Pretreatment with Salvia miltiorrhiza Polysaccharides Protects from Lipopolysaccharides/d-Galactosamine-Induced Liver Injury in Mice Through Inhibiting TLR4/MyD88 Signaling Pathway

Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharide mitigates AFB1-induced liver injury in rabbits

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is one of the common dietary contaminants worldwide, which can harm the liver of humans and animals. Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharide (SMP) is a natural plant-derived polysaccharide with numerous pharmacological activities, including hepatoprotective properties. The purpose of this study is to explore the intervention effect of SMP on AFB1-induced liver injury and its underlying mechanisms in rabbits. The rabbits were administered AFB1 (25 μg/kg/feed) and or treatment with SMP (300, 600, 900 mg/kg/feed) for 42 days. The results showed that SMP effectively alleviated the negative impact of AFB1 on rabbits' productivity by increasing average daily weight gain (ADG) and feed conversion rate (FCR). SMP reduced aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in serum, ameliorating AFB1-induced hepatic pathological changes. Additionally, SMP enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) activity, and inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression, thus mitigating AFB1-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Moreover, SMP upregulated the expression of nuclear factor E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), NADPH quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) while downregulating kelch like ECH associated protein 1 (Keap1), cytochrome c (cyt.c), caspase9, caspase3, and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) expression, thereby inhibiting AFB1-induced hepatocyte apoptosis. Consequently, our findings conclude that SMP can mitigate AFB1-induced liver damage by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and inhibiting mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway in rabbits.

Role and molecular mechanism of Salvia miltiorrhiza associated with chemical compounds in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and its complications: A review

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide, greatly impacting patients' quality of life. This article reviews the progress in Salvia miltiorrhiza, an ancient Chinese plant, for the treatment of DM and its associated complications. Extensive studies have been conducted on the chemical composition and pharmacological effects of S miltiorrhiza, including its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. It has demonstrated potential in preventing and treating diabetes and its consequences by improving peripheral nerve function and increasing retinal thickness in diabetic individuals. Moreover, S miltiorrhiza has shown effectiveness when used in conjunction with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and statins. The safety and tolerability of S miltiorrhiza have also been thoroughly investigated. Despite the established benefits of managing DM and its complications, further research is needed to determine appropriate usage, dosage, long-term health benefits, and safety.

Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharide and its related metabolite 5-methoxyindole-3-carboxaldehyde ameliorate experimental colitis by regulating Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway

The roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza have been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for thousands of years. However, tons of aerial parts of this plant are usually discarded in the production of roots preparation. To make better use of these plant resources, the polysaccharide isolated from the aerial part of S. miltiorrhiza was investigated for its potential protection against intestinal diseases. A pectic polysaccharide (SMAP-1) was isolated and characterized being composed of homogalacturonan as the main chain and rhamnogalacturonan type I as ramified region, with side chains including arabinans and possible arabinogalactan type I and II. SMAP-1 exhibited robust protective effects against dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis and restored colitis symptoms, colonic inflammation, and barrier functions. Anti-oxidative effects were also observed by up-regulating Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway. Additionally, the level of serum 5-methoxyindole-3-carboxaldehyde (5-MC) was restored by SMAP-1 identified in metabolomic analysis, being correlated with the aforementioned effects. Protection against oxidative stress on intestinal porcine enterocyte cells (IPEC-J2) by 5-MC was observed through the activation of Nrf2/Keap1 system, as also shown by SMAP-1. In conclusion, SMAP-1 could be a promising candidate for colitis prevention, and 5-MC could be the signal metabolite of SMAP-1 in protecting against oxidative stress in the intestine.

Preparation methods, structural characteristics, and biological activity of polysaccharides from Salvia miltiorrhiza: A review

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Salvia miltiorrhiza is a traditional Chinese medicine with the application of more than a two-thousand-year history. It is a common medicine used in the clinical treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and is listed as the top grade in Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica. Polysaccharide is an important chemical component of Salvia miltiorrhiza and has a variety of biological activities.

AIM OF THE STUDY

In this review, we summarized the preparation methods, structural characteristics, and biological activities of Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharides, as well as discussed current research problems, providing support for further research, development, and utilization.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

By inputting the search term "Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharides", relevant research information was obtained from databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, VIP, Web of Science, and China Knowledge Network (CNKI).

