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Ma J, Yang H, Chen Y, Feng X, Wu C, Long F. Purified Saponins in Momordica charantia Treated with High Hydrostatic Pressure and Ionic Liquid-Based Aqueous Biphasic Systems. Foods 2022; 11:foods11131930. [PMID: 35804746 PMCID: PMC9265297 DOI: 10.3390/foods11131930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae) is rich in saponins, which have multiple biological effects. In this study, the total saponins of M. charantia were extracted by high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) technology. The optimal extraction process was determined (ethanol concentration 68%, pressure-holding time 8 min, ratio of material to solvent 1:35 and pressure 510 MPa), and the extraction amount of saponins reached 127.890 mg/g. On this basis, an ionic liquid-based aqueous biphasic system was constructed to purify the total saponins. Under the optimized conditions, the purity of M. charantia saponins was 76.06%. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC/MS) was used to characterize the saponins in the purified extract of M. charantia. It was found that there were four kinds of saponins in the extract of M. charantia: kuguaglycoside A, momordicoside L, kuguacin B and kuguacin J, providing a basis for the study of the biological activity of saponins.
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Jandari S, Ghavami A, Ziaei R, Nattagh-Eshtivani E, Rezaei Kelishadi M, Sharifi S, Khorvash F, Pahlavani N, Mohammadi H. Effects of Momordica charantia L on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta- analysis of randomized clinical trials. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2020.1833916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sajedeh Jandari
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abed Ghavami
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Rahele Ziaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Elyas Nattagh-Eshtivani
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Rezaei Kelishadi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shima Sharifi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fariborz Khorvash
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Naseh Pahlavani
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Cui Y, Wu H, Li Q, Liao J, Gao P, Sun F, Zhang H, Lu Z, Wei X, He C, Ma T, Wei X, Chen X, Zheng H, Yang G, Liu D, Zhu Z. Impairment of Bitter Taste Sensor Transient Receptor Potential Channel M5-Mediated Aversion Aggravates High-Salt Intake and Hypertension. Hypertension 2019; 74:1021-1032. [PMID: 31401881 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.13358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Excessive salt consumption leads to cardiovascular diseases. Despite various measures designed to reduce salt intake, daily salt intake remains at a high level. Appropriate salt intake is balanced by salt taste preference triggered by epithelium sodium channel and salt taste aversion evoked by bitter taste sensor, transient receptor potential channel M5 (TRPM5). However, the behavioral mechanism of excessive salt intake remains largely elusive. In this study, wild type and TRPM5-/- mice were applied to study the influence of high-salt administration on epithelium sodium channel/TRPM5 and the associated behavior to salt consumption. We found that long-term high-salt intake impaired the aversive behavior to high-salt stimulation but did not alter the preference to low salt in mice. The mechanistic evidence demonstrated that high-salt intake blunted the TRPM5-mediated aversive behavior to noxious salt stimulation through inhibiting PKC (protein kinase C) activity and PKC-dependent threonine phosphorylation in the tongue epithelium but did not affect the epithelium sodium channel-dependent salt taste preference. Inhibition of TRPM5 also resulted in an impaired aversive response to high salt, with reduced taste perception in bitter cortical field of mice. TRPM5-/- mice showed a lowered aversion to high-salt diet and developed salt-induced hypertension. The impaired perception to bitter taste evoked by high-salt intake also existed in hypertensive patients with high-salt consumption. We demonstrate that long-term high-salt consumption impairs aversive response to concentrated salt by downregulating bitter taste sensor TRPM5. It suggests that enhancing TRPM5 function might antagonize excessive salt intake and high salt-induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanting Cui
- From the Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension (Y.C., H.W., Q.L., J.L., P.G., F.S., H.Z., Z.L., X.W., C.H., T.M., X.W., D.L., Z.Z.), Third Military Medical University, China
| | - Hao Wu
- From the Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension (Y.C., H.W., Q.L., J.L., P.G., F.S., H.Z., Z.L., X.W., C.H., T.M., X.W., D.L., Z.Z.), Third Military Medical University, China
| | - Qiang Li
- From the Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension (Y.C., H.W., Q.L., J.L., P.G., F.S., H.Z., Z.L., X.W., C.H., T.M., X.W., D.L., Z.Z.), Third Military Medical University, China
| | - Jianwen Liao
- From the Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension (Y.C., H.W., Q.L., J.L., P.G., F.S., H.Z., Z.L., X.W., C.H., T.M., X.W., D.L., Z.Z.), Third Military Medical University, China
| | - Peng Gao
- From the Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension (Y.C., H.W., Q.L., J.L., P.G., F.S., H.Z., Z.L., X.W., C.H., T.M., X.W., D.L., Z.Z.), Third Military Medical University, China
| | - Fang Sun
- From the Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension (Y.C., H.W., Q.L., J.L., P.G., F.S., H.Z., Z.L., X.W., C.H., T.M., X.W., D.L., Z.Z.), Third Military Medical University, China
| | - Hexuan Zhang
- From the Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension (Y.C., H.W., Q.L., J.L., P.G., F.S., H.Z., Z.L., X.W., C.H., T.M., X.W., D.L., Z.Z.), Third Military Medical University, China
| | - Zongshi Lu
- From the Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension (Y.C., H.W., Q.L., J.L., P.G., F.S., H.Z., Z.L., X.W., C.H., T.M., X.W., D.L., Z.Z.), Third Military Medical University, China
