1
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Tang C, Zhang Y. Potential alternatives to αβ-T cells to prevent graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) in allogeneic chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-based cancer immunotherapy: A comprehensive review. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 262:155518. [PMID: 39146830 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Currently, CAR-T cell therapy relies on an individualized manufacturing process in which patient's own T cells are infused back into patients after being engineered and expanded ex vivo. Despite the astonishing outcomes of autologous CAR-T cell therapy, this approach is endowed with several limitations and drawbacks, such as high cost and time-consuming manufacturing process. Switching the armature of CAR-T cell therapy from autologous settings to allogeneic can overcome several bottlenecks of the current approach. Nevertheless, the use of allogeneic CAR-T cells is limited by the risk of life-threatening GvHD. Thus, in recent years, developing a method to move CAR-T cell therapy to allogeneic settings without the risk of GvHD has become a hot research topic in this field. Since the alloreactivity of αβ T-cell receptor (TCR) accounts for developing GvHD, several efforts have been made to disrupt endogenous TCR of allogeneic CAR-T cells using gene editing tools to prevent GvHD. Nonetheless, the off-target activity of gene editing tools and their associated genotoxicities, as well as the negative consequences of endogenous TCR disruption, are the main concerns of using this approach. As an alternative, CAR αβ-T cells can be replaced with other types of CAR-engineered cells that are capable of recognizing and killing malignant cells through CAR while avoiding the induction of GvHD. These alternatives include T cell subsets with restricted TCR repertoire (γδ-T, iNKT, virus-specific T, double negative T cells, and MAIT cells), killer cells (NK and CIK cells), non-lymphocytic cells (neutrophils and macrophages), stem/progenitor cells, and cell-free extracellular vesicles. In this review, we discuss how these alternatives can move CAR-based immunotherapy to allogeneic settings to overcome the bottlenecks of autologous manner without the risk of GvHD. We comprehensively discuss the pros and cons of these alternatives over the traditional CAR αβ-T cells in light of their preclinical studies and clinical trials.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Graft vs Host Disease/immunology
- Graft vs Host Disease/prevention & control
- Graft vs Host Disease/therapy
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Animals
- Gene Editing/methods
- Transplantation, Homologous/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaozhi Tang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China; Department of Neurology, Xinxiang First Peoples Hospital, Xinxiang 453100, China
| | - Yuling Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.
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2
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Głowacki P, Tręda C, Rieske P. Regulation of CAR transgene expression to design semiautonomous CAR-T. MOLECULAR THERAPY. ONCOLOGY 2024; 32:200833. [PMID: 39184876 PMCID: PMC11344471 DOI: 10.1016/j.omton.2024.200833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Effective transgene expression is critical for genetically engineered cell therapy. Therefore, one of CAR-T cell therapy's critical areas of interest, both in registered products and next-generation approaches is the expression of transgenes. It turns out that various constitutive promoters used in clinical products may influence CAR-T cell antitumor effectiveness and impact the manufacturing process. Furthermore, next-generation CAR-T starts to install remotely controlled inducible promoters or even autonomous expression systems, opening new ways of priming, boosting, and increasing the safety of CAR-T. In this article, a wide range of constitutive and inducible promoters has been grouped and structured, making it possible to compare their pros and cons as well as clinical usage. Finally, logic gates based on Synthetic Notch have been elaborated, demonstrating the coupling of desired external signals with genetically engineered cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Głowacki
- Department of Tumor Biology, Chair of Medical Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9 Street, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Cezary Tręda
- Department of Tumor Biology, Chair of Medical Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9 Street, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development Personather Ltd, Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
| | - Piotr Rieske
- Department of Tumor Biology, Chair of Medical Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9 Street, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development Personather Ltd, Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
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3
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Zhang B, Yang M, Zhang W, Liu N, Wang D, Jing L, Xu N, Yang N, Ren T. Chimeric antigen receptor-based natural killer cell immunotherapy in cancer: from bench to bedside. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:50. [PMID: 38221520 PMCID: PMC10788349 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06438-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has rapidly evolved in the past decades in the battle against cancer. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cells have demonstrated significant success in certain hematologic malignancies, although they still face certain limitations, including high costs and toxic effects. Natural killer cells (NK cells), as a vital component of the immune system, serve as the "first responders" in the context of cancer development. In this literature review, we provide an updated understanding of NK cell development, functions, and their applications in disease therapy. Furthermore, we explore the rationale for utilizing engineered NK cell therapies, such as CAR-NK cells, and discuss the differences between CAR-T and CAR-NK cells. We also provide insights into the key elements and strategies involved in CAR design for engineered NK cells. In addition, we highlight the challenges currently encountered and discuss the future directions in NK cell research and utilization, including pre-clinical investigations and ongoing clinical trials. Based on the outstanding antitumor potential of NK cells, it is highly likely that they will lead to groundbreaking advancements in cancer treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Mengzhe Yang
- Graduate School of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Weiming Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Wuming Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530199, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Hematology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518052, China
| | - Daogang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530000, China
| | - Liangfang Jing
- Department of Neonatology, Women and Children's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Ning Xu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530000, China
| | - Na Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, 650101, China.
| | - Tao Ren
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530000, China.
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4
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Goddard ET, Linde MH, Srivastava S, Klug G, Shabaneh TB, Iannone S, Grzelak CA, Marsh S, Riggio AI, Shor RE, Linde IL, Guerrero M, Veatch JR, Snyder AG, Welm AL, Riddell SR, Ghajar CM. Immune evasion of dormant disseminated tumor cells is due to their scarcity and can be overcome by T cell immunotherapies. Cancer Cell 2024; 42:119-134.e12. [PMID: 38194912 PMCID: PMC10864018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2023.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The period between "successful" treatment of localized breast cancer and the onset of distant metastasis can last many years, representing an unexploited window to eradicate disseminated disease and prevent metastases. We find that the source of recurrence-disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) -evade endogenous immunity directed against tumor neoantigens. Although DTCs downregulate major histocompatibility complex I, this does not preclude recognition by conventional T cells. Instead, the scarcity of interactions between two relatively rare populations-DTCs and endogenous antigen-specific T cells-underlies DTC persistence. This scarcity is overcome by any one of three immunotherapies that increase the number of tumor-specific T cells: T cell-based vaccination, or adoptive transfer of T cell receptor or chimeric antigen receptor T cells. Each approach achieves robust DTC elimination, motivating discovery of MHC-restricted and -unrestricted DTC antigens that can be targeted with T cell-based immunotherapies to eliminate the reservoir of metastasis-initiating cells in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica T Goddard
- Public Health Sciences Division/Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Miles H Linde
- Public Health Sciences Division/Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Metastasis Research eXcellence (MET-X), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Shivani Srivastava
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Metastasis Research eXcellence (MET-X), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Grant Klug
- Public Health Sciences Division/Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Tamer B Shabaneh
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Translational Sciences and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Santino Iannone
- Public Health Sciences Division/Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Metastasis Research eXcellence (MET-X), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Candice A Grzelak
- Public Health Sciences Division/Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Metastasis Research eXcellence (MET-X), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sydney Marsh
- Public Health Sciences Division/Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Metastasis Research eXcellence (MET-X), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Alessandra I Riggio
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ryann E Shor
- Public Health Sciences Division/Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ian L Linde
- Public Health Sciences Division/Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Metastasis Research eXcellence (MET-X), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Marissa Guerrero
- Public Health Sciences Division/Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Joshua R Veatch
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Translational Sciences and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Annelise G Snyder
- Public Health Sciences Division/Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Metastasis Research eXcellence (MET-X), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Alana L Welm
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Stanley R Riddell
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Translational Sciences and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Metastasis Research eXcellence (MET-X), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Cyrus M Ghajar
- Public Health Sciences Division/Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Metastasis Research eXcellence (MET-X), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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5
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Marchais M, Simula L, Phayanouvong M, Mami-Chouaib F, Bismuth G, Decroocq J, Bouscary D, Dutrieux J, Mangeney M. FOXO1 Inhibition Generates Potent Nonactivated CAR T Cells against Solid Tumors. Cancer Immunol Res 2023; 11:1508-1523. [PMID: 37649096 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-22-0533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have shown promising results in the treatment of B-cell malignancies. Despite the successes, challenges remain. One of them directly involves the CAR T-cell manufacturing process and especially the ex vivo activation phase. While this is required to allow infection and expansion, ex vivo activation dampens the antitumor potential of CAR T cells. Optimizing the nature of the T cells harboring the CAR is a strategy to address this obstacle and has the potential to improve CAR T-cell therapy, including for solid tumors. Here, we describe a protocol to create CAR T cells without ex vivo preactivation by inhibiting the transcription factor FOXO1 (CAR TAS cells). This approach made T cells directly permissive to lentiviral infection, allowing CAR expression, with enhanced antitumor functions. FOXO1 inhibition in primary T cells (TAS cells) correlated with acquisition of a stem cell memory phenotype, high levels of granzyme B, and increased production of TNFα. TAS cells displayed enhanced proliferative and cytotoxic capacities as well as improved migratory properties. In vivo experiments showed that CAR TAS cells were more efficient at controlling solid tumor growth than classical CAR T cells. The production of CAR TAS from patients' cells confirmed the feasibility of the protocol in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maude Marchais
- CNRS UMR9196, Physiologie et Pathologie Moléculaires des Rétrovirus Endogènes et Infectieux, Gustave Roussy, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France
| | - Luca Simula
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Phayanouvong
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Gustave Roussy, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Fathia Mami-Chouaib
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Gustave Roussy, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Georges Bismuth
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France
| | - Justine Decroocq
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre-Université de Paris, Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Didier Bouscary
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre-Université de Paris, Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Dutrieux
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France
- Viral DNA Integration and Chromatin Dynamics Network (DyNAVir), Paris, France
| | - Marianne Mangeney
- CNRS UMR9196, Physiologie et Pathologie Moléculaires des Rétrovirus Endogènes et Infectieux, Gustave Roussy, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France
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6
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Li J, Xiao Z, Wang D, Jia L, Nie S, Zeng X, Hu W. The screening, identification, design and clinical application of tumor-specific neoantigens for TCR-T cells. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:141. [PMID: 37649123 PMCID: PMC10466891 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01844-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in neoantigen research have accelerated the development of tumor immunotherapies, including adoptive cell therapies (ACTs), cancer vaccines and antibody-based therapies, particularly for solid tumors. With the development of next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics technology, the rapid identification and prediction of tumor-specific antigens (TSAs) has become possible. Compared with tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), highly immunogenic TSAs provide new targets for personalized tumor immunotherapy and can be used as prospective indicators for predicting tumor patient survival, prognosis, and immune checkpoint blockade response. Here, the identification and characterization of neoantigens and the clinical application of neoantigen-based TCR-T immunotherapy strategies are summarized, and the current status, inherent challenges, and clinical translational potential of these strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangping Li
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiwen Xiao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Donghui Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Jia
- International Health Medicine Innovation Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Shihong Nie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Cancer Center, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingda Zeng
- Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, People's Republic of China
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7
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Chavez M, Rane DA, Chen X, Qi LS. Stable expression of large transgenes via the knock-in of an integrase-deficient lentivirus. Nat Biomed Eng 2023; 7:661-671. [PMID: 37127707 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-023-01037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The targeted insertion and stable expression of a large genetic payload in primary human cells demands methods that are robust, efficient and easy to implement. Large payload insertion via retroviruses is typically semi-random and hindered by transgene silencing. Leveraging homology-directed repair to place payloads under the control of endogenous essential genes can overcome silencing but often results in low knock-in efficiencies and cytotoxicity. Here we report a method for the knock-in and stable expression of a large payload and for the simultaneous knock-in of two genes at two endogenous loci. The method, which we named CLIP (for 'CRISPR for long-fragment integration via pseudovirus'), leverages an integrase-deficient lentivirus encoding a payload flanked by homology arms and 'cut sites' to insert the payload upstream and in-frame of an endogenous essential gene, followed by the delivery of a CRISPR-associated ribonucleoprotein complex via electroporation. We show that CLIP enables the efficient insertion and stable expression of large payloads and of two difficult-to-express viral antigens in primary T cells at low cytotoxicity. CLIP offers a scalable and efficient method for manufacturing engineered primary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Chavez
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Draven A Rane
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xinyi Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lei S Qi
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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8
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Smith RH, Bloomer H, Fink D, Keyvanfar K, Nasimuzzaman M, Sancheznieto F, Dutta R, Guenther Bui K, Alvarado LJ, Bauer TR, Hickstein DD, Russell DW, Malik P, van der Loo JC, Highfill SL, Kuhns DB, Pirooznia M, Larochelle A. Preclinical Evaluation of Foamy Virus Vector-Mediated Gene Addition in Human Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells for Correction of Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency Type 1. Hum Gene Ther 2022; 33:1293-1304. [PMID: 36094106 PMCID: PMC9808799 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2022.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ex vivo gene therapy procedures targeting hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) predominantly utilize lentivirus-based vectors for gene transfer. We provide the first pre-clinical evidence of the therapeutic utility of a foamy virus vector (FVV) for the genetic correction of human leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1 (LAD-1), an inherited primary immunodeficiency resulting from mutation of the β2 integrin common chain, CD18. CD34+ HSPCs isolated from a severely affected LAD-1 patient were transduced under a current good manufacturing practice-compatible protocol with FVV harboring a therapeutic CD18 transgene. LAD-1-associated cellular chemotactic defects were ameliorated in transgene-positive, myeloid-differentiated LAD-1 cells assayed in response to a strong neutrophil chemoattractant in vitro. Xenotransplantation of vector-transduced LAD-1 HSPCs in immunodeficient (NSG) mice resulted in long-term (∼5 months) human cell engraftment within murine bone marrow. Moreover, engrafted LAD-1 myeloid cells displayed in vivo levels of transgene marking previously reported to ameliorate the LAD-1 phenotype in a large animal model of the disease. Vector insertion site analysis revealed a favorable vector integration profile with no overt evidence of genotoxicity. These results coupled with the unique biological features of wild-type foamy virus support the development of FVVs for ex vivo gene therapy of LAD-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard H. Smith
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hanan Bloomer
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Danielle Fink
- Neutrophil Monitoring Lab, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Keyvan Keyvanfar
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Md Nasimuzzaman
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Fátima Sancheznieto
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Roop Dutta
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kacey Guenther Bui
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Luigi J. Alvarado
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas R. Bauer
- Immune Deficiency-Cellular Therapy Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dennis D. Hickstein
- Immune Deficiency-Cellular Therapy Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David W. Russell
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Punam Malik
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Johannes C.M. van der Loo
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Steven L. Highfill
- Center for Cellular Engineering, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Douglas B. Kuhns
- Neutrophil Monitoring Lab, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Mehdi Pirooznia
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andre Larochelle
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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9
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Lacey C, Musa A, Khalil ET, Younis B, Osman M, Wiggins R, Keding A, Kaye P. LEISH2b - A phase 2b study to assess the safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of the Leishmania vaccine ChAd63-KH in post-kala azar dermal leishmaniasis. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 7:200. [PMID: 37252616 PMCID: PMC10213822 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17951.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The leishmaniases are neglected tropical diseases caused by various Leishmania parasite species transmitted by sand flies. They comprise a number of systemic and cutaneous syndromes including kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis, VL), cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL). The leishmaniases cause significant mortality (estimated 20 - 50,000 deaths annually), morbidity, psychological sequelae, and healthcare and societal costs. Treatment modalities remain difficult. E.g., East African PKDL requires 20 days of intravenous therapy, and frequently relapsing VL is seen in the setting of HIV and immunodeficiency. We developed a new therapeutic vaccine, ChAd63-KH for VL / CL / PKDL and showed it to be safe and immunogenic in a phase 1 trial in the UK, and in a phase 2a trial in PKDL patients in Sudan. Methods: This is a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled phase 2b trial to assess the therapeutic efficacy and safety of ChAd63-KH in patients with persistent PKDL in Sudan. 100 participants will be randomly assigned 1:1 to receive placebo or ChAd63-KH (7.5 x10 10vp i.m.) at a single time point. Follow up is for 120 days after dosing and we will compare the clinical evolution of PKDL, as well as the humoral and cellular immune responses between the two arms. Discussion: Successful development of a therapeutic vaccine for leishmaniasis would have wide-ranging direct and indirect healthcare benefits that could be realized rapidly. For PKDL patients, an effective therapeutic vaccination used alone would have very significant clinical value, reducing the need for extensive hospitalization and chemotherapy. Combining vaccine with drug (immuno-chemotherapy) might significantly increase the effective life of new drugs, with lower dose / abbreviated regimens helping to limit the emergence of drug resistance. If therapeutic benefit of ChAd63-KH can be shown in PKDL further evaluation of the vaccine in other forms of leishmaniasis should be considered. Clinicaltrials.gov registration: NCT03969134.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Lacey
- York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, UK, York, UK
| | - Ahmed Musa
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - El Tahir Khalil
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Brima Younis
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mohamed Osman
- York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, UK, York, UK
| | - Rebecca Wiggins
- York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, UK, York, UK
| | - Ada Keding
- York Trials Unit, University of York, UK, York, UK
| | - Paul Kaye
- York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, UK, York, UK
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10
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Kim EH, Manganaro L, Schotsaert M, Brown BD, Mulder LC, Simon V. Development of an HIV reporter virus that identifies latently infected CD4 + T cells. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2022; 2:100238. [PMID: 35784650 PMCID: PMC9243624 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
There is no cure for HIV infection, as the virus establishes a latent reservoir, which escapes highly active antiretroviral treatments. One major obstacle is the difficulty identifying cells that harbor latent proviruses. We devised a single-round viral vector that carries a series of versatile reporter molecules that are expressed in an LTR-dependent or LTR-independent manner and make it possible to accurately distinguish productive from latent infection. Using primary human CD4+ T cells, we show that transcriptionally silent proviruses are found in more than 50% of infected cells. The latently infected cells harbor proviruses but lack evidence for multiple spliced transcripts. LTR-silent integrations occurred to variable degrees in all CD4+ T subsets examined, with CD4+ TEM and CD4+ TREG displaying the highest frequency of latent infections. This viral vector permits the interrogation of HIV latency at single-cell resolution, revealing mechanisms of latency establishment and allowing the characterization of effective latency-reversing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Hye Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Lara Manganaro
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare, ‘Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi’, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Michael Schotsaert
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian D. Brown
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Lubbertus C.F. Mulder
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Viviana Simon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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11
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Arnaud M, Chiffelle J, Genolet R, Navarro Rodrigo B, Perez MAS, Huber F, Magnin M, Nguyen-Ngoc T, Guillaume P, Baumgaertner P, Chong C, Stevenson BJ, Gfeller D, Irving M, Speiser DE, Schmidt J, Zoete V, Kandalaft LE, Bassani-Sternberg M, Bobisse S, Coukos G, Harari A. Sensitive identification of neoantigens and cognate TCRs in human solid tumors. Nat Biotechnol 2022; 40:656-660. [PMID: 34782741 PMCID: PMC9110298 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-021-01072-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The identification of patient-specific tumor antigens is complicated by the low frequency of T cells specific for each tumor antigen. Here we describe NeoScreen, a method that enables the sensitive identification of rare tumor (neo)antigens and of cognate T cell receptors (TCRs) expressed by tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. T cells transduced with tumor antigen-specific TCRs identified by NeoScreen mediate regression of established tumors in patient-derived xenograft mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Arnaud
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch - University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre des Thérapies Expérimentales (CTE), Department of Oncology - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology - University of Lausanne (UNIL) and Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johanna Chiffelle
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch - University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre des Thérapies Expérimentales (CTE), Department of Oncology - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology - University of Lausanne (UNIL) and Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Genolet
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch - University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre des Thérapies Expérimentales (CTE), Department of Oncology - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology - University of Lausanne (UNIL) and Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Blanca Navarro Rodrigo
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch - University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre des Thérapies Expérimentales (CTE), Department of Oncology - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology - University of Lausanne (UNIL) and Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marta A S Perez
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch - University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florian Huber
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch - University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre des Thérapies Expérimentales (CTE), Department of Oncology - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology - University of Lausanne (UNIL) and Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Morgane Magnin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch - University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre des Thérapies Expérimentales (CTE), Department of Oncology - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology - University of Lausanne (UNIL) and Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tu Nguyen-Ngoc
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch - University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology - University of Lausanne (UNIL) and Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Guillaume
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch - University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre des Thérapies Expérimentales (CTE), Department of Oncology - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology - University of Lausanne (UNIL) and Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Petra Baumgaertner
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch - University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre des Thérapies Expérimentales (CTE), Department of Oncology - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology - University of Lausanne (UNIL) and Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chloe Chong
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch - University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre des Thérapies Expérimentales (CTE), Department of Oncology - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology - University of Lausanne (UNIL) and Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Brian J Stevenson
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch - University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Gfeller
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch - University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology - University of Lausanne (UNIL) and Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melita Irving
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch - University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology - University of Lausanne (UNIL) and Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel E Speiser
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch - University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology - University of Lausanne (UNIL) and Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julien Schmidt
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch - University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre des Thérapies Expérimentales (CTE), Department of Oncology - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology - University of Lausanne (UNIL) and Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Zoete
