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Rivera de la Cruz JF, Schelegueda LI, Delcarlo SB, Gliemmo MF, Campos CA. Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils in Vapor Phase In Vitro and Its Application in Combination with Lactic Acid to Improve Chicken Breast Shelf Life. Foods 2023; 12:4127. [PMID: 38002185 PMCID: PMC10670577 DOI: 10.3390/foods12224127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of essential oils (EOs) incorporated in their vapor phase combined with lactic acid immersion pretreatment was studied on fresh refrigerated chicken breast shelf life. Among the several EOs assayed, the in vitro results obtained from the vapor diffusion test allowed mustard, oregano, and garlic EOs to be selected due to their higher antimicrobial activity. In addition, it was possible to determine the EO minimum inhibitory concentrations against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli and to identify EO binary mixtures showing synergistic or additive effects. Based on the obtained results, a ternary mixture constituted by 0.073, 0.292, and 0.146 µL/mL of headspace of mustard, oregano, and garlic, respectively, was proposed for its application to chicken breasts. The ternary mixture inhibitory action was confirmed in vitro against P. aeruginosa and E. coli. Furthermore, the presence of numerous compounds with recognized antimicrobial and antioxidant activity was found in its volatile phase through gas chromatography. When applying an EO mixture in its vapor phase in combination with 1.0% v/v of lactic acid immersion pretreatment on refrigerated chicken breast, a decrease in mesophilic microorganisms' growth rate as well as in lipid oxidation was observed. Moreover, in a preliminary sensory test, the treated chicken breast was found to be acceptable to consumers and showed no significant differences compared to untreated chicken. In conclusion, the combined use of lactic acid immersion and EOs in their vapor phase was an effective alternative to increase chicken breast shelf life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovany Fortino Rivera de la Cruz
- Departamento de Industrias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina; (J.F.R.d.l.C.); (L.I.S.); (S.B.D.); (M.F.G.)
| | - Laura Inés Schelegueda
- Departamento de Industrias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina; (J.F.R.d.l.C.); (L.I.S.); (S.B.D.); (M.F.G.)
- Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos y Procesos Químicos (ITAPROQ), CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Sofía Belén Delcarlo
- Departamento de Industrias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina; (J.F.R.d.l.C.); (L.I.S.); (S.B.D.); (M.F.G.)
- Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos y Procesos Químicos (ITAPROQ), CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - María Fernanda Gliemmo
- Departamento de Industrias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina; (J.F.R.d.l.C.); (L.I.S.); (S.B.D.); (M.F.G.)
- Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos y Procesos Químicos (ITAPROQ), CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Carmen Adriana Campos
- Departamento de Industrias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina; (J.F.R.d.l.C.); (L.I.S.); (S.B.D.); (M.F.G.)
- Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos y Procesos Químicos (ITAPROQ), CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
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Graf F, Zehentner B, Fellner L, Scherer S, Neuhaus K. Three Novel Antisense Overlapping Genes in E. coli O157:H7 EDL933. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0235122. [PMID: 36533921 PMCID: PMC9927249 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02351-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The abundance of long overlapping genes in prokaryotic genomes is likely to be significantly underestimated. To date, only a few examples of such genes are fully established. Using RNA sequencing and ribosome profiling, we found expression of novel overlapping open reading frames in Escherichia coli O157:H7 EDL933 (EHEC). Indeed, the overlapping candidate genes are equipped with typical structural elements required for transcription and translation, i.e., promoters, transcription start sites, as well as terminators, all of which were experimentally verified. Translationally arrested mutants, unable to produce the overlapping encoded protein, were found to have a growth disadvantage when grown competitively against the wild type. Thus, the phenotypes found imply biological functionality of the genes at the level of proteins produced. The addition of 3 more examples of prokaryotic overlapping genes to the currently limited, yet constantly growing pool of such genes emphasizes the underestimated coding capacity of bacterial genomes. IMPORTANCE The abundance of long overlapping genes in prokaryotic genomes is likely to be significantly underestimated, since such genes are not allowed in genome annotations. However, ribosome profiling catches mRNA in the moment of being template for protein production. Using this technique and subsequent experiments, we verified 3 novel overlapping genes encoded in antisense of known genes. This adds more examples of prokaryotic overlapping genes to the currently limited, yet constantly growing pool of such genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Graf
- Core Facility Microbiome, ZIEL – Institute for Food & Health, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
- Chair for Microbial Ecology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Barbara Zehentner
- Chair for Microbial Ecology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Lea Fellner