| | - Xiao Wei
- From the Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension (Y.C., H.W., Q.L., J.L., P.G., F.S., H.Z., Z.L., X.W., C.H., T.M., X.W., D.L., Z.Z.), Third Military Medical University, China
| | - Chengkang He
- From the Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension (Y.C., H.W., Q.L., J.L., P.G., F.S., H.Z., Z.L., X.W., C.H., T.M., X.W., D.L., Z.Z.), Third Military Medical University, China
| | - Tianyi Ma
- From the Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension (Y.C., H.W., Q.L., J.L., P.G., F.S., H.Z., Z.L., X.W., C.H., T.M., X.W., D.L., Z.Z.), Third Military Medical University, China
| | - Xing Wei
- From the Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension (Y.C., H.W., Q.L., J.L., P.G., F.S., H.Z., Z.L., X.W., C.H., T.M., X.W., D.L., Z.Z.), Third Military Medical University, China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Brain Research Center (X.C.), Third Military Medical University, China
| | - Hongting Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital (H.Z.), Third Military Medical University, China
| | - Gangyi Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, China (G.Y.)
| | - Daoyan Liu
- From the Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension (Y.C., H.W., Q.L., J.L., P.G., F.S., H.Z., Z.L., X.W., C.H., T.M., X.W., D.L., Z.Z.), Third Military Medical University, China
| | - Zhiming Zhu
- From the Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension (Y.C., H.W., Q.L., J.L., P.G., F.S., H.Z., Z.L., X.W., C.H., T.M., X.W., D.L., Z.Z.), Third Military Medical University, China
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Chukwuma CI, Matsabisa MG, Ibrahim MA, Erukainure OL, Chabalala MH, Islam MS. Medicinal plants with concomitant anti-diabetic and anti-hypertensive effects as potential sources of dual acting therapies against diabetes and hypertension: A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 235:329-360. [PMID: 30769039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Diabetes and hypertension are pathophysiologically related diseases that co-exist with a wider complex of metabolic diseases having similar set of risk factors. There are numerous ethnopharmacological evidences on the anti-diabetic and/or anti-hypertensive properties of medicinal plants from various parts of the world, which are used as therapies to concomitantly manage diabetes and hypertension. AIM OF THE REVIEW This article reviewed findings on medicinal plants with both anti-diabetic and anti-hypertensive effects reported in same experimental study to facilitate the development of dual-acting therapies against diabetes and hypertension. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature search was carried out on different scientific search engines including, but not limited to "PubMed", "Google Scholar", "Scopus" and ScienceDirect to identify published data in which plants in same experimental studies were reported to possess both anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hypertensive effects. Subsequently, the anti-diabetic/anti-hypertensive potency ratio (ψ) of the medicinal plants was computed. RESULTS Sixty-four studies with 102 plant species matched the selection criteria. Members of the Fabaceae family were the most investigated plants, while the ψ greatly varied across the plants, with only 11 plants having a ψ ≃ 1. Withania somnifera Dunal was the only plant reported to show blood glucose-lowering and diuretic effects in humans, comparable to daonil. Caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, caftaric acid, cichoric acid, verbascoside, leucosceptoside A, isoacteoside, fucoxanthin and nicotinamide were the reported dual acting anti-diabetic and anti-hypertensive compounds identified and/or isolated in the plants. CONCLUSIONS This review suggests that medicinal plants possess varied therapeutic dynamics against hypertension and diabetes that could be exploited for the discovery of therapeutic preparation(s) or agent(s) for treating the two diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika Ifeanyi Chukwuma
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
| | - Motlalepula G Matsabisa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
| | | | - Ochuko L Erukainure
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Matimbha H Chabalala
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Md Shahidul Islam
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
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Perez JL, Jayaprakasha GK, Patil BS. Metabolite profiling and in vitro biological activities of two commercial bitter melon (Momordica charantia Linn.) cultivars. Food Chem 2019; 288:178-186. [PMID: 30902279 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.02.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The current study was designed to characterize the metabolite profile and bioactivity of two commercial bitter melon (Momordica charantia Linn.) genotypes. UPLC-high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) was used to identify 15 phenolic and 46 triterpenoids in various bitter melon extracts. Total phenolic levels were the highest (57.28 ± 1.02) in methanolic extract of the inner tissue of Indian Green cultivar, which also correlated to the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (30.48 ± 2.49 ascorbic acid equivalents (mg of AAE)/g of FD). In addition, highest levels of total saponins were observed in chloroform extract of the Chinese bitter melon pericarp (75.73 mg ± 4.67 diosgenin equivalents (DE)/g of FD). Differential inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity was observed in response to polarity of extract, cultivar and tissue type. These results suggest that consumption of whole bitter melon may have potential health benefits to manage diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Perez
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845-2119, United States
| | - G K Jayaprakasha
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845-2119, United States.
