1
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Liu F, Li R, Zhu Z, Yang Y, Lu F. Current developments of gene therapy in human diseases. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e645. [PMID: 39156766 PMCID: PMC11329757 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy has witnessed substantial advancements in recent years, becoming a constructive tactic for treating various human diseases. This review presents a comprehensive overview of these developments, with a focus on their diverse applications in different disease contexts. It explores the evolution of gene delivery systems, encompassing viral (like adeno-associated virus; AAV) and nonviral approaches, and evaluates their inherent strengths and limitations. Moreover, the review delves into the progress made in targeting specific tissues and cell types, spanning the eye, liver, muscles, and central nervous system, among others, using these gene technologies. This targeted approach is crucial in addressing a broad spectrum of genetic disorders, such as inherited lysosomal storage diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. Recent clinical trials and successful outcomes in gene therapy, particularly those involving AAV and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated proteins, are highlighted, illuminating the transformative potentials of this approach in disease treatment. The review summarizes the current status of gene therapy, its prospects, and its capacity to significantly ameliorate patient outcomes and quality of life. By offering comprehensive analysis, this review provides invaluable insights for researchers, clinicians, and stakeholders, enriching the ongoing discourse on the trajectory of disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanfei Liu
- Department of OphthalmologyWest China HospitalChengduSichuanChina
| | - Ruiting Li
- State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalChengduSichuanChina
| | - Zilin Zhu
- College of Life SciencesSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of OphthalmologyWest China HospitalChengduSichuanChina
- State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalChengduSichuanChina
| | - Fang Lu
- Department of OphthalmologyWest China HospitalChengduSichuanChina
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2
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Wiggins KB, Winston SM, Reeves IL, Gaevert J, Spence Y, Brimble MA, Livingston B, Morton CL, Thomas PG, Sant AJ, Ross TM, Davidoff AM, Schultz-Cherry S. rAAV expressing a COBRA-designed influenza hemagglutinin generates a protective and durable adaptive immune response with a single dose. J Virol 2024; 98:e0078124. [PMID: 39078191 PMCID: PMC11338075 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00781-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza remains a worldwide public health threat. Although seasonal influenza vaccines are currently the best means of preventing severe disease, the standard-of-care vaccines require frequent updating due to antigenic drift and can have low efficacy, particularly in vulnerable populations. Here, we demonstrate that a single administration of a recombinant adenovirus-associated virus (rAAV) vector expressing a computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen (COBRA)-derived influenza H1 hemagglutinin (HA) induces strongly neutralizing and broadly protective antibodies in naïve mice and ferrets with pre-existing influenza immunity. Following a lethal viral challenge, the rAAV-COBRA vaccine allowed for significantly reduced viral loads in the upper and lower respiratory tracts and complete protection from morbidity and mortality that lasted for at least 5 months post-vaccination. We observed no signs of antibody waning during this study. CpG motif enrichment of the antigen can act as an internal adjuvant to further enhance the immune responses to allow for lower vaccine dosages with the induction of unique interferon-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells specific to HA head and stem peptide sequences. Our studies highlight the utility of rAAV as an effective platform to improve seasonal influenza vaccines. IMPORTANCE Developing an improved seasonal influenza vaccine remains an ambitious goal of researchers and clinicians alike. With influenza routinely causing severe epidemics with the potential to rise to pandemic levels, it is critical to create an effective, broadly protective, and durable vaccine to improve public health worldwide. As a potential solution, we created a rAAV viral vector expressing a COBRA-optimized influenza hemagglutinin antigen with modestly enriched CpG motifs to evoke a robust and long-lasting immune response after a single intramuscular dose without needing boosts or adjuvants. Importantly, the rAAV vaccine boosted antibody breadth to future strains in ferrets with pre-existing influenza immunity. Together, our data support further investigation into the utility of viral vectors as a potential avenue to improve our seasonal influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin B. Wiggins
- St. Jude Graduate
School of Biomedical Sciences,
Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of
Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children’s Research
Hospital, Memphis,
Tennessee, USA
| | - Stephen M. Winston