- Chair for Microbial Ecology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Siegfried Scherer
- Core Facility Microbiome, ZIEL – Institute for Food & Health, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
- Chair for Microbial Ecology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Klaus Neuhaus
- Core Facility Microbiome, ZIEL – Institute for Food & Health, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
- Chair for Microbial Ecology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
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Sváb D, Falgenhauer L, Mag T, Chakraborty T, Tóth I. Genomic Diversity, Virulence Gene, and Prophage Arrays of Bovine and Human Shiga Toxigenic and Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Strains Isolated in Hungary. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:896296. [PMID: 35865933 PMCID: PMC9294531 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.896296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli belonging to the enterohemorrhagic (EHEC), Shiga toxin-producing (STEC) and atypical enteropathogenic (aEPEC) pathotypes are significant foodborne zoonotic pathogens posing serious health risks, with healthy cattle as their main reservoir. A representative sampling of Hungarian cattle farms during 2017-2018 yielded a prevalence of 6.5 and 5.8% for STEC and aEPEC out of 309 samples. The draft genomes of twelve STEC (of them 9 EHEC) and four aEPEC of bovine origin were determined. For comparative purposes, we also included 3 EHEC and 2 aEPEC strains of human origin, as well four commensal isolates and one extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) obtained from animals in a final set of 26 strains for a WGS-based analysis. Apart from key virulence genes, these isolates harbored several additional virulence genes with arrays characteristic for the site of isolation. The most frequent insertion site of Shiga toxin (stx) encoding prophages was yehV for the Stx1 prophage and wrbA and sbcB for Stx2. For O157:H7 strains, the locus of enterocyte effacement pathogenicity island was present at the selC site, with integration at pheV for other serotypes, and pheU in the case of O26:H11 strains. Several LEE-negative STEC and aEPEC as well as commensal isolates carried additional prophages, with an average of ten prophage regions per isolate. Comparative phylogenomic analysis showed no clear separation between bovine and human lineages among the isolates characterized in the current study. Similarities in virulence gene arrays and close phylogenetic relations of bovine and human isolates underline the zoonotic potential of bovine aEPEC and STEC and emphasize the need for frequent monitoring of these pathogens in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domonkos Sváb
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Linda Falgenhauer
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tünde Mag
- National Public Health Center, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Trinad Chakraborty
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - István Tóth
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
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Characterization of virulence determinants and phylogenetic background of multiple and extensively drug resistant Escherichia coli isolated from different clinical sources in Egypt. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:1279-1298. [PMID: 35050388 PMCID: PMC8816750 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11740-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Escherichia coli is a multifaceted microbe since some are commensals, normally inhabiting the gut of both humans and animals while others are pathogenic responsible for a wide range of intestinal and extra-intestinal infections. It is one of the leading causes of septicemia, neonatal meningitis, urinary tract infections (UTIs), cystitis, pyelonephritis, and traveler’s diarrhea. The present study aims to survey the distribution and unravel the association of phylotypes, virulence determinants, and antimicrobial resistance of E. coli isolated from different clinical sources in Mansoura hospitals, Egypt. One hundred and fifty E. coli isolates were collected from different clinical sources. Antimicrobial resistance profile, virulence determinants, and virulence encoding genes were detected. Moreover, phylogenetic and molecular typing using ERIC-PCR analysis was performed. Our results have revealed that phylogroup B2 (26.67%) with the greatest content in virulence traits was the most prevalent phylogenetic group. Different virulence profiles and varying incidence of virulence determinants were detected among tested isolates. High rates of resistance to different categories of antimicrobial agents, dramatic increase of MDR (92.67%), and emergence of XDR (4%) were detected. ERIC-PCR analysis revealed great diversity among tested isolates. There was no clustering of isolates according to resistance, virulence patterns, or phylotypes. Our research has demonstrated significant phylogenetic diversity of E. coli isolated from different clinical sources in Mansoura hospitals, Dakahlia governorate, Egypt. E. coli isolates are equipped with various virulence factors which contribute to their pathogenesis in human. The elevated rates of antimicrobial resistance and emergence of MDR and XDR mirror the trend detected globally in recent years. Key points • Clinical E. coli isolates exhibited substantial molecular and phylogenetic diversity. • Elevated rates of antimicrobial resistance and emergence of XDR in pathogenic E. coli. • B2 Phylogroup with the highest VS was the most prevalent among pathogenic E. coli. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00253-021-11740-x.
