection. qPCR was positive in the lung, liver, and brain of mice that presented clinical signs of T. gondii infection. Also, the histopathology analysis showed retinal disorganization, retinal detachment, inflammatory cell infiltration, and fibrosis in the eyes analyzed.Conclusion: Our findings have shown that pork eat from southern Brazil may contain live T. gondii that could be associated with toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deise F Costa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Ophthalmology, McGill University Ocular Pathology Laboratory, Montreal, Canada
| | - Rafael Pedro Madeira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | | | - Heloisa Nascimento
- Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Miguel N Burnier
- Department of Ophthalmology, McGill University Ocular Pathology Laboratory, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marcia Serva Lowen
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Luis Garcia
- Protozoology Laboratory, Preventive Veterinary Medicine Department, Universidade Estadual De Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Gava
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Parasites and Fungi, Center of Parasitology and Mycology, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera Lucia Pereira-Chioccola
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Parasites and Fungi, Center of Parasitology and Mycology, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rubens Belfort
- Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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9
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Smith JR, Ashander LM, Arruda SL, Cordeiro CA, Lie S, Rochet E, Belfort R, Furtado JM. Pathogenesis of ocular toxoplasmosis. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 81:100882. [PMID: 32717377 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ocular toxoplasmosis is a retinitis -almost always accompanied by vitritis and choroiditis- caused by intraocular infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Depending on retinal location, this condition may cause substantial vision impairment. T. gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, with both sexual and asexual life cycles, and infection is typically contracted orally by consuming encysted bradyzoites in undercooked meat, or oocysts on unwashed garden produce or in contaminated water. Presently available anti-parasitic drugs cannot eliminate T. gondii from the body. In vitro studies using T. gondii tachyzoites, and human retinal cells and tissue have provided important insights into the pathogenesis of ocular toxoplasmosis. T. gondii may cross the vascular endothelium to access human retina by at least three routes: in leukocyte taxis; as a transmigrating tachyzoite; and after infecting endothelial cells. The parasite is capable of navigating the human neuroretina, gaining access to a range of cell populations. Retinal Müller glial cells are preferred initial host cells. T. gondii infection of the retinal pigment epithelial cells alters the secretion of growth factors and induces proliferation of adjacent uninfected epithelial cells. This increases susceptibility of the cells to parasite infection, and may be the basis of the characteristic hyperpigmented toxoplasmic retinal lesion. Infected epithelial cells also generate a vigorous immunologic response, and influence the activity of leukocytes that infiltrate the retina. A range of T. gondii genotypes are associated with human ocular toxoplasmosis, and individual immunogenetics -including polymorphisms in genes encoding innate immune receptors, human leukocyte antigens and cytokines- impacts the clinical manifestations. Research into basic pathogenic mechanisms of ocular toxoplasmosis highlights the importance of prevention and suggests new biological drug targets for established disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine R Smith
- Eye & Vision Health and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine & Public Health, Adelaide, Australia; Formerly of Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, USA.
| | - Liam M Ashander
- Eye & Vision Health and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine & Public Health, Adelaide, Australia; Formerly of Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, USA
| | - Sigrid L Arruda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Cynthia A Cordeiro
- Cordeiro et Costa Ophtalmologie, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil; Formerly of Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of Minas Gerais School of Medicine, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Shervi Lie
- Eye & Vision Health and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine & Public Health, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Elise Rochet
- Eye & Vision Health and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine & Public Health, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Rubens Belfort
- Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João M Furtado
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Formerly of Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, USA
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Dubey JP, Cerqueira-Cézar CK, Murata FHA, Kwok OCH, Hill D, Yang Y, Su C. All about Toxoplasma gondii infections in pigs: 2009-2020. Vet Parasitol 2020; 288:109185. [PMID: 33271424 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii infections are common in humans and animals worldwide. Toxoplasma gondii infection in pigs continues to be of public health concern. Pigs are important for the economy of many countries, particularly, USA, China, and European countries. Among the many food animals, pigs are considered the most important for T. gondii transmission in USA and China because viable parasites have rarely been isolated from beef or indoor raised chickens. Besides public health issues, T. gondii causes outbreaks of clinical toxoplasmosis in pigs in China, associated with a unique genotype of T. gondii (ToxoDB genotype #9 or Chinese 1), rarely found in other countries. The safety of ready to eat pork products with respect to T. gondii infection is a matter of recent debate. Here, we review in detail seroprevalence, prevalence of viable and nonviable T. gondii, epidemiology, risk assessment, diagnosis, and curing of pork products containing T. gondii for the past decade. This review will be of interest to biologists, parasitologists, veterinarians, and public health workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitender P Dubey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA.