- St. Jude Graduate
School of Biomedical Sciences,
Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Surgery,
St. Jude Children’s Research
Hospital, Memphis,
Tennessee, USA
| | - Isaiah L. Reeves
- St. Jude Graduate
School of Biomedical Sciences,
Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Surgery,
St. Jude Children’s Research
Hospital, Memphis,
Tennessee, USA
| | - Jessica Gaevert
- St. Jude Graduate
School of Biomedical Sciences,
Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of
Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children’s Research
Hospital, Memphis,
Tennessee, USA
| | - Yunyu Spence
- Department of Surgery,
St. Jude Children’s Research
Hospital, Memphis,
Tennessee, USA
| | - Mark A. Brimble
- Department of
Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children’s Research
Hospital, Memphis,
Tennessee, USA
| | - Brandi Livingston
- Department of
Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children’s Research
Hospital, Memphis,
Tennessee, USA
| | - Christopher L. Morton
- Department of Surgery,
St. Jude Children’s Research
Hospital, Memphis,
Tennessee, USA
| | - Paul G. Thomas
- Department of
Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children’s Research
Hospital, Memphis,
Tennessee, USA
| | - Andrea J. Sant
- David H. Smith Center
for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and
Immunology, University of Rochester Medical
Center, Rochester, New
York, USA
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Department of
Infectious Biology, Cleveland Clinic,
Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Cleveland Clinic,
Florida Research and Innovation Center,
Port St. Lucie, Florida,
USA
| | - Andrew M. Davidoff
- St. Jude Graduate
School of Biomedical Sciences,
Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Surgery,
St. Jude Children’s Research
Hospital, Memphis,
Tennessee, USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- St. Jude Graduate
School of Biomedical Sciences,
Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of
Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children’s Research
Hospital, Memphis,
Tennessee, USA
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3
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Castaman G, Miesbach W. Gene Therapy for Hemophilia B: Achievements, Open Issues, and Perspectives. Semin Thromb Hemost 2024. [PMID: 38821066 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1787190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Hemophilia B is the first bleeding disorder for which gene therapy clinical programs began. Presently, adenovirus-associated vectors represent the best means to deliver the transgene, and their administration by intravenous route has been used in recent clinical trials. The natural occurring factor IX (FIX) Padua variant, which allows for a 5- to 8-fold higher activity of FIX, while maintaining a normal protein concentration, was subsequently used to enhance the level of transgene expression. All the recent trials using this variant showed good results, and accumulating data suggest that long-term expression durability could be maintained at a significant hemostatic level. However, the risk of loss of transgene expression associated to immune response with liver enzymes elevation remains a concern, especially as to the efficacy and duration of immunosuppressive treatment. Notwithstanding this limitation, the results of clinical trials suggest that gene therapy in hemophilia B has the potential to provide long-term benefits with sustained factor activity levels predicted to last several years in many patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Castaman
- Department of Oncology, Center for Bleeding Disorders and Coagulation, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Miesbach
- Hemophilia Center of the Medical Clinic 2, University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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4
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Xiang YS, Hao GG. Biophysical characterization of adeno-associated virus capsid through the viral transduction life cycle. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2023; 21:62. [PMID: 37195476 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-023-00518-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors have emerged as the leading delivery platforms for gene therapy. Throughout the life cycle of the virions, the capsid vector carries out diverse functions, ranging from cell surface receptor engagement, cellular entry, endosomal escape, nuclear import to new particle packaging, and assembly. Each of these steps is mediated by exquisite structure features of the viral capsid and its interaction with viral genome, Rep proteins, and cellular organelle and apparatus. In this brief review, we provide an overview of results from over a decade of extensive biophysical studies of the capsid employing various techniques. The remaining unaddressed questions and perspective are also discussed. The detailed understanding of the structure and function interplay would provide insight to the strategy for improving the efficacy and safety of the viral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gang Gary Hao
- Weston Biomedical Reviews, 65 Autumn Road, Weston, MA, 02493, USA.