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Sheikh SW, Ali A, Ahsan A, Shakoor S, Shang F, Xue T. Insights into Emergence of Antibiotic Resistance in Acid-Adapted Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:522. [PMID: 34063307 PMCID: PMC8147483 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10050522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens presents a global challenge for treating and preventing disease spread through zoonotic transmission. The water and foodborne Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are capable of causing intestinal and systemic diseases. The root cause of the emergence of these strains is their metabolic adaptation to environmental stressors, especially acidic pH. Acid treatment is desired to kill pathogens, but the protective mechanisms employed by EHECs cross-protect against antimicrobial peptides and thus facilitate opportunities for survival and pathogenesis. In this review, we have discussed the correlation between acid tolerance and antibiotic resistance, highlighting the identification of novel targets for potential production of antimicrobial therapeutics. We have also summarized the molecular mechanisms used by acid-adapted EHECs, such as the two-component response systems mediating structural modifications, competitive inhibition, and efflux activation that facilitate cross-protection against antimicrobial compounds. Moving beyond the descriptive studies, this review highlights low pH stress as an emerging player in the development of cross-protection against antimicrobial agents. We have also described potential gene targets for innovative therapeutic approaches to overcome the risk of multidrug-resistant diseases in healthcare and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Waheed Sheikh
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China;
| | - Ahmad Ali
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China;
| | - Asma Ahsan
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54000, Punjab, Pakistan;
| | - Sidra Shakoor
- Station de Neucfchateau, CIRAD, 97130 Sainte-Marie, Capesterre Belle Eau, Guadeloupe, France;
| | - Fei Shang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China;
| | - Ting Xue
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China;
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Jia M, Geornaras I, Martin JN, Belk KE, Yang H. Comparative Whole Genome Analysis of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Isolates From Feedlot Cattle to Identify Genotypes Associated With the Presence and Absence of stx Genes. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:647434. [PMID: 33868205 PMCID: PMC8046923 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.647434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A comparative whole genome analysis was performed on three newly sequenced Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains with different stx profiles, previously isolated from feedlot cattle [C1-010 (stx1-, stx2c+), C1-057 (stx-), and C1-067 (stx1+, stx2a+)], as well as five foodborne outbreak strains and six stx-negative strains from NCBI. Phylogenomic analysis demonstrated that the stx2c-carrying C1-010 and stx-negative C1-057 strains were grouped with the six NCBI stx-negative E. coli O157:H7 strains in Cluster 1, whereas the stx2a-carrying C1-067 and five foodborne outbreak strains were clustered together in Cluster 2. Based on different clusters, we selected the three newly sequenced strains, one stx2a-carrying strain, and the six NCBI stx-negative strains and identify their prophages at the stx insertion sites. All stx-carrying prophages contained both the three Red recombination genes (exo, bet, gam) and their repressor cI. On the other hand, the majority of the stx-negative prophages carried only the three Red recombination genes, but their repressor cI was absent. In the absence of the repressor cI, the consistent expression of the Red recombination genes in prophages might result in more frequent gene exchanges, potentially increasing the probability of the acquisition of stx genes. We further investigated each of the 10 selected E. coli O157:H7 strains for their respective unique metabolic pathway genes. Seven unique metabolic pathway genes in the two stx2a-carrying strains and one in the single stx2c-carrying and seven stx-negative strains were found to be associated with an upstream insertion sequence 629 within a conserved region among these strains. The presence of more unique metabolic pathway genes in stx2a-carrying E. coli O157:H7 strains may potentially increase their competitiveness in complex environments, such as feedlot cattle. For the stx2c-carrying and stx-negative E. coli O157:H7 strains, the fact that they were grouped into the same phylogenomic cluster and had the same unique metabolic pathway genes suggested that they may also share closely related evolutionary pathways. As a consequence, gene exchange between them is more likely to occur. Results from this study could potentially serve as a basis to help develop strategies to reduce the prevalence of pathogenic E. coli O157:H7 in livestock and downstream food production environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Jia
