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Supplementation with Natto and Red Yeast Rice Alters Gene Expressions in Cholesterol Metabolism Pathways in ApoE -/- Mice with Concurrent Changes in Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040973. [PMID: 36839329 PMCID: PMC9961320 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to examine the effect of natto and red yeast rice (NR) supplementation on lipid and lipoprotein profiles, gene expressions of cholesterol metabolism, and the composition of gut microbiota in ApoE-/- mice. Forty-one male ApoE-/- mice aged 7-8 wks old were randomly fed a control diet (CD), CD + NR (oral gavage at 0.3 g/kg BW/day), high-fat and high-cholesterol diet (HFD), or HFD + NR for 12 wks. Fasting blood samples, liver and intestine tissues and fecal samples were collected at week 12. Biochemical parameters, gene expressions in cholesterol metabolism and gut microbiota composition and diversity were measured using standard methods. NR supplementation had no significant effect on lipid and lipoprotein profiles. Compared with the HFD group, HFD + NR resulted in higher mRNA expressions of HMGCR and CYP7A1 (both P-NR < 0.05) and ABCA1 (P-diet*NR = 0.0134, P-NR = 0.0407), lower mRNA expression of PCSK9 (P-diet*NR = 0.0002), lower fasting glucose concentrations (P-diet*NR = 0.0011), and lower relative abundance of genera Bacteroides and Lactococcus (both P-NR < 0.01) and Coriobacteriaceae_UCG-002 (P-diet*NR = 0.0007). The relative abundance of Lactococcus was inversely correlated with HMGCR and CYP7A1, and the relative abundance of Coriobacteriaceae_UCG-002 was positively correlated with PCSK9 and inversely correlated with ABCA1 (all P < 0.05). These findings suggest that NR supplementation may regulate gene expressions in cholesterol metabolism via changes in the gut microbiota in HFD-fed ApoE-/- mice.
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Anmyungambi Decoction Ameliorates Obesity through Activation of Non-Shivering Thermogenesis in Brown and White Adipose Tissues. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 12:antiox12010049. [PMID: 36670911 PMCID: PMC9854861 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a burden to global health. Non-shivering thermogenesis of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT) is a novel strategy for obesity treatment. Anmyungambi (AMGB) decoction is a multi-herb decoction with clinical anti-obesity effects. Here, we show the effects of AMGB decoction using high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL6/J mice. All four versions of AMGB decoction (100 mg/kg/day, oral gavage for 28 days) suppressed body weight gain and obesity-related blood parameters in the HFD-fed obese mice. They also inhibited adipogenesis and induced lipolysis in inguinal WAT (iWAT). Especially, the AMGB-4 with 2:1:3:3 composition was the most effective; thus, further studies were performed with the AMGB-4 decoction. The AMGB-4 decoction displayed a dose-dependent body weight gain suppression. Serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, and blood glucose decreased as well. In epididymal WAT, iWAT, and BAT, the AMGB-4 decoction increased lipolysis markers. Additionally, the AMGB-4 decoction-fed mice showed an increased non-shivering thermogenic program in BAT and iWAT. Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and suppressed antioxidative factors induced by the HFD feeding were also altered to normal levels by the AMGB-4 decoction treatment. Overall, our study supports the clinical use of AMGB decoction for obesity treatment by studying its mechanisms. AMGB decoction alleviates obesity through the activation of the lipolysis-thermogenesis program and the elimination of pathological ROS in thermogenic adipose tissues.