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch - University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology - University of Lausanne (UNIL) and Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lana E Kandalaft
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch - University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre des Thérapies Expérimentales (CTE), Department of Oncology - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology - University of Lausanne (UNIL) and Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michal Bassani-Sternberg
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch - University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre des Thérapies Expérimentales (CTE), Department of Oncology - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology - University of Lausanne (UNIL) and Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sara Bobisse
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch - University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre des Thérapies Expérimentales (CTE), Department of Oncology - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology - University of Lausanne (UNIL) and Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch - University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Centre des Thérapies Expérimentales (CTE), Department of Oncology - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Department of Oncology - University of Lausanne (UNIL) and Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Alexandre Harari
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch - University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Centre des Thérapies Expérimentales (CTE), Department of Oncology - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Department of Oncology - University of Lausanne (UNIL) and Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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12
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Veatch JR, Lee SM, Shasha C, Singhi N, Szeto JL, Moshiri AS, Kim TS, Smythe K, Kong P, Fitzgibbon M, Jesernig B, Bhatia S, Tykodi SS, Hall ET, Byrd DR, Thompson JA, Pillarisetty VG, Duhen T, McGarry Houghton A, Newell E, Gottardo R, Riddell SR. Neoantigen-specific CD4 + T cells in human melanoma have diverse differentiation states and correlate with CD8 + T cell, macrophage, and B cell function. Cancer Cell 2022; 40:393-409.e9. [PMID: 35413271 PMCID: PMC9011147 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells that recognize tumor antigens are required for immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy in murine models, but their contributions in human cancer are unclear. We used single-cell RNA sequencing and T cell receptor sequences to identify signatures and functional correlates of tumor-specific CD4+ T cells infiltrating human melanoma. Conventional CD4+ T cells that recognize tumor neoantigens express CXCL13 and are subdivided into clusters expressing memory and T follicular helper markers, and those expressing cytolytic markers, inhibitory receptors, and IFN-γ. The frequency of CXCL13+ CD4+ T cells in the tumor correlated with the transcriptional states of CD8+ T cells and macrophages, maturation of B cells, and patient survival. Similar correlations were observed in a breast cancer cohort. These results identify phenotypes and functional correlates of tumor-specific CD4+ T cells in melanoma and suggest the possibility of using such cells to modify the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R Veatch
- Department of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Sylvia M Lee
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carolyn Shasha
- Department of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Naina Singhi
- Department of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Julia L Szeto
- Department of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ata S Moshiri
- Department of Dermatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Teresa S Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kimberly Smythe
- Department of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paul Kong
- Department of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matthew Fitzgibbon
- Department of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brenda Jesernig
- Department of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shailender Bhatia
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Scott S Tykodi
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Evan T Hall
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David R Byrd
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John A Thompson
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Thomas Duhen
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - A McGarry Houghton
- Department of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Evan Newell
- Department of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Department of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stanley R Riddell
- Department of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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13
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Fei F, Rong L, Jiang N, Wayne AS, Xie J. Targeting HLA-DR loss in hematologic malignancies with an inhibitory chimeric antigen receptor. Mol Ther 2022; 30:1215-1226. [PMID: 34801727 PMCID: PMC8899520 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor natural killer (CAR-NK) cells have remarkable cytotoxicity against hematologic malignancies; however, they may also attack normal cells sharing the target antigen. Since human leukocyte antigen DR (HLA-DR) is reportedly lost or downregulated in a substantial proportion of hematologic malignancies, presumably a mechanism to escape immune surveillance, we hypothesize that the anti-cancer specificity of CAR-NK cells can be enhanced by activating them against cancer antigens while inhibiting them against HLA-DR. Here, we report the development of an anti-HLA-DR inhibitory CAR (iCAR) that can effectively suppress NK cell activation against HLA-DR-expressing cells. We show that dual CAR-NK cells, which co-express the anti-CD19 or CD33 activating CAR and the anti-HLA-DR iCAR, can preferentially target HLA-DR-negative cells over HLA-DR-positive cells in vitro. We find that the HLA-DR-mediated inhibition is positively correlated with both iCAR and HLA-DR densities. We also find that HLA-DR-expressing surrounding cells do not affect the target selectivity of dual CAR-NK cells. Finally, we confirm that HLA-DR-positive cells are resistant to dual CAR-NK cell-mediated killing in a xenograft mouse model. Our approach holds great promise for enhancing CAR-NK and CAR-T cell specificity against malignancies with HLA-DR loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Fei
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Liang Rong
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Alan S. Wayne
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jianming Xie
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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14
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Doshi A, Bandey I, Nevozhay D, Varadarajan N, Cirino PC. Design and characterization of a salicylic acid-inducible gene expression system for Jurkat cells. J Biotechnol 2022; 346:11-14. [PMID: 35051448 PMCID: PMC9618363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
With continued progress in cell and gene therapies, there is an immediate need for exogenously tunable gene expression systems with safe and predictable behavior in specific human cell types. Here, we demonstrate the ability of the salicylic acid (SA)-inducible MarR repressor protein from Escherichia coli to regulate target gene expression in a human T lymphocyte cell line. Two lentiviral vectors, one encoding an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter cassette and the other a repressor cassette, were sequentially transduced into Jurkat cells, using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) to isolate stable Jurkat progeny. As a result, EGFP expression was repressed by MarR and was inducible upon the addition of SA (~1.3 fold). This represents the first example of functional expression of bacterial MarR in mammalian cells, and opens the possibility for further development of regulated, SA-tunable gene expression system for T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Doshi
- Dept. of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Irfan Bandey
- Dept. of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Dmitry Nevozhay
- Dept. of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia.
| | - Navin Varadarajan
- Dept. of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Patrick C. Cirino
- Dept. of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX,Dept. of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX
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15
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Urusov FA, Glazkova DV, Tsyganova GM, Pozdyshev DV, Bogoslovskaya EV, Shipulin GA. The Titer of the Lentiviral Vector Encoding Chimeric TRIM5α-HRH Gene is Reduced Due to Expression of TRIM5α-HRH in Producer Cells and the Negative Effect of Ef1α Promoter. Mol Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893322010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Lahman MC, Schmitt TM, Paulson KG, Vigneron N, Buenrostro D, Wagener FD, Voillet V, Martin L, Gottardo R, Bielas J, McElrath JM, Stirewalt DL, Pogosova-Agadjanyan EL, Yeung CC, Pierce RH, Egan DN, Bar M, Hendrie PC, Kinsella S, Vakil A, Butler J, Chaffee M, Linton J, McAfee MS, Hunter DS, Bleakley M, Rongvaux A, Van den Eynde BJ, Chapuis AG, Greenberg PD. Targeting an alternate Wilms' tumor antigen 1 peptide bypasses immunoproteasome dependency. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabg8070. [PMID: 35138909 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abg8070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Designing effective antileukemic immunotherapy will require understanding mechanisms underlying tumor control or resistance. Here, we report a mechanism of escape from immunologic targeting in an acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patient, who relapsed 1 year after immunotherapy with engineered T cells expressing a human leukocyte antigen A*02 (HLA-A2)-restricted T cell receptor (TCR) specific for a Wilms' tumor antigen 1 epitope, WT1126-134 (TTCR-C4). Resistance occurred despite persistence of functional therapeutic T cells and continuous expression of WT1 and HLA-A2 by the patient's AML cells. Analysis of the recurrent AML revealed expression of the standard proteasome, but limited expression of the immunoproteasome, specifically the beta subunit 1i (β1i), which is required for presentation of WT1126-134. An analysis of a second patient treated with TTCR-C4 demonstrated specific loss of AML cells coexpressing β1i and WT1. To determine whether the WT1 protein continued to be processed and presented in the absence of immunoproteasome processing, we identified and tested a TCR targeting an alternative, HLA-A2-restricted WT137-45 epitope that was generated by immunoproteasome-deficient cells, including WT1-expressing solid tumor lines. T cells expressing this TCR (TTCR37-45) killed the first patients' relapsed AML resistant to WT1126-134 targeting, as well as other primary AML, in vitro. TTCR37-45 controlled solid tumor lines lacking immunoproteasome subunits both in vitro and in an NSG mouse model. As proteasome composition can vary in AML, defining and preferentially targeting these proteasome-independent epitopes may maximize therapeutic efficacy and potentially circumvent AML immune evasion by proteasome-related immunoediting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda C Lahman
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Thomas M Schmitt
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kelly G Paulson
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Nathalie Vigneron
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.,de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Denise Buenrostro
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Felecia D Wagener
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Valentin Voillet
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Hutchinson Centre Research Institute of South Africa, Cape Town 8001, South Africa
| | - Lauren Martin
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jason Bielas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98115, USA.,Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Julie M McElrath
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98115, USA.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Derek L Stirewalt
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | | | - Cecilia C Yeung
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98115, USA.,University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Robert H Pierce
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Daniel N Egan
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Merav Bar
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Paul C Hendrie
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Sinéad Kinsella
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Aesha Vakil
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jonah Butler
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Mary Chaffee
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jonathan Linton
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Megan S McAfee
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Daniel S Hunter
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Marie Bleakley
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Anthony Rongvaux
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Benoit J Van den Eynde
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.,Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), 1300 Wavre, Belgium
| | - Aude G Chapuis
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98115, USA.,University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Philip D Greenberg
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98115, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
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17
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Zur RT, Adler G, Shamalov K, Tal Y, Ankri C, Cohen CJ. Adoptive T-cell Immunotherapy: Perfecting Self-Defenses. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2022; 113:253-294. [PMID: 35165867 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91311-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As an important part of the immune system, T lymphocytes exhibit undoubtedly an important role in targeting and eradicating cancer. However, despite these characteristics, their natural antitumor response may be insufficient. Numerous clinical trials in terminally ill cancer patients testing the design of novel and efficient immunotherapeutic approaches based on the adoptive transfer of autologous tumor-specific T lymphocytes have shown encouraging results. Moreover, this also led to the approval of engineered T-cell therapies in patients. Herein, we will expand on the development and the use of such strategies using tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes or genetically engineered T-cells. We will also comment on the requirements and potential hurdles encountered when elaborating and implementing such treatments as well as the exciting prospects for this kind of emerging personalized medicine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Toledano Zur
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Galit Adler
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Katerina Shamalov
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Yair Tal
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Chen Ankri
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Cyrille J Cohen
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
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18
