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Sicard RM, Frank-Ito DO. Parameter characteristics in intranasal drug delivery: A key to targeting medications to the olfactory airspace. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2024; 114:106231. [PMID: 38507865 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2024.106231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nose is a viable pathway for topical drug delivery to the olfactory cleft for treatment of obstructive smell loss and nose-to-brain drug delivery. This study investigates how variations in nasal vestibule morphology influence intranasal spray drug transport to the olfactory cleft and olfactory roof/bulb regions. METHODS The unilateral nasal vestibule morphology in three healthy subjects with healthy normal nasal anatomy was classified as Elongated (Subject DN001), Notched (Subject DN002), and Standard (Subject DN003). Computational fluid and particle dynamics modelling were used to simulate nasal airflow and drug particle transport to the olfactory cleft and olfactory roof/bulb regions in each subject-specific nasal cavity. To evaluate highest drug depositions in these regions, the particle transport simulations involved extensive parameter combination analyses: 6 inspiratory flow rates mimicking resting to sniffing (10-50 L/min); 5 spray release locations (Top, Bottom, Central, Lateral, and Medial); 5 head positions (Upright, Tilted Forward, Tilted Back, Supine, and Mygind); 3 particle velocities (1, 5, and 10 m/s); 350,000 μm-particles (1-100 μm) and 346,500 nanoparticles (10-990 nm). FINDINGS Particle size groups with highest depositions in olfactory cleft: DN001 left = 28.4% at 11-20 μm, right = 75.3% at 6-10 μm; DN002 left = 16.8% at 1-5 μm, right = 45.3% at 30-40 nm; DN003 left = 29.1% at 21-30 μm, right = 15.9% at 6-10 μm. Highest depositions in olfactory roof/bulb: DN001 left = 6.5% at 11-20 μm, right = 26.4% at 11-20 μm; DN002 left = 3.6% at 1-5 μm, right = 2.6% at 1-5 μm; DN003 left = 2.8% at 21-30 μm, right = 1.7% at 31-40 μm. INTERPRETATION DN001 (Elongated nasal vestibule) had the most deposition in the olfactory regions. Micron-particles size groups generally had better deposition in the olfactory regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Sicard
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dennis O Frank-Ito
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Computational Biology & Bioinformatics PhD Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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Ye Y, Ma Y, Fan Z, Zhu J. The effects of grid design on the performance of 3D-printed dry powder inhalers. Int J Pharm 2022; 627:122230. [PMID: 36162608 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The grid structure is an indispensable part of most dry powder inhalers, but the effects of grid geometry on inhaler performance are rarely reported. This study aims to systemically investigate the influence of grid design on the aerosolization performance of capsule-based inhalers through experiments and computational analysis. In-vitro aerosolization and deposition performance of commercial and 3D-printed customized inhalers with different grid mesh designs were experimentally studied using a Next Generation Impactor (NGI). Flow fields in the inhalers were generated, and average turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) and airstream trajectories were obtained through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis, delineating the effects of the different grid designs. Comparative studies using the commercial inhalers and the 3D-printed inhalers show a slightly better performance for the latter, probably due to the different materials used for the inhalers, confirming the suitability of 3D printing. Experimental results show that intensive grid meshes with a relatively small aperture size are beneficial to enhancing inhaler performance. Computational results illustrate that the intensive grid meshes can reduce vortexed airstreams and increase turbulent kinetic energy at the grids in general, which also supports the experimental results. In summary, inhalers with intensive grid meshes are preferred for capsule-based inhalers to enhance aerosolization performance. These findings have significant implications for the comprehensive understanding of how grid designs influence inhaler performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Ye
- University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London N6A 3K7, Canada; Suzhou Inhal Pharma Co., Ltd., 502-Bldf A SIP, 108 Yuxi Road, Suzhou 215125, China
| | - Ying Ma
- University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London N6A 3K7, Canada; Suzhou Inhal Pharma Co., Ltd., 502-Bldf A SIP, 108 Yuxi Road, Suzhou 215125, China
| | - Ziyi Fan
- University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Jesse Zhu
- University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London N6A 3K7, Canada.
