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Zhao L, Tannenbaum A, Bakker ENTP, Benveniste H. Physiology of Glymphatic Solute Transport and Waste Clearance from the Brain. Physiology (Bethesda) 2022; 37:0. [PMID: 35881783 PMCID: PMC9550574 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00015.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the physiology of glymphatic solute transport and waste clearance, using evidence from experimental animal models as well as from human studies. Specific topics addressed include the biophysical characteristics of fluid and solute transport in the central nervous system, glymphatic-lymphatic coupling, as well as the role of cerebrospinal fluid movement for brain waste clearance. We also discuss the current understanding of mechanisms underlying increased waste clearance during sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Allen Tannenbaum
- Departments of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York
| | - Erik N T P Bakker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Helene Benveniste
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Benveniste H, Nedergaard M. Cerebral small vessel disease: A glymphopathy? Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021; 72:15-21. [PMID: 34407477 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Small vessel disease (SVD) is a common instigator of dementia in the aging population. The hallmarks of SVD are enlargement of the perivascular spaces and white matter hyperintensities. The latter represents local fluid accumulation in white matter that either subsides or develops into lacunar infarcts. We here propose that failure of brain fluid transport-via the glymphatic system-plays a key role in initiation and progression of SVD. Our major case for this concept is that perivascular spaces are utilized as waterways for influx of cerebrospinal fluid. Stagnation of glymphatic transport may drive loss of brain fluid homeostasis leading to transient white matter edema, perivascular dilation, and ultimately demyelination. This review will discuss how glymphatic rodent studies of hypertension and diabetes have provided new insight into the pathogenesis of SVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Benveniste
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark; Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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Benveniste H, Lee H, Ozturk B, Chen X, Koundal S, Vaska P, Tannenbaum A, Volkow ND. Glymphatic Cerebrospinal Fluid and Solute Transport Quantified by MRI and PET Imaging. Neuroscience 2020; 474:63-79. [PMID: 33248153 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade there has been an enormous progress in our understanding of fluid and solute transport in the central nervous system (CNS). This is due to a number of factors, including important developments in whole brain imaging technology and computational fluid dynamics analysis employed for the elucidation of glymphatic transport function in the live animal and human brain. In this paper, we review the technical aspects of dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) in combination with administration of Gd-based tracers into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for tracking glymphatic solute and fluid transport in the CNS as well as lymphatic drainage. Used in conjunction with advanced computational processing methods including optimal mass transport analysis, one gains new insights into the biophysical forces governing solute transport in the CNS which leads to intriguing new research directions. Considering drainage pathways, we review the novel T1 mapping technique for quantifying glymphatic transport and cervical lymph node drainage concurrently in the same subject. We provide an overview of knowledge gleaned from DCE-MRI studies of glymphatic transport and meningeal lymphatic drainage. Finally, we introduce positron emission tomography (PET) and CSF administration of radiotracers as an alternative method to explore other pharmacokinetic aspects of CSF transport into brain parenchyma as well as efflux pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Benveniste
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.
| | - Hedok Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Burhan Ozturk
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Xinan Chen
- Departments of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics & Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Sunil Koundal
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Paul Vaska
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Allen Tannenbaum
- Departments of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics & Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Nora D Volkow
- Laboratory for Neuroimaging, NIAAA, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Benveniste H. The Brain's Waste-Removal System. CEREBRUM : THE DANA FORUM ON BRAIN SCIENCE 2018; 2018:cer-09-18. [PMID: 30746031 PMCID: PMC6353118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The brain, like other parts of the body, needs to maintain "homeostasis" (a constant state) to function, and that requires continuous removal of metabolic waste. For decades, the brain's waste-removal system remained a mystery to scientists. A few years ago, a team of researchers-with the help of our author-finally found the answer. This discovery-dubbed the glymphatic system- will help us understand how toxic waste accumulates in devastating disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and point to possible strategies to prevent it.
