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Taveras J, Garcia-Maurino C, Moore-Clingenpeel M, Xu Z, Mertz S, Ye F, Chen P, Cohen SH, Cohen D, Peeples ME, Ramilo O, Mejias A. Type III Interferons, Viral Loads, Age, and Disease Severity in Young Children With Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. J Infect Dis 2022; 227:61-70. [PMID: 36200173 PMCID: PMC10205614 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interplay among respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) loads, mucosal interferons (IFN), and disease severity in RSV-infected children is poorly understood. METHODS Children <2 years of age with mild (outpatients) or severe (inpatients) RSV infection and healthy controls were enrolled, and nasopharyngeal samples obtained for RSV loads and innate cytokines quantification. Patients were stratified by age (0-6 and >6-24 months) and multivariable analyses performed to identify predictors of disease severity. RESULTS In 2015-2019 we enrolled 219 RSV-infected children (78 outpatients; 141 inpatients) and 34 healthy controls. Type I, II, and III IFN concentrations were higher in children aged >6 versus 0-6 months and, like CXCL10, they were higher in outpatients than inpatients and correlated with RSV loads (P < .05). Higher IL6 concentrations increased the odds of hospitalization (odds ratio [OR], 2.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07-5.36) only in children >6 months, while higher IFN-λ2/3 concentrations had the opposite effect irrespective of age (OR, 0.38; 95% CI, .15-.86). Likewise, higher CXCL10 concentrations decreased the odds of hospitalization (OR, 0.21; 95% CI, .08-.48), oxygen administration (OR, 0.42; 95% CI, .21-.80),PICU admission (OR, 0.39; 95% CI, .20-.73), and prolonged hospitalization (OR, 0.57; 95% CI, .32-.98) irrespective of age. CONCLUSIONS Children with milder RSV infection and those aged >6 months had higher concentrations of mucosal IFNs, suggesting that maturation of mucosal IFN responses are associated with protection against severe RSV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette Taveras
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Cristina Garcia-Maurino
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Melissa Moore-Clingenpeel
- Biostatistics Core, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Zhaohui Xu
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sara Mertz
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Fang Ye
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Phyl Chen
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Shira H Cohen
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniel Cohen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Emergency Medicine at Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mark E Peeples
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Octavio Ramilo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Asuncion Mejias
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Lehmann JS, Rughwani P, Kolenovic M, Ji S, Sun B. LEGENDplex™: Bead-assisted multiplex cytokine profiling by flow cytometry. Methods Enzymol 2019; 629:151-176. [PMID: 31727238 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades there have been tremendous advances in our understanding of tumor immunology, which have in turn led to new and exciting immunology-based therapeutics. However, further research is needed into the dynamics and regulation of the immune response in the tumor microenvironment in order to achieve the full potential of these agents in treating all cancer patients. Defining the role of cytokines, chemokines, and other soluble mediators will be essential to this endeavor. This chapter describes, in detail, the technical protocol and applicability of LEGENDplex™ bead-based multiplex assays in quantifying these critical signaling molecules.
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