- Center for Meat Safety and Quality, Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Ifigenia Geornaras
- Center for Meat Safety and Quality, Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Jennifer N Martin
- Center for Meat Safety and Quality, Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Keith E Belk
- Center for Meat Safety and Quality, Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Hua Yang
- Center for Meat Safety and Quality, Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Raseala CM, Ekwanzala MD, Momba MNB. Multilocus-based phylogenetic analysis of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase Escherichia coli O157:H7 uncovers related strains between agriculture and nearby water sources. J Infect Public Health 2020; 13:1899-1906. [PMID: 33158804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to uncover related strains of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase Escherichia coli O157:H7 between agricultural matrices (soil, manure and irrigation water) and nearby water sources using multilocus-based phylogenetic analysis. Resistant and nonresistant E. coli O157:H7 were isolated, identified and characterised using standard microbiological methods. The results showed that soil samples had a high prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 (31.73%) and ESBL-producing E. coli O157:H7 (22.11%). Multilocus sequencing typing (MLST) analysis revealed that all ESBL-producing E. coli O157:H7 were identified as ST11. Phylogenetic analysis of E. coli O157:H7 indicated that irrigation water might be a reservoir for E. coli O157:H7. For antibiotic-resistant genes (ARG), the most common was blaTEM in 85% (n = 34), followed by blaOXA in 70% (n = 28), blaNDM and sul1 30% (n = 12) and lastly mcr-1, which was only found in one soil isolate. The results showed that ESBL-producing E. coli O157:H7 isolates were intermixed in three clades, indicating close relatedness between isolated strains from different matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Mahlatse Raseala
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, Private BagX680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Mutshiene Deogratias Ekwanzala
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, Private BagX680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Maggy Ndombo Benteke Momba
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, Private BagX680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
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Pasquali F, Schinzari M, Lucchi A, Mandrioli M, Toschi TG, De Cesare A, Manfreda G. Preliminary data on the antimicrobial effect of Cannabis sativa L. variety Futura 75 against food-borne pathogens in vitro as well as against naturally occurring microbial populations on minced meat during storage. Ital J Food Saf 2020; 9:8581. [PMID: 32913724 PMCID: PMC7459756 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2020.8581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the antimicrobial effect of Cannabis sativa Futura 75 was evaluated both in vitro against foodborne bacterial pathogens, and on food against naturally occurring microbial groups of minced meat stored for 8 days at 4°C. Ethanol extraction was performed on the grind of the inflorescence. After extraction, ethanol was completely evaporated and substituted by water. Serial dilutions of the extract, the grind and cannabidiol 99% were added to Nutrient Agar and spotted with Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus spp. Regarding the evaluation on food, 50 mL of extract, characterised by CBD at concentration of 322,70 μg/mL, were added to 2.5 kg of minced beef meat. Meat was divided into aliquots and stored for 8 days at 4°C. At 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 8 days, aerobic bacteria, enterobacteria, coliforms and E. coli were enumerated. All tested products were efficient against Gram +. In particular, extract corresponding to CBD concentration of 0.017 and 0.3 mg/mL were effective against L. monocytogenes and Staphylococcus spp. respectively. After 8 days of storage at 4°C, treated minced meat showed a bright red colour in comparison to a brownish control meat. Moreover, Enterobacteriaceae and coliforms were significantly reduced of 2.3 log CFU/g and 1.6 log CFU/g respectively in treated meat in comparison to the control. Although preliminary, the present study suggests the antimicrobial properties of the extract of Cannabis sativa both in vitro and in minced meat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Schinzari