RESULTS

It has been found that the monosaccharide composition of Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharides containing glucose (Glc), galactose (Gal), mannose (Man), and arabinose (Ara) has antioxidant, anti-tumor, liver protection, and other activities.

CONCLUSIONS

We summarized the preparation methods, structural information, and biological activities of Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharides in this review and discussed the issues that are currently being researched. Although this product has a wide range of biological activities and has high development and utilization potential, its structure information and structure-activity relationship require further investigation.

Recent developments in Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharides: Isolation, purification, structural characteristics and biological activities

In recent years, natural polysaccharides have attracted more and more attention and research because of their value in the medicine, beauty and food fields. Salvia miltiorrhiza is a traditional Chinese herb that has been used for thousands of years and has antidiabetic, antifibrotic, neuroprotective, antioxidation, anti-inflammatory and other effects. It mainly includes rosmarinic acid, tanshinone I, tanshinone IIA, tanshinone IIB, procatechualdehyde, polysaccharide and salvianolic acids. Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharide is a polysaccharide extracted and isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza and has diverse biological functions, including antioxidation, anti-tumor, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, immune regulatory and cardioprotective effect. In this review, the extraction, purification, structural characterization and biological activity of SMPs are summarized and new perspectives for the future work of SMPs were also proposed, we hope our research can provide a reference for further research on SMPs.

Research progress on the mechanisms underlying poultry immune regulation by plant polysaccharides

With the rapid development of poultry industry and the highly intensive production management, there are an increasing number of stress factors in poultry production. Excessive stress will affect their growth and development, immune function, and induce immunosuppression, susceptibility to a variety of diseases, and even death. In recent years, increasing interest has focused on natural components extracted from plants, among which plant polysaccharides have been highlighted because of their various biological activities. Plant polysaccharides are natural immunomodulators that can promote the growth of immune organs, activate immune cells and the complement system, and release cytokines. As a green feed additive, plant polysaccharides can not only relieve stress and enhance the immunity and disease resistance of poultry, but also regulate the balance of intestinal microorganisms and effectively alleviate all kinds of stress faced by poultry. This paper reviews the immunomodulatory effects and molecular mechanisms of different plant polysaccharides (Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz polysaccharide, Astragalus polysaccharides, Taishan Pinus massoniana pollen polysaccharide, and alfalfa polysaccharide) in poultry. Current research results reveal that plant polysaccharides have potential uses as therapeutic agents for poultry immune abnormalities and related diseases.

Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharides alleviate florfenicol-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in chick livers by regulating phagosome signaling pathway

Florfenicol (FFC) is a commonly used antibiotic in animal breeding, especially in broiler breeding. Previous studies found that FFC could affect the liver function of chickens. However, the mechanisms underlying the effects of FFC on liver function are still not completely clear. Moreover, the research on drugs that antagonize FFC hepatotoxicity is relatively lacking. Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharides (SMPs) have been proved to have obvious liver protection effects. Therefore, we exposed chicks to FFC at the clinically recommended dose of 0.15 g/L. At the same time, 0.15 g/L FFC and 5 g/L SMPs were given to another group of chicks. After 5 days of continuous administration, the livers of chicks from different treatment groups were sequenced by transcriptome and proteome. Based on the analysis of sequencing data, we also focused on the detection of inflammation and oxidation indicators related to the phagosome signaling pathway with significant enrichment of differential factors in the livers of chicks. The results showed that some significantly differentially expressed genes and proteins induced by FFC were enriched in the phagosome signaling pathway, and they increased the expression levels of inflammatory factors and peroxides. However, SMPs intervention significantly reversed the tendency of FFC to alter phagosome signaling pathways and reduced the expression levels of inflammatory factors and peroxides. In conclusion, FFC caused liver inflammation and oxidative stress in chicks by regulating the phagosome signaling pathway. Meanwhile, SMPs could improve the adverse effects of FFC on the phagosome signaling pathway. This study provided new insights into the ameliorative effects and mechanisms of SMPs on hepatotoxicity of FFC.

