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Hanzelová Z, Dudriková E, Lovayová V, Výrostková J, Regecová I, Zigo F, Bartáková K. Occurrence of Enterococci in the Process of Artisanal Cheesemaking and Their Antimicrobial Resistance. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:890. [PMID: 39063643 PMCID: PMC11277685 DOI: 10.3390/life14070890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are a group of microorganisms that have a controversial position from some scientific points of view. The species of the greatest clinical importance are E. faecalis and E. faecium, which are common agents of nosocomial infections. However, enterococci also have important applications in the dairy industry, as they are used as non-starter lactic acid bacteria (NSLAB) in a variety of cheeses, especially artisanal cheeses. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of representatives from the Enterococcus genus using PCR and MALDI-TOF MS methods on samples of raw milk, processing environment swabs, and cheese from four different artisanal dairy plants in Slovakia. Among the 136 isolates of enterococci, 9 species of genus Enterococci (E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. durans, E. devriesi, E. hirae, E. italicus, E. casseliflavus, E. malodoratus, and E. gallinarum) were identified and were tested for their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to 8 antibiotics (amoxicillin, penicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, levofloxacin, vancomycin, rifampicin, and tetracycline); most of them were resistant to rifampicin (35.3%), ampicillin (22.8%), and tetracycline (19.9%). A PCR analysis of vanA (4.41%) and tetM (14.71%) revealed that antimicrobial resistance genes were present in not only phenotypic resistant isolates of enterococci but also susceptible isolates. The investigation of antimicrobial resistance in enterococci during the cheesemaking process can be a source of valuable information for public health in the concept of "One Health".
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Hanzelová
- Department of Food Hygiene, Technology and Safety, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (Z.H.); (J.V.); (I.R.)
| | - Eva Dudriková
- Department of Food Hygiene, Technology and Safety, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (Z.H.); (J.V.); (I.R.)
| | - Viera Lovayová
- Department of Medical and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, 040 11 Kosice, Slovakia;
| | - Jana Výrostková
- Department of Food Hygiene, Technology and Safety, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (Z.H.); (J.V.); (I.R.)
| | - Ivana Regecová
- Department of Food Hygiene, Technology and Safety, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (Z.H.); (J.V.); (I.R.)
| | - František Zigo
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Husbandry, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Klára Bartáková
- Department of Animal Origin Food & Gastronomic Sciences, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic;
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Abd El-Hamid MI, El-Azzouny MM, El-Malt RMS, Elkenawy ME, Abdelwarith AA, Younis EM, Youssef W, Dawod RE, Elged DWAH, Habaka MAM, El Oksh ASA, Mekawy S, Davies SJ, Ibrahim D. Future impact of thymoquinone-loaded nanoemulsion in rabbits: prospects for enhancing growth, immunity, antioxidant potential and resistance against Pasteurella multocida. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1340964. [PMID: 38292130 PMCID: PMC10824920 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1340964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Phytochemical nanoemulsions, such as thymoquinone nanoemulsions (TQN), are regarded as innovative alternatives to antimicrobials that significantly improve the performance, digestion, antioxidant potential and immunity of rabbits. Thus, the potential effects of TQN on growth, digestibility, antioxidant potential, immunity and resistance against Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) in rabbits were assessed. Herein, 240 rabbits were offered either a basal diet or diets fortified with three TQN-graded concentrations. At 60 days of age, rabbits were challenged with multidrug-resistant (MDR) virulent P. multocida strain. Our outcomes described that dietary inclusion of TQN, especially at higher concentrations, significantly enhanced the growth performance of rabbits, which was supported by increasing the levels of jejunal lipase, amylase and trypsin enzymes. Of note, the levels of muscle and jejunal antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC)], serum immunological markers (IgG, IgG, IgM and total Igs) and blood phagocytic percentage were significantly provoked after TQN fortification; meanwhile, the levels of muscle and jejunal MDA, serum biochemical parameters (total cholesterol, TG and LDL), abdominal fat percentage, breast and thigh cholesterol were significantly decreased following TQN supplementations. Our findings showed that TQN protected rabbits against P. multocida experimental challenge as evidenced by reducing P. multocida counts in rabbits' lungs, downregulating the transcription levels of P. multocida virulence-related genes (ptfA, toxA and nanB) at 48 and 96 h post-infection and ameliorating the expression levels of cytokines-related genes (IL-1β, IL-10, IL-8, IL-6, DEFB1, TNF-α, TLR-4 and TLR-2) at 96 h post-infection. Our findings suggest the utilization of TQN in rabbits' diets due to their stimulating effects on digestibility as well as their growth-promoting, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-virulence and immunostimulant properties, which enhance the rabbits' P. multocida resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa I. Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mona M. El-Azzouny
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Rania M. S. El-Malt
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mona E. Elkenawy
- Department of Biochemistry, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Elsayed M. Younis
