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Toropko M, Chuvpilo S, Karabelsky A. miRNA-Mediated Mechanisms in the Generation of Effective and Safe Oncolytic Viruses. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:986. [PMID: 39204331 PMCID: PMC11360794 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16080986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression by inhibiting the translation of target transcripts. The expression profiles of miRNAs vary in different tissues and change with the development of diseases, including cancer. This feature has begun to be used for the modification of oncolytic viruses (OVs) in order to increase their selectivity and efficacy. OVs represent a relatively new class of anticancer drugs; they are designed to replicate in cancer tumors and destroy them. These can be natural viruses that can replicate within cancer tumor cells, or recombinant viruses created in laboratories. There are some concerns regarding OVs' toxicity, due to their ability to partially replicate in healthy tissues. In addition, lytic and immunological responses upon OV therapy are not always sufficient, so various OV editing methods are used. This review discusses the latest results of preclinical and clinical studies of OVs, modifications of which are associated with the miRNA-mediated mechanism of gene silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Toropko
- Gene Therapy Department, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Avenue, 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (S.C.); (A.K.)
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Webb MJ, Sangsuwannukul T, van Vloten J, Evgin L, Kendall B, Tonne J, Thompson J, Metko M, Moore M, Chiriboga Yerovi MP, Olin M, Borgatti A, McNiven M, Monga SPS, Borad MJ, Melcher A, Roberts LR, Vile R. Expression of tumor antigens within an oncolytic virus enhances the anti-tumor T cell response. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5442. [PMID: 38937436 PMCID: PMC11211353 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49286-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Although patients benefit from immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) therapy in a broad variety of tumors, resistance may arise from immune suppressive tumor microenvironments (TME), which is particularly true of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Since oncolytic viruses (OV) can generate a highly immune-infiltrated, inflammatory TME, OVs could potentially restore ICI responsiveness via recruitment, priming, and activation of anti-tumor T cells. Here we find that on the contrary, an oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus, expressing interferon-ß (VSV-IFNß), antagonizes the effect of anti-PD-L1 therapy in a partially anti-PD-L1-responsive model of HCC. Cytometry by Time of Flight shows that VSV-IFNß expands dominant anti-viral effector CD8 T cells with concomitant relative disappearance of anti-tumor T cell populations, which are the target of anti-PD-L1. However, by expressing a range of HCC tumor antigens within VSV, combination OV and anti-PD-L1 therapeutic benefit could be restored. Our data provide a cautionary message for the use of highly immunogenic viruses as tumor-specific immune-therapeutics by showing that dominant anti-viral T cell responses can inhibit sub-dominant anti-tumor T cell responses. However, through encoding tumor antigens within the virus, oncolytic virotherapy can generate anti-tumor T cell populations upon which immune checkpoint blockade can effectively work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason J Webb
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | | | - Jacob van Vloten
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Laura Evgin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z1L3, Canada
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Department, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, V5Z1L3, Canada
| | - Benjamin Kendall
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Jason Tonne
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Jill Thompson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Muriel Metko
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Madelyn Moore
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | | | - Michael Olin
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Antonella Borgatti
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Clinical Investigation Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Mark McNiven
- Mayo Center for Biomedical Discovery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Satdarshan P S Monga
- Pittsburgh Liver Institute, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Mitesh J Borad
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
| | - Alan Melcher
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Lewis R Roberts
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Richard Vile
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
- Joan Reece Department of Immuno-oncology, King's College London, London, UK.
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Jiang Z, Fu Y, Shen H. Development of Intratumoral Drug Delivery Based Strategies for Antitumor Therapy. Drug Des Devel Ther 2024; 18:2189-2202. [PMID: 38882051 PMCID: PMC11179649 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s467835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Research for tumor treatment with significant therapy effects and minimal side-effects has been widely carried over the past few decades. Different drug forms have received a lot of attention. However, systemic biodistribution induces efficacy and safety issues. Intratumoral delivery of agents might overcome these problems because of its abundant tumor accumulation and retention, thereby reducing side effects. Delivering hydrogels, nanoparticles, microneedles, and microspheres drug carriers directly to tumors can realize not only targeted tumor therapy but also low side-effects. Furthermore, intratumoral administration has been integrated with treatment strategies such as chemotherapy, enhancing radiotherapy, immunotherapy, phototherapy, magnetic fluid hyperthermia, and multimodal therapy. Some of these strategies are ongoing clinical trials or applied clinically. However, many barriers hinder it from being an ideal and widely used option, such as decreased drug penetration impeded by collagen fibers of a tumor, drug squeezed out by high density and high pressure, mature intratumoral injection technique. In this review, we systematically discuss intratumoral delivery of different drug carriers and current development of intratumoral therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimei Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuzhi Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongxin Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
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Li G, Zhao X, Zheng Z, Zhang H, Wu Y, Shen Y, Chen Q. cGAS-STING pathway mediates activation of dendritic cell sensing of immunogenic tumors. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:149. [PMID: 38512518 PMCID: PMC10957617 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05191-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-I) play pivotal roles in tumor therapy for three decades, underscoring the critical importance of maintaining the integrity of the IFN-1 signaling pathway in radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. However, the specific mechanism by which IFN-I contributes to these therapies, particularly in terms of activating dendritic cells (DCs), remains unclear. Based on recent studies, aberrant DNA in the cytoplasm activates the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)- stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway, which in turn produces IFN-I, which is essential for antiviral and anticancer immunity. Notably, STING can also enhance anticancer immunity by promoting autophagy, inflammation, and glycolysis in an IFN-I-independent manner. These research advancements contribute to our comprehension of the distinctions between IFN-I drugs and STING agonists in the context of oncology therapy and shed light on the challenges involved in developing STING agonist drugs. Thus, we aimed to summarize the novel mechanisms underlying cGAS-STING-IFN-I signal activation in DC-mediated antigen presentation and its role in the cancer immune cycle in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohao Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiangqian Zhao
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zuda Zheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hucheng Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yundi Wu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yangkun Shen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Qi Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China.
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Vile R, Webb M, van Vloten J, Evgin L, Sangsuwannukul T, Kendall B, Tonne J, Thompson J, Metko M, Moore M, Yerovi MC, McNiven M, Monga S, Borad M, Roberts L. Chimerization of the Anti-Viral CD8 + T Cell Response with A Broad Anti-Tumor T Cell Response Reverses Inhibition of Checkpoint Blockade Therapy by Oncolytic Virotherapy. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3576281. [PMID: 38045348 PMCID: PMC10690324 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3576281/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Although immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) has produced profound survival benefits in a broad variety of tumors, a proportion of patients do not respond. Treatment failure is in part due to immune suppressive tumor microenvironments (TME), which is particularly true of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Since oncolytic viruses (OV) can generate a highly immune-infiltrated, inflammatory TME, we developed a vesicular stomatitis virus expressing interferon-ß (VSV-IFNß) as a viro-immunotherapy against HCC. Since HCC standard of care atezolizumab/bevacizumab incorporates ICI, we tested the hypothesis that pro-inflammatory VSV-IFNß would recruit, prime, and activate anti-tumor T cells, whose activity anti-PD-L1 ICI would potentiate. However, in a partially anti-PD-L1-responsive model of HCC, addition of VSV-IFNß abolished anti-PD-L1 therapy. Cytometry by Time of Flight showed that VSV-IFNß expanded dominant anti-viral effector CD8 T cells with concomitant, relative disappearance of anti-tumor T cell populations which are the target of anti-PD-L1. However, by expressing a range of HCC tumor antigens within VSV, the potent anti-viral response became amalgamated with an anti-tumor T cell response generating highly significant cures compared to anti-PD-L1 ICI alone. Our data provide a cautionary message for the use of highly immunogenic viruses as tumor-specific immune-therapeutics by showing that dominant anti-viral T cell responses can inhibit sub-dominant anti-tumor T cell responses. However, by chimerizing anti-viral and anti-tumor T cell responses through encoding tumor antigens within the virus, oncolytic virotherapy can be purposed for very effective immune driven tumor clearance and can generate anti-tumor T cell populations upon which immune checkpoint blockade can effectively work.
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Smith KER, Peng KW, Pulido JS, Weisbrod AJ, Strand CA, Allred JB, Newsom AN, Zhang L, Packiriswamy N, Kottke T, Tonne JM, Moore M, Montane HN, Kottschade LA, McWilliams RR, Dudek AZ, Yan Y, Dimou A, Markovic SN, Federspiel MJ, Vile RG, Dronca RS, Block MS. A phase I oncolytic virus trial with vesicular stomatitis virus expressing human interferon beta and tyrosinase related protein 1 administered intratumorally and intravenously in uveal melanoma: safety, efficacy, and T cell responses. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1279387. [PMID: 38022659 PMCID: PMC10644866 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1279387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Metastatic uveal melanoma (MUM) has a poor prognosis and treatment options are limited. These patients do not typically experience durable responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Oncolytic viruses (OV) represent a novel approach to immunotherapy for patients with MUM. Methods We developed an OV with a Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) vector modified to express interferon-beta (IFN-β) and Tyrosinase Related Protein 1 (TYRP1) (VSV-IFNβ-TYRP1), and conducted a Phase 1 clinical trial with a 3 + 3 design in patients with MUM. VSV-IFNβ-TYRP1 was injected into a liver metastasis, then administered on the same day as a single intravenous (IV) infusion. The primary objective was safety. Efficacy was a secondary objective. Results 12 patients with previously treated MUM were enrolled. Median follow up was 19.1 months. 4 dose levels (DLs) were evaluated. One patient at DL4 experienced dose limiting toxicities (DLTs), including decreased platelet count (grade 3), increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and cytokine release syndrome (CRS). 4 patients had stable disease (SD) and 8 patients had progressive disease (PD). Interferon gamma (IFNγ) ELIspot data showed that more patients developed a T cell response to virus encoded TYRP1 at higher DLs, and a subset of patients also had a response to other melanoma antigens, including gp100, suggesting epitope spreading. 3 of the patients who responded to additional melanoma antigens were next treated with ICIs, and 2 of these patients experienced durable responses. Discussion Our study found that VSV-IFNβ -TYRP1 can be safely administered via intratumoral (IT) and IV routes in a previously treated population of patients with MUM. Although there were no clear objective radiographic responses to VSV-IFNβ-TYRP1, dose-dependent immunogenicity to TYRP1 and other melanoma antigens was seen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kah-Whye Peng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Jose S. Pulido
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Adam J. Weisbrod
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Carrie A. Strand
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Jacob B. Allred
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Alysha N. Newsom
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Lianwen Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - Timothy Kottke
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Jason M. Tonne
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Madelyn Moore
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Heather N. Montane
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Lisa A. Kottschade
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - Arkadiusz Z. Dudek
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Yiyi Yan
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Anastasios Dimou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - Mark J. Federspiel
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Richard G. Vile
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Roxana S. Dronca
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Matthew S. Block
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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Onnockx S, Baldo A, Pauwels K. Oncolytic Viruses: An Inventory of Shedding Data from Clinical Trials and Elements for the Environmental Risk Assessment. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1448. [PMID: 37766125 PMCID: PMC10535390 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11091448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Attenuated and/or genetically modified oncolytic viruses (OV) gain increasing interest as a promising approach for cancer therapy. Beside the assessment of subject safety, quality and efficacy aspects of medicinal products for human use, genetically modified viruses are also governed by EU regulatory frameworks requiring an environmental risk assessment (ERA). An important element to be assessed as part of the ERA is the incidence of exposure to OV of individuals, other than the trial subjects, and the environment. The evidence-based evaluation of shedding data is considered to be decisive in that context, as it may impact the OV capacity to be transmitted. This is particularly true for OV still able to (conditionally) replicate as opposed to replication-defective viral vectors commonly used in gene therapy or vaccination. To our knowledge, this article presents the most extensive and up-to-date review of shedding data reported with OV employed in clinics. Besides the identification of a topical need for improving the collection of shedding data, this article aims at providing an aid to the design of an appropriate shedding study, thereby relying on and further complementing principles described in existing guidelines issued by European and international institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheela Onnockx
- Sciensano, Service Biosafety and Biotechnology, Rue Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (A.B.); (K.P.)