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5
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Tang PZ, Ding B, Reyes C, Papp D, Potter J. Target-seq: single workflow for detection of genome integration site, DNA translocation and off-target events. Biotechniques 2023. [PMID: 37161298 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2023-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Designed donor DNA delivery through viral or nonviral systems to target loci in the host genome is a critical step for gene therapy. Adeno-associated virus and lentivirus are leading vehicles for in vivo and ex vivo delivery of therapeutic genes due to their high delivery and editing efficiency. Nonviral editing tools, such as CRISPR/Cas9, are getting more attention for gene modification. However, there are safety concerns; for example, tumorigenesis due to off-target effects and DNA rearrangement. Analysis tools to detect and characterize on-target and off-target genome modification post editing in the host genome are pivotal for evaluating the success and safety of gene therapy. We developed Target-seq combined with different analysis tools to detect the genome integration site, DNA translocation and off-target events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bo Ding
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., MA, USA
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6
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Lim S, Yocum RR, Silver PA, Way JC. High spontaneous integration rates of end-modified linear DNAs upon mammalian cell transfection. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6835. [PMID: 37100816 PMCID: PMC10133325 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33862-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In gene therapy, potential integration of therapeutic transgene into host cell genomes is a serious risk that can lead to insertional mutagenesis and tumorigenesis. Viral vectors are often used as the gene delivery vehicle, but they are prone to undergoing integration events. More recently, non-viral delivery of linear DNAs having modified geometry such as closed-end linear duplex DNA (CELiD) have shown promise as an alternative, due to prolonged transgene expression and less cytotoxicity. However, whether modified-end linear DNAs can also provide a safe, non-integrating gene transfer remains unanswered. Herein, we compare the genomic integration frequency upon transfection of cells with expression vectors in the forms of circular plasmid, unmodified linear DNA, CELiDs with thioester loops, and Streptavidin-conjugated blocked-end linear DNA. All of the forms of linear DNA resulted in a high fraction of the cells being stably transfected-between 10 and 20% of the initially transfected cells. These results indicate that blocking the ends of linear DNA is insufficient to prevent integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Lim
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - R Rogers Yocum
- General Biologics, Inc, 108 Fayerweather Street, Unit 2, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Pamela A Silver
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Way
- General Biologics, Inc, 108 Fayerweather Street, Unit 2, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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7
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Barnes LF, Draper BE, Kurian J, Chen YT, Shapkina T, Powers TW, Jarrold MF. Analysis of AAV-Extracted DNA by Charge Detection Mass Spectrometry Reveals Genome Truncations. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4310-4316. [PMID: 36880264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a widely used gene therapy vector. The intact packaged genome is a critical quality attribute and necessary for an effective therapeutic. In this work, charge detection mass spectrometry (CDMS) was used to measure the molecular weight (MW) distribution for the genome of interest (GOI) extracted from recombinant AAV (rAAV) vectors. The measured MWs were compared to sequence masses for a range of rAAV vectors with different GOIs, serotypes, and production methods (Sf9 and HEK293 cell lines). In most cases, the measured MWs were slightly larger than the sequence masses, a result attributed to counterions. However, in a few cases, the measured MWs were significantly smaller than the sequence masses. In these cases, genome truncation is the only reasonable explanation for the discrepancy. These results suggest that direct analysis of the extracted GOI by CDMS provides a rapid and powerful tool to evaluate genome integrity in gene therapy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren F Barnes
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Benjamin E Draper
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Justin Kurian
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., 875 Chesterfield Pkwy. West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
| | - Yu-Ting Chen
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., 875 Chesterfield Pkwy. West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
| | - Tatiana Shapkina
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., 875 Chesterfield Pkwy. West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
| | - Thomas W Powers
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., 875 Chesterfield Pkwy. West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
| | - Martin F Jarrold
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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8
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Genome concentration, characterization, and integrity analysis of recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors using droplet digital PCR. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280242. [PMID: 36696399 PMCID: PMC9876284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise, reproducible characterization of AAV is critical for comparing preclinical results between laboratories and determining a safe and effective clinical dose for gene therapy applications. In this study, we systematically evaluated numerous parameters to produce a simple and robust ddPCR protocol for AAV characterization. The protocol uses a low ionic strength buffer containing Pluronic-F68 and polyadenylic acid to dilute the AAV into the ddPCR concentration range and a 10-minute thermal capsid lysis prior to assembling ddPCR reactions containing MspI. A critical finding is that the buffer composition affected the ITR concentration of AAV but not the ITR concentration of a double stranded plasmid, which has implications when using a theoretical, stoichiometric conversion factor to obtain the titer based on the ITR concentration. Using this protocol, a more comprehensive analysis of an AAV vector formulation was demonstrated with multiple ddPCR assays distributed throughout the AAV vector genome. These assays amplify the ITR, regulatory elements, and eGFP transgene to provide a more confident estimate of the vector genome concentration and a high-resolution characterization of the vector genome identity. Additionally, we compared two methods of genome integrity analysis for three control sample types at eight different concentrations for each sample. The genome integrity was independent of sample concentration and the expected values were obtained when integrity was determined based on the excess number of positive droplets relative to the number of double positive droplets expected by chance co-encapsulation of two DNA targets. The genome integrity was highly variable and produced unexpected values when the double positive droplet percentage was used to calculate the genome integrity. A protocol using a one-minute thermal capsid lysis prior to assembling ddPCR reactions lacking a restriction enzyme used the non-ITR assays in a duplex ddPCR milepost experiment to determine the genome integrity using linkage analysis.