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Yang L, Yin J, Wu J, Qiao L, Zhao EM, Cai F, Ye H. Engineering genetic devices for in vivo control of therapeutic T cell activity triggered by the dietary molecule resveratrol. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2106612118. [PMID: 34404729 PMCID: PMC8403971 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2106612118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cell therapies have been recognized as powerful strategies in cancer immunotherapy; however, the clinical application of CAR-T is currently constrained by severe adverse effects in patients, caused by excessive cytotoxic activity and poor T cell control. Herein, we harnessed a dietary molecule resveratrol (RES)-responsive transactivator and a transrepressor to develop a repressible transgene expression (RESrep) device and an inducible transgene expression (RESind) device, respectively. After optimization, these tools enabled the control of CAR expression and CAR-mediated antitumor function in engineered human cells. We demonstrated that a resveratrol-repressible CAR expression (RESrep-CAR) device can effectively inhibit T cell activation upon resveratrol administration in primary T cells and a xenograft tumor mouse model. Additionally, we exhibit how a resveratrol-inducible CAR expression (RESind-CAR) device can achieve fine-tuned and reversible control over T cell activation via a resveratrol-titratable mechanism. Furthermore, our results revealed that the presence of RES can activate RESind-CAR T cells with strong anticancer cytotoxicity against cells in vitro and in vivo. Our study demonstrates the utility of RESrep and RESind devices as effective tools for transgene expression and illustrates the potential of RESrep-CAR and RESind-CAR devices to enhance patient safety in precision cancer immunotherapies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Cell Proliferation
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/therapy
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfeng Yang
- Synthetic Biology and Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Biomedical Synthetic Biology Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jianli Yin
- Synthetic Biology and Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Biomedical Synthetic Biology Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jiali Wu
- Synthetic Biology and Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Biomedical Synthetic Biology Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Longliang Qiao
- Synthetic Biology and Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Biomedical Synthetic Biology Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Evan M Zhao
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Fengfeng Cai
- Department of Breast Surgery, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Haifeng Ye
- Synthetic Biology and Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Biomedical Synthetic Biology Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China;
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19
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Gong Y, Klein Wolterink RGJ, Wang J, Bos GMJ, Germeraad WTV. Chimeric antigen receptor natural killer (CAR-NK) cell design and engineering for cancer therapy. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:73. [PMID: 33933160 PMCID: PMC8088725 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01083-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their efficient recognition and lysis of malignant cells, natural killer (NK) cells are considered as specialized immune cells that can be genetically modified to obtain capable effector cells for adoptive cellular treatment of cancer patients. However, biological and technical hurdles related to gene delivery into NK cells have dramatically restrained progress. Recent technological advancements, including improved cell expansion techniques, chimeric antigen receptors (CAR), CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing and enhanced viral transduction and electroporation, have endowed comprehensive generation and characterization of genetically modified NK cells. These promising developments assist scientists and physicians to design better applications of NK cells in clinical therapy. Notably, redirecting NK cells using CARs holds important promise for cancer immunotherapy. Various preclinical and a limited number of clinical studies using CAR-NK cells show promising results: efficient elimination of target cells without side effects, such as cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity which are seen in CAR-T therapies. In this review, we focus on the details of CAR-NK technology, including the design of efficient and safe CAR constructs and associated NK cell engineering techniques: the vehicles to deliver the CAR-containing transgene, detection methods for CARs, as well as NK cell sources and NK cell expansion. We summarize the current CAR-NK cell literature and include valuable lessons learned from the CAR-T cell field. This review also provides an outlook on how these approaches may transform current clinical products and protocols for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gong
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Roel G J Klein Wolterink
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jianxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Gerard M J Bos
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,CiMaas BV, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wilfred T V Germeraad
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands. .,GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. .,CiMaas BV, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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20
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Wright JH, Huang LY, Weaver S, Archila LD, McAfee MS, Hirayama AV, Chapuis AG, Bleakley M, Rongvaux A, Turtle CJ, Chanthaphavong RS, Campbell JS, Pierce RH. Detection of engineered T cells in FFPE tissue by multiplex in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. J Immunol Methods 2021; 492:112955. [PMID: 33383062 PMCID: PMC7979489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2020.112955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Identifying engineered T cells in situ is important to understand the location, persistence, and phenotype of these cells in patients after adoptive T cell therapy. While engineered cells are routinely characterized in fresh tissue or blood from patients by flow cytometry, it is difficult to distinguish them from endogenous cells in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue biopsies. To overcome this limitation, we have developed a method for characterizing engineered T cells in fixed tissue using in situ hybridization (ISH) to the woodchuck hepatitis post-transcriptional regulatory element (WPRE) common in many lentiviral vectors used to transduce chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) and T cell receptor T (TCR-T) cells, coupled with alternative permeabilization conditions that allows subsequent multiplex immunohistochemical (mIHC) staining within the same image. This new method provides the ability to mark the cells by ISH, and simultaneously stain for cell-associated proteins to immunophenotype CAR/TCR modified T cells within tumors, as well as assess potential roles of these cells in on-target/off-tumor toxicity in other tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn H Wright
- Immunopathology Lab, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, United States of America.
| | - Li-Ya Huang
- Experimental Histopathology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Weaver
- Experimental Histopathology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, United States of America
| | - L Diego Archila
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, United States of America
| | - Megan S McAfee
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, United States of America
| | - Alexandre V Hirayama
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, United States of America
| | - Aude G Chapuis
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, United States of America; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, United States of America
| | - Marie Bleakley
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, United States of America; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, United States of America; Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, University of Washington, United States of America; Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, United States of America
| | - Anthony Rongvaux
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, United States of America; Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Cameron J Turtle
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, United States of America; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, United States of America; Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, University of Washington, United States of America
| | - R Savanh Chanthaphavong
- Experimental Histopathology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, United States of America
| | - Jean S Campbell
- Immunopathology Lab, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, United States of America; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, United States of America
| | - Robert H Pierce
- Immunopathology Lab, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, United States of America
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21
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Lo Presti V, Cornel AM, Plantinga M, Dünnebach E, Kuball J, Boelens JJ, Nierkens S, van Til NP. Efficient lentiviral transduction method to gene modify cord blood CD8 + T cells for cancer therapy applications. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 21:357-368. [PMID: 33898633 PMCID: PMC8056177 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapy utilizing tumor-specific autologous T cells has shown promising results for cancer treatment. However, the limited numbers of autologous tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-specific T cells and the functional aberrancies, due to disease progression or treatment, remain factors that may significantly limit the success of the therapy. The use of allogeneic T cells, such as umbilical cord blood (CB) derived, overcomes these issues but requires gene modification to induce a robust and specific anti-tumor effect. CB T cells are readily available in CB banks and show low toxicity, high proliferation rates, and increased anti-leukemic effect upon transfer. However, the combination of anti-tumor gene modification and preservation of advantageous immunological traits of CB T cells represent major challenges for the harmonized production of T cell therapy products. In this manuscript, we optimized a protocol for expansion and lentiviral vector (LV) transduction of CB CD8+ T cells, achieving a transduction efficiency up to 83%. Timing of LV treatment, selection of culture media, and the use of different promoters were optimized in the transduction protocol. LentiBOOST was confirmed as a non-toxic transduction enhancer of CB CD8+ T cells, with minor effects on the proliferation capacity and cell viability of the T cells. Positively, the use of LentiBOOST does not affect the functionality of the cells, in the context of tumor cell recognition. Finally, CB CD8+ T cells were more amenable to LV transduction than peripheral blood (PB) CD8+ T cells and maintained a more naive phenotype. In conclusion, we show an efficient method to genetically modify CB CD8+ T cells using LV, which is especially useful for off-the-shelf adoptive cell therapy products for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania Lo Presti
- Center for Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Annelisa M Cornel
- Center for Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maud Plantinga
- Center for Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ester Dünnebach
- Center for Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jurgen Kuball
- Center for Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Hematology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap Jan Boelens
- Stem Cell Transplant and Cellular Therapies, MSK Kids, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stefan Nierkens
- Center for Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Niek P van Til
- Center for Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,AVROBIO, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA.,Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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22
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Humes D, Rainwater S, Overbaugh J. The TOP vector: a new high-titer lentiviral construct for delivery of sgRNAs and transgenes to primary T cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 20:30-38. [PMID: 33335945 PMCID: PMC7732963 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Efficient delivery of nucleic acids for the engineering of primary T cells is central to the study of the basic biology of these key immune effector cells and has clinical implications. To date, lentiviral vectors delivering guide RNAs for CRISPR-Cas9 editing are not optimal for use in primary cells. Herein, we describe the T cell optimized for packaging (TOP) vector for delivering guide RNAs and transgenes into primary T cells. The TOP vector produces high-titer virus compared to a routinely used guide RNA vector, resulting in a ~10-fold increase in transduction in T cells. Moreover, a TOP vector expressing a chimeric antigen receptor and a guide RNA targeting the T cell receptor showed an ~5- to 9-fold increased transduction efficiency with ~2- to 3-fold higher expression compared to the commonly used epHIV7 vector and was simultaneously able to mediate efficient knockout of the endogenous T cell receptor in >71% of transduced cells upon Cas9 electroporation. The increased packaging of the TOP vector genome into viral particles appears to contribute to its higher transduction efficiency. The TOP vector represents an optimal tool for tandem delivery of transgenes and guide RNAs to primary T cells for use in functional screens and immunotherapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl Humes
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephanie Rainwater
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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23
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Rollins MR, Spartz EJ, Stromnes IM. T Cell Receptor Engineered Lymphocytes for Cancer Therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 129:e97. [PMID: 32432843 DOI: 10.1002/cpim.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
T lymphocytes are capable of specific recognition and elimination of target cells. Physiological antigen recognition is mediated by the T cell receptor (TCR), which is an alpha beta heterodimer comprising the products of randomly rearranged V, D, and J genes. The exquisite specificity and functionality of T cells can be leveraged for cancer therapy: specifically, the adoptive transfer of T cells that express tumor-reactive TCRs can induce regression of solid tumors in patients with advanced cancer. However, the isolation and expression of a tumor antigen-specific TCRs is a highly involved process that requires identifying an immunogenic epitope, ensuring human cells are of the correct haplotype, performing a laborious T cell expansion process, and carrying out downstream TCR sequencing and cloning. Recent advances in single-cell sequencing have begun to streamline this process. This protocol synthesizes and expands upon methodologies to generate, isolate, and engineer human T cells with tumor-reactive TCRs for adoptive cell therapy. Though this process is perhaps more arduous than the alternative strategy of using chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) for engineering, the ability to target intracellular proteins using TCRs substantially increases the types of antigens that can be safely targeted. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Generation of human autologous dendritic cells from monocytes Basic Protocol 2: In vitro priming and expansion of human antigen-specific T cells Basic Protocol 3: Cloning of antigen-specific T cell receptors based on single-cell VDJ sequencing data Basic Protocol 4: Validation of T cell receptor expression and functionality in vitro Basic Protocol 5: Rapid expansion of T cell receptor-transduced T cells and human T cell clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan R Rollins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ellen J Spartz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ingunn M Stromnes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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24