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Ruddle NH. High Endothelial Venules and Lymphatic Vessels in Tertiary Lymphoid Organs: Characteristics, Functions, and Regulation. Front Immunol 2016; 7:491. [PMID: 27881983 PMCID: PMC5101196 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
High endothelial venules (HEVs) and lymphatic vessels (LVs) are essential for the function of the immune system, by providing communication between the body and lymph nodes (LNs), specialized sites of antigen presentation and recognition. HEVs bring in naïve and central memory cells and LVs transport antigen, antigen-presenting cells, and lymphocytes in and out of LNs. Tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) are accumulations of lymphoid and stromal cells that arise and organize at ectopic sites in response to chronic inflammation in autoimmunity, microbial infection, graft rejection, and cancer. TLOs are distinguished from primary lymphoid organs – the thymus and bone marrow, and secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) – the LNs, spleen, and Peyer’s patches, in that they arise in response to inflammatory signals, rather than in ontogeny. TLOs usually do not have a capsule but are rather contained within the confines of another organ. Their structure, cellular composition, chemokine expression, and vascular and stromal support resemble SLOs and are the defining aspects of TLOs. T and B cells, antigen-presenting cells, fibroblast reticular cells, and other stromal cells and vascular elements including HEVs and LVs are all typical components of TLOs. A key question is whether the HEVs and LVs play comparable roles and are regulated similarly to those in LNs. Data are presented that support this concept, especially with regard to TLO HEVs. Emerging data suggest that the functions and regulation of TLO LVs are also similar to those in LNs. These observations support the concept that TLOs are not merely cellular accumulations but are functional entities that provide sites to generate effector cells, and that their HEVs and LVs are crucial elements in those activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy H Ruddle
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA
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Tanaka M, Iwakiri Y. The Hepatic Lymphatic Vascular System: Structure, Function, Markers, and Lymphangiogenesis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 2:733-749. [PMID: 28105461 PMCID: PMC5240041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The lymphatic vascular system has been minimally explored in the liver despite its essential functions including maintenance of tissue fluid homeostasis. The discovery of specific markers for lymphatic endothelial cells has advanced the study of lymphatics by methods including imaging, cell isolation, and transgenic animal models and has resulted in rapid progress in lymphatic vascular research during the last decade. These studies have yielded concrete evidence that lymphatic vessel dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. This article reviews the current knowledge of the structure, function, and markers of the hepatic lymphatic vascular system as well as factors associated with hepatic lymphangiogenesis and compares liver lymphatics with those in other tissues.
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Key Words
- CCl4, carbon tetrachloride
- Cirrhosis
- EHE, epithelioid hemangioendothelioma
- HA, hyaluronan
- HBx Ag, hepatitis B x antigen
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- Inflammation
- LSEC, liver sinusoidal endothelial cell
- LYVE-1, lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1
- LyEC, lymphatic endothelial cell
- NO, nitric oxide
- Portal Hypertension
- Prox1, prospero homeobox protein 1
- VEGF
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasuko Iwakiri
- Reprint requests Address requests for reprints to: Yasuko Iwakiri, PhD, Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, TAC S223B, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520. fax: (203) 785-7273.Section of Digestive DiseasesDepartment of Internal MedicineYale University School of MedicineTAC S223B, 333 Cedar StreetNew HavenConnecticut 06520
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Ishii J, Yazawa T, Chiba T, Shishido-Hara Y, Arimasu Y, Sato H, Kamma H. PROX1 Promotes Secretory Granule Formation in Medullary Thyroid Cancer Cells. Endocrinology 2016; 157:1289-98. [PMID: 26760117 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms of endocrine secretory granule (SG) formation in thyroid C cells and medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) cells have not been fully elucidated. Here we directly demonstrated that PROX1, a developmental homeobox gene, is transcriptionally involved in SG formation in MTC, which is derived from C cells. Analyses using gene expression databases on web sites revealed that, among thyroid cancer cells, MTC cells specifically and highly express PROX1 as well as several SG-forming molecule genes. Immunohistochemical analyses showed that in vivo MTC and C cells expressed PROX1, although follicular thyroid cancer and papillary thyroid cancer cells, normal follicular cells did not. Knockdown of PROX1 in an MTC cells reduced SGs detected by electron microscopy, and decreased expression of SG-related genes (chromogranin A, chromogranin B, secretogranin II, secretogranin III, synaptophysin, and carboxypeptidase E). Conversely, the introduction of a PROX1 transgene into a papillary thyroid cancer and anaplastic thyroid cancer cells induced the expression of SG-related genes. Reporter assays using the promoter sequence of chromogranin A showed that PROX1 activates the chromogranin A gene in addition to the known regulatory mechanisms, which are mediated via the cAMP response element binding protein and the repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation-PCR assays demonstrated that PROX1 binds to the transcriptional regulatory element of the chromogranin A gene. In conclusion, PROX1 is an important regulator of endocrine SG formation in MTC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ishii