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9
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Pan X, Yue Y, Boftsi M, Wasala LP, Tran NT, Zhang K, Pintel DJ, Tai PWL, Duan D. Rational engineering of a functional CpG-free ITR for AAV gene therapy. Gene Ther 2022; 29:333-345. [PMID: 34611321 PMCID: PMC8983793 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-021-00296-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) are the only wild-type components retained in the genome of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors. To determine whether ITR modification is a viable approach for AAV vector engineering, we rationally deleted all CpG motifs in the ITR and examined whether CpG elimination compromises AAV-vector production and transduction. Modified ITRs were stable in the plasmid and maintained the CpG-free nature in purified vectors. Replacing the wild-type ITR with the CpG-free ITR did not affect vector genome encapsidation. However, the vector yield was decreased by approximately 3-fold due to reduced vector genome replication. To study the biological potency, we made micro-dystrophin (μDys) AAV vectors carrying either the wild-type ITR or the CpG-free ITR. We delivered the CpG-free μDys vector to one side of the tibialis anterior muscle of dystrophin-null mdx mice and the wild-type μDys vector to the contralateral side. Evaluation at four months after injection showed no difference in the vector genome copy number, microdystrophin expression, and muscle histology and force. Our results suggest that the complete elimination of the CpG motif in the ITR does not affect the biological activity of the AAV vector. CpG-free ITRs could be useful in engineering therapeutic AAV vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufang Pan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Yongping Yue
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Maria Boftsi
- Pathobiology Area Graduate Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Lakmini P Wasala
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
- Pathobiology Area Graduate Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Ngoc Tam Tran
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Keqing Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - David J Pintel
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Phillip W L Tai
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Dongsheng Duan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
- Department of Biomedical, Biological & Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
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10
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Bowater RP, Bohálová N, Brázda V. Interaction of Proteins with Inverted Repeats and Cruciform Structures in Nucleic Acids. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116171. [PMID: 35682854 PMCID: PMC9180970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cruciforms occur when inverted repeat sequences in double-stranded DNA adopt intra-strand hairpins on opposing strands. Biophysical and molecular studies of these structures confirm their characterization as four-way junctions and have demonstrated that several factors influence their stability, including overall chromatin structure and DNA supercoiling. Here, we review our understanding of processes that influence the formation and stability of cruciforms in genomes, covering the range of sequences shown to have biological significance. It is challenging to accurately sequence repetitive DNA sequences, but recent advances in sequencing methods have deepened understanding about the amounts of inverted repeats in genomes from all forms of life. We highlight that, in the majority of genomes, inverted repeats are present in higher numbers than is expected from a random occurrence. It is, therefore, becoming clear that inverted repeats play important roles in regulating many aspects of DNA metabolism, including replication, gene expression, and recombination. Cruciforms are targets for many architectural and regulatory proteins, including topoisomerases, p53, Rif1, and others. Notably, some of these proteins can induce the formation of cruciform structures when they bind to DNA. Inverted repeat sequences also influence the evolution of genomes, and growing evidence highlights their significance in several human diseases, suggesting that the inverted repeat sequences and/or DNA cruciforms could be useful therapeutic targets in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P. Bowater
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK;
| | - Natália Bohálová
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry and Molecular Oncology, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic;
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Brázda
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry and Molecular Oncology, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence:
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11
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Xiao W, Samulski RJ. Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Production, the Beginning of the End of Uncertainty. Hum Gene Ther 2022; 33:355-357. [PMID: 35442070 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2022.29207.wxi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Xiao
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - R Jude Samulski
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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12
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Tran NT, Lecomte E, Saleun S, Namkung S, Robin C, Weber K, Devine E, Blouin V, Adjali O, Ayuso E, Gao G, Penaud-Budloo M, Tai PW. Human and Insect Cell-Produced Recombinant Adeno-Associated Viruses Show Differences in Genome Heterogeneity. Hum Gene Ther 2022; 33:371-388. [PMID: 35293222 PMCID: PMC9063199 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2022.