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Rad S. M. AH, Poudel A, Tan GMY, McLellan AD. Promoter choice: Who should drive the CAR in T cells? PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232915. [PMID: 32706785 PMCID: PMC7380635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy is an effective treatment for B cell malignancies, with emerging potential for the treatment of other hematologic cancers and solid tumors. The strength of the promoter within the CAR cassette will alter CAR-polypeptide levels on the cell surface of the T cell-impacting on the kinetics of activation, survival and memory cell formation in T cells. In addition to the CAR, promoters can be used to drive other genes of interest to enhance CAR T cell function. Expressing multiple genes from a single RNA transcript can be effectively achieved by linking the genes via a ribosomal skip site. However, promoters may differ in their ability to transcribe longer RNAs, or could interfere with lentiviral production, or transduction frequencies. In this study we compared the ability of the strong well-characterized promoters CMV, EF-1, hPGK and RPBSA to drive functional expression of a single RNA encoding three products: GFP, CAR, plus an additional cell-survival gene, Mcl-1. Although the four promoters produced similarly high lentiviral titres, EF-1 gave the best transduction efficacy of primary T cells. Major differences were found in the ability of the promoters to drive expression of long RNA encoding GFP, CAR and Mcl-1, highlighting promoter choice as an important consideration for gene therapy applications requiring the expression of long and complex mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aarati Poudel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Grace Min Yi Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Alexander D. McLellan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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25
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Mann SE, Zhou Z, Landry LG, Anderson AM, Alkanani AK, Fischer J, Peakman M, Mallone R, Campbell K, Michels AW, Nakayama M. Multiplex T Cell Stimulation Assay Utilizing a T Cell Activation Reporter-Based Detection System. Front Immunol 2020; 11:633. [PMID: 32328071 PMCID: PMC7160884 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in single cell sequencing technologies allow for identification of numerous immune-receptors expressed by T cells such as tumor-specific and autoimmune T cells. Determining antigen specificity of those cells holds immense therapeutic promise. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a method that can efficiently test antigen reactivity of multiple T cell receptors (TCRs) with limited cost, time, and labor. Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) is a transcription factor involved in producing cytokines and is often utilized as a reporter system for T cell activation. Using a NFAT-based fluorescent reporter system, we generated T-hybridoma cell lines that express intensely fluorescent proteins in response to antigen stimulation and constitutively express additional fluorescent proteins, which serve as identifiers of each T-hybridoma expressing a unique TCR. This allows for the combination of multiple T-hybridoma lines within a single reaction. Sensitivity to stimulation is not decreased by adding fluorescent proteins or multiplexing T cells. In multiplexed reactions, response by one cell line does not induce response in others, thus preserving specificity. This multiplex assay system will be a useful tool for antigen discovery research in a variety of contexts, including using combinatorial peptide libraries to determine T cell epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Mann
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Zhicheng Zhou
- CNRS, INSERM, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Laurie G. Landry
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Amanda M. Anderson
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Aimon K. Alkanani
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jeremy Fischer
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Mark Peakman
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Mallone
- CNRS, INSERM, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Kristen Campbell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Aaron W. Michels
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Maki Nakayama
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
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26
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Weber EW, Maus MV, Mackall CL. The Emerging Landscape of Immune Cell Therapies. Cell 2020; 181:46-62. [PMID: 32243795 PMCID: PMC8900215 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell therapies present an entirely new paradigm in drug development. Within this class, immune cell therapies are among the most advanced, having already demonstrated definitive evidence of clinical benefits in cancer and infectious disease. Numerous features distinguish these "living therapies" from traditional medicines, including their ability to expand and contract in proportion to need and to mediate therapeutic benefits for months or years following a single application. Continued advances in fundamental immunology, genetic engineering, gene editing, and synthetic biology exponentially expand opportunities to enhance the sophistication of immune cell therapies, increasing potency and safety and broadening their potential for treatment of disease. This perspective will summarize the current status of immune cell therapies for cancer, infectious disease, and autoimmunity, and discuss advances in cellular engineering to overcome barriers to progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan W Weber
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marcela V Maus
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Crystal L Mackall
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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27
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Xu Y, Morales AJ, Cargill MJ, Towlerton AMH, Coffey DG, Warren EH, Tykodi SS. Preclinical development of T-cell receptor-engineered T-cell therapy targeting the 5T4 tumor antigen on renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 68:1979-1993. [PMID: 31686124 PMCID: PMC6877496 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-019-02419-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
5T4 (trophoblast glycoprotein, TPBG) is a transmembrane tumor antigen expressed on more than 90% of primary renal cell carcinomas (RCC) and a wide range of human carcinomas but not on most somatic adult tissues. The favorable expression pattern has encouraged the development and clinical testing of 5T4-targeted antibody and vaccine therapies. 5T4 also represents a compelling and unexplored target for T-cell receptor (TCR)-engineered T-cell therapy. Our group has previously isolated high-avidity CD8+ T-cell clones specific for an HLA-A2-restricted 5T4 epitope (residues 17-25; 5T4p17). In this report, targeted single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on 5T4p17-specific T-cell clones to sequence the highly variable complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) of T-cell receptor α chain (TRA) and β chain (TRB) genes. Full-length TRA and TRB sequences were cloned into lentiviral vectors and transduced into CD8+ T-cells from healthy donors. Redirected effector T-cell function against 5T4p17 was measured by cytotoxicity and cytokine release assays. Seven unique TRA-TRB pairs were identified. All seven TCRs exhibited high expression on CD8+ T-cells with transduction efficiencies from 59 to 89%. TCR-transduced CD8+ T-cells demonstrated redirected cytotoxicity and cytokine release in response to 5T4p17 on target-cells and killed 5T4+/HLA-A2+ kidney-, breast-, and colorectal-tumor cell lines as well as primary RCC tumor cells in vitro. TCR-transduced CD8+ T-cells also detected presentation of 5T4p17 in TAP1/2-deficient T2 target-cells. TCR-transduced T-cells redirected to recognize the 5T4p17 epitope from a broadly shared tumor antigen are of interest for future testing as a cellular immunotherapy strategy for HLA-A2+ subjects with 5T4+ tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexin Xu
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Alicia J Morales
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael J Cargill
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrea M H Towlerton
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David G Coffey
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Edus H Warren
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Scott S Tykodi
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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28
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Chapuis AG, Egan DN, Bar M, Schmitt TM, McAfee MS, Paulson KG, Voillet V, Gottardo R, Ragnarsson GB, Bleakley M, Yeung CC, Muhlhauser P, Nguyen HN, Kropp LA, Castelli L, Wagener F, Hunter D, Lindberg M, Cohen K, Seese A, McElrath MJ, Duerkopp N, Gooley TA, Greenberg PD. T cell receptor gene therapy targeting WT1 prevents acute myeloid leukemia relapse post-transplant. Nat Med 2019; 25:1064-1072. [PMID: 31235963 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0472-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is the leading cause of death in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) entering HCT with poor-risk features1-3. When HCT does produce prolonged relapse-free survival, it commonly reflects graft-versus-leukemia effects mediated by donor T cells reactive with antigens on leukemic cells4. As graft T cells have not been selected for leukemia specificity and frequently recognize proteins expressed by many normal host tissues, graft-versus-leukemia effects are often accompanied by morbidity and mortality from graft-versus-host disease5. Thus, AML relapse risk might be more effectively reduced with T cells expressing receptors (TCRs) that target selected AML antigens6. We therefore isolated a high-affinity Wilms' Tumor Antigen 1-specific TCR (TCRC4) from HLA-A2+ normal donor repertoires, inserted TCRC4 into Epstein-Bar virus-specific donor CD8+ T cells (TTCR-C4) to minimize graft-versus-host disease risk and enhance transferred T cell survival7,8, and infused these cells prophylactically post-HCT into 12 patients ( NCT01640301 ). Relapse-free survival was 100% at a median of 44 months following infusion, while a concurrent comparative group of 88 patients with similar risk AML had 54% relapse-free survival (P = 0.002). TTCR-C4 maintained TCRC4 expression, persisted long-term and were polyfunctional. This strategy appears promising for preventing AML recurrence in individuals at increased risk of post-HCT relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude G Chapuis
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel N Egan
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Merav Bar
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas M Schmitt
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Megan S McAfee
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kelly G Paulson
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Valentin Voillet
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gunnar B Ragnarsson
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Landspítali Háskólasjúkrahús, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Marie Bleakley
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cecilia C Yeung
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Hieu N Nguyen
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Alpine Biotech, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lara A Kropp
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Therapeutic Products Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Luca Castelli
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Therapeutic Products Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Felecia Wagener
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel Hunter
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marcus Lindberg
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kristen Cohen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aaron Seese
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Natalie Duerkopp
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ted A Gooley
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Philip D Greenberg
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA. .,University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Departments of Immunology and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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29
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Veatch JR, Jesernig BL, Kargl J, Fitzgibbon M, Lee SM, Baik C, Martins R, Houghton AM, Riddell SR. Endogenous CD4 + T Cells Recognize Neoantigens in Lung Cancer Patients, Including Recurrent Oncogenic KRAS and ERBB2 ( Her2) Driver Mutations. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:910-922. [PMID: 31043415 PMCID: PMC6584616 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
T cells specific for neoantigens encoded by mutated genes in cancers are increasingly recognized as mediators of tumor destruction after immune-checkpoint inhibitor therapy or adoptive cell transfer. Much of the focus has been on identifying epitopes presented to CD8+ T cells by class I MHC. However, CD4+ class II MHC-restricted T cells have been shown to have an important role in antitumor immunity. Unfortunately, the vast majority of neoantigens recognized by CD8+ or CD4+ T cells in cancer patients result from random mutations and are patient-specific. Here, we screened the blood of 5 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients for T-cell responses to candidate mutation-encoded neoepitopes. T-cell responses were detected to 8.8% of screened antigens, with 1 to 7 antigens identified per patient. A majority of responses were to random, patient-specific mutations. However, CD4+ T cells that recognized the recurrent KRAS G12V and the ERBB2 (Her2) internal tandem duplication (ITD) oncogenic driver mutations, but not the corresponding wild-type sequences, were identified in two patients. Two different T-cell receptors (TCR) specific for KRAS G12V and one T-cell receptor specific for Her2-ITD were isolated and conferred antigen specificity when transfected into T cells. Deep sequencing identified the Her2-ITD-specific TCR in the tumor but not nonadjacent lung. Our results showed that CD4+ T-cell responses to neoantigens, including recurrent driver mutations, can be derived from the blood of NSCLC patients. These data support the use of adoptive transfer or vaccination to augment CD4+ neoantigen-specific T cells and elucidate their role in human antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R Veatch
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
| | - Brenda L Jesernig
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Julia Kargl
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Matthew Fitzgibbon
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sylvia M Lee
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Christina Baik
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Renato Martins
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - A McGarry Houghton
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stanley R Riddell
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
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30
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Eisenberg V, Hoogi S, Shamul A, Barliya T, Cohen CJ. T-cells "à la CAR-T(e)" - Genetically engineering T-cell response against cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 141:23-40. [PMID: 30653988 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The last decade will be remembered as the dawn of the immunotherapy era during which we have witnessed the approval by regulatory agencies of genetically engineered CAR T-cells and of checkpoint inhibitors for cancer treatment. Understandably, T-lymphocytes represent the essential player in these approaches. These cells can mediate impressive tumor regression in terminally-ill cancer patients. Moreover, they are amenable to genetic engineering to improve their function and specificity. In the present review, we will give an overview of the most recent developments in the field of T-cell genetic engineering including TCR-gene transfer and CAR T-cells strategies. We will also elaborate on the development of other types of genetic modifications to enhance their anti-tumor immune response such as the use of co-stimulatory chimeric receptors (CCRs) and unconventional CARs built on non-antibody molecules. Finally, we will discuss recent advances in genome editing and synthetic biology applied to T-cell engineering and comment on the next challenges ahead.