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Webb MJ, Kottke T, Kendall BL, Swanson J, Uzendu C, Tonne J, Thompson J, Metko M, Moore M, Borad M, Roberts L, Diaz RM, Olin M, Borgatti A, Vile R. Trap and ambush therapy using sequential primary and tumor escape-selective oncolytic viruses. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2023; 29:129-142. [PMID: 37313455 PMCID: PMC10258242 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2023.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In multiple models of oncolytic virotherapy, it is common to see an early anti-tumor response followed by recurrence. We have previously shown that frontline treatment with oncolytic VSV-IFN-β induces APOBEC proteins, promoting the selection of specific mutations that allow tumor escape. Of these mutations in B16 melanoma escape (ESC) cells, a C-T point mutation in the cold shock domain-containing E1 (CSDE1) gene was present at the highest frequency, which could be used to ambush ESC cells by vaccination with the mutant CSDE1 expressed within the virus. Here, we show that the evolution of viral ESC tumor cells harboring the escape-promoting CSDE1C-T mutation can also be exploited by a virological ambush. By sequential delivery of two oncolytic VSVs in vivo, tumors which would otherwise escape VSV-IFN-β oncolytic virotherapy could be cured. This also facilitated the priming of anti-tumor T cell responses, which could be further exploited using immune checkpoint blockade with the CD200 activation receptor ligand (CD200AR-L) peptide. Our findings here are significant in that they offer the possibility to develop oncolytic viruses as highly specific, escape-targeting viro-immunotherapeutic agents to be used in conjunction with recurrence of tumors following multiple different types of frontline cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason J. Webb
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Timothy Kottke
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Jack Swanson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Chisom Uzendu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jason Tonne
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jill Thompson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Muriel Metko
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Madelyn Moore
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Mitesh Borad
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Lewis Roberts
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Rosa M. Diaz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Michael Olin
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Antonella Borgatti
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Clinical Investigation Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Richard Vile
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Nagalo BM, Zhou Y, Loeuillard EJ, Dumbauld C, Barro O, Elliott NM, Baker AT, Arora M, Bogenberger JM, Meurice N, Petit J, Uson PLS, Aslam F, Raupach E, Gabere M, Basnakian A, Simoes CC, Cannon MJ, Post SR, Buetow K, Chamcheu JC, Barrett MT, Duda DG, Jacobs B, Vile R, Barry MA, Roberts LR, Ilyas S, Borad MJ. Characterization of Morreton virus as an oncolytic virotherapy platform for liver cancers. Hepatology 2023; 77:1943-1957. [PMID: 36052732 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Morreton virus (MORV) is an oncolytic Vesiculovirus , genetically distinct from vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). AIM To report that MORV induced potent cytopathic effects (CPEs) in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in vitro models. APPROACH AND RESULTS In preliminary safety analyses, high intranasal doses (up to 10 10 50% tissue culture infectious dose [TCID 50 ]) of MORV were not associated with significant adverse effects in immune competent, non-tumor-bearing mice. MORV was shown to be efficacious in a Hep3B hepatocellular cancer xenograft model but not in a CCA xenograft HuCCT1 model. In an immune competent, syngeneic murine CCA model, single intratumoral treatments with MORV (1 × 10 7 TCID 50 ) triggered a robust antitumor immune response leading to substantial tumor regression and disease control at a dose 10-fold lower than VSV (1 × 10 8 TCID 50 ). MORV led to increased CD8 + cytotoxic T cells without compensatory increases in tumor-associated macrophages and granulocytic or monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that wild-type MORV is safe and can induce potent tumor regression via immune-mediated and immune-independent mechanisms in HCC and CCA animal models without dose limiting adverse events. These data warrant further development and clinical translation of MORV as an oncolytic virotherapy platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolni Marius Nagalo
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
- Department of Pathology , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
- The Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
| | - Yumei Zhou
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology , Mayo Clinic , Phoenix , Arizona , USA
| | - Emilien J Loeuillard
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
| | - Chelsae Dumbauld
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology , Mayo Clinic , Phoenix , Arizona , USA
| | - Oumar Barro
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology , Mayo Clinic , Phoenix , Arizona , USA
| | - Natalie M Elliott
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology , Mayo Clinic , Phoenix , Arizona , USA
| | - Alexander T Baker
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology , Mayo Clinic , Phoenix , Arizona , USA
| | - Mansi Arora
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology , Mayo Clinic , Phoenix , Arizona , USA
| | - James M Bogenberger
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology , Mayo Clinic , Phoenix , Arizona , USA
| | - Nathalie Meurice
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology , Mayo Clinic , Phoenix , Arizona , USA
| | - Joachim Petit
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology , Mayo Clinic , Phoenix , Arizona , USA
| | - Pedro Luiz Serrano Uson
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology , Mayo Clinic , Phoenix , Arizona , USA
- Center for Personalized Medicine , Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Faaiq Aslam
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology , Mayo Clinic , Phoenix , Arizona , USA
| | - Elizabeth Raupach
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology , Mayo Clinic , Phoenix , Arizona , USA
| | - Musa Gabere
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology , Mayo Clinic , Phoenix , Arizona , USA
| | - Alexei Basnakian
- Department of Pathology , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
| | - Camila C Simoes
- Department of Pathology , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
- The Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
| | - Martin J Cannon
- The Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
| | - Steven R Post
- Department of Pathology , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
- The Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
| | - Kenneth Buetow
- Computational Sciences and Informatics Program for Complex Adaptive System Arizona State University , Tempe , Arizona , USA
| | - Jean Christopher Chamcheu
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana , Monroe , Louisiana , USA
| | - Michael T Barrett
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology , Mayo Clinic , Phoenix , Arizona , USA
| | - Dan G Duda
- Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology , Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Bertram Jacobs
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology , the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University , Tempe , Arizona , USA
| | - Richard Vile
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
- Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center , Phoenix , Minnesota , USA
| | - Michael A Barry
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
- Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center , Phoenix , Minnesota , USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Mayo Clinic Rochester , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
| | - Lewis R Roberts
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
| | - Sumera Ilyas
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
| | - Mitesh J Borad
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology , Mayo Clinic , Phoenix , Arizona , USA
- Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center , Phoenix , Minnesota , USA
- Mayo Clinic Center for Individualized Medicine , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
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10
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Brown M. Engaging Pattern Recognition Receptors in Solid Tumors to Generate Systemic Antitumor Immunity. Cancer Treat Res 2022; 183:91-129. [PMID: 35551657 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-96376-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Malignant tumors frequently exploit innate immunity to evade immune surveillance. The priming, function, and polarization of antitumor immunity fundamentally depends upon context provided by the innate immune system, particularly antigen presenting cells. Such context is determined in large part by sensing of pathogen specific and damage associated features by pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs). PRR activation induces the delivery of T cell priming cues (e.g. chemokines, co-stimulatory ligands, and cytokines) from antigen presenting cells, playing a decisive role in the cancer immunity cycle. Indeed, endogenous PRR activation within the tumor microenvironment (TME) has been shown to generate spontaneous antitumor T cell immunity, e.g., cGAS-STING mediated activation of antigen presenting cells after release of DNA from dying tumor cells. Thus, instigating intratumor PRR activation, particularly with the goal of generating Th1-promoting inflammation that stokes endogenous priming of antitumor CD8+ T cells, is a growing area of clinical investigation. This approach is analogous to in situ vaccination, ultimately providing a personalized antitumor response against relevant tumor associated antigens. Here I discuss clinical stage intratumor modalities that function via activation of PRRs. These approaches are being tested in various solid tumor contexts including melanoma, colorectal cancer, glioblastoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, bladder cancer, and pancreatic cancer. Their mechanism (s) of action relative to other immunotherapy approaches (e.g., antigen-defined cancer vaccines, CAR T cells, dendritic cell vaccines, and immune checkpoint blockade), as well as their potential to complement these approaches are also discussed. Examples to be reviewed include TLR agonists, STING agonists, RIG-I agonists, and attenuated or engineered viruses and bacterium. I also review common key requirements for effective in situ immune activation, discuss differences between various strategies inclusive of mechanisms that may ultimately limit or preclude antitumor efficacy, and provide a summary of relevant clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Brown
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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11
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Tian Y, Xie D, Yang L. Engineering strategies to enhance oncolytic viruses in cancer immunotherapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:117. [PMID: 35387984 PMCID: PMC8987060 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00951-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are emerging as potentially useful platforms in treatment methods for patients with tumors. They preferentially target and kill tumor cells, leaving healthy cells unharmed. In addition to direct oncolysis, the essential and attractive aspect of oncolytic virotherapy is based on the intrinsic induction of both innate and adaptive immune responses. To further augment this efficacious response, OVs have been genetically engineered to express immune regulators that enhance or restore antitumor immunity. Recently, combinations of OVs with other immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), antigen-specific T-cell receptors (TCRs) and autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), have led to promising progress in cancer treatment. This review summarizes the intrinsic mechanisms of OVs, describes the optimization strategies for using armed OVs to enhance the effects of antitumor immunity and highlights rational combinations of OVs with other immunotherapies in recent preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaomei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Section 3, South Renmin Road, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, No. 519, Huixing Road, 643000, Zigong, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Daoyuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Section 3, South Renmin Road, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Section 3, South Renmin Road, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Tang S, Shi L, Luker BT, Mickler C, Suresh B, Lesinski GB, Fan D, Liu Y, Luo M. Modulation of the tumor microenvironment by armed vesicular stomatitis virus in a syngeneic pancreatic cancer model. Virol J 2022; 19:32. [PMID: 35197076 PMCID: PMC8867845 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01757-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The immunosuppressive microenvironment in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a major factor that limits the benefits of immunotherapy, especially immune checkpoint blockade. One viable strategy for reverting the immunosuppressive conditions is the use of an oncolytic virus (OV) in combination with other immunotherapy approaches. Infection of PDAC cells with a robust OV can change the tumor microenvironment and increase tumor antigen release by its lytic activities. These changes in the tumor may improve responses to immunotherapy, including immune checkpoint blockade. However, a more potent OV may be required for efficiently infecting pancreatic tumors that may be resistant to OV. Methods Vesicular stomatitis virus, a rapid replicating OV, was armed to express the Smac protein during virus infection (VSV-S). Adaptation by limited dilution largely increased the selective infection of pancreatic cancer cells by VSV-S. The engineered OV was propagated to a large quantity and evaluated for their antitumor activities in an animal model. Results In a syngeneic KPC model, intratumoral injection of VSV-S inhibited tumor growth, and induced increasing tumor infiltration of neutrophils and elimination of myeloid derived suppressor cells and macrophages in the tumor. More importantly, M2-like macrophages were eliminated preferentially over those with an M1 phenotype. Reduced levels of arginase 1, TGF-β and IL-10 in the tumor also provided evidence for reversion of the immunosuppressive conditions by VSV-S infection. In several cases, tumors were completely cleared by VSV-S treatment, especially when combined with anti-PD-1 therapy. A long-term survival of 44% was achieved. Conclusions The improved OV, VSV-S, was shown to drastically alter the immune suppressive tumor microenvironment when intratumorally injected. Our results suggest that the combination of potent OV treatment with immune checkpoint blockade may be a promising strategy to treat pancreatic cancer more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Tang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA
| | - Breona T Luker
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA
| | - Channen Mickler
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA
| | - Bhavana Suresh
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA
| | - Gregory B Lesinski
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Daping Fan
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA.,Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA
| | - Ming Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA. .,Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA.