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3
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A CFD-DEM investigation of powder transport and aerosolization in ELLIPTA® dry powder inhaler. POWDER TECHNOL 2022; 409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Capecelatro J, Longest W, Boerman C, Sulaiman M, Sundaresan S. Recent developments in the computational simulation of dry powder inhalers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 188:114461. [PMID: 35868587 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews recent developments in computational modeling of dry powder inhalers (DPIs). DPIs deliver drug formulations (sometimes blended with larger carrier particles) to a patient's lungs via inhalation. Inhaler design is complicated by the need for maximum aerosolization efficiency, which is favored by high levels of turbulence near the mouthpiece, with low extrathoracic depositional loss, which requires low turbulence levels near the mouth-throat region. In this article, we review the physical processes contributing to aerosolization and subsequent dispersion and deposition. We assess the performance characteristics of DPIs using existing simulation techniques and offer a perspective on how such simulations can be improved to capture the physical processes occurring over a wide range of length- and timescales more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Capecelatro
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Worth Longest
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Connor Boerman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mostafa Sulaiman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Sankaran Sundaresan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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5
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Ding L, Brunaugh AD, Thakkar R, Lee C, Zhao QJ, Kalafat J, Maniruzzaman M, Smyth HDC. Comparison of HPMC Inhalation-Grade Capsules and Their Effect on Aerosol Performance Using Budesonide and Rifampicin DPI Formulations. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:52. [PMID: 35018574 PMCID: PMC8752038 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02175-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that capsules play an important role in many dry powder inhalation (DPI) systems, few studies have been conducted to investigate the capsules’ interactions with respirable powders. The effect of four commercially available hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)inhalation-grade capsule types on the aerosol performance of two model DPI formulations (lactose carrier and a carrier-free formulation) at two different pressure drops was investigated in this study. There were no statistically significant differences in performance between capsules by using the carrier-based formulation. However, there were some differences between the capsules used for the carrier-free rifampicin formulation. At 2-kPa pressure drop conditions, Embocaps® VG capsules had a higher mean emitted fraction (EF) (89.86%) and a lower mean mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) (4.19 µm) than Vcaps® (Capsugel) (85.54%, 5.10 µm) and Quali-V® I (Qualicaps) (85.01%, 5.09 µm), but no significant performance differences between Embocaps® and ACGcaps™ HI. Moreover, Embocaps® VG capsules exhibited a higher mean respirable fraction (RF)/fine particle fraction (FPF) with a 3-µm–sized cutoff (RF/FPF< 3 µm) (33.05%/35.36%) against Quali-V® I (28.16%/31.75%) (P < 0.05), and a higher RF/FPF with a 5-µm–sized cutoff (RF/FPF< 5 µm) (49.15%/52.57%) versus ACGcaps™ HI (38.88%/41.99%) (P < 0.01) at 4-kPa pressure drop condition. Aerosol performance variability, pierced-flap detachment, as well as capsule hardness and stiffness, may all influence capsule type selection in a carrier-based formulation. The capsule type influenced EF, RF, FPF, and MMAD in the carrier-free formulation.