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past two decades, adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector manufacturing has made remarkable advancements to meet large-scale production demands for preclinical and clinical trials. In addition, AAV vectors have been extensively studied for their safety and efficacy. In particular, the presence of empty AAV capsids and particles containing "inaccurate" vector genomes in preparations has been a subject of concern. Several methods exist to separate empty capsids from full particles; but thus far, no single technique can produce vectors that are free of empty or partial (non-unit length) capsids. Unfortunately, the exact genome compositions of full, intermediate, and empty capsids remain largely unknown. In this work, we used AAV-genome population sequencing to explore the compositions of DNase-resistant, encapsidated vector genomes produced by two common production pipelines: plasmid transfection in human embryonic kidney cells (pTx/HEK293) and baculovirus expression vectors in Spodoptera frugiperda insect cells (rBV/Sf9). Intriguingly, our results show that vectors originating from the same construct design that were manufactured by the rBV/Sf9 system produced a higher degree of truncated and unresolved species than those generated by pTx/HEK293 production. We also demonstrate that empty particles purified by cesium chloride gradient ultracentrifugation are not truly empty but are instead packaged with genomes composed of a single truncated and/or unresolved inverted terminal repeat (ITR). Our data suggest that the frequency of these "mutated" ITRs correlates with the abundance of inaccurate genomes in all fractions. These surprising findings shed new light on vector efficacy, safety, and how clinical vectors should be quantified and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Tam Tran
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emilie Lecomte
- INSERM UMR 1089, University of Nantes, CHU of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Sylvie Saleun
- INSERM UMR 1089, University of Nantes, CHU of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Suk Namkung
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cécile Robin
- INSERM UMR 1089, University of Nantes, CHU of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Eric Devine
- INSERM UMR 1089, University of Nantes, CHU of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Veronique Blouin
- INSERM UMR 1089, University of Nantes, CHU of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Oumeya Adjali
- INSERM UMR 1089, University of Nantes, CHU of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Eduard Ayuso
- INSERM UMR 1089, University of Nantes, CHU of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- Li Weibo Institute of Rare Diseases Research; UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Phillip W.L. Tai
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- Li Weibo Institute of Rare Diseases Research; UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Zell J, Duskova K, Chouh L, Bossaert M, Chéron N, Granzhan A, Britton S, Monchaud D. Dual targeting of higher-order DNA structures by azacryptands induces DNA junction-mediated DNA damage in cancer cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:10275-10288. [PMID: 34551430 PMCID: PMC8501980 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA is intrinsically dynamic and folds transiently into alternative higher-order structures such as G-quadruplexes (G4s) and three-way DNA junctions (TWJs). G4s and TWJs can be stabilised by small molecules (ligands) that have high chemotherapeutic potential, either as standalone DNA damaging agents or combined in synthetic lethality strategies. While previous approaches have claimed to use ligands that specifically target either G4s or TWJs, we report here on a new approach in which ligands targeting both TWJs and G4s in vitro demonstrate cellular effects distinct from that of G4 ligands, and attributable to TWJ targeting. The DNA binding modes of these new, dual TWJ-/G4-ligands were studied by a panel of in vitro methods and theoretical simulations, and their cellular properties by extensive cell-based assays. We show here that cytotoxic activity of TWJ-/G4-ligands is mitigated by the DNA damage response (DDR) and DNA topoisomerase 2 (TOP2), making them different from typical G4-ligands, and implying a pivotal role of TWJs in cells. We designed and used a clickable ligand, TrisNP-α, to provide unique insights into the TWJ landscape in cells and its modulation upon co-treatments. This wealth of data was exploited to design an efficient synthetic lethality strategy combining dual ligands with clinically relevant DDR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Zell
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB), CNRS UMR 6302, UBFC Dijon, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Katerina Duskova
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB), CNRS UMR 6302, UBFC Dijon, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Leïla Chouh
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 9187, INSERM U1196, PSL Research University, 91405 Orsay, France
- Université Paris Saclay, CNRS UMR 9187, INSERM U1196, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Madeleine Bossaert
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS UMR 5089, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Équipe labellisée la Ligue Contre le Cancer, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Chéron
- Pasteur, Département de chimie, École Normale Supérieure (ENS), CNRS UMR8640, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Anton Granzhan
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 9187, INSERM U1196, PSL Research University, 91405 Orsay, France
- Université Paris Saclay, CNRS UMR 9187, INSERM U1196, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Sébastien Britton
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS UMR 5089, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Équipe labellisée la Ligue Contre le Cancer, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - David Monchaud
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB), CNRS UMR 6302, UBFC Dijon, 21078 Dijon, France
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14
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Song L, Samulski RJ, Hirsch ML. Adeno-Associated Virus Vector Mobilization, Risk Versus Reality. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 31:1054-1067. [PMID: 32829671 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vector mobilization is a largely theoretical process in which intact AAV vectors spread or "mobilize" from transduced cells and infect additional cells within, or external of, the initial host. This process can be helper virus-independent (vector alone) or helper virus-dependent (de novo rAAV production facilitated by superinfection of both wild-type AAV [wtAAV] and Adenovirus 5 [Ad] helper virus). Herein, rAAV production and mobilization with and without wtAAV were analyzed following plasmid transfection or viral transduction utilizing well-established in vitro conditions and analytical measurements. During in vitro production, wtAAV produced the highest titer with rAAV-luc (4.1 kb), rAAV-IDUA (3.7 kb), and rAAV-Nano-dysferlin (4.9 kb) generating 2.5-, 5.9-, or 10.7-fold lower amounts, respectively. Surprisingly, cotransfection of a wtAAV and an rAAV plasmid resulted in a uniform decrease in production of wtAAV in all instances with a concomitant increase of rAAV such that wtAAV:rAAV titers were at a ratio of 1:1 for all constructs investigated. These results were shown to be independent of the rAAV transgenic sequence, size, transgene, or promoter choice and point to novel aspects of wtAAV complementation that enhance current vector production systems yet to be defined. In a mobilization assay, a sizeable amount of rAAV recovered from infected 293 cell lysate remained intact and competent for a secondary round of infection (termed Ad-independent mobilization). In rAAV-infected cells coinfected with Ad and wtAAV, rAAV particle production was increased >50-fold compared with no Ad conditions. In addition, Ad-dependent rAAV vectors mobilized and resulted in >1,000-fold transduction upon a subsequent second-round infection, highlighting the reality of these theoretical safety concerns that can be manifested under various conditions. Overall, these studies document and signify the need for mobilization-resistant vectors and the opportunity to derive better vector production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liujiang Song