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An M, Xu Y, Xiao N, Huang J, Wu S, Zhuo Q, Lai Y, Chen J, Li P, Du B. Douchi ameliorates high‐fat diet‐induced hyperlipidaemia by regulation of intestinal microflora in rats. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miaoqing An
- College of Food Science South China Agricultural University Wushan Road Tianhe District Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Ya‐nan Xu
- College of Food Science South China Agricultural University Wushan Road Tianhe District Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Nan Xiao
- College of Food Science South China Agricultural University Wushan Road Tianhe District Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Jian‐zhao Huang
- College of Food Science South China Agricultural University Wushan Road Tianhe District Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Shan‐shan Wu
- College of Food Science South China Agricultural University Wushan Road Tianhe District Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Qianting Zhuo
- College of Food Science South China Agricultural University Wushan Road Tianhe District Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Yuping Lai
- College of Food Science South China Agricultural University Wushan Road Tianhe District Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - JianPing Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Hong Kong 999077 China
| | - Pan Li
- College of Food Science South China Agricultural University Wushan Road Tianhe District Guangzhou 510642 China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Bing Du
- College of Food Science South China Agricultural University Wushan Road Tianhe District Guangzhou 510642 China
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Hong Kong 999077 China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
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Mikawa S, Matsuda A, Kamemori Y, Asanuma S, Kitagawa H. Enhancement of natural killer cell activity by oral administration of a fermented soybean product in dogs. Open Vet J 2021; 11:394-400. [PMID: 34722202 PMCID: PMC8541719 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2021.v11.i3.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Probiotics are known for their ability to enhance cellular immunity, including the activation of macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Natto is a Japanese traditional probiotic food made by fermenting soybean with bacteria Bacillus subtilis var. natto. Components of natto include spores of B. subtilis natto, poly-γ-glutamic acid, and levan, which have demonstrated their immunoadjuvant and anti-allergic effects through various in vitro and in vivo studies. However, it remains unclear whether oral administration of natto can modulate the immune activity in animals. Aim This study aimed to investigate the effects of oral administration of natto on the immune system of dogs. Methods Eight dogs were randomly divided into two groups: a natto-treated group and an untreated group. The dogs in the natto-treated group were fed with 10 g/head/day of a freeze-dried natto product in addition to a usual amount of regular dry food for 14 days, whereas the dogs in the untreated group were fed with the regular dry food alone. To determine cellular immune activity, the cell surface antigen analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes and cytotoxicity analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells were carried out before and after the natto administration period. Additionally, a relative expression of inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood monocytes after the introduction of antigen-stimulation was also examined. Results At the end of the administration period, a proportion of NK cells (CD3- CD5- CD21- cells and CD3+ CD5dim CD8+ cells) in peripheral blood lymphocytes were found to be significantly increased, and the cytotoxic effect of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells on canine tumor cells were greatly enhanced in the natto-treated group, but not in the untreated group. The expression of TNF-α in peripheral blood mononuclear cells following an antigen-stimulation was increased considerably in the dogs after administration of natto. Conclusion We conclude that oral administration of natto activated the cytotoxic activity of peripheral NK cells in dogs, and a daily intake of natto might be helpful in augmenting cellular immune activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoma Mikawa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Japan
| | - Akira Matsuda
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Japan
| | | | | | - Hitoshi Kitagawa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Japan
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Khosravi A, Razavi SH. Therapeutic effects of polyphenols in fermented soybean and black soybean products. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Lai JR, Ke BJ, Hsu YW, Lee CL. Dimerumic acid and deferricoprogen produced by Monascus purpureus attenuate liquid ethanol diet-induced alcoholic hepatitis via suppressing NF-κB inflammation signalling pathways and stimulation of AMPK-mediated lipid metabolism. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is an abnormality of lipid metabolism, characterized by an elevation of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and/or a decreasing of high density lipoprotein cholesterol in circulating levels. Hyperlipidemia has been ranked as one of the greatest risk factors contributing to prevalence and severity of coronary heart diseases. Hyperlipidemia-associated lipid disorders are considered the cause of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. There has been a growing interest in natural products and their role in the maintenance and improvement of health and wellness. The cholesterol-lowering effect of dietary plants has been well studied and various natural products were shown to be helpful in lowering plasma cholesterol levels and encouraging safety profile. The main focus of this review is to describe what we know to date of natural products, along with their lipid-lowering mechanisms, which are either through inhibition of cholesterol absorption, inhibition of cholesterol synthesis or antioxidant mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abeer Temraz
- b Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy , Umm Al-Qura University , Makkah , Saudi Arabia
- c Pharmacognosy Department , Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University , Nasr City , Cairo , Egypt
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Ganesan K, Xu B. A Critical Review on Polyphenols and Health Benefits of Black Soybeans. Nutrients 2017; 9:E455. [PMID: 28471393 PMCID: PMC5452185 DOI: 10.3390/nu9050455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are plant secondary metabolites containing antioxidant properties, which help to protect chronic diseases from free radical damage. Dietary polyphenols are the subject of enhancing scientific interest due to their possible beneficial effects on human health. In the last two decades, there has been more interest in the potential health benefits of dietary polyphenols as antioxidant. Black soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr) are merely a black variety of soybean containing a variety of phytochemicals. These phytochemicals in black soybean (BSB) are potentially effective in human health, including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. Taking into account exploratory study, the present review aims to provide up-to-date data on health benefit of BSB, which helps to explore their therapeutic values for future clinical settings. All data of in vitro and in vivo studies of BSB and its impact on human health were collected from a library database and electronic search (Science Direct, PubMed, and Google Scholar). The different pharmacological information was gathered and orchestrated in a suitable spot on the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Ganesan
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai 519085, China.
| | - Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai 519085, China.