Transcriptome analysis of the immunomodulatory effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharide on hemocyte immune response in Procambarus clarkii

Natural plant polysaccharide as immune modulator is considered an effective strategy for healthy aquaculture to reduce medicine treatment. Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharides (SMP) had applications to regulate immune activity and enhance antioxidant in vertebrates, but the potential function has been rarely reported in crustaceans. In this study, the immunological effects of SMP on hemocytes of Procambarus clarkii were analyzed. Results showed that total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), phenoloxidase (PO) activity and respiratory burst were up-regulated after SMP treatment. After high-throughput sequencing, 2170 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) including 1294 up-regulated and 876 down-regulated genes were identified. KEGG function enrichment analysis indicated that DEGs are involved in crustaceans cellular immune-related signaling pathways, including lysosome, phagosome and endocytosis. Transcriptome mining and qRT-PCR showed that SMP up-regulated humoral immunity factors gene expression. Diets supplemented with 0.8% SMP significantly up-regulated the total number of hemocytes (THC), T-SOD and PO activity, improved the survival of crayfish after Citrobacter freundii infection. This study suggested that SMP could improve the cellular and humoral immunity of P. clarkii. Furthermore, this finding supplied a molecular foundation for further comprehending the immunopotentiator effects of plant polysaccharides in crustaceans.

Niloticin binds to MD-2 to promote anti-inflammatory pathway activation in macrophage cells

OBJECTIVES

Niloticin is an active compound isolated from Cortex phellodendri with uncharacterized anti-inflammatory activity. We assessed the drug potential of niloticin and examined its ability to target myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD-2) to ascertain the mechanism for its anti-inflammatory activity.

METHODS

The Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database was used to evaluate niloticin. Bio-layer interferometry and molecular docking technologies were used to explore how niloticin targets MD-2, which mediates a series of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent inflammatory responses. The cytokines involved in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-TLR4/MD-2-NF-κB pathway were evaluated using ELISA, RT-qPCR, and western blotting.

RESULTS

Niloticin could bind to MD-2 and had no evident effects on cell viability. Niloticin treatment significantly decreased the levels of NO, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β induced by LPS (p < 0.01). IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, TNF-α, and COX-2 mRNA expression levels were decreased by niloticin (all p < 0.01). Compared with that in the control group, the increase in TLR4, p65, MyD88, p-p65, and iNOS expression levels induced by LPS were suppressed by niloticin (all p < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that niloticin has therapeutic potential and binds to MD-2. Niloticin binding to MD-2 antagonized the effects of LPS binding to the TLR4/MD-2 complex, resulting in the inhibition of the LPS-TLR4/MD-2-NF-κB signaling pathway.

Polysaccharide from Salviae miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Attenuates the Progress of Obesity-Induced Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease through Modulating Intestinal Microbiota-Related Gut–Liver Axis

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disease worldwide, thus treatments for it have attracted lots of interest. In this study, the Salviae miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (SMRR) polysaccharide was isolated by hot water extraction and ethanol precipitation, and then purified by DEAE anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. With a high-fat-diet-induced obesity/NAFLD mouse model, we found that consumption of the SMRR polysaccharide could remarkably reverse obesity and its related progress of NAFLD, including attenuated hepatocellular steatosis, hepatic fibrosis and inflammation. In addition, we also reveal the potential mechanism behind these is that the SMRR polysaccharide could regulate the gut–liver axis by modulating the homeostasis of gut microbiota and thereby improving intestinal function.

Oxidative brain and cerebellum injury induced by d-galactosamine: Protective effect of S-methyl methionine sulfonium chloride

The objective of this study was to examine the protective effects of S-methyl methionine sulfonium chloride (MMSC) against galactosamine (GalN)-induced brain and cerebellum injury in rats. A total of 22 female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups as follows: Group I (n = 5), intact animals; Group II (n = 6), animals received 50 mg/kg/day of MMSC by gavage technique for 3 consecutive days; Group III (n = 5), animals injected with a single dose of 500 mg/kg of GalN intraperitoneally (ip); and Group IV (n = 6), animals injected with the same dose of GalN 1 h after MMSC treatment. After 6 h of the last GalN treatment (at the end of the experiments), all animals were killed under anesthesia, brain and cerebellum tissues were dissected out. Reduced glutathione, total antioxidant status levels, and antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione-related enzymes), aryl esterase, and carbonic anhydrase activities remarkably declined whereas advanced oxidized protein products, reactive oxygen species, total oxidant status, oxidative stress index levels, and myeloperoxidase, acetylcholinesterase, lactate dehydrogenase, and xanthine oxidase activities were significantly elevated in the GalN group compared with intact rats. In contrast, the administration of MMSC to GalN groups reversed these alterations. In conclusion, we may suggest that MMSC has protective effects against GalN-induced brain and cerebellar toxicity in rats.

Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharides ameliorates Staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis in rats by inhibiting activation of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways

The lactation capacity of dairy cows is critical to the productivity of the animals. Mastitis is a disease that directly affects the lactation capacity of cows. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the most important pathogens that causes mastitis in dairy cows. The anti-inflammatory effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharides (SMPs) has been demonstrated in mice and chickens. However, the effectiveness of SMPs in preventing and treating mastitis is unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the protective effect and mechanism of SMPs on mastitis caused by S. aureus. S. aureus was used to induce mastitis in rats, and three doses of SMPs (87.5, 175, 350 mg/kg, BW/d) were administered as treatments. The bacterial load, histopathology, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase) activities of mammary glands were observed and measured. Cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, interleukin (IL)-6, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), were examined by qRT-PCR and ELISA. Key proteins in the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways were analyzed by Western blotting. The results showed that SMP supplementation could significantly reduce the colonization of S. aureus and the recruitment of inflammatory cells in mammary glands. S. aureus-induced gene transcription and protein expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were significantly suppressed in mammary glands. In addition, the increase in NF-κB and MAPK protein phosphorylation was inhibited by SMPs. These results revealed that supplementation with SMPs protected the mammary gland of rats against damage caused by S. aureus and alleviated the inflammatory response. This study provides a certain experimental basis for the treatment of S. aureus-induced mastitis with SMPs in the future.

Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharides alleviates florfenicol induced kidney injury in chicks via inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis

Florfenicol (FFC) is a commonly used antibiotic in animal husbandry, which is easy to cause organs damage in a variety of animals. It has been proved to have nephrotoxicity and affect the yield and quality of meat products. Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharides (SMPs) have been proved to have the pharmacological effects of regulating immunity and protecting the liver of animals, and its alleviative effect on renal injury is unclear. In order to investigate the alleviating effect of SMPs on drug nephrotoxicity and determine its potential molecular mechanism, we took chicks as the research object, FFC as the induced drug, and established the model by adding SMPs in drinking water. The chicks were randomly divided into control group, FFC model group (0.15 g/L FFC), FFC + low, medium and high dose of SMPs groups (0.15 g/L FFC + 1.25, 2.5, 5 g/L SMPs) and SMPs group (5 g/L SMPs). The results showed that, SMPs increased the average weight gain and renal index of chicks, alleviated the pathological changes of renal structure induced by FFC, decreased the contents of uric acid, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine in serum and malondialdehyde in renal tissue, increased the levels of glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase in renal tissue, up-regulated the relative expression levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate: quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO-1) mRNA and protein, and down-regulated the relative expression levels of p53, Caspase-3 and Caspase-6 mRNA and protein and the apoptosis rate of renal histiocytes. It is concluded that SMPs could significantly alleviate the renal injury induced by FFC, and its mechanism may be related to improving renal antioxidant capacity and inhibiting abnormal apoptosis of renal histiocytes.

Study on the mechanism of Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharides in relieving liver injury of broilers induced by florfenicol