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Sulaiman M, Liu X, Sundaresan S. Effects of dose loading conditions and device geometry on the transport and aerosolization in dry powder inhalers: A simulation study. Int J Pharm 2021; 610:121219. [PMID: 34699949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The transport and aerosolization of particles are studied in several different dry powder inhaler geometries via Computational Fluid Dynamics-Discrete Element Method (CFD-DEM) simulations. These simulations combine Large Eddy Simulation of gas with Discrete Element Model simulation of all the carrier particles and a representative subset of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) particles. The purpose of the study is to probe the dominant mechanism leading to the release of the API particles and to demonstrate the value of the CFD-DEM simulations where one tracks the motion of all the carrier and API particles. Simulations are performed at different inhalation rates and initial dose loading conditions for the screen-haler geometry, a simple cylindrical tube inhaler, and five different geometry modifications that took the form of bumpy walls and baffles. These geometry modifications alter the residence time of the powder sample in the inhaler, pressure drop across the inhaler, the severity of gas-carrier interactions, and the number of collisions experienced by the carrier particles, all of which are quantified. The quality of aerosolization is found to correlate with the average air-carrier slip velocity, while collisions played only a secondary role. Some geometry modifications improved aerosolization quality with very little increase in the pressure drop across the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Sulaiman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Sankaran Sundaresan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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Benque B, Khinast JG. Estimating inter-patient variability of dispersion in dry powder inhalers using CFD-DEM simulations. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 156:105574. [PMID: 32980431 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Drug delivery from a capsule-based dry powder inhaler depends on the inhaler's design, the drug's formulation, and the inhalation maneuver. The latter affects both the air flow and the capsule motion in the inhaler. It is well known that patient-to-patient variability is a major challenge in the design of new inhaler types. Modeling and simulation are important tools for understanding such systems, yet quite complex. Simulation studies of capsule-based dry powder inhalers have disregarded the transient nature of the inhalation process, adopting a constant flow rate through the inhaler instead. In addition, either no capsules, a capsule in a fixed position, or a capsule rotating at a constant rate have been considered. In this work, literature data for three inhalation flow profiles were incorporated into coupled simulations of the air flow and carrier particle motion through an Aerolizer® dry powder inhaler with a rotating capsule and compared to simulations at constant air flow rates. The results for the profile simulations indicated that the carrier powder experienced larger velocity fluctuations. Acceleration events were tracked as a measure of collision- and flow-induced dispersion. The majority of fast particle accelerations occurred when the particles collided with the swirl chamber walls. Of the two common particle dispersion metrics, only the peak particle force distribution appeared to be sensitive to the inhalation profiles, while the effect of the profiles on the cumulative impulse was small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict Benque
- Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes G Khinast
- Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria; Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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Coupled in silico platform: Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 113:171-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Haidl P, Heindl S, Siemon K, Bernacka M, Cloes RM. Inhalation device requirements for patients' inhalation maneuvers. Respir Med 2016; 118:65-75. [PMID: 27578473 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhaled drugs are the mainstay of treatment for lung diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, failure to use inhalation devices correctly can lead to a poorly controlled status. A vast number of inhalation devices exist and each device has specific requirements to achieve optimum inhalation of the drug. Currently, there is no overview of inhalation requirements considering all devices. This article presents a review of the literature on different inhalation device requirements and incorporates the data into a new inhalation flow algorithm. METHODS Data from literature on commercially available inhalation devices were evaluated and parameters, such as inhalation flow rate, flow acceleration, inhalation volume, and inspiration time assessed for the required inhalation maneuver specific to the device. All agreed upon data points were used to develop an inhalation flow algorithm. RESULTS The literature analysis revealed availability of robust data for the required inhalation flow characteristics for most devices and thus for the development of an algorithm. For those devices for which these parameters are not published, the minimum required flow criteria were defined based on published data regarding individual aspects of aerosol quality. CONCLUSIONS This review provides an overview of inhalation devices available on the market regarding requirements for an acceptable inhalation maneuver and shows which goals should be achieved in terms of inhalation flows. The presented algorithm can be used to develop a new computer based measurement system which could help to test and train patients' individual inhalation maneuvers with their inhalation devices.