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Panzella L, Napolitano A. Natural Phenol Polymers: Recent Advances in Food and Health Applications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:E30. [PMID: 28420078 PMCID: PMC5488010 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural phenol polymers are widely represented in nature and include a variety of classes including tannins and lignins as the most prominent. Largely consumed foods are rich sources of phenol polymers, notably black foods traditionally used in East Asia, but other non-edible, easily accessible sources, e.g., seaweeds and wood, have been considered with increasing interest together with waste materials from agro-based industries, primarily grape pomace and other byproducts of fruit and coffee processing. Not in all cases were the main structural components of these materials identified because of their highly heterogeneous nature. The great beneficial effects of natural phenol-based polymers on human health and their potential in improving the quality of food were largely explored, and this review critically addresses the most interesting and innovative reports in the field of nutrition and biomedicine that have appeared in the last five years. Several in vivo human and animal trials supported the proposed use of these materials as food supplements and for amelioration of the health and production of livestock. Biocompatible and stable functional polymers prepared by peroxidase-catalyzed polymerization of natural phenols, as well as natural phenol polymers were exploited as conventional and green plastic additives in smart packaging and food-spoilage prevention applications. The potential of natural phenol polymers in regenerative biomedicine as additives of biomaterials to promote growth and differentiation of osteoblasts is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Panzella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, Naples I-80126, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Napolitano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, Naples I-80126, Italy.
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Ramdath DD, Padhi EMT, Sarfaraz S, Renwick S, Duncan AM. Beyond the Cholesterol-Lowering Effect of Soy Protein: A Review of the Effects of Dietary Soy and Its Constituents on Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease. Nutrients 2017; 9:E324. [PMID: 28338639 PMCID: PMC5409663 DOI: 10.3390/nu9040324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypocholesterolemic effect of soy is well-documented and this has led to the regulatory approval of a health claim relating soy protein to a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, soybeans contain additional components, such as isoflavones, lecithins, saponins and fiber that may improve cardiovascular health through independent mechanisms. This review summarizes the evidence on the cardiovascular benefits of non-protein soy components in relation to known CVD risk factors such as hypertension, hyperglycemia, inflammation, and obesity beyond cholesterol lowering. Overall, the available evidence suggests non-protein soy constituents improve markers of cardiovascular health; however, additional carefully designed studies are required to independently elucidate these effects. Further, work is also needed to clarify the role of isoflavone-metabolizing phenotype and gut microbiota composition on biological effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dan Ramdath
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada.
| | - Emily M T Padhi
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada.
| | - Sidra Sarfaraz
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada.
| | - Simone Renwick
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada.
| | - Alison M Duncan
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2E1, Canada.
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Rupasinghe HPV, Sekhon-Loodu S, Mantso T, Panayiotidis MI. Phytochemicals in regulating fatty acid β-oxidation: Potential underlying mechanisms and their involvement in obesity and weight loss. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 165:153-63. [PMID: 27288729 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Excessive accumulation of fat as the result of more energy intake and less energy expenditure is known as obesity. Lipids are essential components in the human body and are vital for maintaining homeostasis and physiological as well as cellular metabolism. Fatty acid synthesis and catabolism (by fatty acid oxidation) are normal part of basic fuel metabolism in animals. Fatty acids are degraded in the mitochondria by a biochemical process called β-oxidation in which two-carbon fragments are produced in each cycle. The increase in fatty acid β-oxidation is negatively correlated with body mass index. Although healthy life style, avoiding Western diet, dieting and strenuous exercise are the commonly used methods to lose weight, they are not considered a permanent solution in addition to risk attenuation of basal metabolic rate (BMR). Pharmacotherapy offers benefits of weight loss by altering the satiety and lowering absorption of fat from the food; however, its side effects may outweigh the benefits of weight loss. Alternatively, dietary phytochemicals and natural health products offer great potential as an efficient weight loss strategy by modulating lipid metabolism and/or increasing BMR and thermogenesis. Specifically, polyphenols such as citrus flavonoids, green tea epigallocatechin gallate, resveratrol, capsaicin and curcumin, have been reported to increase lipolysis and induce fatty acid β-oxidation through modulation of hormone sensitive lipase, acetyl-coA carboxylase, carnitine acyl transferase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1. In this review article, we discuss selected phytochemicals in relation to their integrated functionalities and specific mechanisms for weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 550, Truro, Nova Scotia, B2N 5E3, Canada; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Satvir Sekhon-Loodu
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 550, Truro, Nova Scotia, B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Theodora Mantso
- Heriot-Watt University, School of Life Sciences, John Muir Building, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK
| | - Mihalis I Panayiotidis
- Heriot-Watt University, School of Life Sciences, John Muir Building, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK
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