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31
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Ophinni Y, Inoue M, Kotaki T, Kameoka M. CRISPR/Cas9 system targeting regulatory genes of HIV-1 inhibits viral replication in infected T-cell cultures. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7784. [PMID: 29773895 PMCID: PMC5958087 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26190-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas9 system provides a novel and promising tool for editing the HIV-1 proviral genome. We designed RNA-guided CRISPR/Cas9 targeting the HIV-1 regulatory genes tat and rev with guide RNAs (gRNA) selected from each gene based on CRISPR specificity and sequence conservation across six major HIV-1 subtypes. Each gRNA was cloned into lentiCRISPRv2 before co-transfection to create a lentiviral vector and transduction into target cells. CRISPR/Cas9 transduction into 293 T and HeLa cells stably expressing Tat and Rev proteins successfully abolished the expression of each protein relative to that in non-transduced and gRNA-absent vector-transduced cells. Tat functional assays showed significantly reduced HIV-1 promoter-driven luciferase expression after tat-CRISPR transduction, while Rev functional assays revealed abolished gp120 expression after rev-CRISPR transduction. The target gene was mutated at the Cas9 cleavage site with high frequency and various indel mutations. Conversely, no mutations were detected at off-target sites and Cas9 expression had no effect on cell viability. CRISPR/Cas9 was further tested in persistently and latently HIV-1-infected T-cell lines, in which p24 levels were significantly suppressed even after cytokine reactivation, and multiplexing all six gRNAs further increased efficiency. Thus, the CRISPR/Cas9 system targeting HIV-1 regulatory genes may serve as a favorable means to achieve functional cures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youdiil Ophinni
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Mari Inoue
- Department of International Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hyogo, 654-0142, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kotaki
- Department of International Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hyogo, 654-0142, Japan
| | - Masanori Kameoka
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan. .,Department of International Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hyogo, 654-0142, Japan.
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32
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Control of HIV Infection In Vivo Using Gene Therapy with a Secreted Entry Inhibitor. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017; 9:132-144. [PMID: 29246292 PMCID: PMC5633861 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
HIV entry inhibitors are highly effective in controlling virus replication. We have developed a lentiviral vector that expresses a secreted entry inhibitor, soluble CD4 (sCD4), which binds to the HIV envelope glycoproteins and inactivates the virus. We have shown that sCD4 was secreted from gene-modified CD4+ T cells, as well as from human umbilical cord blood-derived CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs), and protected unmodified HIV target cells from infection in vitro. To investigate the in vivo application of our approach, we injected gene-modified HSPCs into NOD/SCID/γcnull (NSG) mice. NSG hosts supported multi-lineage differentiation of human gene-modified HSPCs. Upon challenge with HIV, humanized mice capable of secreting sCD4 demonstrated a reduction of viral load over time compared to control humanized mice. In contrast to gene therapy approaches that render only gene-modified HIV target cells resistant to infection, our approach also showed protection of unmodified CD4+ T cells in the peripheral blood and tissues. Our findings provide support for the continuous delivery of secreted entry inhibitors via gene therapy as an alternative to oral administration of antiretroviral drugs or injection of antiretroviral proteins, including antibodies.
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33
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Kravets VG, Zhang Y, Sun H. Chimeric-Antigen-Receptor (CAR) T Cells and the Factors Influencing their Therapeutic Efficacy. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH AND THERAPY 2017; 2:100-113. [PMID: 30443604 PMCID: PMC6233887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapeutic treatments for malignant cancers have revolutionized the medical and scientific fields. Lymphocytes engineered to display chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) molecules contribute to the exciting advancements that have stemmed from a greater understanding of cell structure and function, biological interactions, and the unique tumor microenvironment. CAR T cells circumvent the unique immune evasion capability of tumors by acting in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) independent manner. Various factors contribute to the efficacy of CAR therapy, including CAR structure, gene transfer strategies, in vitro culture system, target selection, and preconditioning regimens. While recent clinical trials have shown promising success, cytotoxicity and other various challenges need to be addressed before CAR therapy can reach its full clinical potency. This review will discuss factors associated with CAR therapeutic success and the difficulties that continue to be a focus of research around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria G Kravets
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hongxing Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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34
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Pasetto A, Gros A, Robbins PF, Deniger DC, Prickett TD, Matus-Nicodemos R, Douek DC, Howie B, Robins H, Parkhurst MR, Gartner J, Trebska-McGowan K, Crystal JS, Rosenberg SA. Tumor- and Neoantigen-Reactive T-cell Receptors Can Be Identified Based on Their Frequency in Fresh Tumor. Cancer Immunol Res 2016; 4:734-43. [PMID: 27354337 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-16-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of T cells with engineered T-cell receptor (TCR) genes that target tumor-specific antigens can mediate cancer regression. Accumulating evidence suggests that the clinical success of many immunotherapies is mediated by T cells targeting mutated neoantigens unique to the patient. We hypothesized that the most frequent TCR clonotypes infiltrating the tumor were reactive against tumor antigens. To test this hypothesis, we developed a multistep strategy that involved TCRB deep sequencing of the CD8(+)PD-1(+) T-cell subset, matching of TCRA-TCRB pairs by pairSEQ and single-cell RT-PCR, followed by testing of the TCRs for tumor-antigen specificity. Analysis of 12 fresh metastatic melanomas revealed that in 11 samples, up to 5 tumor-reactive TCRs were present in the 5 most frequently occurring clonotypes, which included reactivity against neoantigens. These data show the feasibility of developing a rapid, personalized TCR-gene therapy approach that targets the unique set of antigens presented by the autologous tumor without the need to identify their immunologic reactivity. Cancer Immunol Res; 4(9); 734-43. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pasetto
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alena Gros
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paul F Robbins
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Drew C Deniger
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Todd D Prickett
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rodrigo Matus-Nicodemos
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland. Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Bryan Howie
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, Washington
| | - Harlan Robins
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, Washington. Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Jared Gartner
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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35
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Humbert O, Gisch DW, Wohlfahrt ME, Adams AB, Greenberg PD, Schmitt TM, Trobridge GD, Kiem HP. Development of Third-generation Cocal Envelope Producer Cell Lines for Robust Lentiviral Gene Transfer into Hematopoietic Stem Cells and T-cells. Mol Ther 2016; 24:1237-46. [PMID: 27058824 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2016.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors (LVs) pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus envelope glycoprotein (VSV-G) have demonstrated great promise in gene therapy trials employing hematopoietic stem cell and T-cells. The VSV-G envelope confers broad tropism and stability to the vector but is toxic when constitutively expressed, which has impeded efforts to generate stable producer cell lines. We previously showed that cocal pseudotyped LVs offer an excellent alternative to VSV-G vectors because of their broad tropism and resistance to human serum inactivation. In this study, we demonstrate that cocal LVs transduce CD34(+) and CD4(+) T-cells more efficiently than VSV-G LVs and share the same receptor(s) for cell entry. 293T-cells stably expressing the cocal envelope produced significantly higher LV titers than VSV-G expressing cells. We developed cocal pseudotyped, third-generation, self-inactivating LV producer cell lines for a GFP reporter and for a WT1 tumor-specific T-cell receptor, which achieved concentrated titers above 10(8) IU/ml and were successfully adapted for growth in suspension, serum-free culture. The resulting LVs were at least as effective as standard LVs in transducing CD34(+) and CD4(+) T-cells. Our stable cocal LV producer cell lines should facilitate the production of large-scale, high titer clinical grade vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Humbert
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Don W Gisch
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Martin E Wohlfahrt
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Amie B Adams
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Phil D Greenberg
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tom M Schmitt
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Grant D Trobridge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA.,School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Hans-Peter Kiem
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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36
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Mancini N, Marrone L, Clementi N, Sautto GA, Clementi M, Burioni R. Adoptive T-cell therapy in the treatment of viral and opportunistic fungal infections. Future Microbiol 2016; 10:665-82. [PMID: 25865200 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections and opportunistic fungal pathogens represent a major menace for immunocompromised patients. Despite the availability of antifungal and antiviral drugs, mortality in these patients remains high, underlining the need of novel therapeutic options based on completely different strategies. This review describes the potential of several T-cell-based therapeutic approaches in the prophylaxis and treatment of infectious diseases with a particular focus on persistent viral infections and opportunistic fungal infections, as these mostly affect immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicasio Mancini
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia e Virologia, Università 'Vita-Salute' San Raffaele, DIBIT2, via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
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37
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Chaudhury A, Neilson JR. Use of the pBUTR Reporter System for Scalable Analysis of 3' UTR-Mediated Gene Regulation. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1358:109-28. [PMID: 26463380 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3067-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Posttranscriptional control of mRNA subcellular localization, stability, and translation is a central aspect of gene regulation and expression. Much of this control is mediated via recognition of a given mRNA transcript's 3' untranslated region (UTR) by microRNAs and RNA-binding proteins. Here we describe how a novel, scalable piggyBac-based vector, pBUTR, can be utilized for analysis of 3' UTR-mediated posttranscriptional gene regulation (PTGR) both in vitro and in vivo. This vector is specifically designed to express a selection marker, a control reporter, and an experimental reporter from three independent transcription units. Expression of spliced reporter transcripts from medium-copy non-viral promoter elements circumvents several potential confounding factors associated with saturation and stability, while stable integration of these reporter and selection elements in the context of a DNA transposon facilitates experimental reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Chaudhury