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13
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Mukesh RK, Kalam AA, Nag J, Jaikumar VS, Kunnakkadan U, Kumar NA, Suma SM, Rajavelu A, Johnson JB. Chandipura virus induces cell death in cancer cell lines of human origin and promotes tumor regression in vivo. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2021; 23:254-265. [PMID: 34761105 PMCID: PMC8554107 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chandipura virus (CHPV) is an emerging human pathogen of great clinical significance. In this study, we have investigated the susceptibility pattern of both normal and cancer cell lines of human origin to wild-type (wt) CHPV in order to explore the possibility of developing CHPV as an oncolytic vector (OV). Marked cytopathic effect along with enhanced virus output was observed in cancer cell lines (HeLa, A549, U-138, PC-3, and HepG2) in comparison to normal human adult dermal fibroblast (HADF) cells. At an MOI of 0.1, cancer cell lines were differentially susceptible to CHPV, with cells like HeLa and U-138 having pronounced cell death, while the PC-3 were comparatively resistant. All cell lines used in the study except U-138 restricted CHPV infection to varying degrees with IFN-β pre-treatment and supplementation of interferon (IFN) could neither activate the IFN signaling pathway in U-138 cells. Finally, U-138 tumor xenografts established in non-obese diabetic severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice showed significant delay in tumor growth in the CHPV-challenged animals. Thus, targeted cytopathic effect in cancer cells at a very low dose with restricted replication in normal cells offers a rationale to exploit CHPV as an oncolytic vector in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Koolaparambil Mukesh
- Pathogen Biology, Virology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Azeem Abdul Kalam
- Pathogen Biology, Virology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India
| | - Joydeep Nag
- Pathogen Biology, Virology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Vishnu Sunil Jaikumar
- Animal Research Facility, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India
| | - Umerali Kunnakkadan
- Pathogen Biology, Virology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram 695581, Kerala, India
| | - Nisha Asok Kumar
- Pathogen Biology, Virology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Arumugam Rajavelu
- Pathogen Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India
| | - John Bernet Johnson
- Pathogen Biology, Virology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India
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14
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Abd-Aziz N, Poh CL. Development of oncolytic viruses for cancer therapy. Transl Res 2021; 237:98-123. [PMID: 33905949 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is a therapeutic approach that uses replication-competent viruses to kill cancers. The ability of oncolytic viruses to selectively replicate in cancer cells leads to direct cell lysis and induction of anticancer immune response. Like other anticancer therapies, oncolytic virotherapy has several limitations such as viral delivery to the target, penetration into the tumor mass, and antiviral immune responses. This review provides an insight into the different characteristics of oncolytic viruses (natural and genetically modified) that contribute to effective applications of oncolytic virotherapy in preclinical and clinical trials, and strategies to overcome the limitations. The potential of oncolytic virotherapy combining with other conventional treatments or cancer immunotherapies involving immune checkpoint inhibitors and CAR-T therapy could form part of future multimodality treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noraini Abd-Aziz
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research (CVVR), School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research (CVVR), School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
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15
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Kottke T, Tonne J, Evgin L, Driscoll CB, van Vloten J, Jennings VA, Huff AL, Zell B, Thompson JM, Wongthida P, Pulido J, Schuelke MR, Samson A, Selby P, Ilett E, McNiven M, Roberts LR, Borad MJ, Pandha H, Harrington K, Melcher A, Vile RG. Oncolytic virotherapy induced CSDE1 neo-antigenesis restricts VSV replication but can be targeted by immunotherapy. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1930. [PMID: 33772027 PMCID: PMC7997928 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22115-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In our clinical trials of oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus expressing interferon beta (VSV-IFNβ), several patients achieved initial responses followed by aggressive relapse. We show here that VSV-IFNβ-escape tumors predictably express a point-mutated CSDE1P5S form of the RNA-binding Cold Shock Domain-containing E1 protein, which promotes escape as an inhibitor of VSV replication by disrupting viral transcription. Given time, VSV-IFNβ evolves a compensatory mutation in the P/M Inter-Genic Region which rescues replication in CSDE1P5S cells. These data show that CSDE1 is a major cellular co-factor for VSV replication. However, CSDE1P5S also generates a neo-epitope recognized by non-tolerized T cells. We exploit this predictable neo-antigenesis to drive, and trap, tumors into an escape phenotype, which can be ambushed by vaccination against CSDE1P5S, preventing tumor escape. Combining frontline therapy with escape-targeting immunotherapy will be applicable across multiple therapies which drive tumor mutation/evolution and simultaneously generate novel, targetable immunopeptidomes associated with acquired treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Kottke
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jason Tonne
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Laura Evgin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Jacob van Vloten
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Victoria A Jennings
- Chester Beatty Laboratories, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Amanda L Huff
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Brady Zell
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jill M Thompson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Jose Pulido
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Adel Samson
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Peter Selby
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Elizabeth Ilett
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Mark McNiven
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lewis R Roberts
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mitesh J Borad
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Hardev Pandha
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Kevin Harrington
- Chester Beatty Laboratories, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Alan Melcher
- Chester Beatty Laboratories, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Richard G Vile
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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16
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Jamieson TR, Poutou J, Ilkow CS. Redirecting oncolytic viruses: Engineering opportunists to take control of the tumour microenvironment. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 56:102-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Nagalo BM, Breton CA, Zhou Y, Arora M, Bogenberger JM, Barro O, Steele MB, Jenks NJ, Baker AT, Duda DG, Roberts LR, Russell SJ, Peng KW, Borad MJ. Oncolytic Virus with Attributes of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus and Measles Virus in Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancers. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2020; 18:546-555. [PMID: 32839735 PMCID: PMC7437509 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-fusion and hemagglutinin (FH) was developed by substituting the promiscuous VSV-G glycoprotein (G) gene in the backbone of VSV with genes encoding for the measles virus envelope proteins F and H. Hybrid VSV-FH exhibited a multifaceted mechanism of cancer-cell killing and improved neurotolerability over parental VSV in preclinical studies. In this study, we evaluated VSV-FH in vitro and in vivo in models of hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers. Our results indicate that high intrahepatic doses of VSV-FH did not result in any significant toxicity and were well tolerated by transgenic mice expressing the measles virus receptor CD46. Furthermore, a single intratumoral treatment with VSV-FH yielded improved survival and complete tumor regressions in a proportion of mice in the Hep3B hepatocellular carcinoma model but not in mice xenografted with BxPC-3 pancreatic cancer cells. Our preliminary findings indicate that VSV-FH can induce potent oncolysis in hepatocellular and pancreatic cancer cell lines with concordant results in vivo in hepatocellular cancer and discordant in pancreatic cancer without the VSV-mediated toxic effects previously observed in laboratory animals. Further study of VSV-FH as an oncolytic virotherapy is warranted in hepatocellular carcinoma and pancreatic cancer to understand broader applicability and mechanisms of sensitivity and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolni Marius Nagalo
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Yumei Zhou
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Mansi Arora
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - James M Bogenberger
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Oumar Barro
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Michael B Steele
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Nathan J Jenks
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Alexander T Baker
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Dan G Duda
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lewis Rowland Roberts
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stephen J Russell
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kah Whye Peng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mitesh J Borad
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Mayo Clinic Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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18
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Evgin L, Huff AL, Wongthida P, Thompson J, Kottke T, Tonne J, Schuelke M, Ayasoufi K, Driscoll CB, Shim KG, Reynolds P, Monie DD, Johnson AJ, Coffey M, Young SL, Archer G, Sampson J, Pulido J, Perez LS, Vile R. Oncolytic virus-derived type I interferon restricts CAR T cell therapy. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3187. [PMID: 32581235 PMCID: PMC7314766 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17011-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of adoptive T cell therapies, including those using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells, to solid tumors requires combinatorial strategies to overcome immune suppression associated with the tumor microenvironment. Here we test whether the inflammatory nature of oncolytic viruses and their ability to remodel the tumor microenvironment may help to recruit and potentiate the functionality of CAR T cells. Contrary to our hypothesis, VSVmIFNβ infection is associated with attrition of murine EGFRvIII CAR T cells in a B16EGFRvIII model, despite inducing a robust proinflammatory shift in the chemokine profile. Mechanistically, type I interferon (IFN) expressed following infection promotes apoptosis, activation, and inhibitory receptor expression, and interferon-insensitive CAR T cells enable combinatorial therapy with VSVmIFNβ. Our study uncovers an unexpected mechanism of therapeutic interference, and prompts further investigation into the interaction between CAR T cells and oncolytic viruses to optimize combination therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chemokines/metabolism
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Female
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Interferon-beta/genetics
- Interferon-beta/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Oncolytic Virotherapy
- Oncolytic Viruses/genetics
- Oncolytic Viruses/metabolism
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Evgin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amanda L Huff
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Jill Thompson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tim Kottke
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jason Tonne
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kevin G Shim
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Pierce Reynolds
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Dileep D Monie
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Matt Coffey
- Oncolytics Biotech Incorporated, Calgary, Canada
| | - Sarah L Young
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Gary Archer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - John Sampson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jose Pulido
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Richard Vile
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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19