- Department of Pathology (J.I., T.C., Y.A., H.K.), Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan; Department of Diagnostic Pathology (T.Y.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Department of Anatomic Pathology (Y.S.-H.), Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; and Department of Anatomy (H.S.), St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Takuya Yazawa
- Department of Pathology (J.I., T.C., Y.A., H.K.), Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan; Department of Diagnostic Pathology (T.Y.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Department of Anatomic Pathology (Y.S.-H.), Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; and Department of Anatomy (H.S.), St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Chiba
- Department of Pathology (J.I., T.C., Y.A., H.K.), Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan; Department of Diagnostic Pathology (T.Y.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Department of Anatomic Pathology (Y.S.-H.), Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; and Department of Anatomy (H.S.), St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Yukiko Shishido-Hara
- Department of Pathology (J.I., T.C., Y.A., H.K.), Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan; Department of Diagnostic Pathology (T.Y.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Department of Anatomic Pathology (Y.S.-H.), Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; and Department of Anatomy (H.S.), St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Yuu Arimasu
- Department of Pathology (J.I., T.C., Y.A., H.K.), Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan; Department of Diagnostic Pathology (T.Y.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Department of Anatomic Pathology (Y.S.-H.), Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; and Department of Anatomy (H.S.), St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Hanako Sato
- Department of Pathology (J.I., T.C., Y.A., H.K.), Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan; Department of Diagnostic Pathology (T.Y.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Department of Anatomic Pathology (Y.S.-H.), Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; and Department of Anatomy (H.S.), St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kamma
- Department of Pathology (J.I., T.C., Y.A., H.K.), Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan; Department of Diagnostic Pathology (T.Y.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Department of Anatomic Pathology (Y.S.-H.), Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; and Department of Anatomy (H.S.), St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
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Okuda KS, Misa JP, Oehlers SH, Hall CJ, Ellett F, Alasmari S, Lieschke GJ, Crosier KE, Crosier PS, Astin JW. A zebrafish model of inflammatory lymphangiogenesis. Biol Open 2015; 4:1270-80. [PMID: 26369931 PMCID: PMC4610225 DOI: 10.1242/bio.013540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a disabling chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract. IBD patients have increased intestinal lymphatic vessel density and recent studies have shown that this may contribute to the resolution of IBD. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in IBD-associated lymphangiogenesis are still unclear. In this study, we established a novel inflammatory lymphangiogenesis model in zebrafish larvae involving colitogenic challenge stimulated by exposure to 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) or dextran sodium sulphate (DSS). Treatment with either TNBS or DSS resulted in vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (Vegfr)-dependent lymphangiogenesis in the zebrafish intestine. Reduction of intestinal inflammation by the administration of the IBD therapeutic, 5-aminosalicylic acid, reduced intestinal lymphatic expansion. Zebrafish macrophages express vascular growth factors vegfaa, vegfc and vegfd and chemical ablation of these cells inhibits intestinal lymphatic expansion, suggesting that the recruitment of macrophages to the intestine upon colitogenic challenge is required for intestinal inflammatory lymphangiogenesis. Importantly, this study highlights the potential of zebrafish as an inflammatory lymphangiogenesis model that can be used to investigate the role and mechanism of lymphangiogenesis in inflammatory diseases such as IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhide S Okuda
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - June Pauline Misa
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Stefan H Oehlers
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham 27710, USA
| | - Christopher J Hall
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Felix Ellett
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Sultan Alasmari
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Graham J Lieschke
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Kathryn E Crosier
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Philip S Crosier
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan W Astin