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Alex Lucchi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Mara Mandrioli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Gerardo Manfreda
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
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Gugala N, Vu D, Parkins MD, Turner RJ. Specificity in the Susceptibilities of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates to Six Metal Antimicrobials. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8020051. [PMID: 31052359 PMCID: PMC6627307 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8020051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to the occurrence of antibiotic resistance, there has been rapid developments in the field of metal-based antimicrobials. Although it is largely assumed that metals provide broad-spectrum microbial efficacy, studies have shown that this is not always the case. Therefore, in this study, we compared the susceptibilities of 93 clinical isolates belonging to the species Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus against six metals, namely aluminum, copper, gallium, nickel, silver and zinc. To provide qualitative comparative information, the resulting zones of growth inhibition were compared to the minimal inhibitory concentrations of three indicator strains E. coli ATCC 25922, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and S. aureus ATCC 25923. Here, we demonstrate that the metal efficacies were species- and isolate-specific. Only several isolates were either resistant or sensitive to all of the six metals, with great variability found between isolates. However, the greatest degree of similarity was found with the E. coli isolates. In contrast, the susceptibilities of the remaining two collections, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, were more highly dispersed. Using this information, we have shown that metals are not equal in their efficacies. Hence, their use should be tailored against a particular microorganism and care should be taken to ensure the use of the correct concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Gugala
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Dennis Vu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Michael D Parkins
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Raymond J Turner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 1N4, Canada.
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Pasquali F, Palma F, Trevisani M, Parisi A, Lucchi A, Cesare AD, Manfreda G. Whole genome sequencing based typing and characterisation of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli strains belonging to O157 and O26 serotypes and isolated in dairy farms. Ital J Food Saf 2018; 7:7673. [PMID: 30854339 PMCID: PMC6379698 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2018.7673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the genetic relationships as well as the virulome and resistome of newly sequenced O26 and O157 Shiga-toxin producing E. coli (STEC) isolates, collected from dairy farms in Italy, were investigated in comparison to publicly available genomes collected worldwide. The whole genome of Italian isolates was sequenced on Illumina MiSeq Platform. Reads quality control, de novo draft genome assembly, species confirmation and the 7- loci Multi-Locus Sequence Type assignment were performed using INNUca pipeline. Reference-based SNPs calling was performed on O157 and O26 genomes, separately, mapping contigs to high-quality finished genomes. Virulence and antimicrobial resistance determinants were detected in silico using the tool ABRicate. Phylogenetic reconstructions revealed that genomes clustered mainly based on their 7-loci MLST type. The virulome of tested genomes included 190 determinants. O157 genomes carried chu genes associated to heme mediated iron uptake, whereas O26 genomes harboured genes ybt associated to siderophore mediated iron uptake. Resistome analysis showed the presence of tet(34) on all but one O157 genomes and on only one O26 genomes. Only 4 genomes carried genes associated to multiresistance. In the present study, the genes chu and ybt were identified as potential biomarker for the differentiation of O157 and O26 serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederique Pasquali
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna
| | - Federica Palma
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna
| | - Marcello Trevisani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna
| | - Antonio Parisi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Bari, Italy
| | - Alex Lucchi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna
| | - Alessandra De Cesare
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna
| | - Gerardo Manfreda
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna
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