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Kurokawa C, Iankov ID, Anderson SK, Aderca I, Leontovich AA, Maurer MJ, Oberg AL, Schroeder MA, Giannini C, Greiner SM, Becker MA, Thompson EA, Haluska P, Jentoft ME, Parney IF, Weroha SJ, Jen J, Sarkaria JN, Galanis E. Constitutive Interferon Pathway Activation in Tumors as an Efficacy Determinant Following Oncolytic Virotherapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 2019; 110:1123-1132. [PMID: 29788332 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djy033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Attenuated measles virus (MV) strains are promising agents currently being tested against solid tumors or hematologic malignancies in ongoing phase I and II clinical trials; factors determining oncolytic virotherapy success remain poorly understood, however. Methods We performed RNA sequencing and gene set enrichment analysis to identify pathways differentially activated in MV-resistant (n = 3) and -permissive (n = 2) tumors derived from resected human glioblastoma (GBM) specimens and propagated as xenografts (PDX). Using a unique gene signature we identified, we generated a diagonal linear discriminant analysis (DLDA) classification algorithm to predict MV responders and nonresponders, which was validated in additional randomly selected GBM and ovarian cancer PDX and 10 GBM patients treated with MV in a phase I trial. GBM PDX lines were also treated with the US Food and Drug Administration-approved JAK inhibitor, ruxolitinib, for 48 hours prior to MV infection and virus production, STAT1/3 signaling and interferon stimulated gene expression was assessed. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results Constitutive interferon pathway activation, as reflected in the DLDA algorithm, was identified as the key determinant for MV replication, independent of virus receptor expression, in MV-permissive and -resistant GBM PDXs. Using these lines as the training data for the DLDA algorithm, we confirmed the accuracy of our algorithm in predicting MV response in randomly selected GBM PDX ovarian cancer PDXs. Using the DLDA prediction algorithm, we demonstrate that virus replication in patient tumors is inversely correlated with expression of this resistance gene signature (ρ = -0.717, P = .03). In vitro inhibition of the interferon response pathway with the JAK inhibitor ruxolitinib was able to overcome resistance and increase virus production (1000-fold, P = .03) in GBM PDX lines. Conclusions These findings document a key mechanism of tumor resistance to oncolytic MV therapy and describe for the first time the development of a prediction algorithm to preselect for oncolytic treatment or combinatorial strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheyne Kurokawa
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Ianko D Iankov
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - S Keith Anderson
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Ileana Aderca
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Matthew J Maurer
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Ann L Oberg
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Caterina Giannini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Marc A Becker
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - E Aubrey Thompson
- Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Paul Haluska
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Mark E Jentoft
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Ian F Parney
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - S John Weroha
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Jin Jen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.,Genome Analysis Core, Medical Genome Facility, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Evanthia Galanis
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.,Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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20
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Wang Y, Zhou X, Wu Z, Hu H, Jin J, Hu Y, Dong Y, Zou J, Mao Z, Shi X, Huo Y, Lyu J, Fang Z, Zhang W, Zhu Y, Li B, Liu B. Preclinical Safety Evaluation of Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2. Hum Gene Ther 2019; 30:651-660. [PMID: 30499341 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2018.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is a new and safe therapeutic strategy based on the inherent cytotoxicity of oncolytic viruses and their ability to replicate and spread within tumors in a selective manner. In a previous study, a new type of oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 2 (oHSV-2, named OH2) was constructed to treat human cancers. That study demonstrated that OH2 is genetically and biologically stable. Its antitumor activity was maintained, even after passaging the virus for >20 generations. To advance OH2 into a clinical trial, a systematic preclinical safety evaluation was performed, which included: an acute toxicity test of OH2 in BALB/c mice; repeated dose toxicity tests of OH2 in BALB/c mice and cynomolgus monkeys; and biodistribution assays of OH2 in BALB/c mice, tumor-bearing mice, tumor-bearing nude mice, and cynomolgus monkeys. The results of this preclinical safety evaluation of OH2 indicate that OH2 is safe and suitable for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- 1 National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Centre of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobing Zhou
- 2 National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Wu
- 1 National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Centre of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Han Hu
- 1 National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Centre of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Jing Jin
- 1 National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Centre of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Yanping Hu
- 2 National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yuting Dong
- 3 Wuhan Binhui Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Jianwen Zou
- 3 Wuhan Binhui Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Zeyong Mao
- 3 Wuhan Binhui Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xiaotai Shi
- 3 Wuhan Binhui Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Yan Huo
- 2 National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jianjun Lyu
- 2 National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhizheng Fang
- 3 Wuhan Binhui Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Wen Zhang
- 4 National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Pekin Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yujie Zhu
- 4 National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Pekin Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Bo Li
- 2 National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Binlei Liu
- 1 National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Centre of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.,3 Wuhan Binhui Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Wuhan, P.R. China
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21
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Sánchez D, Cesarman-Maus G, Amador-Molina A, Lizano M. Oncolytic Viruses for Canine Cancer Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10110404. [PMID: 30373251 PMCID: PMC6266482 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10110404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy has been investigated for several decades and is emerging as a plausible biological therapy with several ongoing clinical trials and two viruses are now approved for cancer treatment in humans. The direct cytotoxicity and immune-stimulatory effects make oncolytic viruses an interesting strategy for cancer treatment. In this review, we summarize the results of in vitro and in vivo published studies of oncolytic viruses in different phases of evaluation in dogs, using PubMed and Google scholar as search platforms, without time restrictions (to date). Natural and genetically modified oncolytic viruses were evaluated with some encouraging results. The most studied viruses to date are the reovirus, myxoma virus, and vaccinia, tested mostly in solid tumors such as osteosarcomas, mammary gland tumors, soft tissue sarcomas, and mastocytomas. Although the results are promising, there are issues that need addressing such as ensuring tumor specificity, developing optimal dosing, circumventing preexisting antibodies from previous exposure or the development of antibodies during treatment, and assuring a reasonable safety profile, all of which are required in order to make this approach a successful therapy in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Sánchez
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Gabriela Cesarman-Maus
- Department of Hematology, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Alfredo Amador-Molina
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Marcela Lizano
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
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22
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Suksanpaisan L, Xu R, Tesfay MZ, Bomidi C, Hamm S, Vandergaast R, Jenks N, Steele MB, Ota-Setlik A, Akhtar H, Luckay A, Nowak R, Peng KW, Eldridge JH, Clarke DK, Russell SJ, Diaz RM. Preclinical Development of Oncolytic Immunovirotherapy for Treatment of HPV POS Cancers. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2018; 10:1-13. [PMID: 29998190 PMCID: PMC6037044 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy for HPVPOS malignancies is attractive because well-defined, viral, non-self tumor antigens exist as targets. Several approaches to vaccinate therapeutically against HPV E6 and E7 antigens have been adopted, including viral platforms such as VSV. A major advantage of VSV expressing these antigens is that VSV also acts as an oncolytic virus, leading to direct tumor cell killing and induction of effective anti-E6 and anti-E7 T cell responses. We have also shown that addition of immune adjuvant genes, such as IFNβ, further enhances safety and/or efficacy of VSV-based oncolytic immunovirotherapies. However, multiple designs of the viral vector are possible—with respect to levels of immunogen expression and method of virus attenuation—and optimal designs have not previously been tested head-to-head. Here, we tested three different VSV engineered to express a non-oncogenic HPV16 E7/6 fusion protein for their immunotherapeutic and oncolytic properties. We assessed their profiles of efficacy and toxicity against HPVPOS and HPVNEG murine tumor models and determined the optimal route of administration. Our data show that VSV is an excellent platform for the oncolytic immunovirotherapy of tumors expressing HPV target antigens, combining a balance of efficacy and safety suitable for evaluation in a first-in-human clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rong Xu
- Profectus Biosciences, Inc., Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
| | | | | | - Stefan Hamm
- Profectus Biosciences, Inc., Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
| | | | - Nathan Jenks
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Michael B Steele
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Hinna Akhtar
- Profectus Biosciences, Inc., Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
| | - Amara Luckay
- Profectus Biosciences, Inc., Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
| | - Rebecca Nowak
- Profectus Biosciences, Inc., Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
| | - Kah Whye Peng
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Vyriad, Inc., Rochester, MN 55902, USA.,Deparment of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | | | - Stephen J Russell
- Vyriad, Inc., Rochester, MN 55902, USA.,Deparment of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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23
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Yokoda R, Nagalo BM, Arora M, Egan JB, Bogenberger JM, DeLeon TT, Zhou Y, Ahn DH, Borad MJ. Oncolytic virotherapy in upper gastrointestinal tract cancers. Oncolytic Virother 2018; 7:13-24. [PMID: 29616200 PMCID: PMC5870634 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s161397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Upper gastrointestinal tract malignancies are among the most challenging cancers with regard to response to treatment and prognosis. Cancers of the esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, and biliary tree have dismal 5-year survival, and very modest improvements in this rate have been made in recent times. Oncolytic viruses are being developed to address these malignancies, with a focus on high safety profiles and low off-target toxicities. Each viral platform has evolved to enhance oncolytic potency and the clinical response to either single-agent viral therapy or combined viral treatment with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. A panel of genomic alterations, chimeric proteins, and pseudotyped capsids are the breakthroughs for vector success. This article revisits developments for each viral platform to each tumor type, in an attempt to achieve maximum tumor selectivity. From the bench to clinical trials, the scope of this review is to highlight the beginnings of translational oncolytic virotherapy research in upper gastrointestinal tract malignancies and provide a bioengineering perspective of the most promising platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Yokoda
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Bolni M Nagalo
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Mansi Arora
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Jan B Egan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - James M Bogenberger
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Thomas T DeLeon
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Yumei Zhou
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Daniel H Ahn
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Mitesh J Borad
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.,Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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24