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Joel R Neilson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Chaudhury A, Kongchan N, Gengler JP, Mohanty V, Christiansen AE, Fachini JM, Martin JF, Neilson JR. A piggyBac-based reporter system for scalable in vitro and in vivo analysis of 3' untranslated region-mediated gene regulation. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:e86. [PMID: 24753411 PMCID: PMC4041432 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) subcellular localization, stability and translation is a central aspect of gene expression. Much of this control is mediated via recognition of mRNA 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs) by microRNAs (miRNAs) and RNA-binding proteins. The gold standard approach to assess the regulation imparted by a transcript's 3′ UTR is to fuse the UTR to a reporter coding sequence and assess the relative expression of this reporter as compared to a control. Yet, transient transfection approaches or the use of highly active viral promoter elements may overwhelm a cell's post-transcriptional regulatory machinery in this context. To circumvent this issue, we have developed and validated a novel, scalable piggyBac-based vector for analysis of 3′ UTR-mediated regulation in vitro and in vivo. The vector delivers three independent transcription units to the target genome—a selection cassette, a turboGFP control reporter and an experimental reporter expressed under the control of a 3′ UTR of interest. The pBUTR (piggyBac-based 3′ UnTranslated Region reporter) vector performs robustly as a siRNA/miRNA sensor, in established in vitro models of post-transcriptional regulation, and in both arrayed and pooled screening approaches. The vector is robustly expressed as a transgene during murine embryogenesis, highlighting its potential usefulness for revealing post-transcriptional regulation in an in vivo setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Chaudhury
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Natee Kongchan
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jon P Gengler
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Vakul Mohanty
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Audrey E Christiansen
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joseph M Fachini
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - James F Martin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joel R Neilson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Stromnes IM, Schmitt TM, Chapuis AG, Hingorani SR, Greenberg PD. Re-adapting T cells for cancer therapy: from mouse models to clinical trials. Immunol Rev 2014; 257:145-64. [PMID: 24329795 PMCID: PMC4015625 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive T-cell therapy involves the isolation, expansion, and reinfusion of T lymphocytes with a defined specificity and function as a means to eradicate cancer. Our research has focused on specifying the requirements for tumor eradication with antigen-specific T cells and T cells transduced to express a defined T-cell receptor (TCR) in mouse models and then translating these strategies to clinical trials. Our design of T-cell-based therapy for cancer has reflected efforts to identify the obstacles that limit sustained effector T-cell activity in mice and humans, design approaches to enhance T-cell persistence, develop methods to increase TCR affinity/T-cell functional avidity, and pursue strategies to overcome tolerance and immunosuppression. With the advent of genetic engineering, a highly functional population of T cells can now be rapidly generated and tailored for the targeted malignancy. Preclinical studies in faithful and informative mouse models, in concert with knowledge gained from analyses of successes and limitations in clinical trials, are shaping how we continue to develop, refine, and broaden the applicability of this approach for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingunn M. Stromnes
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas M. Schmitt
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aude G. Chapuis
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sunil R. Hingorani
- Clinical Research Division and Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Philip D. Greenberg
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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Höfig I, Atkinson MJ, Mall S, Krackhardt AM, Thirion C, Anastasov N. Poloxamer synperonic F108 improves cellular transduction with lentiviral vectors. J Gene Med 2013; 14:549-60. [PMID: 22887595 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although lentiviral transduction methods are widely used, their broader application is dependent upon the optimization of lentiviral transduction efficiency for a broad range of cell types. In the present study, we focus on the evaluation of two chemical classes with respect to their ability to increase lentiviral transduction without cytotoxicity. METHODS We compared the activity of adjuvants that are already used for lentivirus delivery with that of novel adjuvants selected on the basis of their chemical and physical characteristics. RESULTS The novel poloxamer synperonic F108 demonstrated superior characteristics for enhancing lentiviral transduction over the best-in-class polybrene-assisted transduction. The results revealed that poloxamer synperonic F108 exhibited the dual benefits of low toxicity and a high efficiency of lentiviral gene delivery into a range of different primary cell cultures. In the presence of poloxamer synperonic F108, cells showed an increased propidium dye influx indicating a re-organization of membrane microstructures accompanying lentivirus uptake. The administration of a mixture of poloxamer synperonic F108 with polybrene further enhanced lentiviral transduction rates. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained in the present study indicate that a contribution to efficiency is made by each adjuvant, with polybrene acting as a charge protector and poloxamer synperonic F108 as a membrane modulator. Therefore, poloxamer synperonic F108, either alone or in combination, can lead to the optimization of large-scale lentiviral transduction approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Höfig
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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41
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Yang S, Ji Y, Gattinoni L, Zhang L, Yu Z, Restifo NP, Rosenberg SA, Morgan RA. Modulating the differentiation status of ex vivo-cultured anti-tumor T cells using cytokine cocktails. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012. [PMID: 23207483 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1378-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The genetic modification of CD8+ T cells using anti-tumor T-cell receptors (TCR) or chimeric antigen receptors is a promising approach for the adoptive cell therapy of patients with cancer. We previously developed a simplified method for the clinical-scale generation of central memory-like (Tcm) CD8+ T cells following transduction with lentivirus encoding anti-tumor TCR and culture in the presence of IL-2. In this study, we compared different cytokines or combinations of IL-2, IL-7, IL-12, IL-15, and IL-21 to expand genetically engineered CD8+ T cells. We demonstrated that specific cytokine combinations IL-12 plus IL-7 or IL-21 for 3 days followed by withdrawal of IL-12 yielded the phenotype of CD62L(high)CD28(high) CD127(high)CD27(high)CCR7(high), which is associated with less-differentiated T cells. Genes associated with stem cells (SOX2, NANOG, OCT4, and LIN28A), were also up-regulated by this cytokine cocktail. Moreover, the use of IL-12 plus IL-7 or IL-21 yielded CD8 T cells showing enhanced persistence in the NOD/SCID/γc-/- mouse model. This defined cytokine combination could also alter highly differentiated TIL from melanoma patients into cells with a less-differentiated phenotype. The methodology that we developed for generating a less-differentiated anti-tumor CD8+ T cells ex vivo may be ideal for the adoptive immunotherapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Yang
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, CRC 3 W-3864, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Oue M, Handa H, Matsuzaki Y, Suzue K, Murakami H, Hirai H. The murine stem cell virus promoter drives correlated transgene expression in the leukocytes and cerebellar Purkinje cells of transgenic mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51015. [PMID: 23226450 PMCID: PMC3511439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The murine stem cell virus (MSCV) promoter exhibits activity in mouse hematopoietic cells and embryonic stem cells. We generated transgenic mice that expressed enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of the MSCV promoter. We obtained 12 transgenic founder mice through 2 independent experiments and found that the bodies of 9 of the founder neonates emitted different levels of GFP fluorescence. Flow cytometric analysis of circulating leukocytes revealed that the frequency of GFP-labeled leukocytes among white blood cells ranged from 1.6% to 47.5% across the 12 transgenic mice. The bodies of 9 founder transgenic mice showed various levels of GFP expression. GFP fluorescence was consistently observed in the cerebellum, with faint or almost no fluorescence in other brain regions. In the cerebellum, 10 founders exhibited GFP expression in Purkinje cells at frequencies of 3% to 76%. Of these, 4 mice showed Purkinje cell-specific expression, while 4 and 2 mice expressed GFP in the Bergmann glia and endothelial cells, respectively. The intensity of the GFP fluorescence in the body was relative to the proportion of GFP-positive leukocytes. Moreover, the frequency of the GFP-expressing leukocytes was significantly correlated with the frequency of GFP-expressing Purkinje cells. These results suggest that the MSCV promoter is useful for preferentially expressing a transgene in Purkinje cells. In addition, the proportion of transduced leukocytes in the peripheral circulation reflects the expression level of the transgene in Purkinje cells, which can be used as a way to monitor transgene expression properties in the cerebellum without invasive techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Oue
- Department of Neurophysiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Handa
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yasunori Matsuzaki
- Department of Neurophysiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kazutomo Suzue
- Department of Parasitology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Murakami
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Hirai
- Department of Neurophysiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
- * E-mail:
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43
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T-cell receptor gene transfer exclusively to human CD8(+) cells enhances tumor cell killing. Blood 2012; 120:4334-42. [PMID: 22898597 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-02-412973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transfer of tumor-specific T-cell receptor (TCR) genes into patient T cells is a promising strategy in cancer immunotherapy. We describe here a novel vector (CD8-LV) derived from lentivirus, which delivers genes exclusively and specifically to CD8(+) cells. CD8-LV mediated stable in vitro and in vivo reporter gene transfer as well as efficient transfer of genes encoding TCRs recognizing the melanoma antigen tyrosinase. Strikingly, T cells genetically modified with CD8-LV killed melanoma cells reproducibly more efficiently than CD8(+) cells transduced with a conventional lentiviral vector. Neither TCR expression levels, nor the rate of activation-induced death of transduced cells differed between both vector types. Instead, CD8-LV transduced cells showed increased granzyme B and perforin levels as well as an up-regulation of CD8 surface expression in a small subpopulation of cells. Thus, a possible mechanism for CD8-LV enhanced tumor cell killing may be based on activation of the effector functions of CD8(+) T cells by the vector particle displaying OKT8-derived CD8-scFv and an increase of the surface density of CD8, which functions as coreceptor for tumor-cell recognition. CD8-LV represents a powerful novel vector for TCR gene therapy and other applications in immunotherapy and basic research requiring CD8(+) cell-specific gene delivery.