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - R Jude Samulski
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew L Hirsch
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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15
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Bower JJ, Song L, Bastola P, Hirsch ML. Harnessing the Natural Biology of Adeno-Associated Virus to Enhance the Efficacy of Cancer Gene Therapy. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071205. [PMID: 34201599 PMCID: PMC8309980 DOI: 10.3390/v13071205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) was first characterized as small “defective” contaminant particles in a simian adenovirus preparation in 1965. Since then, a recombinant platform of AAV (rAAV) has become one of the leading candidates for gene therapy applications resulting in two FDA-approved treatments for rare monogenic diseases and many more currently in various phases of the pharmaceutical development pipeline. Herein, we summarize rAAV approaches for the treatment of diverse types of cancers and highlight the natural anti-oncogenic effects of wild-type AAV (wtAAV), including interactions with the cellular host machinery, that are of relevance to enhance current treatment strategies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn J. Bower
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (L.S.); (P.B.)
- Correspondence: (J.J.B.); (M.L.H.)
| | - Liujiang Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (L.S.); (P.B.)
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Prabhakar Bastola
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (L.S.); (P.B.)
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Matthew L. Hirsch
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (L.S.); (P.B.)
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Correspondence: (J.J.B.); (M.L.H.)
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16
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Qin W, Xu G, Tai PWL, Wang C, Luo L, Li C, Hu X, Xue J, Lu Y, Zhou Q, Wei Q, Wen T, Hu J, Xiao Y, Yang L, Li W, Flotte TR, Wei Y, Gao G. Large-scale molecular epidemiological analysis of AAV in a cancer patient population. Oncogene 2021; 40:3060-3071. [PMID: 33782545 PMCID: PMC8087635 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01725-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) are well-established vectors for delivering therapeutic genes. However, previous reports have suggested that wild-type AAV is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma, raising concern with the safety of rAAVs. In addition, a recent long-term follow-up study in canines, which received rAAVs for factor VIII gene therapy, demonstrated vector integration into the genome of liver cells, reviving the uncertainty between AAV and cancer. To further explore this relationship, we performed large-scale molecular epidemiology of AAV in resected tumor samples and non-lesion tissues collected from 413 patients, reflecting nine carcinoma types: breast carcinoma, rectal cancer, pancreas carcinoma, brain tumor, hepatoid adenocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, lung squamous, and adenocarcinoma. We found that over 80% of patients were AAV-positive among all nine types of carcinoma examined. Importantly, the AAV sequences detected in patient-matched tumor and adjacent non-lesion tissues showed no significant difference in incidence, abundance, and variation. In addition, no specific AAV sequences predominated in tumor samples. Our data shows that AAV genomes are equally abundant in tumors and adjacent normal tissues, but lack clonality. The finding critically adds to the epidemiological profile of AAV in humans, and provides insights that may assist rAAV-based clinical studies and gene therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanru Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guangchao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts, Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts, Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Phillip W L Tai
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts, Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts, Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Chunmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts, Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Xun Hu
- Biobank, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianxin Xue
- Department of Thoracic Oncology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - You Lu
- Department of Thoracic Oncology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Zhou
- Pathology Department and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianfu Wen
- Department of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiankun Hu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Laboratory of Gastric Cancer, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Terence R Flotte
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts, Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
- Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts, Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | - Yuquan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts, Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
- Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts, Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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17