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Felt SA, Grdzelishvili VZ. Recent advances in vesicular stomatitis virus-based oncolytic virotherapy: a 5-year update. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2895-2911. [PMID: 29143726 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virus (OV) therapy is an anti-cancer approach that uses viruses that preferentially infect, replicate in and kill cancer cells. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV, a rhabdovirus) is an OV that is currently being tested in the USA in several phase I clinical trials against different malignancies. Several factors make VSV a promising OV: lack of pre-existing human immunity against VSV, a small and easy to manipulate genome, cytoplasmic replication without risk of host cell transformation, independence of cell cycle and rapid growth to high titres in a broad range of cell lines facilitating large-scale virus production. While significant advances have been made in VSV-based OV therapy, room for improvement remains. Here we review recent studies (published in the last 5 years) that address 'old' and 'new' challenges of VSV-based OV therapy. These studies focused on improving VSV safety, oncoselectivity and oncotoxicity; breaking resistance of some cancers to VSV; preventing premature clearance of VSV; and stimulating tumour-specific immunity. Many of these approaches were based on combining VSV with other therapeutics. This review also discusses another rhabdovirus closely related to VSV, Maraba virus, which is currently being tested in Canada in phase I/II clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien A Felt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Valery Z Grdzelishvili
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
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25
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Fountzilas C, Patel S, Mahalingam D. Review: Oncolytic virotherapy, updates and future directions. Oncotarget 2017; 8:102617-102639. [PMID: 29254276 PMCID: PMC5731986 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are viral strains that can infect and kill malignant cells while spare their normal counterparts. OVs can access cells through binding to receptors on their surface or through fusion with the plasma membrane and establish a lytic cycle in tumors, while leaving normal tissue essentially unharmed. Multiple viruses have been investigated in humans for the past century. IMLYGIC™ (T-VEC/Talimogene Laherparepvec), a genetically engineered Herpes Simplex Virus, is the first OV approved for use in the United States and the European Union for patients with locally advanced or non-resectable melanoma. Although OVs have a favorable toxicity profile and are impressively active anticancer agents in vitro and in vivo the majority of OVs have limited clinical efficacy as a single agent. While a virus-induced antitumor immune response can enhance oncolysis, when OVs are used systemically, the antiviral immune response can prevent the virus reaching the tumor tissue and having a therapeutic effect. Intratumoral administration can provide direct access to tumor tissue and be beneficial in reducing side effects. Immune checkpoint stimulation in tumor tissue has been noted after OV therapy and can be a natural response to viral-induced oncolysis. Also for immune checkpoint inhibition to be effective in treating cancer, an immune response to tumor neoantigens and an inflamed tumor microenvironment are required, both of which treatment with an OV may provide. Therefore, direct and indirect mechanisms of tumor killing provide rationale for clinical trials investigating the combination of OVs other forms of cancer therapy, including immune checkpoint inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Fountzilas
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sukeshi Patel
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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26
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Zhang L, Steele MB, Jenks N, Grell J, Suksanpaisan L, Naik S, Federspiel MJ, Lacy MQ, Russell SJ, Peng KW. Safety Studies in Tumor and Non-Tumor-Bearing Mice in Support of Clinical Trials Using Oncolytic VSV-IFNβ-NIS. HUM GENE THER CL DEV 2017; 27:111-22. [PMID: 27532609 DOI: 10.1089/humc.2016.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic VSV-IFNβ-NIS is selectively destructive to tumors. Here, we present the IND enabling preclinical rodent studies in support of clinical testing of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) as a systemic therapy. Efficacy studies showed dose-dependent tumor regression in C57BL/KaLwRij mice bearing syngeneic 5TGM1 plasmacytomas after systemic VSV administration. In contrast, the virus was effective at all doses tested against human KAS6/1 xenografts in SCID mice. Intravenous administration of VSV-mIFNβ-NIS is well tolerated in C57BL/6 mice up to 5 × 10(10) TCID50 (50% tissue culture infective dose)/kg with no neurovirulence, no cytokine storm, and no abnormalities in tissues. Dose-limiting toxicities included elevated transaminases, thrombocytopenia, and lymphopenia. Inactivated viral particles did not cause hepatic toxicity. Intravenously administered VSV was preferentially sequestered by macrophages in the spleen and liver. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis for total viral RNA on days 2, 7, 21, and 58 showed highest VSV RNA in day 2 samples; highest in spleen, liver, lung, lymph node, kidney, gonad, and bone marrow. No infectious virus was recovered from tissues at any time point. The no observable adverse event level and maximum tolerated dose of VSV-mIFNβ-NIS in C57BL/6 mice are 10(10) TCID50/kg and 5 × 10(10) TCID50/kg, respectively. Clinical translation of VSV-IFNβ-NIS is underway in companion dogs with cancer and in human patients with relapsed hematological malignancies and endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianwen Zhang
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Michael B Steele
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota.,2 Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Nathan Jenks
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota.,2 Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jacquelyn Grell
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota.,2 Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Shruthi Naik
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Mark J Federspiel
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota.,4 Viral Vector Production Laboratory, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Martha Q Lacy
- 5 Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Stephen J Russell
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota.,5 Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kah-Whye Peng
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota.,2 Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
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27
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Masemann D, Boergeling Y, Ludwig S. Employing RNA viruses to fight cancer: novel insights into oncolytic virotherapy. Biol Chem 2017; 398:891-909. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Within recent decades, viruses that specifically target tumor cells have emerged as novel therapeutic agents against cancer. These viruses do not only act via their cell-lytic properties, but also harbor immunostimulatory features to re-direct the tumor microenvironment and stimulate tumor-directed immune responses. Furthermore, oncolytic viruses are considered to be superior to classical cancer therapies due to higher selectivity towards tumor cell destruction and, consequently, less collateral damage of non-transformed healthy tissue. In particular, the field of oncolytic RNA viruses is rapidly developing since these agents possess alternative tumor-targeting strategies compared to established oncolytic DNA viruses. Thus, oncolytic RNA viruses have broadened the field of virotherapy facilitating new strategies to fight cancer. In addition to several naturally occurring oncolytic viruses, genetically modified RNA viruses that are armed to express foreign factors such as immunostimulatory molecules have been successfully tested in early clinical trials showing promising efficacy. This review aims to provide an overview of the most promising RNA viruses in clinical development, to summarize the current knowledge of clinical trials using these viral agents, and to discuss the main issues as well as future perspectives of clinical approaches using oncolytic RNA viruses.
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28
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Orzechowska BU, Jędryka M, Zwolińska K, Matkowski R. VSV based virotherapy in ovarian cancer: the past, the present and …future? J Cancer 2017; 8:2369-2383. [PMID: 28819441 PMCID: PMC5560156 DOI: 10.7150/jca.19473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The standard approach to treating patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) after primary debulking surgery remains taxane and platinum-based chemotherapy. Despite treatment with this strategy, the vast majority of patients relapse and develop drug-resistant metastatic disease that may be driven by cancer stem cells (CSCs) or cancer initiating cells (CICs). Oncolytic viruses circumvent typical drug-resistance mechanisms, therefore they may provide a safe and effective alternative treatment for chemotherapy-resistant CSCs/CICs. Among oncolytic viruses vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) has demonstrated oncolysis and preferential replication in cancer cells. In this review, we summarize the recent findings regarding existing knowledge on biology of the ovarian cancer and the role of ovarian CSCs (OCSCs) in tumor dissemination and chemoresistance. In addition we also present an overview of recent advances in ovarian cancer therapies with oncolytic viruses (OV). We focus particularly on key genetic or immune response pathways involved in tumorigenesis in ovarian cancer which facilitate oncolytic activity of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). We highlight the prospects of targeting OCSCs with VSV. The importance of testing an emerging ovarian cancer animal models and ovarian cancer cell culture conditions influencing oncolytic efficacy of VSV is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Urszula Orzechowska
- Laboratory of Virology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Jędryka
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Gynaecological Oncology, Chemotherapy and Department of Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Plac Hirszfelda 12, 53-413 Wrocław, Poland
- Lower Silesian Oncology Centre, Wroclaw, Plac Hirszfelda 12, 53-413 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Zwolińska
- Laboratory of Virology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Matkowski
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Gynaecological Oncology, Chemotherapy and Department of Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Plac Hirszfelda 12, 53-413 Wrocław, Poland
- Lower Silesian Oncology Centre, Wroclaw, Plac Hirszfelda 12, 53-413 Wrocław, Poland
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29
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Ahn DH, Bekaii-Saab T. The Continued Promise and Many Disappointments of Oncolytic Virotherapy in Gastrointestinal Malignancies. Biomedicines 2017; 5:E10. [PMID: 28536353 PMCID: PMC5423495 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy represents a novel therapeutic strategy in the treatment of gastrointestinal malignancies. Oncolytic viruses, including genetically engineered and naturally occurring viruses, can selectively replicate in and induce tumor cell apoptosis without harming normal tissues, thus offering a promising tool in the armamentarium for cancer therapy. While this approach has garnered much interest over the past several decades, there has not been significant headway across various tumor types. The recent approval of talimogene laherparepvec, a second-generation oncolytic herpes simplex virus type-1, for the treatment of metastatic melanoma, confirms the therapeutic potential of oncolytic viral therapy. Herein, we will highlight and review the role of oncolytic viral therapy in gastrointestinal malignancies while discussing its limitations and potential alternative mechanisms to improve its treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Ahn
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 5777 E. Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA.
| | - Tanios Bekaii-Saab
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 5777 E. Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA.
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Melzer MK, Lopez-Martinez A, Altomonte J. Oncolytic Vesicular Stomatitis Virus as a Viro-Immunotherapy: Defeating Cancer with a "Hammer" and "Anvil". Biomedicines 2017; 5:E8. [PMID: 28536351 PMCID: PMC5423493 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses have gained much attention in recent years, due, not only to their ability to selectively replicate in and lyse tumor cells, but to their potential to stimulate antitumor immune responses directed against the tumor. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), a negative-strand RNA virus, is under intense development as an oncolytic virus due to a variety of favorable properties, including its rapid replication kinetics, inherent tumor specificity, and its potential to elicit a broad range of immunomodulatory responses to break immune tolerance in the tumor microenvironment. Based on this powerful platform, a multitude of strategies have been applied to further improve the immune-stimulating potential of VSV and synergize these responses with the direct oncolytic effect. These strategies include: 1. modification of endogenous virus genes to stimulate interferon induction; 2. virus-mediated expression of cytokines or immune-stimulatory molecules to enhance anti-tumor immune responses; 3. vaccination approaches to stimulate adaptive immune responses against a tumor antigen; 4. combination with adoptive immune cell therapy for potentially synergistic therapeutic responses. A summary of these approaches will be presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Karl Melzer
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany.
| | - Arturo Lopez-Martinez
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany.
| | - Jennifer Altomonte
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany.