| | - Bhimanagouda S Patil
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845-2119, United States.
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Cortez-Navarrete M, Martínez-Abundis E, Pérez-Rubio KG, González-Ortiz M, Méndez-del Villar M. Momordica charantia Administration Improves Insulin Secretion in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Med Food 2018; 21:672-677. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Cortez-Navarrete
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, Health Science University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Esperanza Martínez-Abundis
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, Health Science University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Karina G. Pérez-Rubio
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, Health Science University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Manuel González-Ortiz
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, Health Science University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Miriam Méndez-del Villar
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, Health Science University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
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7
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Schultz WM, Mahlof EN, Dhindsa DS, Varghese T, Heinl RE, Cai HC, Sandesara PB, Eapen DJ, Sperling LS. Cardiovascular disease risk reduction in diabetes through conventional and natural approaches. Cardiovasc Endocrinol 2017; 6:128-135. [PMID: 31646130 PMCID: PMC6768523 DOI: 10.1097/xce.0000000000000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a significant cause of premature complications and mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). In addition to lifestyle modifications, conventional treatment of DM consists of oral hypoglycemic agents, insulin sensitizers, and subcutaneous insulin. In diabetic individuals with or at risk for CVD, aspirin and statin therapy reduce CVD morbidity and mortality. Several natural or herbal supplements have shown potential benefit in patients with CVD and DM. We provide an overview of the current guidelines for treatment of DM and CVD. We then review the literature to describe the efficacy of natural approaches to CVD risk reduction in diabetic patients, with a focus on physical activity, dietary modification, and natural/herbal supplements. Activity and diet improve cardiovascular outcomes in patients with CVD and DM. Natural and herbal supplements have potential for benefit but require further research to determine their efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tina Varghese
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Pratik B. Sandesara
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Danny J. Eapen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Laurence S. Sperling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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8
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Mahwish, Saeed F, Arshad MS, Nisa MU, Nadeem MT, Arshad MU. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of different parts and formulations of bitter gourd (Momordica Charantia). Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:211. [PMID: 29126447 PMCID: PMC5681810 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0602-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular diseases and diabetes are responsible for large number of deaths throughout the globe. Bitter gourd has the potential to become a component of the diet or a dietary supplement for diabetic and pre-diabetic patients owing to the presence of insulin like molecules. Recent investigations have suggested that bitter gourd extracts may ameliorate high fat diet induced obesity and hyperlipidemia in animal models. Moreover, its supplements in food result in lowering weight gain and visceral fat mass. Methods The current study was designed to investigate the nutraceutical potential of skin, flesh and whole fruit of bitter gourd cultivars against hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. For the purpose, various bitter gourd cultivars were procured from local market. Bio-evaluation studies were carried out on biochemical parameters using rodent experiment model. Results From results, it was revealed that maximum reduction in blood glucose skin 1.06%, flesh 2.65%, whole fruit 4.29%, total cholesterol skin 6.60%, flesh 6.04%, whole fruit 6.70%, low density lipoprotein skin 5.55%, flesh 6.81%, whole fruit 6.60%, and triglycerides skin 0.04%, flesh 3.38%, whole fruit 2.02%, were observed. Moreover, insulin skin 2.14%, flesh 3.52%, whole fruit 2.73%, production was slightly enhanced with improved levels of high density lipoprotein in whole fruit of bitter gourd. Conclusion Overwhelmingly, it may be inferred here that bitter gourd holds the potential to significantly improve diabetic conditions and associated late complications with no ill effects on body organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahwish
- Institute of Home & Food Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Farhan Saeed
- Institute of Home & Food Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sajid Arshad
- Institute of Home & Food Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
| | - Mahr Un Nisa
- Institute of Home & Food Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tahir Nadeem
- Institute of Home & Food Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Umair Arshad
- Institute of Home & Food Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