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Kleinstreuer C, Feng Y, Childress E. Drug-targeting methodologies with applications: A review. World J Clin Cases 2014; 2:742-756. [PMID: 25516850 PMCID: PMC4266823 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v2.i12.742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery to solid tumors is a very active research area, focusing mainly on improved drug formulation and associated best delivery methods/devices. Drug-targeting has the potential to greatly improve drug-delivery efficacy, reduce side effects, and lower the treatment costs. However, the vast majority of drug-targeting studies assume that the drug-particles are already at the target site or at least in its direct vicinity. In this review, drug-delivery methodologies, drug types and drug-delivery devices are discussed with examples in two major application areas: (1) inhaled drug-aerosol delivery into human lung-airways; and (2) intravascular drug-delivery for solid tumor targeting. The major problem addressed is how to deliver efficiently the drug-particles from the entry/infusion point to the target site. So far, most experimental results are based on animal studies. Concerning pulmonary drug delivery, the focus is on the pros and cons of three inhaler types, i.e., pressurized metered dose inhaler, dry powder inhaler and nebulizer, in addition to drug-aerosol formulations. Computational fluid-particle dynamics techniques and the underlying methodology for a smart inhaler system are discussed as well. Concerning intravascular drug-delivery for solid tumor targeting, passive and active targeting are reviewed as well as direct drug-targeting, using optimal delivery of radioactive microspheres to liver tumors as an example. The review concludes with suggestions for future work, considereing both pulmonary drug targeting and direct drug delivery to solid tumors in the vascular system.
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Zhou Q(T, Tang P, Leung SSY, Chan JGY, Chan HK. Emerging inhalation aerosol devices and strategies: where are we headed? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 75:3-17. [PMID: 24732364 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Novel inhaled therapeutics including antibiotics, vaccines and anti-hypertensives, have led to innovations in designing suitable delivery systems. These emerging design technologies are in urgent demand to ensure high aerosolisation performance, consistent efficacy and satisfactory patient adherence. Recent vibrating-mesh and software technologies have resulted in nebulisers that have remarkably accurate dosing and portability. Alternatively, dry powder inhalers (DPIs) have become highly favourable for delivering high-dose and single-dose drugs with the aid of advanced particle engineering. In contrast, innovations are needed to overcome the technical constrains in drug-propellant incompatibility and delivering high-dose drugs with pressurised metered dose inhalers (pMDIs). This review discusses recent and emerging trends in pulmonary drug delivery systems.
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Zarogoulidis P, Petridis D, Ritzoulis C, Darwiche K, Kioumis I, Porpodis K, Spyratos D, Hohenforst-Schmidt W, Yarmus L, Huang H, Li Q, Freitag L, Zarogoulidis K. Internal mouthpiece designs as a future perspective for enhanced aerosol deposition. Comparative results for aerosol chemotherapy and aerosol antibiotics. Int J Pharm 2013; 456:325-31. [PMID: 24035789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In an effort to identify factors producing a finest mist from Jet-Nebulizers we designed 2 mouthpieces with 4 different internal designs and 1-3 compartments. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten different drugs previous used with their "ideal" combination of jet-nebulizer, residual-cup and loading were used. For each drug the mass median aerodynamic diameter size had been established along with their "ideal" combination. RESULTS For both mouthpiece, drug was the most important factor due the high F-values (Flarge=251.7, p<0.001 and Fsmall=60.1, p<0.001) produced. The design affected the droplet size but only for large mouthpiece (Flarge=5.99, p=0.001, Fsmall=1.72, p=0.178). Cross designs create the smallest droplets (2.271) so differing from the other designs whose mean droplets were greater and equal ranging between 2.39 and 2.447. The number of compartments in the two devices regarding the 10 drugs was found not statistically significant (p-values 0.768 and 0.532 respectively). Interaction effects between drugs and design were statistically significant for both devices (Flarge=8.87, p<0.001, Fsmall=5.33, p<0.001). CONCLUSION Based on our experiment we conclude that further improvement of the drugs intended for aerosol production is needed. In addition, the mouthpiece design and size play an important role in further enhancing the fine mist production and therefore further experimentation is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Zarogoulidis
- Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Interventional Pneumology, Ruhrlandklinik, West German Lung Center, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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