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Falls T, Roy DG, Bell JC, Bourgeois-Daigneault MC. Murine Tumor Models for Oncolytic Rhabdo-Virotherapy. ILAR J 2017; 57:73-85. [PMID: 27034397 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilv048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The preclinical optimization and validation of novel treatments for cancer therapy requires the use of laboratory animals. Although in vitro experiments using tumor cell lines and ex vivo treatment of patient tumor samples provide a remarkable first-line tool for the initial study of tumoricidal potential, tumor-bearing animals remain the primary option to study delivery, efficacy, and safety of therapies in the context of a complete tumor microenvironment and functional immune system. In this review, we will describe the use of murine tumor models for oncolytic virotherapy using vesicular stomatitis virus. We will discuss studies using immunocompetent and immunodeficient models with respect to toxicity and therapeutic treatments, as well as the various techniques and tools available to study cancer therapy with Rhabdoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Falls
- Theresa Falls is a research technician at the Centre for Innovative Cancer Research at Ottawa Hospital Research Institute in Ottawa, Canada. Dominic Guy Roy is a Ph.D candidate at the Centre for Innovative Cancer Research at Ottawa Hospital Research Institute in Ottawa, Canada, and a Ph.D candidate in the Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology Department at the University of Ottawa in Ottawa, Canada. John Cameron Bell is a senior researcher at the Centre for Innovative Cancer Research at Ottawa Hospital Research Institute in Ottawa, Canada, and professor in the Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology Department at the University of Ottawa in Ottawa, Canada. Marie-Claude Bourgeois-Daigneault is a postdoctoral fellow at the Centre for Innovative Cancer Research at Ottawa Hospital Research Institute in Ottawa, Canada, and a postdoctoral fellow in the Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology Department at the University of Ottawa in Ottawa, Canada
| | - Dominic Guy Roy
- Theresa Falls is a research technician at the Centre for Innovative Cancer Research at Ottawa Hospital Research Institute in Ottawa, Canada. Dominic Guy Roy is a Ph.D candidate at the Centre for Innovative Cancer Research at Ottawa Hospital Research Institute in Ottawa, Canada, and a Ph.D candidate in the Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology Department at the University of Ottawa in Ottawa, Canada. John Cameron Bell is a senior researcher at the Centre for Innovative Cancer Research at Ottawa Hospital Research Institute in Ottawa, Canada, and professor in the Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology Department at the University of Ottawa in Ottawa, Canada. Marie-Claude Bourgeois-Daigneault is a postdoctoral fellow at the Centre for Innovative Cancer Research at Ottawa Hospital Research Institute in Ottawa, Canada, and a postdoctoral fellow in the Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology Department at the University of Ottawa in Ottawa, Canada
| | - John Cameron Bell
- Theresa Falls is a research technician at the Centre for Innovative Cancer Research at Ottawa Hospital Research Institute in Ottawa, Canada. Dominic Guy Roy is a Ph.D candidate at the Centre for Innovative Cancer Research at Ottawa Hospital Research Institute in Ottawa, Canada, and a Ph.D candidate in the Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology Department at the University of Ottawa in Ottawa, Canada. John Cameron Bell is a senior researcher at the Centre for Innovative Cancer Research at Ottawa Hospital Research Institute in Ottawa, Canada, and professor in the Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology Department at the University of Ottawa in Ottawa, Canada. Marie-Claude Bourgeois-Daigneault is a postdoctoral fellow at the Centre for Innovative Cancer Research at Ottawa Hospital Research Institute in Ottawa, Canada, and a postdoctoral fellow in the Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology Department at the University of Ottawa in Ottawa, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Bourgeois-Daigneault
- Theresa Falls is a research technician at the Centre for Innovative Cancer Research at Ottawa Hospital Research Institute in Ottawa, Canada. Dominic Guy Roy is a Ph.D candidate at the Centre for Innovative Cancer Research at Ottawa Hospital Research Institute in Ottawa, Canada, and a Ph.D candidate in the Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology Department at the University of Ottawa in Ottawa, Canada. John Cameron Bell is a senior researcher at the Centre for Innovative Cancer Research at Ottawa Hospital Research Institute in Ottawa, Canada, and professor in the Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology Department at the University of Ottawa in Ottawa, Canada. Marie-Claude Bourgeois-Daigneault is a postdoctoral fellow at the Centre for Innovative Cancer Research at Ottawa Hospital Research Institute in Ottawa, Canada, and a postdoctoral fellow in the Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology Department at the University of Ottawa in Ottawa, Canada
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Robust Oncolytic Virotherapy Induces Tumor Lysis Syndrome and Associated Toxicities in the MPC-11 Plasmacytoma Model. Mol Ther 2016; 24:2109-2117. [PMID: 27669655 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2016.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-selective oncolytic vesicular stomatitis viruses (VSVs) are being evaluated in clinical trials. Here, we report that the MPC-11 murine plasmacytoma model is so extraordinarily susceptible to oncolytic VSVs that a low dose of virus leads to extensive intratumoral viral replication, sustained viremia, intravascular coagulation, and a rapidly fatal tumor lysis syndrome (TLS). Rapid softening, shrinkage and hemorrhagic necrosis of flank tumors was noted within 1-2 days after virus administration, leading to hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, hyperuricemia, increase in plasma cell free DNA, lymphopenia, consumptive coagulopathy, increase in fibrinogen degradation products, decreased liver function tests, dehydration, weight loss, and euthanasia or death after 5-8 days. Secondary viremia was observed but viral replication in normal host tissues was not detected. Toxicity could be mitigated by using VSVs with slowed replication kinetics, and was less marked in animals with smaller flank tumors. The MPC-11 tumor represents an interesting model to further study the complex interplay of robust intratumoral viral replication, tumor lysis, and associated toxicities in cases where tumors are highly responsive to oncolytic virotherapy.
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Patel MR, Jacobson BA, Ji Y, Drees J, Tang S, Xiong K, Wang H, Prigge JE, Dash AS, Kratzke AK, Mesev E, Etchison R, Federspiel MJ, Russell SJ, Kratzke RA. Vesicular stomatitis virus expressing interferon-β is oncolytic and promotes antitumor immune responses in a syngeneic murine model of non-small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:33165-77. [PMID: 26431376 PMCID: PMC4741756 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a potent oncolytic virus for many tumors. VSV that produces interferon-β (VSV-IFNβ) is now in early clinical testing for solid tumors. Here, the preclinical activity of VSV and VSV-IFNβ against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is reported. NSCLC cell lines were treated in vitro with VSV expressing green fluorescence protein (VSV-GFP) and VSV-IFNβ. VSV-GFP and VSV-IFNβ were active against NSCLC cells. JAK/STAT inhibition with ruxolitinib re-sensitized resistant H838 cells to VSV-IFNβ mediated oncolysis. Intratumoral injections of VSV-GFP and VSV-IFNβ reduced tumor growth and weight in H2009 nude mouse xenografts (p < 0.01). A similar trend was observed in A549 xenografts. Syngeneic LM2 lung tumors grown in flanks of A/J mice were injected with VSV-IFNβ intratumorally. Treatment of LM2 tumors with VSV-IFNβ resulted in tumor regression, prolonged survival (p < 0.0001), and cure of 30% of mice. Intratumoral injection of VSV-IFNβ resulted in decreased tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells (Treg) and increased CD8+ T cells. Tumor cell expression of PDL-1 was increased after VSV-IFNβ treatment. VSV-IFNβ has potent antitumor effects and promotes systemic antitumor immunity. These data support further clinical investigation of VSV-IFNβ for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish R Patel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Blake A Jacobson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Yan Ji
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jeremy Drees
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Shaogeng Tang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kerry Xiong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Hengbing Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jennifer E Prigge
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Alexander S Dash
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Andrea K Kratzke
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Emily Mesev
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ryan Etchison
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Robert A Kratzke
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Huang F, Wang BR, Wu YQ, Wang FC, Zhang J, Wang YG. Oncolytic viruses against cancer stem cells: A promising approach for gastrointestinal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:7999-8009. [PMID: 27672294 PMCID: PMC5028813 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i35.7999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancer has been one of the five most commonly diagnosed and leading causes of cancer mortality over the past few decades. Great progress in traditional therapies has been made, which prolonged survival in patients with early cancer, yet tumor relapse and drug resistance still occurred, which is explained by the cancer stem cell (CSC) theory. Oncolytic virotherapy has attracted increasing interest in cancer because of its ability to infect and lyse CSCs. This paper reviews the basic knowledge, CSC markers and therapeutics of gastrointestinal cancer (liver, gastric, colon and pancreatic cancer), as well as research advances and possible molecular mechanisms of various oncolytic viruses against gastrointestinal CSCs. This paper also summarizes the existing obstacles to oncolytic virotherapy and proposes several alternative suggestions to overcome the therapeutic limitations.
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Buijs PRA, Verhagen JHE, van Eijck CHJ, van den Hoogen BG. Oncolytic viruses: From bench to bedside with a focus on safety. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:1573-84. [PMID: 25996182 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1037058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are a relatively new class of anti-cancer immunotherapy agents. Several viruses have undergone evaluation in clinical trials in the last decades, and the first agent is about to be approved to be used as a novel cancer therapy modality. In the current review, an overview is presented on recent (pre)clinical developments in the field of oncolytic viruses that have previously been or currently are being evaluated in clinical trials. Special attention is given to possible safety issues like toxicity, environmental shedding, mutation and reversion to wildtype virus.
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Key Words
- CAR, Coxsackie Adenovirus receptor
- CD, cytosine deaminase
- CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen
- CVA, Coxsackievirus type A
- DAF, decay accelerating factor
- DNA, DNA
- EEV, extracellular enveloped virus
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EGF-R, EGF receptor
- EMA, European Medicines Agency
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- GBM, glioblastoma multiforme
- GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- HA, hemagglutinin
- HAdV, Human (mast)adenovirus
- HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
- HSV, herpes simplex virus
- ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1
- IFN, interferon
- IRES, internal ribosome entry site
- KRAS, Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog
- Kb, kilobase pairs
- MeV, Measles virus
- MuLV, Murine leukemia virus
- NDV, Newcastle disease virus
- NIS, sodium/iodide symporter
- NSCLC, non-small cell lung carcinoma
- OV, oncolytic virus
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PKR, protein kinase R
- PV, Polio virus
- RCR, replication competent retrovirus
- RCT, randomized controlled trial
- RGD, arginylglycylaspartic acid (Arg-Gly-Asp)
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- Rb, retinoblastoma
- SVV, Seneca Valley virus
- TGFα, transforming growth factor α
- VGF, Vaccinia growth factor
- VSV, Vesicular stomatitis virus
- VV, Vaccinia virus
- cancer
- crHAdV, conditionally replicating HAdV
- dsDNA, double stranded DNA
- dsRNA, double stranded RNA
- environment
- hIFNβ, human IFN β
- immunotherapy
- mORV, Mammalian orthoreovirus
- mORV-T3D, mORV type 3 Dearing
- oHSV, oncolytic HSV
- oncolytic virotherapy
- oncolytic virus
- rdHAdV, replication-deficient HAdV
- review
- safety
- shedding
- ssRNA, single stranded RNA
- tk, thymidine kinase
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal R A Buijs
- a Department of Surgery; Erasmus MC; University Medical Center ; Rotterdam , The Netherlands
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36
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Tsun A, Miao XN, Wang CM, Yu DC. Oncolytic Immunotherapy for Treatment of Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 909:241-83. [PMID: 27240460 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7555-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy entails the treatment of disease by modulation of the immune system. As detailed in the previous chapters, the different modes of achieving immune modulation are many, including the use of small/large molecules, cellular therapy, and radiation. Oncolytic viruses that can specifically attack, replicate within, and destroy tumors represent one of the most promising classes of agents for cancer immunotherapy (recently termed as oncolytic immunotherapy). The notion of oncolytic immunotherapy is considered as the way in which virus-induced tumor cell death (known as immunogenic cancer cell death (ICD)) allows the immune system to recognize tumor cells and provide long-lasting antitumor immunity. Both immune responses toward the virus and ICD together contribute toward successful antitumor efficacy. What is now becoming increasingly clear is that monotherapies, through any of the modalities detailed in this book, are neither sufficient in eradicating tumors nor in providing long-lasting antitumor immune responses and that combination therapies may deliver enhanced efficacy. After the rise of the genetic engineering era, it has been possible to engineer viruses to harbor combination-like characteristics to enhance their potency in cancer immunotherapy. This chapter provides a historical background on oncolytic virotherapy and its future application in cancer immunotherapy, especially as a combination therapy with other treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tsun
- Innovent Biologics, Inc., 168 Dongping Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, 215123, China
| | - X N Miao
- Innovent Biologics, Inc., 168 Dongping Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, 215123, China
| | - C M Wang
- Innovent Biologics, Inc., 168 Dongping Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, 215123, China
| | - D C Yu
- Innovent Biologics, Inc., 168 Dongping Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, 215123, China.