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9
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Wang S, Zhu F. Antidiabetic dietary materials and animal models. Food Res Int 2016; 85:315-331. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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10
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Martínez-Abundis E, Mendez-del Villar M, Pérez-Rubio KG, Zuñiga LY, Cortez-Navarrete M, Ramírez-Rodriguez A, González-Ortiz M. Novel nutraceutic therapies for the treatment of metabolic syndrome. World J Diabetes 2016; 7:142-52. [PMID: 27076875 PMCID: PMC4824685 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v7.i7.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutraceutic therapies such as berberine, bitter melon, Gymnema sylvestre, Irvingia gabonensis, resveratrol and ursolic acid have been shown to help control metabolic syndrome (MetS). The effect of berberine on glucose and lipid metabolism, hypertension, obesity and MetS has been evaluated in animal models and humans. Most clinical trials involving bitter melon have been conducted to evaluate its effect on glucose metabolism; nevertheless, some studies have reported favorable effects on lipids and blood pressure although there is little information about its effect on body weight. Gymnema sylvestre helps to decrease body weight and blood sugar levels; however, there is limited information on dyslipidemia and hypertension. Clinical trials of Irvingia gabonensis have shown important effects decreasing glucose and cholesterol concentrations as well decreasing body weight. Resveratrol acts through different mechanisms to decrease blood pressure, lipids, glucose and weight, showing its effects on the population with MetS. Finally, there is evidence of positive effects with ursolic acid in in vitro and in vivo studies on glucose and lipid metabolism and on body weight and visceral fat. Therefore, a review of the beneficial effects and limitations of the above-mentioned nutraceutic therapies is presented.
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11
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Tan SP, Vuong QV, Stathopoulos CE, Parks SE, Roach PD. Optimized aqueous extraction of saponins from bitter melon for production of a saponin-enriched bitter melon powder. J Food Sci 2015; 79:E1372-81. [PMID: 25041538 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bitter melon, Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae), aqueous extracts are proposed to have health-promoting properties due to their content of saponins and their antioxidant activity. However, the optimal conditions for the aqueous extraction of saponins from bitter melon and the effects of spray drying have not been established. Therefore, this study aimed to optimize the aqueous extraction of the saponins from bitter melon, using response surface methodology, prepare a powder using spray drying, and compare the powder's physical properties, components, and antioxidant capacity with aqueous and ethanol freeze-dried bitter melon powders and a commercial powder. The optimal aqueous extraction conditions were determined to be 40 °C for 15 min and the water-to-sample ratio was chosen to be 20:1 mL/g. For many of its physical properties, components, and antioxidant capacity, the aqueous spray-dried powder was comparable to the aqueous and ethanol freeze-dried bitter melon powders and the commercial powder. The optimal conditions for the aqueous extraction of saponins from bitter melon followed by spray drying gave a high quality powder in terms of saponins and antioxidant activity. PRACTICAL APPLICATION This study highlights that bitter melon is a rich source of saponin compounds and their associated antioxidant activities, which may provide health benefits. The findings of the current study will help with the development of extraction and drying technologies for the preparation of a saponin-enriched powdered extract from bitter melon. The powdered extract may have potential as a nutraceutical supplement or as a value-added ingredient for incorporation into functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sing P Tan
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Univ. of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia
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12
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Beneficial role of bitter melon supplementation in obesity and related complications in metabolic syndrome. J Lipids 2015; 2015:496169. [PMID: 25650336 PMCID: PMC4306384 DOI: 10.1155/2015/496169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome are becoming epidemic both in developed and developing countries in recent years. Complementary and alternative medicines have been used since ancient era for the treatment of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Bitter melon is widely used as vegetables in daily food in Bangladesh and several other countries in Asia. The fruits extract of bitter melon showed strong antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities in experimental condition both in vivo and in vitro. Recent scientific evaluation of this plant extracts also showed potential therapeutic benefit in diabetes and obesity related metabolic dysfunction in experimental animals and clinical studies. These beneficial effects are mediated probably by inducing lipid and fat metabolizing gene expression and increasing the function of AMPK and PPARs, and so forth. This review will thus focus on the recent findings on beneficial effect of Momordica charantia extracts on metabolic syndrome and discuss its potential mechanism of actions.