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saudi University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wessam Youssef
- Department of Biotechnology, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Rehab E. Dawod
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Damietta, Egypt
| | - Dalia W. A. H. Elged
- Toxicology and Biochemical Department, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Manal A. M. Habaka
- Department of Poultry and Rabbits Diseases, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Amal S. A. El Oksh
- Department of Biotechnology, Reference Laboratory for Quality Control of Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Soad Mekawy
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Simon J. Davies
- Aquaculture Nutrition Research Unit (ANRU), Carna Research Station, College of Science and Engineering, Ryan Institute, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Doaa Ibrahim
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Jin X, Cai R, Wang R, Cao Y, Dai Z, Hu Z, Ge X, Tao L, Zhang L. Antibiotic Resistance Characterization and Molecular Characteristics of Enterococcus Species Isolated from Combination Probiotic Preparations in China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2024; 21:36-43. [PMID: 37824752 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococci can act as reservoirs for antibiotic-resistant genes that are potentially at risk of being transferred to other bacteria that inhabit in the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to determine the phenotypic and molecular characteristics of antibiotic-resistant enterococci isolated from probiotic preparations. In total, we isolated 15 suspected Enterococcus species from 5 compound probiotics, which were identified by 16S rDNA as 12 Enterococcus faecium and 3 Enterococcus faecalis. Determination of antimicrobial susceptibility by the microdilution broth method showed widespread resistance to sulfamethoxazole (100%), norfloxacin (99.3%), azithromycin (99.3%), gentamicin (86.7%), and chloramphenicol (20%). Whole genome sequencing of five resistant strains revealed that all had circular DNA chromosomes and that E. faecium J-1-A to J-4-A contained a plasmid, while E. faecalis J-5-A did not. The results of the resistance gene analysis revealed that each strain contained approximately 30 resistance genes, with the antibiotic resistance genes and the multidrug resistance efflux pump genes mdtG, lmrC, and lmrD detected in all strains. The chloramphenicol resistance genes ykkC and ykkD were first identified in E. faecalis. And there were 21, 19, 21, 21, and 29 virulence factors involved in strains, respectively. Further analysis of the gene islands (GIs) revealed that each strain contained more than 10 GIs. The above results confirm the existence of hidden dangers in the safety of probiotics and remind us to carefully select probiotic preparations containing enterococcal strains to avoid the potential spread of resistance and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jiangsu, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Cai
- Emergency Department, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruirong Wang
- Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jiangsu, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jiangsu, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen Dai
- Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jiangsu, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziyan Hu
- Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jiangsu, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoming Ge
- Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jiangsu, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Tao
- Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jiangsu, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jiangsu, Nanjing, China
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Furlaneto-Maia L, Mücke N, Furlaneto M. Enterococci in the dairy and sausage industry: Is sanitation sufficient to remove biofilm? ACTA ALIMENTARIA 2022. [DOI: 10.1556/066.2022.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractEnterococcus spp. were isolated from sausage and yogurt line production. The genomic assay was performed by PCR, and distinct enterococci (n = 28) were identified. Testing revealed that 10.7% of the isolates had a resistant phenotype, 7.1% were resistant to erythromycin (Enterococcus faecium) and 3.5% were resistant to tetracycline (Enterococcus gallinarum). Enterococci cells and biofilm formation in 24 well polystyrene plates and the effect of sanitisation procedures in these biofilms were determined. The sanitisers were chlorinated alkaline H (CAH), chlorinated alkaline A (CAA), quaternary ammonium D (QAD), quaternary ammonium M (QAM), chlorine dioxide (CD), sodium hypochlorite (SH), and peracetic acid (PA). A total of 7 isolates (25%) moderately and the others poorly formed biofilms. The best reduction results were 61 and 55% of the cells with the CAH sanitiser in BHI and water, respectively. The PAA, SH, and CD sanitisers showed low efficiency on Enterococcus planctonics, and the other had an effect on cell growth. The sanitisers CAH, QAD, QAM, PAA, and SH showed efficiency in reducing the cell viability of Enterococcus in biofilms, and values obtained from CAA and CD suggested low biofilm removal capacity. Enterococcus spp. form biofilms and have become a problem in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Furlaneto-Maia
- Post-Graduation Program of Food Technology, Federal University of Technology of the Paraná State, Campus Londrina (UTFPR-LD), Av. dos Pioneiros 3131 CEP 86036-370, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - N. Mücke
- Post-Graduation Program of Food Technology, Federal University of Technology of the Paraná State, Campus Londrina (UTFPR-LD), Av. dos Pioneiros 3131 CEP 86036-370, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - M.C. Furlaneto
- Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, C.P. 6001, CEP 86051990, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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