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Interferon Beta and Interferon Alpha 2a Differentially Protect Head and Neck Cancer Cells from Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Induced Oncolysis. J Virol 2015; 89:7944-54. [PMID: 25995245 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00757-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Oncolytic viruses (OV) preferentially kill cancer cells due in part to defects in their antiviral responses upon exposure to type I interferons (IFNs). However, IFN responsiveness of some tumor cells confers resistance to OV treatment. The human type I IFNs include one IFN-β and multiple IFN-α subtypes that share the same receptor but are capable of differentially inducing biological responses. The role of individual IFN subtypes in promoting tumor cell resistance to OV is addressed here. Two human IFNs which have been produced for clinical use, IFN-α2a and IFN-β, were compared for activity in protecting human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) lines from oncolysis by vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Susceptibility of HNSCC lines to killing by VSV varied. VSV infection induced increased production of IFN-β in resistant HNSCC cells. When added exogenously, IFN-β was significantly more effective at protecting HNSCC cells from VSV oncolysis than was IFN-α2a. In contrast, normal keratinocytes and endothelial cells were protected equivalently by both IFN subtypes. Differential responsiveness of tumor cells to IFN-α and -β was further supported by the finding that autocrine IFN-β but not IFN-α promoted survival of HNSCC cells during persistent VSV infection. Therefore, IFN-α and -β differentially affect VSV oncolysis, justifying the evaluation and comparison of IFN subtypes for use in combination with VSV therapy. Pairing VSV with IFN-α2a may enhance selectivity of oncolytic VSV therapy for HNSCC by inhibiting VSV replication in normal cells without a corresponding inhibition in cancer cells. IMPORTANCE There has been a great deal of progress in the development of oncolytic viruses. However, a major problem is that individual cancers vary in their sensitivity to oncolytic viruses. In many cases this is due to differences in their production and response to interferons (IFNs). The experiments described here compared the responses of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines to two IFN subtypes, IFN-α2a and IFN-β, in protection from oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus. We found that IFN-α2a was significantly less protective for cancer cells than was IFN-β, whereas normal cells were equivalently protected by both IFNs. These results suggest that from a therapeutic standpoint, selectivity for cancer versus normal cells may be enhanced by pairing VSV with IFN-α2a.
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Hastie E, Cataldi M, Steuerwald N, Grdzelishvili VZ. An unexpected inhibition of antiviral signaling by virus-encoded tumor suppressor p53 in pancreatic cancer cells. Virology 2015; 483:126-40. [PMID: 25965802 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Virus-encoded tumor suppressor p53 transgene expression has been successfully used in vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and other oncolytic viruses (OVs) to enhance their anticancer activities. However, p53 is also known to inhibit virus replication via enhanced type I interferon (IFN) antiviral responses. To examine whether p53 transgenes enhance antiviral signaling in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells, we engineered novel VSV recombinants encoding human p53 or the previously described chimeric p53-CC, which contains the coiled-coil (CC) domain from breakpoint cluster region (BCR) protein and evades the dominant-negative activities of endogenously expressed mutant p53. Contrary to an expected enhancement of antiviral signaling by p53, our global analysis of gene expression in PDAC cells showed that both p53 and p53-CC dramatically inhibited type I IFN responses. Our data suggest that this occurs through p53-mediated inhibition of the NF-κB pathway. Importantly, VSV-encoded p53 or p53-CC did not inhibit antiviral signaling in non-malignant human pancreatic ductal cells, which retained their resistance to all tested VSV recombinants. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of p53-mediated inhibition of antiviral signaling, and it suggests that OV-encoded p53 can simultaneously produce anticancer activities while assisting, rather than inhibiting, virus replication in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Hastie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Marcela Cataldi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Nury Steuerwald
- Cannon Research Center, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Valery Z Grdzelishvili
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA.
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Sanjuán R, Grdzelishvili VZ. Evolution of oncolytic viruses. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 13:1-5. [PMID: 25699475 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their replicative capacity, oncolytic viruses (OVs) can evolve under the action of natural selection. Reversion to virulence and recombination with wild-type strains may compromise OV safety, therefore requiring evolutionary risk assessment studies. On the other hand, evolution can be directed in the laboratory to create more potent and safer OVs. Previous work in the experimental evolution field provides a background for OV directed evolution, and has identified interesting exploitable features. While genetic engineering has greatly advanced the field of oncolytic virotherapy, this approach is sometimes curtailed by the complexity and diversity of virus-host interactions. Directed evolution provides an alternative approach that may help to obtain new OVs without prejudice toward the underlying molecular mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Sanjuán
- Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biologia Evolutiva and Departament de Genètica, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Valery Z Grdzelishvili
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
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40
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PET imaging of oncolytic VSV expressing the mutant HSV-1 thymidine kinase transgene in a preclinical HCC rat model. Mol Ther 2015; 23:728-36. [PMID: 25609160 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most predominant form of liver cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Due to the relative ineffectiveness of conventional HCC therapies, oncolytic viruses have emerged as novel alternative treatment agents. Our previous studies have demonstrated significant prolongation of survival in advanced HCC in rats after oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) treatment. In this study, we aimed to establish a reporter system to reliably and sensitively image VSV in a clinically relevant model of HCC for clinical translation. To this end, an orthotopic, unifocal HCC model in immune-competent Buffalo rats was employed to test a recombinant VSV vector encoding for an enhanced version of the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) thymidine kinase (sr39tk) reporter, which would allow the indirect detection of VSV via positron emission tomography (PET). The resulting data revealed specific tracer uptake in VSV-HSV1-sr39tk-treated tumors. Further characterization of the VSV-HSV1-sr39tk vector demonstrated its optimal detection time-point after application and its detection limit via PET. In conclusion, oncolytic VSV expressing the HSV1-sr39tk reporter gene allows for highly sensitive in vivo imaging via PET. Therefore, this imaging system may be directly translatable and beneficial in further clinical applications.
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41
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LeBlanc AK, Naik S, Galyon GD, Jenks N, Steele M, Peng KW, Federspiel MJ, Donnell R, Russell SJ. Safety studies on intravenous administration of oncolytic recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus in purpose-bred beagle dogs. HUM GENE THER CL DEV 2014; 24:174-81. [PMID: 24219832 DOI: 10.1089/humc.2013.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
VSV-IFNβ-NIS is a novel recombinant oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) with documented efficacy and safety in preclinical murine models of cancer. To facilitate clinical translation of this promising oncolytic therapy in patients with disseminated cancer, we are utilizing a comparative oncology approach to gather data describing the safety and efficacy of systemic VSV-IFNβ-NIS administration in dogs with naturally occurring cancer. In support of this, we executed a dose-escalation study in purpose-bred dogs to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of systemic VSV-hIFNβ-NIS, characterize the adverse event profile, and describe routes and duration of viral shedding in healthy, immune-competent dogs. The data indicate that an intravenous dose of 10(10) TCID50 is well tolerated in dogs. Expected adverse events were mild to moderate fever, self-limiting nausea and vomiting, lymphopenia, and oral mucosal lesions. Unexpected adverse events included prolongation of partial thromboplastin time, development of bacterial urinary tract infection, and scrotal dermatitis, and in one dog receiving 10(11) TCID50 (10 × the MTD), the development of severe hepatotoxicity and symptoms of shock leading to euthanasia. Viral shedding data indicate that detectable viral genome in blood diminishes rapidly with anti-VSV neutralizing antibodies detectable in blood as early as day 5 postintravenous virus administration. While low levels of viral genome copies were detectable in plasma, urine, and buccal swabs of dogs treated at the MTD, no infectious virus was detectable in plasma, urine, or buccal swabs at any of the doses tested. These studies confirm that VSV can be safely administered systemically in dogs, justifying the use of oncolytic VSV as a novel therapy for the treatment of canine cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K LeBlanc
- 1 Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee , Knoxville, TN 37996
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Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are ideal platforms for tumor vaccination because they can mediate the direct in situ killing of tumor cells that release a broad array of tumor antigens and alarmins or danger signals thereby cross-priming antitumor cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), which mediate the indirect killing of uninfected cells. The balance between the direct and indirect killing phases of oncolytic virotherapy is the key to its success and can be manipulated by incorporating various immunomodulatory genes into the oncolytic virus genome. Recently, the interim analysis of a large multicenter Phase III clinical trial for Talimogene laherparepvec, a granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor-armed oncolytic herpes simplex virus, revealed significant improvement in objective response and durable response rates over control arm and a trend toward improved overall survival. Meanwhile, newer oncolytics are being developed expressing additional immunomodulatory transgenes to further enhance cross-priming and the generation of antitumor CTLs and to block the immunosuppressive actions of the tumor microenvironment. Since oncolytic vaccines can be engineered to kill tumor cells directly, modulate the kinetics of the antitumor immune response and reverse the immunosuppressive actions of the tumor, they are predicted to emerge as the preferred immunotherapeutic anticancer weapons of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura B Elsedawy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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43
