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Brown J, Xia C, Tazelaar H, Crow J, Telionis A, Anson-Dwamena R, Landen M. COVID-19 Case, Death, and Vaccination Rate Disparities by Race and Ethnicity in Virginia. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023:10.1007/s40615-023-01856-3. [PMID: 38012433 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01856-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper tracks trends in COVID-19 case, death, and vaccination rate disparities by race and ethnicity in Virginia during the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 case, death, and vaccination rates were obtained from electronic state health department records from March 2020 to February 2022. Rate ratios were then utilized to quantify racial and ethnic disparities for several time periods during the pandemic. The Hispanic population had the highest COVID-19 case and age-adjusted death rates, and the lowest vaccination rates at the beginning of the pandemic in Virginia. These disparities resolved later in the pandemic. COVID-19 case and death rates among the Black population were also higher than those of the White population and these disparities remained throughout the pandemic. Racial and ethnic disparities changed over time in Virginia as vaccination coverage and public health policies evolved. Year 2 of the analysis saw lower case and death rates, and higher vaccination rates for non-White populations in Virginia. Public health strategies need to be addressed during the pandemic and developed before the next pandemic to ensure that large racial and ethnic disparities are not again present at the outset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juwairiyah Brown
- Office of Health Equity, Virginia Department of Health, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Chenyang Xia
- Office of Health Equity, Virginia Department of Health, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Helen Tazelaar
- Office of Information Management, Virginia Department of Health, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Justin Crow
- Office of Emergency Preparedness, Virginia Department of Health, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Alex Telionis
- Office of Emergency Preparedness, Virginia Department of Health, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Michael Landen
- Office of Epidemiology, Virginia Department of Health, Richmond, VA, USA
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Pattath P. Social Determinants of Health and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in COVID-19 Mortality at the County Level in the Commonwealth of Virginia. FAMILY & COMMUNITY HEALTH 2023; 46:143-150. [PMID: 36455199 DOI: 10.1097/fch.0000000000000330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mortality due to coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) among Black and Hispanic populations is disproportionately high compared to white populations. This study aimed to explore the association between COVID-19 mortality and social determinants of health (SDOH) among Black and Hispanic populations in Virginia. METHOD County-level publicly available COVID-19 mortality data from Virginia, covariates, and SDOH indicators were used. An independent t-test and hierarchical multiple regression analysis were performed to assess the association between SDOH and COVID-19 death rates, with a focus on racial/ethnic disparities. RESULTS Counties in the lowest quartile had a mean death rate of 44.72 (SD = 13.8), while those in the highest quartile had a mean death rate of 239.02 (SD = 123.9) per 100, 000 people ( P < .001). Counties with the highest death rates had significantly lower mean socioeconomic status. The regression analysis revealed that 32% of the variance in the COVID-19 mortality rate was associated with SDOH after controlling for the covariates ( P < .01). Identifying as Hispanic ethnicity accounted for 8.5% of the variance, while median household income, being uninsured, and education accounted for 32.7%, 12.9%, and 7.1%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The findings provide evidence that disparities in SDOH experienced by Hispanic populations play a significant role in increased COVID-19 mortality, thus highlighting the social needs of low-income, low-education, and Hispanic populations to advance equity in health outcomes.