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McIntosh A, Sverdlov O, Yu L, Kaufmann P. Clinical Design and Analysis Strategies for the Development of Gene Therapies: Considerations for Quantitative Drug Development in the Age of Genetic Medicine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2021; 110:1207-1215. [PMID: 33666225 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell and gene therapies have shown enormous promise across a range of diseases in recent years. Numerous adoptive cell therapy modalities as well as systemic and direct-to-target tissue gene transfer administrations are currently in clinical development. The clinical trial design, development, reporting, and analysis of novel cell and gene therapies can differ significantly from established practices for small molecule drugs and biologics. Here, we discuss important quantitative considerations and key competencies for drug developers in preclinical requirements, trial design, and lifecycle planning for gene therapies. We argue that the unique development path of gene therapies requires practicing quantitative drug developers-statisticians, pharmacometricians, pharmacokineticists, epidemiologists, and medical and translational science leads-to exercise active collaboration and cross-functional learning across development stages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Li Yu
- Novartis Gene Therapies, Bannockburn, Illinois, USA
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18
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Bulcha JT, Wang Y, Ma H, Tai PWL, Gao G. Viral vector platforms within the gene therapy landscape. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:53. [PMID: 33558455 PMCID: PMC7868676 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00487-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 553] [Impact Index Per Article: 184.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout its 40-year history, the field of gene therapy has been marked by many transitions. It has seen great strides in combating human disease, has given hope to patients and families with limited treatment options, but has also been subject to many setbacks. Treatment of patients with this class of investigational drugs has resulted in severe adverse effects and, even in rare cases, death. At the heart of this dichotomous field are the viral-based vectors, the delivery vehicles that have allowed researchers and clinicians to develop powerful drug platforms, and have radically changed the face of medicine. Within the past 5 years, the gene therapy field has seen a wave of drugs based on viral vectors that have gained regulatory approval that come in a variety of designs and purposes. These modalities range from vector-based cancer therapies, to treating monogenic diseases with life-altering outcomes. At present, the three key vector strategies are based on adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, and lentiviruses. They have led the way in preclinical and clinical successes in the past two decades. However, despite these successes, many challenges still limit these approaches from attaining their full potential. To review the viral vector-based gene therapy landscape, we focus on these three highly regarded vector platforms and describe mechanisms of action and their roles in treating human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jote T Bulcha
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, West China College of Basic medical sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Ma
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Phillip W L Tai
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
- VIDE Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
- Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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19
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Radukic MT, Brandt D, Haak M, Müller KM, Kalinowski J. Nanopore sequencing of native adeno-associated virus (AAV) single-stranded DNA using a transposase-based rapid protocol. NAR Genom Bioinform 2020; 2:lqaa074. [PMID: 33575623 PMCID: PMC7671332 DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqaa074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) enables transgene characterization of gene therapy vectors such as adeno-associated virus (AAV), but current library generation uses complicated and potentially biased second-strand synthesis. We report that libraries for nanopore sequencing of ssDNA can be conveniently created without second-strand synthesis using a transposase-based protocol. We show for bacteriophage M13 ssDNA that the MuA transposase has unexpected residual activity on ssDNA, explained in part by transposase action on transient double-stranded hairpins. In case of AAV, library creation is additionally aided by genome hybridization. We demonstrate the power of direct sequencing combined with nanopore long reads by characterizing AAV vector transgenes. Sequencing yielded reads up to full genome length, including GC-rich inverted terminal repeats. Unlike short-read techniques, single reads covered genome-genome and genome-contaminant fusions and other recombination events, whilst additionally providing information on epigenetic methylation. Single-nucleotide variants across the transgene cassette were revealed and secondary genome packaging signals were readily identified. Moreover, comparison of sequence abundance with quantitative polymerase chain reaction results demonstrated the technique's future potential for quantification of DNA impurities in AAV vector stocks. The findings promote direct nanopore sequencing as a fast and versatile platform for ssDNA characterization, such as AAV ssDNA in research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco T Radukic
- Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - David Brandt
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Markus Haak
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Kristian M Müller
- Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany
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20
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Tran NT, Heiner C, Weber K, Weiand M, Wilmot D, Xie J, Wang D, Brown A, Manokaran S, Su Q, Zapp ML, Gao G, Tai PW. AAV-Genome Population Sequencing of Vectors Packaging CRISPR Components Reveals Design-Influenced Heterogeneity. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2020; 18:639-651. [PMID: 32775498 PMCID: PMC7397707 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gene therapy field has been galvanized by two technologies that have revolutionized treating genetic diseases: vectors based on adeno-associated viruses (AAVs), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas gene-editing tools. When combined into one platform, these safe and broadly tropic biotherapies can be engineered to target any region in the human genome to correct genetic flaws. Unfortunately, few investigations into the design compatibility of CRISPR components in AAV vectors exist. Using AAV-genome population sequencing (AAV-GPseq), we previously found that self-complementary AAV vector designs with strong DNA secondary structures can cause a high degree of truncation events, impacting production and vector efficacy. We hypothesized that the single-guide RNA (sgRNA) scaffold, which contains several loop regions, may also compromise vector integrity. We have therefore advanced the AAV-GPseq method to also interrogate single-strand AAV vectors to investigate whether vector genomes carrying Cas9-sgRNA cassettes can cause truncation events. We found that on their own, sgRNA sequences do not produce a high degree of truncation events. However, we demonstrate that vector genome designs that carry dual sgRNA expression cassettes in tail-to-tail configurations lead to truncations. In addition, we revealed that heterogeneity in inverted terminal repeat sequences in the form of regional deletions inherent to certain AAV vector plasmids can be interrogated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Tam Tran