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Bianchi R, Teijeira A, Proulx ST, Christiansen AJ, Seidel CD, Rülicke T, Mäkinen T, Hägerling R, Halin C, Detmar M. A transgenic Prox1-Cre-tdTomato reporter mouse for lymphatic vessel research. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122976. [PMID: 25849579 PMCID: PMC4388455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic vascular system plays an active role in immune cell trafficking, inflammation and cancer spread. In order to provide an in vivo tool to improve our understanding of lymphatic vessel function in physiological and pathological conditions, we generated and characterized a tdTomato reporter mouse and crossed it with a mouse line expressing Cre recombinase under the control of the lymphatic specific promoter Prox1 in an inducible fashion. We found that the tdTomato fluorescent signal recapitulates the expression pattern of Prox1 in lymphatic vessels and other known Prox1-expressing organs. Importantly, tdTomato co-localized with the lymphatic markers Prox1, LYVE-1 and podoplanin as assessed by whole-mount immunofluorescence and FACS analysis. The tdTomato reporter was brighter than a previously established red fluorescent reporter line. We confirmed the applicability of this animal model to intravital microscopy of dendritic cell migration into and within lymphatic vessels, and to fluorescence-activated single cell analysis of lymphatic endothelial cells. Additionally, we were able to describe the early morphological changes of the lymphatic vasculature upon induction of skin inflammation. The Prox1-Cre-tdTomato reporter mouse thus shows great potential for lymphatic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Bianchi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alvaro Teijeira
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Steven T. Proulx
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ailsa J. Christiansen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Catharina D. Seidel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Rülicke
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Taija Mäkinen
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - René Hägerling
- Mammalian Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Vascular Cell Biology, Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Cornelia Halin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Detmar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Lee KM, Danuser R, Stein JV, Graham D, Nibbs RJB, Graham GJ. The chemokine receptors ACKR2 and CCR2 reciprocally regulate lymphatic vessel density. EMBO J 2014; 33:2564-80. [PMID: 25271254 PMCID: PMC4283412 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201488887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages regulate lymphatic vasculature development; however, the molecular mechanisms regulating their recruitment to developing, and adult, lymphatic vascular sites are not known. Here, we report that resting mice deficient for the inflammatory chemokine-scavenging receptor, ACKR2, display increased lymphatic vessel density in a range of tissues under resting and regenerating conditions. This appears not to alter dendritic cell migration to draining lymph nodes but is associated with enhanced fluid drainage from peripheral tissues and thus with a hypotensive phenotype. Examination of embryonic skin revealed that this lymphatic vessel density phenotype is developmentally established. Further studies indicated that macrophages and the inflammatory CC-chemokine CCL2, which is scavenged by ACKR2, are associated with this phenotype. Accordingly, mice deficient for the CCL2 signalling receptor, CCR2, displayed a reciprocal phenotype of reduced lymphatic vessel density. Further examination revealed that proximity of pro-lymphangiogenic macrophages to developing lymphatic vessel surfaces is increased in ACKR2-deficient mice and reduced in CCR2-deficient mice. Therefore, these receptors regulate vessel density by reciprocally modulating pro-lymphangiogenic macrophage recruitment, and proximity, to developing, resting and regenerating lymphatic vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit M Lee
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Renzo Danuser
- Theodor Kocher Institute University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jens V Stein
- Theodor Kocher Institute University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Delyth Graham
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Robert J B Nibbs
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gerard J Graham
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Ruddle NH. Lymphotoxin and TNF: how it all began-a tribute to the travelers. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:83-9. [PMID: 24636534 PMCID: PMC4027955 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The journey from the discoveries of lymphotoxin (LT) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) to the present day age of cytokine inhibitors as therapeutics has been an exciting one with many participants and highs and lows; the saga is compared to that in "The Wizard of Oz". This communication summarizes the contributions of key players in the discovery of the cytokines and their receptors, the changes in nomenclature, and the discovery of the LT family's crucial role in secondary and tertiary lymphoid organs. The remarkable advances in therapeutics are detailed as are remaining problems. Finally, special tribute is paid to two pioneers in the field who have recently passed away: Byron H. Waksman and Lloyd Old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy H Ruddle
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health 60 College St., New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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