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Daniel-Meshulam I, Ya'akobi S, Ankri C, Cohen CJ. How (specific) would like your T-cells today? Generating T-cell therapeutic function through TCR-gene transfer. Front Immunol 2012; 3:186. [PMID: 22783259 PMCID: PMC3390604 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cells are central players in the immune response against both pathogens and cancer. Their specificity is solely dictated by the T-cell receptor (TCR) they clonally express. As such, the genetic modification of T lymphocytes using pathogen- or cancer-specific TCRs represents an appealing strategy to generate a desired immune response from peripheral blood lymphocytes. Moreover, notable objective clinical responses were observed in terminally ill cancer patients treated with TCR-gene modified cells in several clinical trials conducted recently. Nevertheless, several key aspects of this approach are the object of intensive research aimed at improving the reliability and efficacy of this strategy. Herein, we will survey recent studies in the field of TCR-gene transfer dealing with the improvement of this approach and its application for the treatment of malignant, autoimmune, and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Daniel-Meshulam
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences , Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Abstract
More than two decades have passed since genetically modified HIV was used for gene delivery. Through continuous improvements these early marker gene-carrying HIVs have evolved into safer and more effective lentiviral vectors. Lentiviral vectors offer several attractive properties as gene-delivery vehicles, including: (i) sustained gene delivery through stable vector integration into host genome; (ii) the capability of infecting both dividing and non-dividing cells; (iii) broad tissue tropisms, including important gene- and cell-therapy-target cell types; (iv) no expression of viral proteins after vector transduction; (v) the ability to deliver complex genetic elements, such as polycistronic or intron-containing sequences; (vi) potentially safer integration site profile; and (vii) a relatively easy system for vector manipulation and production. Accordingly, lentivector technologies now have widespread use in basic biology and translational studies for stable transgene overexpression, persistent gene silencing, immunization, in vivo imaging, generating transgenic animals, induction of pluripotent cells, stem cell modification and lineage tracking, or site-directed gene editing. Moreover, in the present high-throughput '-omics' era, the commercial availability of premade lentiviral vectors, which are engineered to express or silence genome-wide genes, accelerates the rapid expansion of this vector technology. In the present review, we assess the advances in lentiviral vector technology, including basic lentivirology, vector designs for improved efficiency and biosafety, protocols for vector production and infection, targeted gene delivery, advanced lentiviral applications and issues associated with the vector system.
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46
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Yang S, Karne NK, Goff SL, Black MA, Xu H, Bischof D, Cornetta K, Rosenberg SA, Morgan RA, Feldman SA. A simple and effective method to generate lentiviral vectors for ex vivo gene delivery to mature human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2012; 23:73-83. [PMID: 22515320 PMCID: PMC3847989 DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2011.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human ex vivo gene therapy protocols have been used successfully to treat a variety of genetic disorders, infectious diseases, and cancer. Murine oncoretroviruses (specifically, gammaretroviruses) have served as the primary gene delivery vehicles for these trials. However, in some cases, such vectors have been associated with insertional mutagenesis. As a result, alternative vector platforms such as lentiviral vectors (LVVs) are being developed. LVVs may provide advantages compared with gammaretroviral vectors, including the ability to transduce large numbers of nondividing cells, resistance to gene silencing, and a potentially safer integration profile. The aim of this study was to develop a simplified process for the rapid production of clinical-grade LVVs. To that end, we used a self-inactivating bicistronic LVV encoding an MART (melanoma antigen recognized by T cells)-1-reactive T cell receptor containing oPRE, an optimized and truncated version of woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranslational regulatory element (wPRE). Using our simplified clinical production process, 293T cells were transiently transfected in roller bottles. The LVV supernatant was collected, treated with Benzonase, and clarified by modified step filtration. LVV produced in this manner exhibited titers and a biosafety profile similar to those of cGMP (current Good Manufacturing Practices) LVVs previously manufactured at the Indiana University Vector Production Facility in support of a phase I/II clinical trial. We describe a simple, efficient, and low-cost method for the production of clinical-grade LVV for ex vivo gene therapy protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Yang
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Neel K. Karne
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Department of Surgery/General Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - Stephanie L. Goff
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Department of Surgery, College of Physicicans and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Mary A. Black
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Hui Xu
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Daniela Bischof
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Kenneth Cornetta
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Steven A. Rosenberg
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Richard A. Morgan
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Steven A. Feldman
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Merhavi-Shoham E, Haga-Friedman A, Cohen CJ. Genetically modulating T-cell function to target cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2011; 22:14-22. [PMID: 22210183 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The adoptive transfer of tumor-specific T-lymphocytes holds promise for the treatment of metastatic cancer. Genetic modulation of T-lymphocytes using TCR transfer with tumor-specific TCR genes is an attractive strategy to generate anti-tumor response, especially against large solid tumors. Recently, several clinical trials have demonstrated the therapeutic potential of this approach which lead to impressive tumor regression in cancer patients. Still, several factors may hinder the clinical benefit of this approach, such as the type of cells to modulate, the vector configuration or the safety of the procedure. In the present review we will aim at giving an overview of the recent developments related to the immune modulation of the anti-tumor adaptive response using genetically engineered lymphocytes and will also elaborate the development of other genetic modifications to enhance their anti-tumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrat Merhavi-Shoham
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
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48
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Jiang Y, Tang F, Li Z, Cui L, He W. Critical role of γ4 chain in the expression of functional Vγ4Vδ1 T cell receptor of gastric tumour-infiltrating γδT lymphocytes. Scand J Immunol 2011; 75:102-8. [PMID: 21988289 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02634.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vγ4Vδ1 T cell receptor (TCRγ4δ1)-expressing γδT cells were the most dominant subset in gastric tumour-infiltrating γδT cells (γδTIL) we recently analyzed. To study the essential roles of γ and δ chains in assembly and function of TCRγ4δ1, we sequenced and constructed them into lentiviral vectors for the reconstitution of TCRγ4δ1 using different modalities of transduction. We were able to efficiently reconstitute TCRγ4δ1 with functional activities when both γ4 and δ1 chains are coexpressed in TCR-negative J.RT3-T3.5 cells. However, the expression of δ1 chain is greatly diminished when γ4 expression is absent, suggesting that the coexpressing γ4 is critical in maintaining the folding and stability of δ1 product. To functionally study the reconstituted TCRγ4δ1, we examined the cytolytic activity of TCRγ4δ1-reconstituted J.RT3-T3.5 cells and cytokine secretion and found the receptors are fully functional, but their functionality also requires the presence of γ4. Our results demonstrated that γ4 is critical for the stability of δ1 and the function of TCRγ4δ1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
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Evaluation of Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 2 specific T-cell receptors driven by T-cell specific promoters using lentiviral vector. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:716926. [PMID: 21969838 PMCID: PMC3182378 DOI: 10.1155/2011/716926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Transduction of latent membrane protein 2 (LMP2)-specific T-cell receptors into activated T lymphocytes may provide a universal, MHC-restricted mean to treat EBV-associated tumors in adoptive immunotherapy. We compared TCR-specific promoters of distinct origin in lentiviral vectors, that is, Vβ6.7, delta, luria, and Vβ5.1 to evaluate TCR gene expression in human primary peripheral blood monocytes and T cell line HSB2. Vectors containing Vβ 6.7 promoter were found to be optimal for expression in PBMCs, and they maintained expression of the transduced TCRs for up to 7 weeks. These cells had the potential to recognize subdominant EBV latency antigens as measured by cytotoxicity and IFN-γ secretion. The nude mice also exhibited significant resistance to the HLA-A2 and LMP2-positive CNE tumor cell challenge after being infused with lentiviral transduced CTLs. In conclusion, LMP2-specific CTLs by lentiviral transduction have the potential use for treatment of EBV-related tumors.
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50
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Genetic engineering of murine CD8+ and CD4+ T cells for preclinical adoptive immunotherapy studies. J Immunother 2011; 34:343-52. [PMID: 21499127 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3182187600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
T-cell receptor (TCR) gene therapy enables for the rapid creation of antigen-specific T cells from mice of any strain and represents a valuable tool for preclinical immunotherapy studies. Here, we describe the superiority of γ-retroviral vectors compared with lentiviral vectors for transduction of murine T cells and surprisingly illustrate robust gene-transfer into phenotypically naive/memory-stem cell like (TN/TSCM; CD62L(hi)/CD44(low)) and central memory (TCM; CD62L(hi)/CD44(hi)) CD8+ T cells using murine stem cell-based γ-retroviral vectors (MSGV1). We created MSGV1 vectors for a major histocompatibility complex-class I-restricted TCR specific for the melanocyte-differentiation antigen, glycoprotein 100 (MSGV1-pmel-1), and a major histocompatibility complex-class II-restricted TCR specific for tyrosinase-related protein-1 (MSGV1-TRP-1), and found that robust gene expression required codon optimization of TCR sequences for the pmel-1 TCR. To test for functionality, we adoptively transferred TCR-engineered T cells into mice bearing B16 melanomas and observed delayed growth of established tumors with pmel-1 TCR engineered CD8+ T cells and significant tumor regression with TRP-1 TCR transduced CD4 T cells. We simultaneously created lentiviral vectors encoding the pmel-1 TCR, but found that these vectors mediated low TCR expression in murine T cells, but robust gene expression in other murine and human cell lines. These results indicate that preclinical murine models of adoptive immunotherapies are more practical using γ-retroviral rather than lentiviral vectors.
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