In order to explore the transcriptomics and proteomics targets and pathways of Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharides (SMPs) alleviating florfenicol (FFC)-induced liver injury in broilers, 60 1-day-old broilers were randomly divided into 3 groups: control group ( GP1) was fed tap water, FFC model (GP2) was given tap water containing FFC 0.15 g/L, and SMPs treatment group (GP3) was given tap water containing FFC 0.15 g/L and SMPs 5 g/L. Starting from 1 day of age, the drug was administered continuously for 5 days. On the 6th day, blood was collected from the heart and the liver was taken. Then 3 chickens were randomly taken from each group, and their liver tissues were aseptically removed and placed in an enzyme-free tube. Using high-throughput mRNA sequencing and TMT-labeled quantitative proteomics technology, the transcriptome and proteome of the three groups of broiler liver were analyzed, respectively. The results of the study showed that the liver tissue morphology of the chicks in the GP1 and GP3 groups was complete and there were no obvious necrotic cells in the liver cells. The liver tissue cells in the GP2 group showed obvious damage, the intercellular space increased, and the liver cells showed extensive vacuolation and steatosis. Compared with the GP1 group, the daily gain of chicks in the GP2 group was significantly reduced (P < 0.0 5 or P < 0.01). Compared with the GP2 group, the GP3 group significantly increased the daily gain of chicks (P <0.0 5 or P <0.01). Compared with the GP1 group, the serum levels of ALT, AST, liver LPO, ROS, and IL-6 in the GP2 group were significantly increased (P < 0.0 5 or P < 0.01), and the contents of T-AOC, GSH-PX, IL-4, and IL-10 in the liver were significantly decreased (P < 0.0 5 or P < 0.01). After SMPs treatment, the serum levels of ALT, AST, liver LPO, ROS, and IL-6 were significantly reduced (P < 0.0 5 or P < 0.01), and the contents of T-AOC, GSH-PX, IL-4, and IL-10 in the liver were significantly increased (P < 0.0 5 or P < 0.01). There were 380 mRNA and 178 protein differentially expressed between GP2 group and GP3 group. Part of DEGs was randomly selected for QPCR verification, and the expression results of randomly selected FABP1, SLC16A1, GPT2, AACS, and other genes were verified by QPCR to be consistent with the sequencing results, which demonstrated the accuracy of transcriptation-associated proteomics sequencing. The results showed that SMPs could alleviate the oxidative stress and inflammatory damage caused by FFC in the liver of chicken and restore the normal function of the liver. SMPs may alleviate the liver damage caused by FFC by regulating the drug metabolism-cytochrome P450, PPAR signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, glutathione metabolism, and other pathways.

Protective role of rutin against combined exposure to lipopolysaccharide and D-galactosamine-induced dysfunctions in liver, kidney, and brain: Hematological, biochemical, and histological evidences

Protective efficacy of rutin over liver, kidney, and brain dysfunctions was evaluated in this investigation. Rutin (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) was administered continuously for 6 days followed by single dose of D-galactosamine (300 mg/kg I.P.) and lipopolysaccharide (50 µg/kg I.P.) on the 6th day. Hematological, serological, biochemical, and histological aspects were considered for this study. One-way ANOVA (p ≤ .05) followed by Tukey's HSD post hoc test determined the statistical significance. Serum AST, ALT, ALP, urea, uric acid, and creatinine were increased significantly, whereas albumin and glucose were significantly decreased after combined exposure to LPS and D-GalN. Glutathione level and activity of SOD and catalase were decreased, whereas lipid peroxidation, triglycerides, and cholesterol were increased in tissue samples due to LPS- and D-GalN-induced toxicity. Prophylactic treatment of rutin maintained studied variables toward control claiming the protective role of rutin. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Rutin is plenteous in a variety of commonly ingested foods such as onion, wine, grape, citrus fruits, tea, and buckwheat. Rutin supplement is recommended for the treatment of various diseases such as varicose veins, internal bleeding, or hemorrhoids. Rutin is better than well-known antithrombic agent, Juniferdin, or Bacitracin. In the present study, rutin showed protective effects against LPS- and D-GalN-induced multiorgan dysfunctions due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Therefore, rutin may be developed and practiced as a food supplement to cope with acute organ dysfunctions caused by inflammatory and oxidative damage.

Suppression of inflammatory cascades via novel cinnamic acid nanoparticles in acute hepatitis rat model

Hepatitis was characterized by extreme inflammation and hepatocellular damage. Therefore, the current study aimed to gain insights into the modulation role of Cinnamic acid nanoparticles (CANPs) against acute hepatitis induced by d-Galactosamine and gamma radiation exposure (D-Gal/radiation) in the rat model and to suggest the implied molecular mechanism of CANPs. Acute hepatitis seriousness and the serum enzyme activities of ALT, AST, and ALP have been diminished upon oral administration of CANPs. Besides, the hepatic tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) have been significantly decreased, and the total antioxidant activity (TAO) depletion was extremely restored. Furthermore, the reduction of hepatic damage caused by pretreatment with CANPs was accompanied by significant suppression in the levels of hepatic proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-18), NF-κB, NLRP3, caspase-1 and proapoptotic protein BAX whereas anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 level significantly elevated as compared with D-Gal/radiation-induced acute hepatitis (AH) group. Also, CANPs suppress the D-Gal/radiation-induced IL-1β, IL-18, and ASK1 mRNA gene expression and the protein expression of TLR4 and MyD88 in the hepatic tissue. These biochemical parameters are confirmed by histological examination of the liver tissues. The present results indicated that CANPs can protect the hepatic cells from damage by both its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant influence as well as by modulating oxidation cellular pathways that have contributed to the acute severity of hepatitis. Also, CANPs is capable of suppressing apoptosis. Consequently, Nanoparticles of Cinnamic acid have the medicinal ability to protect the liver from acute hepatitis.