| | - Camila K Cerqueira-Cézar
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - Fernando H A Murata
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - Oliver C H Kwok
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - Dolores Hill
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - Yurong Yang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Chunlei Su
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0845, USA
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12
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Dubey JP, Hill DE, Fournet V, Hawkins-Cooper D, Cerqueira-Cézar CK, Murata FHA, Verma SK, Kwok OCH, Rani S, Fredericks J, Adams B, Jones JL, Wiegand RE, Ying Y, Guo M, Su C, Pradhan AK. Low prevalence of viable Toxoplasma gondii in fresh, unfrozen American pasture-raised pork and lamb from retail meat stores in the United States. Food Control 2020; 109:10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106961. [PMID: 38800690 PMCID: PMC11119960 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In a national survey of fresh, unfrozen, American pasture-raised lamb and pork, the prevalence of viable Toxoplasma gondii was determined in 1500 samples selected by random multistage sampling (750 pork, 750 lamb) obtained from 250 retail meat stores from 10 major geographic areas in the USA. Each sample consisted of a minimum of 500g of meat purchased from the retail meat case. To detect viable T. gondii, 50g meat samples of each of 1500 samples were bioassayed in mice. Viable T. gondii was isolated from 2 of 750 lamb samples (unweighted: 0.19%, 0.00-0.46%; weighted: 0.04%, 0.00-0.11%) and 1 of 750 pork samples (unweighted: 0.12%, 0.00-0.37%; weighted: 0.18%, 0.00-0.53%) samples. Overall, the prevalence of viable T. gondii in these retail meats was very low. Nevertheless, consumers, especially pregnant women, should be aware that they can acquire T. gondii infection from ingestion of undercooked meat. Cooking meat to an internal temperature of 66°C kills T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitender P Dubey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Dolores E Hill
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Valsin Fournet
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Diane Hawkins-Cooper
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Camila K Cerqueira-Cézar
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Fernando H A Murata
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Shiv K Verma
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Oliver C H Kwok
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Surabhi Rani
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Jorrell Fredericks
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Brandon Adams
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Jones
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, MS A-06 Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Ryan E Wiegand
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, MS A-06 Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Yuqing Ying
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Miao Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Chunlei Su
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996. USA
| | - Abani K Pradhan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Paraboni MLR, Costa DF, Silveira C, Gava R, Pereira-Chioccola VL, Belfort R, Commodaro AG. A new strain of Toxoplasma gondii circulating in southern Brazil. J Parasit Dis 2019; 44:248-252. [PMID: 32174731 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-019-01155-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, an outbreak of human toxoplasmosis was identified in Santa Maria city, Southern Brazil. However, the suspected vehicle of Toxoplasma gondii contamination in this region remains unclear. This study was conduct to analyze whether pork meat samples collected in supermarkets from Santa Maria city, RS, could be infected with T. gondii. Thus, we analyzed the presence of T. gondii DNA in 20 pork hearts, 20 pork tongues and 20 sausages. DNA was extracted from each sample and real-time PCR was performed using 529-bp and B1 markers. T. gondii genotyping was performed by PCR-RFLP analysis. T. gondii DNA was detected in 2 of 20 (10%) heart samples and in 1 of 20 (5%) tongue samples using 529-bp marker. Besides, those 2 (10%) heart samples also were positive for T. gondii using B1 marker. All sausage samples were negative for both markers. Genotyping revealed a new atypical genotype in the pork meat. Our findings were not able to confirm whether these food samples were involved in some outbreak. However, we can conclude that food samples containing T. gondii can be displayed in Santa Maria supermarkets. In addition, a new T. gondii genotype was identified circulating in southern Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Lúcia Romani Paraboni
- 1Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo, Botucatu Street, 821, 1st floor, São Paulo, 04023-062 Brazil.,2Universidade Regional Integrada Alto Uruguai e Missões, Sete de Setembro Avenue, 1621, Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul 99709-910 Brazil
| | - Deise Fialho Costa
- 1Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo, Botucatu Street, 821, 1st floor, São Paulo, 04023-062 Brazil
| | - Claudio Silveira
- Clinica Silveira, Sete de Setembro Avenue, 1502, Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul 99709-290 Brazil
| | - Ricardo Gava
- 4Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Parasites and Fungi, Center of Parasitology and Mycology, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Dr. Arnaldo Avenue, 351, 8th floor, São Paulo, 01246-902 Brazil
| | - Vera Lucia Pereira-Chioccola
- 4Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Parasites and Fungi, Center of Parasitology and Mycology, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Dr. Arnaldo Avenue, 351, 8th floor, São Paulo, 01246-902 Brazil
| | - Rubens Belfort
- 1Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo, Botucatu Street, 821, 1st floor, São Paulo, 04023-062 Brazil
| | - Alessandra G Commodaro
- 1Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo, Botucatu Street, 821, 1st floor, São Paulo, 04023-062 Brazil
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Wang YG, Gui BZ, Li RC, Wang GP, Ge M, Liu GH. Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Growth Stages of Pigs in Hunan Province, Subtropical China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 19:945-949. [PMID: 31313974 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii infection is prevalent in humans and animals worldwide. In the present study, a total of 612 serum samples were examined using indirect hemagglutination test (IHAT) for T. gondii infection. Antibodies to T. gondii were detected in 49 (8.0%, confidence interval [95% CI]: 5.9-10.2) serum samples (IHA titer ≥1:16). The T. gondii seroprevalence ranged from 4.4% (95% CI: 0-10.5) to 14.3% (95% CI: 0-40.2) among different regions in Hunan province of subtropical China. The highest seroprevalence was found in breeding sows (18.8%). The T. gondii seroprevalence was higher in winter (18.3%, 95% CI: 8.5-28.1) and spring (10.9%, 95% CI: 5.7-16.1) than in summer (6.4%, 95% CI: 2.8-10.1) and autumn (4.9%, 95% CI: 2.2-7.7), and the differences were statistically significant excepting summer. In addition, developmental stage and season were identified as risk factors for T. gondii infection. Our findings revealed the seroprevalence of T. gondii in growth stages of pigs in the Hunan province of subtropical China, indicating that it may cause public health and economic problems. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the comprehensive survey of T. gondii seroprevalence in pigs in the Hunan province of subtropical China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Gui Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin-Ze Gui
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Run-Cheng Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Gui-Ping Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Meng Ge
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Guo-Hua Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
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