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Cheryl Heiner
- Pacific Biosciences, Inc., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | | | | | - Daniella Wilmot
- Program in Molecular Medicine and Center for AIDS Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jun Xie
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Viral Vector Core, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Alexander Brown
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Sangeetha Manokaran
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Viral Vector Core, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Qin Su
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Viral Vector Core, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Maria L. Zapp
- Program in Molecular Medicine and Center for AIDS Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Viral Vector Core, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Phillip W.L. Tai
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
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21
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Arruda VR, Doshi BS. Gene Therapy for Hemophilia: Facts and Quandaries in the 21st Century. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2020; 12:e2020069. [PMID: 32952980 PMCID: PMC7485465 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2020.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapy for hemophilia has evolved in the last 40 years from plasma-based concentrates to recombinant proteins and, more recently, to non-factor therapeutics. Along this same timeline, research in adeno-associated viral (AAV) based gene therapy vectors has provided the framework for early phase clinical trials initially for hemophilia B (HB) and now for hemophilia A. Successive lessons learned from early HB trials have paved the way for current advanced phase trials. Nevertheless, questions linger regarding 1) the optimal balance of vector dose to transgene expression, 2) amount and durability of transgene expression required, and 3) long-term safety. Some trials have demonstrated unique findings not seen previously regarding transient elevation of liver enzymes, immunogenicity of the vector capsid, and loss of transgene expression. This review will provide an update on the clinical AAV gene therapy trials in hemophilia and address the questions above. A thoughtful and rationally approached expansion of gene therapy to the clinics would certainly be a welcome addition to the arsenal of options for hemophilia therapy. Further, the global impact of gene therapy could be vastly improved by expanding eligibility to different patient populations and to developing nations. With the advances made to date, it is possible to envision a shift from the early goal of simply increasing life expectancy to a significant improvement in quality of life by reduction in spontaneous bleeding episodes and disease complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valder R. Arruda
- Divsion of Hematology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia PA USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA USA
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Bhavya S. Doshi
- Divsion of Hematology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia PA USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA USA
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22
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Meier AF, Fraefel C, Seyffert M. The Interplay between Adeno-Associated Virus and its Helper Viruses. Viruses 2020; 12:E662. [PMID: 32575422 PMCID: PMC7354565 DOI: 10.3390/v12060662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a small, nonpathogenic parvovirus, which depends on helper factors to replicate. Those helper factors can be provided by coinfecting helper viruses such as adenoviruses, herpesviruses, or papillomaviruses. We review the basic biology of AAV and its most-studied helper viruses, adenovirus type 5 (AdV5) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). We further outline the direct and indirect interactions of AAV with those and additional helper viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Seyffert
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.F.M.); (C.F.)
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23
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Maurer AC, Weitzman MD. Adeno-Associated Virus Genome Interactions Important for Vector Production and Transduction. Hum Gene Ther 2020; 31:499-511. [PMID: 32303138 PMCID: PMC7232694 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus has emerged as one of the most promising gene therapy delivery vectors. Development of these vectors took advantage of key features of the wild-type adeno-associated virus (AAV), enabled by basic studies of the underlying biology and requirements for transcription, replication, and packaging of the viral genome. Each step in generating and utilizing viral vectors involves numerous molecular interactions that together determine the efficiency of vector production and gene delivery. Once delivered into the cell, interactions with host proteins will determine the fate of the viral genome, and these will impact the intended goal of gene delivery. Here, we provide an overview of known interactions of the AAV genome with viral and cellular proteins involved in its amplification, packaging, and expression. Further appreciation of how the AAV genome interacts with host factors will enhance how this simple virus can be harnessed for an array of vector purposes that benefit human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Maurer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Matthew D. Weitzman
- Division of Protective Immunity, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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