Adipose-Derived Biogenic Nanoparticles for Suppression of Inflammation

Extracellular vesicles secreted from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) have therapeutic effects in inflammatory diseases. However, production of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from ADSCs is costly, inefficient, and time consuming. The anti-inflammatory properties of adipose tissue-derived EVs and other biogenic nanoparticles have not been explored. In this study, biogenic nanoparticles are obtained directly from lipoaspirate, an easily accessible and abundant source of biological material. Compared to ADSC-EVs, lipoaspirate nanoparticles (Lipo-NPs) take less time to process (hours compared to months) and cost less to produce (clinical-grade cell culture facilities are not required). The physicochemical characteristics and anti-inflammatory properties of Lipo-NPs are evaluated and compared to those of patient-matched ADSC-EVs. Moreover, guanabenz loading in Lipo-NPs is evaluated for enhanced anti-inflammatory effects. Apolipoprotein E and glycerolipids are enriched in Lipo-NPs compared to ADSC-EVs. Additionally, the uptake of Lipo-NPs in hepatocytes and macrophages is higher. Lipo-NPs and ADSC-EVs have comparable protective and anti-inflammatory effects. Specifically, Lipo-NPs reduce toll-like receptor 4-induced secretion of inflammatory cytokines in macrophages. Guanabenz-loaded Lipo-NPs further suppress inflammatory pathways, suggesting that this combination therapy can have promising applications for inflammatory diseases.

The effects of estradiol on inflammatory and endothelial dysfunction in rats with preeclampsia

Preeclampsia (PE), a hypertensive disorder during pregnancy, has adverse effects to both the mother and the fetus. Maternal inflammatory and vascular endothelial dysfunction are important factors in the pathogenesis of PE. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of estradiol (E2) on inflammatory and endothelial dysfunction in an N (omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)-induced rat model of PE. Adult pregnant female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four equal groups between days 7 and 11 of gestation and treated as follows: i) Pregnant rats receiving daily intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of equal volume of 0.9% normal saline (NS) (Control group, n=12); ii) pregnant rats receiving daily i.p. injections of L-NAME at 50 mg/kg (L-NAME group, n=12); iii) pregnant rats receiving a daily i.p. injection of 50 mg/kg L-NAME and NS from day 11 (L-NAME + NS group, n=12); and iv) pregnant rats receiving daily i.p. injections of 50 mg/kg L-NAME and 100 µg/kg/day E2 from day 11 (L-NAME + E2 group, n=12). On day 21, blood pressure (BP) and the level of 24-h urine protein in the maternal rats, fetal weight and percentage of stillbirths following a cesarean section were recorded. The activities of nitric oxide (NO) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS), the levels of inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, interferon-γ and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1], adherence factors (CD49d, intracellular adhesion molecule 1 and lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1) and uterine angiogenic status (Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule and matrix metalloproteinase 2/9) were also assessed. In addition, the histopathology of the placenta, the expression of estrogen receptor α 36 (ERα36), ERα, ERβ and G protein-coupled ER, as well as the activation of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway (TLR4, myeloid differentiation primary response 88, IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6) were evaluated by H&E staining, immunofluorescence and western blot assays. Treatment with L-NAME increased the BP, urine protein and rate of stillbirths and suppressed fetal weight compared with those in the control group. The L-NAME-induced effects were attenuated by the administration of E2. In addition, the administration of E2 decreased inflammation and NO levels and altered the uterine angiogenic status. The histological analysis of PE rat placenta in the E2-treated group confirmed the effects on biochemical parameters. Of note, E2 treatment significantly suppressed the TLR4 signaling pathway. In the rat model of PE, adverse outcomes including BP, fetal rat weight and proteinuria, high neonatal death rate, inflammatory response, oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction were attenuated by exogenous E2 administration, which may present a novel approach for the clinical treatment of PE.