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13
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Tan SP, Parks SE, Stathopoulos CE, Roach PD. Greenhouse-grown bitter melon: production and quality characteristics. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:1896-1903. [PMID: 24302224 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) is a medicinal fruit reported to have antidiabetic properties. To grow this tropical fruit year-round in temperate climates, greenhouse production is necessary, sometimes without insect pollinators. Suitable high-yielding varieties with good bioactivity need to be identified. This experiment evaluated the yield of six varieties of bitter melon under greenhouse conditions and their bioactivity in terms of total phenolic and saponin compounds and total antioxidant activity determined using four assays. RESULTS The larger varieties (Big Top Medium, Hanuman, Jade and White) were more productive than the small varieties (Indra and Niddhi) in terms of total fruit weight and yield per flower pollinated. The bioactivity (total phenolic and saponin compounds and antioxidant activity) of the two small varieties and Big Top Medium was significantly higher than that of the other three large varieties. Two antioxidant assays, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), were shown to provide the strongest correlations with phenolic and saponin compounds of bitter melon. CONCLUSION Preliminary research has identified Big Top Medium as the most suitable variety for greenhouse production. The rich source of phenolic and saponin compounds and their associated antioxidant activity highlight bitter melon as a valuable food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sing P Tan
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, 2258, Australia
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Perez JL, Jayaprakasha GK, Patil BS. Separation and Identification of Cucurbitane-Type Triterpenoids from Bitter Melon. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2014-1185.ch003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Perez
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845-2119
| | - G. K. Jayaprakasha
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845-2119
| | - Bhimanagouda S. Patil
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845-2119
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15
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Huang HJ, Chen YH, Liang KC, Jheng YS, Jhao JJ, Su MT, Lee-Chen GJ, Hsieh-Li HM. Exendin-4 protected against cognitive dysfunction in hyperglycemic mice receiving an intrahippocampal lipopolysaccharide injection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39656. [PMID: 22844396 PMCID: PMC3402484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic hyperglycemia-associated inflammation plays critical roles in disease initiation and the progression of diabetic complications, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the association of chronic hyperglycemia with acute inflammation of the central nervous system in the progression of AD still needs to be elucidated. In addition, recent evidence suggests that Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) protects against neuronal damage in the brain. Therefore, the neuroprotective effects of the GLP-1R agonist exendin-4 (EX-4) against hyperglycemia/lipopolysaccharides (LPS) damage were also evaluated in this study. Methodology/Principal Findings Ten days after streptozotocin (STZ) or vehicle (sodium citrate) treatment in mice, EX-4 treatment (10 µg/kg/day) was applied to the mice before intrahippocampal CA1 injection of LPS or vehicle (saline) and continued for 28 days. This study examined the molecular alterations in these mice after LPS and EX4 application, respectively. The mouse cognitive function was evaluated during the last 6 days of EX-4 treatment. The results showed that the activation of NF-κB-related inflammatory responses induced cognitive dysfunction in both the hyperglycemic mice and the mice that received acute intrahippocampal LPS injection. Furthermore, acute intrahippocampal LPS injection exacerbated the impairment of spatial learning and memory through a strong decrease in monoaminergic neurons and increases in astrocytes activation and apoptosis in the hyperglycemic mice. However, EX-4 treatment protected against the cognitive dysfunction resulting from hyperglycemia or/and intrahippocampal LPS injection. Conclusions/Significance These findings reveal that both hyperglycemia and intrahippocampal LPS injection induced cognitive dysfunction via activation of NF-κB-related inflammatory responses. However, acute intrahippocampal LPS injection exacerbated the progression of cognitive dysfunction in the hyperglycemic mice via a large increase in astrocytes activation-related responses. Furthermore, EX-4 might be considered as a potential adjuvant entity to protect against neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hei-Jen Huang
- Department of Nursing, Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hsu Chen
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Keng-Chen Liang
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Syuan Jheng
- Department of Nursing, Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jhih-Jhen Jhao
- Department of Nursing, Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsan Su
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guey-Jen Lee-Chen
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu Mei Hsieh-Li
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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