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Tober R, Banki Z, Egerer L, Muik A, Behmüller S, Kreppel F, Greczmiel U, Oxenius A, von Laer D, Kimpel J. VSV-GP: a potent viral vaccine vector that boosts the immune response upon repeated applications. J Virol 2014; 88:4897-907. [PMID: 24554655 PMCID: PMC3993835 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03276-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Antivector immunity limits the response to homologous boosting for viral vector vaccines. Here, we describe a new, potent vaccine vector based on replication-competent vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotyped with the glycoprotein of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (VSV-GP), which we previously showed to be safe in mice. In mice, VSV and VSV-GP encoding ovalbumin (OVA) as a model antigen (VSV-OVA and VSV-GP-OVA) induced equal levels of OVA-specific humoral and cellular immune responses upon a single immunization. However, boosting with the same vector was possible only for VSV-GP-OVA as neutralizing antibodies to VSV limited the immunogenicity of the VSV-OVA boost. OVA-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses induced by VSV-GP-OVA were at least as potent as those induced by an adenoviral state-of-the-art vaccine vector and completely protected mice in a Listeria monocytogenes challenge model. VSV-GP is so far the only replication-competent vaccine vector that does not lose efficacy upon repeated application. IMPORTANCE Although there has been great progress in treatment and prevention of infectious diseases in the past several years, effective vaccines against some of the most serious infections, e.g., AIDS, malaria, hepatitis C, or tuberculosis, are urgently needed. Here, several approaches based on viral vector vaccines are under development. However, for all viral vaccine vectors currently in clinical testing, repeated application is limited by neutralizing antibodies to the vector itself. Here, we have exploited the potential of vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotyped with the glycoprotein of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (VSV-GP) as a vaccine platform. VSV-GP is the first replication-competent viral vector vaccine that does not induce vector-specific humoral immunity, i.e., neutralizing antibodies, and therefore can boost immune responses against a foreign antigen by repeated applications. The vector allows introduction of various antigens and therefore can serve as a platform technology for the development of novel vaccines against a broad spectrum of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Tober
- Division of Virology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zoltan Banki
- Division of Virology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lisa Egerer
- Division of Virology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander Muik
- Applied Virology and Gene Therapy Unit, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | | | - Ute Greczmiel
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Dorothee von Laer
- Division of Virology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Janine Kimpel
- Division of Virology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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44
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Kurisetty VVS, Heiber J, Myers R, Pereira GS, Goodwin JW, Federspiel MJ, Russell SJ, Peng KW, Barber G, Merchan JR. Preclinical safety and activity of recombinant VSV-IFN-β in an immunocompetent model of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Head Neck 2014; 36:1619-27. [PMID: 24115092 DOI: 10.1002/hed.23502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus expressing interferon-β (VSV-IFN-β) has demonstrated antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo. In preparation for clinical testing in human squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck, we conducted preclinical studies of VSV-IFN-β in syngeneic SCC models. METHODS In vitro, VSV-IFN-β (expressing rat or mouse interferon [IFN]-β)-induced cytotoxicity and propagated in rat (FAT-7) or mouse (SCC-VII) SCC cells during normoxia and hypoxia. In vivo, intratumoral administration of VSV-rat-IFN-β or VSV-human-IFN-β in FAT-7 bearing or non-tumor bearing immunocompetent rats did not result in acute organ toxicity or death. RESULTS VSV-r-IFN-β replicated predominantly in tumors and a dose dependent anti-VSV antibody response was observed. Intratumoral or intravenous administration of VSV-IFN-β resulted in growth delay and improved survival compared with controls. CONCLUSION The above data confirm safety and feasibility of VSV-IFN-β administration in immunocompetent animals and support its clinical evaluation in advanced human head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittal V S Kurisetty
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Miami/Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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45
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Liu YP, Russell SP, Ayala-Breton C, Russell SJ, Peng KW. Ablation of nectin4 binding compromises CD46 usage by a hybrid vesicular stomatitis virus/measles virus. J Virol 2014; 88:2195-204. [PMID: 24335299 PMCID: PMC3911550 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02628-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MV) immunosuppression is due to infection of SLAM-positive immune cells, whereas respiratory shedding and virus transmission are due to infection of nectin4-positive airway epithelial cells. The vaccine lineage MV strain Edmonston (MV-Edm) acquired an additional tropism for CD46 which is the basis of its oncolytic specificity. VSVFH is a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) encoding the MV-Edm F and H entry proteins in place of G. The virus spreads faster than MV-Edm and is highly fusogenic and a potent oncolytic. To determine whether ablating nectin4 tropism from VSVFH might prevent shedding, increasing its safety profile as an oncolytic, or might have any effect on CD46 binding, we generated VSVFH viruses with H mutations that disrupt attachment to SLAM and/or nectin4. Disruption of nectin4 binding reduced release of VSVFH from the basolateral side of differentiated airway epithelia composed of Calu-3 cells. However, because nectin4 and CD46 have substantially overlapping receptor binding surfaces on H, disruption of nectin4 binding compromised CD46 binding and greatly diminished the oncolytic potency of these viruses on human cancer cells. Thus, our results support continued preclinical development of VSVFH without ablation of nectin4 binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ping Liu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Samuel P. Russell
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Stephen J. Russell
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kah-Whye Peng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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46
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Liu YP, Steele MB, Suksanpaisan L, Federspiel MJ, Russell SJ, Peng KW, Bakkum-Gamez JN. Oncolytic measles and vesicular stomatitis virotherapy for endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2014; 132:194-202. [PMID: 24246772 PMCID: PMC3946955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Current adjuvant therapy for advanced-stage, recurrent, and high-risk endometrial cancer (EC) has not reduced mortality from this malignancy, and novel systemic therapies are imperative. Oncolytic viral therapy has been shown to be effective in the treatment of gynecologic cancers, and we investigated the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of the Edmonston strain of measles virus (MV) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) on EC. METHODS Human EC cell lines (HEC-1-A, Ishikawa, KLE, RL95-2, AN3 CA, ARK-1, ARK-2, and SPEC-2) were infected with Edmonston strain MV expressing the thyroidal sodium iodide symporter, VSV expressing either human or murine IFN-β, or recombinant VSV with a methionine deletion at residue 51 of the matrix protein and expressing the sodium iodide symporter. Xenografts of HEC-1-A and AN3 CA generated in athymic mice were treated with intratumoral MV or VSV or intravenous VSV. RESULTS In vitro, all cell lines were susceptible to infection and cell killing by all 3 VSV strains except KLE. In addition, the majority of EC cell lines were defective in their ability to respond to type I IFN. Intratumoral VSV-treated tumors regressed more rapidly than MV-treated tumors, and intravenous VSV resulted in effective tumor control in 100% of mice. Survival was significantly longer for mice treated with any of the 3 VSV strains compared with saline. CONCLUSION VSV is clearly more potent in EC oncolysis than MV. A phase 1 clinical trial of VSV in EC is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ping Liu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michael B Steele
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Mark J Federspiel
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stephen J Russell
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kah Whye Peng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Abstract
Early-stage clinical trials of oncolytic virotherapy have reported the safety of several virus platforms, and viruses from three families have progressed to advanced efficacy trials. In addition, preclinical studies have established proof-of-principle for many new genetic engineering strategies. Thus, the virotherapy field now has available a diverse collection of viruses that are equipped to address unmet clinical needs owing to improved systemic administration, greater tumour specificity and enhanced oncolytic efficacy. The current key challenge for the field is to develop viruses that replicate with greater efficiency within tumours while achieving therapeutic synergy with currently available treatments.
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48
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Yarde DN, Naik S, Nace RA, Peng KW, Federspiel MJ, Russell SJ. Meningeal myeloma deposits adversely impact the therapeutic index of an oncolytic VSV. Cancer Gene Ther 2013; 20:616-21. [PMID: 24176894 PMCID: PMC3855306 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2013.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is neuropathogenic in rodents but can be attenuated 50-fold by engineering the mouse interferon-beta (IFN-β) gene into its genome. Intravenously administered VSVs encoding IFN-β have potent activity against subcutaneous tumors in the 5TGM1 mouse myeloma model, without attendant neurotoxicity. However, when 5TGM1 tumor cells were seeded intravenously, virus-treated mice with advanced myeloma developed clinical signs suggestive of meningoencephalitis. Co-administration of a known active antimyeloma agent did not prolong survival, further suggesting that deaths were due to viral toxicity, not tumor burden. Histological analysis revealed that systemically administered 5TGM1 cells seed to the CNS, forming meningeal tumor deposits, and that VSV infects and destroys these tumors. Death is presumably a consequence of meningeal damage and/or direct transmission of virus to adjacent neural tissue. In light of these studies, extreme caution is warranted in clinical testing of attenuated VSVs, particularly in patients with CNS tumor deposits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shruthi Naik
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Rebecca A. Nace
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kah-Whye Peng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Overcoming cancer cell resistance to VSV oncolysis with JAK1/2 inhibitors. Cancer Gene Ther 2013; 20:582-9. [PMID: 24030211 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2013.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) has potent antitumor activity but some cancer cells are resistant to VSV killing, either constitutively or due to type I interferon (IFN) inducing an antiviral state in the cells. Here, we evaluated VSV oncolysis of a panel of human head and neck cancer cells and showed that VSV resistance in SCC25 and SCC15 cells could be reversed with Janus kinase (JAK) 1/2 inhibitors (JAK inhibitor I and ruxolitinib). Pre-treatment of cells with JAK1/2 inhibitors before or in conjunction with VSV enhanced viral infection, spread and progeny yield (100- to 1000-fold increase). In contrast, inhibitors of histone deacetylase (LBH589), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (GDC-0941, LY294002), mammalian target of rapamycin (rapamycin) or signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3 inhibitor VII) were ineffective. Compared with VSV-sensitive SW579 cells, IFNα/β responsive antiviral genes (IRF-9, IRF-7, OAS1 but not MxA) are constitutively expressed in SCC25 cells. Pretreatment with JAK inhibitors reduced mRNA levels of these genes, increasing VSV expression in the cells. Interestingly, 1 h of drug exposure was sufficient to reverse SCC25 resistance to VSV and was still effective if virus was added 24 h later. Overall, we show here that JAK inhibitor I and ruxolitinib (Jakafi) can reverse resistance to VSV, supporting the rationale to incorporate JAK1/2 inhibitors in future VSV virotherapy trials.
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50
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Ayala-Breton C, Suksanpaisan L, Mader EK, Russell SJ, Peng KW. Amalgamating oncolytic viruses to enhance their safety, consolidate their killing mechanisms, and accelerate their spread. Mol Ther 2013; 21:1930-7. [PMID: 23842448 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are structurally and biologically diverse, spreading through tumors and killing them by various mechanisms and with different kinetics. Here, we created a hybrid vesicular stomatitis/measles virus (VSV/MV) that harnesses the safety of oncolytic MV, the speed of VSV, and the tumor killing mechanisms of both viruses. Oncolytic MV targets CD46 and kills by forcing infected cells to fuse with uninfected neighbors, but propagates slowly. VSV spreads rapidly, directly lysing tumor cells, but is neurotoxic and loses oncolytic potency when neuroattenuated by conventional approaches. The hybrid VSV/MV lacks neurotoxicity, replicates rapidly with VSV kinetics, and selectively targets CD46 on tumor cells. Its in vivo performance in a myeloma xenograft model was substantially superior to either MV or widely used recombinant oncolytic VSV-M51.
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