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Crawford ND, Harrington KRV, Romm KF, Berg CJ. Examining Multilevel Correlates of Geographic Mobility in a Sample of US Young Adults Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Community Health 2023; 48:166-172. [PMID: 36334216 PMCID: PMC9638465 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-022-01146-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Before the COVID-19 pandemic, geographic mobility, previously viewed as an indicator of economic stability, was declining among young adults. Yet, these trends shifted during the COVID-19 pandemic; young adults were more likely to move during COVID-19 for reasons related to reducing disease transmission and fewer educational and job opportunities. Few studies have documented the individual and neighborhood characteristics of young adults who moved before and during the pandemic. We used data from a cohort of young adults aged 18-34 in six metropolitan areas to examine individual- and neighborhood-level predictors of mobility before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The sample was majority female, white, and educated with a bachelor's degree or more. Residents in neighborhoods they lived in were mostly White, US-born, employed, and lived above the poverty level. Before the pandemic, identifying as a sexual minority was significantly related to mobility. During the pandemic, being younger, single, and non-Hispanic were significantly related to mobility. Higher neighborhood poverty was significantly related to mobility before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Future studies that examine young adult populations who moved during the pandemic are needed to determine whether COVID-19 related moves increase economic instability and subsequent health-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie D Crawford
- Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Kristin R V Harrington
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Katelyn F Romm
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Carla J Berg
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- GW Cancer Center, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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Singh N, Li R, Alhamad T, Schnitzler MA, Mannon RB, Doshi MD, Woodside KJ, Hippen BE, Cooper M, Snyder J, Axelrod DA, Lentine KL. Exacerbation of Racial Disparities in Living Donor Kidney Transplantation During the COVID-19 Pandemic. KIDNEY360 2022; 3:1089-1094. [PMID: 35845323 PMCID: PMC9255874 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0008392021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic profoundly impacted transplant services, with a particularly strong impact on living donor kidney transplantation.The COVID-19 pandemic appears to have disproportionately impacted Black patients' access to living donor kidney transplantation.As the pandemic evolves through surges and vaccine acceptance disparities persist, ongoing attention to transplant disparities is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Singh
- John C. McDonald Regional Transplant Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Ruixin Li
- Saint Louis University Center for Abdominal Transplantation, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jon Snyder
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Corey J, Lyons J, O’Carroll A, Stafford R, Ivers JH. A Scoping Review of the Health Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Persons Experiencing Homelessness in North America and Europe. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063219. [PMID: 35328907 PMCID: PMC8954292 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Persons experiencing homelessness (PEH) are at heightened risk for infection, morbidity, and mortality from COVID-19. However, health consequences of the pandemic extend far beyond those directly caused by the virus. This scoping review aimed to explore the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the health and well-being of PEH in North America and Europe. A systematic search of academic and grey literature was conducted in September 2021. To be included, studies had to include primary data related to the impact of the pandemic on health or well-being of PEH and be written in English. All potentially relevant references were independently screened by two reviewers, and minor conflicts were settled with input of a third reviewer. A total of 96 articles met criteria for inclusion. Data extraction was completed for all included studies, and findings synthesised and presented thematically. Numerous health impacts of the pandemic on PEH were identified, including SARS-CoV-2 infection, morbidity, mortality, and hospitalisation, fear of infection, access to housing, hygiene, PPE, food, as well as mental health, substance use, other health-related outcomes and treatment services. Gaps in the literature relating to persons using alcohol, access to mental health support, and violence were also identified. Implications for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Corey
- Department of Public Health & Primary Care, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D24H74 Dublin, Ireland; (J.C.); (J.L.)
| | - James Lyons
- Department of Public Health & Primary Care, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D24H74 Dublin, Ireland; (J.C.); (J.L.)
| | | | - Richie Stafford
- HSE Community Healthcare Organisation Dublin North City & County, D09C8P5 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Jo-Hanna Ivers
- Department of Public Health & Primary Care, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D24H74 Dublin, Ireland; (J.C.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Kratzke IM, Portelli Tremont JN, Marulanda K, Carter TM, Reid TD, Perez AJ, Kapadia MR. Healthcare Disparity Education for Surgical Residents: Progress Made, More Needed. J Am Coll Surg 2022; 234:182-188. [PMID: 35213439 DOI: 10.1097/xcs.0000000000000041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare disparities are an important determinant of patient outcomes yet are not standardized within surgical resident education. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and design of current healthcare disparities curricula for surgical residents and included a resident-based needs assessment at a single institution. STUDY DESIGN A national survey evaluating the presence and design of healthcare disparities curricula was distributed to general surgery program directors via the Association of Program Directors in Surgery Listserv. A related survey was administered to all general surgery residents at a single academic institution. RESULTS One hundred forty-six program directors completed the survey, with 68 (47%) reporting an active curriculum. The most frequently taught topic is regarding patient race as a healthcare disparity, found in 63 (93%) of existing curricula. Fifty-two (76%) of the curricula were implemented within the last 3 years. Of the 78 (53%) programs without a curriculum, 8 (10%) program directors stated that their program would not benefit from one. Thirty-four (45%) of the programs without a curriculum cited institutional support and time as the most common barriers to implementation. Of the 23 residents who completed the survey, 100% desired learning practical knowledge regarding healthcare disparities relating to how race and socioeconomic status affect the clinical outcomes of surgical patients. CONCLUSIONS Less than half of general surgery training programs have implemented healthcare disparities curricula. Resident preferences for the format and content of curricula may help inform program leaders and lead to comprehensive national standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Kratzke
- From the Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
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